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Journal articles on the topic 'Tactim'
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1
Zhang, Bo, Fu Xian Liu, Rui Qi Zhao, and Yong Ge Chen. "Tactics System of Air-Raid Target-Stream Based on Air-Confront-Ground." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.978.
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This paper ascertains the battleplane’s tactics applied in Air-Confront-Ground simulation, constructs the battleplane Agent’s tactics system, and illuminates the main module of the system. Then taking the Attack-elevate tactic for example, the math model of the tactic is founded primarily, and the process of tactics’ choice and evaluation is analyzed, at last the executing algorithm of Attack-elevate tactic is generated.
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Petrova, Marina. "The Tactics of Verbal Countermanipulation in Russian Political Video Blogs." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 8, no. 3 (2019): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2019.8(3).625-639.
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The author of the article states that in spite of the fact that manipulation has been broadly studied in various areas of science, such as psychology, sociology, politology, linguistics, etc., countermanipulation (the response action to manipulation) has been analysed mainly by psychologists. This phenomenon has not been studied in linguistics yet. The author of the article gives a linguotypological description of the verbal countermanipulation tactics as exemplified in political video blogs reviewing the events with the participation of A. Navalny. A special two-stage algorithm which included a communicative pragmatic analysis was used for revealing countermanipulative intention in political video blogs. The first stage included attentive viewing of the videos and their analysis to determine manipulation upon certain criteria (a hidden aim, use of non-cooperative strategies and tactics and special verbal manipulative techniques). The second stage consisted of analysing the response utterances to define countermanipulative intention (neutralising manipulation), identification of countermanipulative tactics, their definition and classification. As a result of the conducted research, the author of the article has distinguished two groups of countermanipulative tactics: overt opposition tactics and covert opposition tactics. The group of overt opposition tactics includes the tactic of manipulative intention revealing, the tactic of making a question about manipulator’s intentions, the tactic of manipulation technique revealing, the tactic of counterargumentation and the tactic of refusing to change one’s behaviour towards manipulator’s intentions. The covert opposition tactics are the tactic of clarification questions and the tactic of repeating the manipulator’s words. The author points out the importance of further study of verbal countermanipulation from the perspective of solving the problems of the personal and social information security.
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Pintus, Eliana, Stefania Uccheddu, Knut H. Røed, et al. "Flexible mating tactics and associated reproductive effort during the rutting season in male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, L. 1758)." Current Zoology 61, no. 5 (2015): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.5.802.
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Abstract Polygynous males can change their mating tactics across their lifetime, but information is scarce on the flexibility of this trait within a given season and the relative costs and benefits of using different tactics. Here, we monitored individually marked male reindeer Rangifer tarandus and classified their mating tactics as harem-defense, sneaking, or mixed. The costs of the male reproductive effort were assessed using both direct (i.e. percentage of body mass lost) and indirect measures (i.e. activity patterns such as feeding, standing, and walking), while mating group size and reproductive success were recorded as mating effort benefits. Our results show that reindeer males may switch between the harem-defense and sneaking tactics throughout the same breeding season, providing further support to the notion that reproductive tactics are flexible in ungulates. The costs and benefits of male mating effort vary according to the mating tactic, reaching the highest values in harem-holders and the lowest values in sneaking males. Moreover, males who switched between the sneaking tactic and the harem-defence tactic tended to achieve higher mating success than males who consistently used the least costly tactic. Indeed, all harem-holders successfully sired offspring, whereas only two out of three mixed-tactic males sired one calf, and sneaking males did not sire any calves. In conclusion, our results show that reindeer males can modulate their mating efforts during the same breeding season by switching between the most costly harem-defense tactic and the least costly sneaking tactic, suggesting individual solutions to the balance between reproductive effort and mating opportunities.
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Beauchamp, G. "Consistency and flexibility in the scrounging behaviour of zebra finches." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 3 (2001): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-008.
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When foraging in groups, individuals can use the "producer" tactic to locate food patches and the "scrounger" tactic to exploit the food discoveries of companions. Most producerscrounger models assume that birds are flexible in using tactics in response to changing conditions and that foragers are phenotypically identical. Individual differences and flexibility in tactic use were investigated in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata) foraging in two flocks of different composition. Birds varied widely in their use of tactics, and individual differences proved consistent both within and between flocks. Significant adjustments in tactic use occurred from one flock to the other. Results suggest that tactic use in zebra finches foraging in small flocks is characterized by consistency and flexibility. Individual differences in tactic use demonstrate the need to examine further the consequences of phenotypic variation in producerscrounger models.
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Garrone-Neto, Domingos, and Ivan Sazima. "Stirring, charging, and picking: hunting tactics of potamotrygonid rays in the upper Paraná River." Neotropical Ichthyology 7, no. 1 (2009): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252009000100015.
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Hunting tactics of potamotrygonid freshwater rays remain unreported under natural conditions. Three main foraging tactics of Potamotrygon falkneri and P. motoro are described here based on underwater observations in the upper Paraná River. Both species displayed similar behaviors. The most common tactic was to undulate the disc margins close to, or on, the bottom and thus stirring the substrate and uncovering hidden preys. Another tactic was to charge upon prey concentrated in the shallows. The least common tactic was to pick out prey adhered to the substrate. The first tactic is widespread in several species of marine rays in the Dasyatidae, whereas the remainder (especially picking up prey on substrata above water surface) may be restricted to the Potamotrygonidae.
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Derik, Ilona, and Tetyana Druzhyna. "SCIENTIFIC TEXTS IN THE PARADIGM OF TRANSLATION STUDIES." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 30 (2020): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-30-6.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the specificity of translating scientific texts from English into Ukrainian. In the focus of the research there is the survey of the finding in this field. There is also provided the analysis of the strategies and tactics of translation employed in accordance with the functional-communicative approach to translation studies. The research was carried out on the basis of the scientific texts of different genres (articles, theses, reports) presented in English and their translations into Ukrainian. The objective was formulated as the analysis of the adequacy of the tactics employed to the dominant translation strategy, the search for the grounding of the accuracy of the operations at work as well as the formulation of the assessment criteria. The conclusion was drawn that the employment of such translation transformations as grammatical and functional replacement, transposition and search for translation equivalent are observed while employing the tactic of conveying relevant information. It has been proved that the strategy of communicatively relevant translation is the most appropriate for the translation of the scientific texts. It is realized by means of the following tactics: the tactic of rendering relevant information, the tactic of preserving formal and structural peculiarities, the tactic of the correct presentation of information and rendering the distinctive features of the functional style and genre. The quantitative parameters of the distribution of translation strategies, tactics and operations have revealed the typological commonness of the operations employed. There has been observed the correlation of the transformations of transcoding (transliteration and transcription), contextual replacement and the tactic of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The perspective of the study of the variability of strategies and tactics in translating scientific discourse is seen in researching the distinctive parameters of the translation strategies and tactics and in performing comparative analysis.
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Brown, Michelle, Carol T. Kulik, and Victoria Lim. "Managerial tactics for communicating negative performance feedback." Personnel Review 45, no. 5 (2016): 969–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-10-2014-0242.
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Purpose – Delivering negative feedback to employees is highly problematic for managers. Negative feedback is important in generating improvements in employee performance, but likely to generate adverse employee reactions. However, if managers do not address poor performance, good performers may become demoralized or exit the organization. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how managers communicate negative feedback and the factors that drive their choice of tactic. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use interview data from practicing line managers with experience in delivering negative feedback to learn whether their tactic choices are consistent with Implicit (“best practice”) or Contingency (“best fit”) theory. Findings – The authors identify five negative feedback tactics: evidence, emotive and communication tactics are foundation tactics while evidence + communication and evidence + emotive tactics are bundles of the foundation tactics. Managers apply a “best fit” approach from a set of “best practice” negative feedback options. The choice of negative feedback tactic is driven by the manager’s assessment of the “best fit” with the employee’s personality. Research limitations/implications – Most of the managers believed that their negative feedback tactic had been effective. Future researchers should investigate which negative feedback tactics employees regard as most effective. Practical implications – A best fit approach to the delivery of negative feedback requires organizations to give managers discretion in the delivery of negative feedback. Managers may mis-assess fit which can undermine the effectiveness of the appraisal process. Originality/value – The authors focus on how negative feedback is communicated by managers. Existing research focusses on reactions to negative feedback without taking into account how it is delivered.
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Wilgers, Dustin J., Daniel Wickwire, and Eileen A. Hebets. "Detection of predator cues alters mating tactics in male wolf spiders." Behaviour 151, no. 5 (2014): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003149.
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Males of the wolf spider, Rabidosa punctulata, exhibit condition-dependent alternative mating tactics, whereby small, poor condition males engage in multimodal courtship while large, good condition males adopt a direct mount tactic that forgoes courtship. This study explores the possibility that tactic-specific costs can help explain this unintuitive pattern of mating tactic expression. Specifically, we hypothesize that courtship signaling is costly with respect to eavesdropping by predators and that males can alter their tactic expression based upon the perceived environmental predation risk. We test this by first examining the risk of predation associated with different mating tactics. We use a co-occurring predatory heterospecific, R. rabida as our predator. We found support for the prediction that courting R. punctulata males tended to be attacked more often than non-courting males, and the likelihood of being attacked was best predicted by courtship activity. Given this documented cost, we hypothesized that R. punctulata males would adjust their mating tactic based upon perceived predation risk. In a second experiment, we manipulated perceived predation risk by providing R. punctulata males with different female silk cues (conspecific; predatory heterospecific; conspecific + predatory heterospecific) and examined mating tactic expression. In support of our hypothesis, males were more likely to adopt the direct mount tactic in the presence of predatory heterospecific or mixed silk cues and were more likely to court in the presence of conspecific cues. These results support the hypothesis that the cost of predation from eavesdroppers may influence the evolution and expression of male alternative mating tactics in R. punctulata.
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Todak, Natalie, and Lois James. "A Systematic Social Observation Study of Police De-Escalation Tactics." Police Quarterly 21, no. 4 (2018): 509–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611118784007.
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This study analyzes 131 police–citizen interactions observed during Fall 2016 and coded through systematic social observation. We assessed how often officers use de-escalation tactics, factors associated with their use, and the relationship between de-escalation and calm citizen demeanor. We found officers frequently employed de-escalation tactics, including the “respect” tactic of treating citizens in a respectful manner, the “human” tactic of getting on the citizen’s level and reducing power imbalances, and the “honest” tactic of being up front about the facts of the situation. Officers were more influenced by citizen demeanor than demographics in their use of de-escalation. The use of several tactics, including “human” (reducing the power differential between the cop and the citizen) and “calm” (the officer making an effort to control his or her own emotions), was associated with calm citizen demeanor. Directions for future research on this important topic are offered.
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Nurnberg, Peter, John D. Berard, Jorg T. Epplen, and Jorg Schmidtke. "Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Reproductive Success in Male Rhesus Macaques." Behaviour 129, no. 3-4 (1994): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00604.
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AbstractMale rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago use rank-dependent alternative reproductive tactics. High-ranking males can form long-term consorts and guard female mates while low-ranking males frequently resort to quick copulations under the cover of vegetation. No single reproductive tactic provided the Group S males with a definitive reproductive advantage during the one-year study. Males using the long-term tactic and the quick, stealth tactic sired five offspring each, but fewer males used the long-term consort tactic. Males using the long-term reproductive tactic have significantly greater mating success than males using the quick, sneaky tactic, and may have greater reproductive success. The highest-ranking males who form long-term consorts had the greatest degree of reproductive success. This indicates that for the highest-ranking males, forming long-term consorts is the most effective reproductive tactic. The effectiveness of alternative tactics for high-ranking males (i.e. consort disruption and possessive following) was equivocal. Consort disruption had no immediate effect on reproductive success. Possessive following may have resulted in the siring of two offspring by the alpha male, but was ineffective in other cases, where the females were inseminated by subordinate males. The effectiveness of the quick, furtive tactic was demonstrated by the siring of 45% of the infants by males who used this tactic.
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Moffa, Morgan S., and Judith Platania. "Effects of Expert Testimony and Interrogation Tactics on Perceptions of Confessions." Psychological Reports 100, no. 2 (2007): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.2.563-570.
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Evidence obtained through the process of interrogation is frequently undermined by what can be perceived as overzealous interrogation tactics. Although the majority of psychologically oriented tactics are legally permissible, they nonetheless contribute to innocent suspects confessing to crimes they did not commit. The present study examined the effect of expert testimony and interrogation tactics on perceptions of a confession. 182 undergraduates read a transcript of a homicide trial that varied based on interrogation tactic: implicit threat of punishment (maximization) or leniency (minimization) and expert witness testimony (presence or absence of expert testimony). Analysis indicated that the type of interrogation tactic used in obtaining the confession affected participants' perceptions of the coerciveness of the interrogation process.
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Lapierre, Matthew A., and Eunjoo Choi. "Parental awareness of new online advertising techniques targeting children: an exploratory study of American parents." Young Consumers 22, no. 2 (2021): 290–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-12-2020-1271.
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Purpose This study aims to examine what parents from across the USA know about online advertising/marketing tactics directed at children, their familiarity with these tactics and what they believe about the appropriateness of using these promotional methods to target children. Design/methodology/approach The online survey company Qualtrics was used to collect data from 500 parents in the USA. Parents had to have at least one child between the ages of 5 and 14 to participate. To ensure socio-economic diversity, half of the participants had an associate degree or more of schooling while the other half of participants had some college or less. Participants were given vignettes describing 11 different online advertising/marketing tactics and were asked how familiar they were with each tactic, whether they could identify the tactic by name, at what age they believed their child could understand the promotional intent of the tactic and the age that they thought it was ethical to use this tactic with children. Findings The results revealed that parents were only moderately familiar with many of these advertising/marketing tactics and had difficulty identifying most of them by name. In addition, parents reported that, on average, most 11-year-old children would understand the purpose of these marketing approaches and that it was ethical to target children with them. Originality/value The results of this exploratory study offer researchers some key insights into how American parents perceive online advertising that targets children.
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Cogliati, Karen M., Sigal Balshine, and Bryan D. Neff. "Competition and cuckoldry: estimating fitness of alternative reproductive tactics in plainfin midshipman." Behaviour 151, no. 8 (2014): 1209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003180.
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There has been much debate about how male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) evolve. In particular, researchers question whether ARTs have evolved as a conditional, ‘best of a bad job’ strategy where one tactic has higher fitness than the other, or whether they have evolved as a result of a genetic polymorphism where both tactics have equal fitness. Despite the large number of species known to have ARTs, tests of equal fitness between tactics have only been conducted in a handful of species. We tested the prediction of equal fitness using the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus), a species with two well characterized male ARTs: guarding type I males and cuckolding type II males. We collected data across three years and three sampling locations to determine the proportion of each reproductive tactic, as well as the proportion of offspring sired by each male type using microsatellite markers. Our analysis suggests that males adopting the conventional guarding tactic likely have higher fitness compared to males adopting the cuckolder type II tactic. Also, we show that the guarding male tactic is able to gain paternity through cuckoldry, and that these males, who sometimes guard and sometimes cuckold, are responsible for the majority of paternity lost within nests. Indeed, the classic cuckolding type II males were responsible for only a small fraction of the paternity lost. These results highlight the degree of flexibility in male behaviour even among individuals adopting the same male tactic. Taken together, our results provide the first exploration of the evolution of male ARTs in plainfin midshipman and, given the tractability of midshipman system, a valuable next step will be to look for gene-by-environment interactions on tactic development and expression.
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Stoianova, Tetiana, and Yuliia Stoianova. "PECULIARITIES OF RENDERING ENGLISH INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (2020): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-25.
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The article is dedicated to the problem urgent both for general linguistics and translation studies. In the focus of the analysis there are linguistic means of rendering English interrogative constructions in Ukrainian translation, as well as the study of the main translation strategies, tactics and devices. It has been concluded that the dominant one is the strategy of communicatively relevant translation, while the most widely occurred tactics are the tactic of rendering relevant information, the tactic of correct presentation and the tactic of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The analysis of the translation devices has revealed the predominance of such devices as contextual replacement, transposition, change of syntactic type, as for the complex devices — antonymous translation and the technique of semantic development. The perspective of the research is seen in the study of the peculiarities of rendering other communicative types in translation.
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Koslowsky, Meni, and Joseph Schwarzwald. "THE USE OF POWER TACTICS TO GAIN COMPLIANCE: TESTING ASPECTS OF RAVEN'S (1988) THEORY IN CONFLICTUAL SITUATIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 21, no. 2 (1993): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1993.21.2.135.
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French and Raven's sixfold taxonomy has been used widely to examine social influence processes. A recent elaboration by Raven (1988a) proposes that the use of power tactics is situationally contingent, depending on availability of alternatives. The present study examined the pattern of power tactic preferences as a function of setting and status. A total of 89 subjects were given scenarios describing an attempt to influence another party. The scenario differed in setting (work vs. school) and status level of the influencing agent (manager or teacher vs. employee or student). Factor analysis indicated that several tactics (reward, coercion, and expertise) are unique whereas other tactics overlap. Findings indicated that higher status individuals as compared to lower status counterparts were perceived as using a greater variety of power tactics to gain compliance in conflict situations. In addition, power tactic patterns were found to be situationally contingent. The findings were discussed in terms of the original sixfold approach and its possible implications for management.
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Li, Bing, Chen Yang Zhao, and Lian Li. "Performing Calculation in Interactive Theorem Proving." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2924.
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An LCF style tactic can be used to verify that the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises, however, in mathematical practice, we often construct a conclusion in a proof step. This paper proposes a calculational style of tactic, and illustrates the characteristic and the realization issues of the tactics on the top of a theorem prover.
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Punzón, Antonio, Carmen Hernández, Esther Abad, José Castro, Nelida Pérez, and Valentín Trujillo. "Spanish otter trawl fisheries in the Cantabrian Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 8 (2010): 1604–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq085.
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Abstract Punzón, A., Hernández, C., Abad, E., Castro, J., Pérez, N., and Trujillo, V. 2010. Spanish otter trawl fisheries in the Cantabrian Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science 67: 1604–1616 A non-hierarchical classification technique (clustering large applications, CLARA) was used to identify four fishing tactics of Spanish otter trawlers in the Cantabrian Sea (ICES Division VIIIc) from 1983 to 2004: mixed fishing, blue whiting fishing, horse mackerel fishing, and mackerel fishing. There were no significant differences in the fishing tactics employed by two trawl fleets identified using a non-hierarchical classification technique (partition around medoids). There was, however, a decline in the use of the blue whiting fishing tactic from 2000 on, perhaps as a result of competition with pairtrawls, a gear whose main target species is blue whiting. There was an increase in the number of trips using the mackerel fishing tactic from 1996, a change possibly caused by improved market conditions. Between 2000 and 2004, the fleets had two distinct behaviour patterns, identified depending on the area in which they operated. The study area could therefore be subdivided into two areas based on the prevalence of the fishing tactic followed. The horse mackerel fishing tactic was more commonly used in the west, and the mixed fishing tactic in the east.
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Zhmayeva, Natalya, and Iaroslav Petrunenko. "READDRESSING TRANSLATION STRATEGY IN LITERARY TRANSLATION." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (2020): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-10.
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Modern translation studies which are of descriptive nature mainly presuppose the opportunity of altering the function of the source text in translation, reconstruction of sense and structure in correspondence with the aim of translation. The investigation has been carried out in the framework of the communicativefunctional approach to translation which accounts for the entire spectrum of linguistic and extra linguistic factors influencing translation in the broad sense. This fact proves the relevance of the article. The translations of both narrations intended for the children’s audience exclusively conform to the ideology of the children’s fiction aimed at socialization and attraction of young addressees. It results in the loss of the worldview reflection by the originals and focusing on reproducing their fairy–tale plots. The applied readdressing translation strategy has been implemented by the following tactics: the tactic of relevant information rendering, the tactic of pragmatic adaptation of the source text, the tactic of stylistic features rendering, the tactic of the source text formal and structural features rendering. Common operations for the applied tactics have proved to be as following: search for a variant equivalent, omission, restructuring and compensation. The compensation technique has turned out to be the most universal operation within the applied translation tactics. This fact can be explained by the complex nature of transformations the source text is subjected to, the need to omit, rearrange amounts of information and to preserve the chosen genre along with its adaptation for the potential addressee.
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Young, Joseph K., and Steve Shellman. "Protestors, terrorists or something else? How to think about dissident groups." Conflict Management and Peace Science 36, no. 6 (2019): 645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894219881425.
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Many scholars of contentious politics claim there is no such thing as a group that uses only one tactic, yet scholars, pundits, and the public routinely use single-minded terms like protestors, dissidents, and terrorists. Other scholars and research programs suggest that some groups are specialists who tend to stick to a single tactic to achieve their goals, such as non-violence, violence, or specific kinds of violence, like terror. We make the claim that both sides of the debate are empirically valid and that both types of group exist. That is, some groups tend to specialize in a single tactic while others use a variety of tactics. This paper examines the empirical distribution of group types by examining the mix of tactics that groups employ. The analysis helps resolve part of the debate and pushes scholarly thinking in new directions about how often, why, and when groups operate across this spectrum.
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Kovalchuk, Victoria, and Vladyslava Akkurt. "REPRESENTATION OF THE STRATEGY OF PERSUASION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH ADVERTISING TEXTS OF THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY INTO THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (2020): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-14.
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The article is dedicated to the problem of the interdisciplinary character which is also urgent for psycholinguistics and translation studies. In the focus of the analysis there are linguistic means of representing persuasion strategy in English advertising texts in beauty-industry and the key translation strategies, tactics and devices. It has been concluded that the dominant ones are the strategy of re-addressing and of tertiary translation, while the most widely occurred tactics are the tactic of rendering relevant information, the tactic correct presentation and the tactic of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The analysis of the translation devices has revealed the predominance of such simple devices as transplantation, transcoding, different types of replacements (contextual replacement, concretization, functional replacement). On the level of complex translation transformations there has been resumed that the most widely used are descriptive translation, antonymous translation and the technique of semantic development. The research is perspective and its findings may be employed as a means of translation optimization in the field of beauty industry.
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Gribas, John, James DiSanza, Nancy Legge, and Karen Hartman. "Organizational Image Repair Tactics and Crisis Type: Implications for Crisis Response Strategy Effectiveness." Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research 1, no. 2 (2018): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.1.2.3.
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Existing models of organizational crisis response effectiveness provide useful insights but are limited in terms of offering a guide for practitioners dealing with actual crisis situations. This analysis examines the relative effectiveness of image repair tactics based on differences in root causes of crisis events. Results suggest that certain image repair tactics are seen as the most and the least effective regardless of crisis type. At the same time, there were some differences across crisis types that could guide practitioner tactic choices. Limited results here and in past research raise questions about whether image repair tactic effectiveness can be usefully mapped to situational variables, such as audience or crisis type. This article concludes with discussion on this matter and suggestions for future research.
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Shamne, Nikolay, and Maria Nevzorova. "Initiative Monitoring Strategy and Tactics in Medical Professional Discussions." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001209.
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The paper focuses on the initiative monitoring strategy in medical professional discussions. The initiative monitoring strategy is realized by means of passing a communicative initiative tactic, imposing a communicative initiative tactic, taking a communicative initiative tactic, keeping a communicative initiative tactic, and closing an interaction tactic. The research is based on English texts of medical professional discussions, freely available on the Internet. The discourse analysis of medical professional discussion texts is used as the research method to uncover the mechanisms behind meeting talk. The aim of the article is to expose the devices for realization of the above-mentioned tactics. The leading role in discussion of development belongs to a moderator being responsible for passing an initiative and closing an interaction. Invited experts can also participate in a turn-taking process by taking and keeping an initiative.
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Sokolova, Natalia. "Translation of IT Marketing Texts: Linguistic and Pragmatic Factors." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (March 2020): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.1.14.
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The paper focuses on translating specialised marketing texts of software vendors and draws upon lexical units thereof and translation tactics employed in the process. The research material is English marketing texts of SAP and their German and Russian translations. Our hypothesis is that the choice of translation tactics may be conditioned by intertwined linguistic and pragmatic factors. To achieve the goal – to identify factors influencing the translator's tactic choice of rendering English lexical units of marketing texts into German and Russian – the following methods have been utilized: the continuous sampling, comparative, descriptive ones, and the lexico-semantic analysis. The findings demonstrate that the choice of translation tactics in this respect can be conditioned by the following linguistic and pragmatic factors: 1) translatological information types, with all the four types being present in the material of study (cognitive, operative, emotive, and aesthetic); 2) target languages and cultures (German or Russian); 3) the lexico-semantic structure of the lexical units under study. With regard to cognitive information, the use of the precise information transfer tactic is relevant while correct information presentation can be avoided as some terms and abbreviations are left untranslated, with the latter tactic being prevailing in the German texts. As for emotive, aesthetic, and operative information, stylistic adaptation can be evident in the Russian target texts as opposed to the German ones.
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Yiu, Tak Wing, and Yuet Nog Chung. "Face-saving tactics as an aid to construction negotiation in Hong Kong." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 21, no. 6 (2014): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2013-0049.
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Purpose – In construction, the involvement of complex human interactions and incompatible interests among negotiating parties would pose as an obstacle in any negotiation process. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of face in governing the behaviour of negotiating parties. Design/methodology/approach – This paper identified the generic types of face-saving tactics used by construction negotiators, investigated the tactic-outcome relationships and examined the effects of face-inducement factors on these relationships with the use of moderated multiple regression (MMR). Findings – A taxonomy of face-saving tactics has been developed by employing the technique of principal component of factor analysis. The results suggest that the use of face-saving tactics in construction negotiation would statistically result in an achievement of mutual agreement, maintenance of harmony and avoidance of offending situations. The MMR models finally affirm that some tactic-outcome relationships would significantly depend on the face-inducement factors. Research limitations/implications – This research highlights the usefulness of face-saving tactics in construction negotiation. Practical implications – The findings revealed that these tactics can help facilitate the achievement of mutual agreement, maintain harmony and avoid offending situations. In this connection, an awareness of the proper use of face-saving tactics is worth-noticing in order to have successful dealings in negotiating project disputes. Originality/value – In construction, there are some distinct features which may influence the use of face-saving tactics and the behaviour of project dispute negotiators. The findings of this research would provide an insight into promoting proactive and collaborative project dispute resolution.
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Ryan, Matthew R., Steven B. Mirsky, David A. Mortensen, John R. Teasdale, and William S. Curran. "Potential Synergistic Effects of Cereal Rye Biomass and Soybean Planting Density on Weed Suppression." Weed Science 59, no. 2 (2011): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00110.1.
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Increasing crop density is a cultural weed management practice that can compliment the use of cover crops for weed suppression. In this research, we created a range of cover crop biomass and soybean densities to assess their weed-suppressive ability alone and in combination. The experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Maryland and Pennsylvania using five levels of cereal rye residue, representing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the ambient level, and five soybean densities ranging from 0 to 74 seeds m−2. Weed biomass decreased with increasing rye residue and weeds were completely suppressed at levels above 1,500 g m−2. Weed biomass also decreased with increasing soybean density in 2 of 4 site–years. We evaluated weed suppression by fitting an exponential decay model of weed biomass as a function of rye biomass and a hyperbolic model of weed biomass as a function of soybean density at each of the five tactic levels. We multiplied these individual tactic models and included an interaction term to test for tactic interactions. In two of the four site-years, the combination of these tactics produced a synergistic interaction that resulted in greater weed suppression than would be predicted by the efficacy of each tactic alone. Our results indicate that increasing soybean planting rate can compensate for lower cereal rye biomass levels when these tactics are combined.
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Samaddar, Ranabir. "Occupy College Street: Student Radicalism in Kolkata in the Sixties." Slavic Review 77, no. 4 (2018): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.288.
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1968 saw a wave of protests and student radicalism in India, some of the tactics and issues of which were reminiscent of those in Europe and North America. The anti-imperialist theme was similarly strident, and the student and youth movement posed serious challenges to the old established Left, sharing traits of a global New Left agenda. The upsurge of post-independence radicalism in India, however, drew on different historical legacies, and exhibited many specific features, all of which culminated in the student and youth upsurge of 1968–69. In order to demonstrate the complex history and legacy of 60s radicalism in India, this essay takes us back to the sixties in Kolkata when the insurgent movement in West Bengal had developed the tactic of occupation, which helped the movement crystallize and caused, ironically, the undoing of the mobilization in the end. Occupy as a tactic thus has a history, and the radicals of today perhaps in their enthusiasm for the New Left ethos have ignored the history of the insurgent tactics of the past, especially tactics developed in the postcolonial context.
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Rakocinski, Chet. "Prey-Size Relationships and Feeding Tactics of Primitive Stream-Dwelling Darters." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 4 (1991): 681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-085.
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Prey-size use and feeding tactics varied among three cooccurring darter species in the primitive subgenus Hadropterus (genus Percina). These darters span a wide range of body sizes, yet they all utilize the same lotic prey-size spectrum. An optimal-diet index (ODI) showed that small darters had more optimal diets than large darters. However, decelerating ODI curves showed that ontogenetic shifts occurred from number-maximizing to prey-size selective feeding tactics. Interspecific differences in feeding tactics, as characterized by differences in prey size, diet breadth, and numbers of prey, also were reflected by differences in slopes of ODI power curves. Percina nigrofasciata showed a relatively prey-size selective tactic; P. sciera showed a relatively number-maximizing tactic. In darters, prey-size selection corresponded with a broad diet and number maximizing corresponded with a narrow diet. When P. nigrofasciata were compared among four Black Creek sites, relatively optimal diets were found at two sites where large macroinvertebrates also were relatively abundant, as predicted from optimal foraging theory. However, only small differences in ODI values existed between two sites showing the greatest disparity in macroinvertebrate abundance. Prey size was an important diet characteristic related to the feeding tactics of particulate-feeding darters.
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Sato, Taku, and Yoshiaki Nihei. "Contrasting tactics in deceptive impression management." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 2 (2009): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.267.
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The deceptive tactics used to manipulate impressions people gave to others of themselves and other individuals were investigated. In the first phase, all participants told about the most memorable event that happened yesterday. In the second phase, one group of participants in the self-aggrandizement condition were asked to distort the original statement to give the impression that they were competent or socially desirable. Another group of participants assigned to the other-belittlement condition were asked to distort the original statement to give an impression that other individuals in the original telling were incompetent or socially undesirable. The results show that participants in both conditions used two deceptive tactics. One is a direct tactic, which is a direct manipulation of the target's evaluation. The other is an indirect tactic, which is indirect manipulation of the target's evaluation by contrasting with a nontarget person.
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Zhan, Kai, Jing Wang, and Jian Tong Chen. "Simulation and Evolutionary of Submarine in Anti-Torpedo Tactics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1064–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1064.
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When a submarine uses an anti-torpedo tactic, it is a matter of life or death. There are two types of countermeasures:decoys and jammers. A successful anti-torpedo tactic should consist of the deployment of mixed decoys and jammers and the coordination with the submarines maneuver. This paper would like to discuss the anti-torpedo tactics and study the interaction among the submarine and torpedo. After applying the evolutionary algorithm, it is interesting to discover the survivability of submarine in the torpedoes engagement scenario.
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Henningsen, David Dryden, and Mary Lynn Miller Henningsen. "Nuanced Aggression in Group Decision Making." International Journal of Business Communication 57, no. 1 (2017): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488417704951.
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Group decision making in organizations represents an opportunity for group members to seek to exert social influence. Whining and bullying are examined as nonrational influence tactics used by individuals in groups. Both tactics are envisioned as forms of aggression, differing across a dominance—submissiveness continuum. The impact of whining and bullying as compliance gaining tactics for organizational group decision making is examined using 234 individuals whose jobs include group decision making in organizations. The use of bullying and whining tactics are positively correlated indicating dominance complementarity, with increases in one tactic being associated with increases in the other. In addition, bullying and whining are found to have negative effects on cohesiveness and group decision-making effectiveness.
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Goelzner, Herbert, Abraham Stefanidis, and Moshe Banai. "Ethically questionable negotiation tactics in the Austrian workplace." European Business Review 31, no. 1 (2019): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-08-2015-0081.
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Purpose This study aims to generalize the research findings about the impact of individualism-collectivism, ethical idealism and inter-personal trust on ethically questionable negotiation tactics, such as pretending, deceiving and lying, in a Germanic culture, namely, that of Austria. Design/methodology/approach Survey questionnaires translated from English to German were collected from 304 respondents. A regression analysis was used to test the contribution of the independent variables to the explanation of negotiators’ attitudes towards questionable negotiation tactics. Findings The research empirically corroborated a classification of three groups of negotiation tactics, namely, pretending, deceiving and lying, in Austria. Austrian negotiators who scored high on vertical individualism tended to score high on the endorsement of the pretending tactic; those who scored high on horizontal collectivism tended to score low on the endorsement of the deceiving and lying tactics; those who scored high on vertical collectivism tended to score high on the endorsement of the deceiving and lying tactics; and those who scored high on inter-personal trust tended to score low on the endorsement of the pretending negotiation tactic. Idealistic negotiators tended not to endorse the use of pretending, deceiving and lying negotiation tactics. Research limitations/implications The study investigated the respondents’ perceptions, rather than their actual negotiation behavior. Findings are limited to Germanic culture. Practical implications The study provides negotiators in Austria with a tool that has the potential to predict the extent to which Austrian negotiators would use various ethically questionable negotiation tactics. Originality/value This is the first study to present a model of the antecedents of negotiation tactics in a Germanic cultural context, where negotiation studies are limited. This study validates in Austria three questionable negotiation tactics groups of varying severity, which had previously been studied only in non-Germanic cultures. This research significantly contributes to the generalization of a model of the antecedents of the endorsement of questionable tactics across cultures.
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Dyson, Miranda L., and Patricia R. Y. Backwell. "Alternative mating tactics and male mating success in two species of fiddler crab." Behaviour 153, no. 12 (2016): 1403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003386.
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The use of alternative male mating tactics can determine the strength of sexual selection on male traits and have implications for sexual dimorphism. We examined size-based mating success in two species of fiddler crabs where males use each of two alternative tactics to obtain matings. InUca annulipes, larger males were more successful when using the primary mating tactic (burrow mating) but the full size range of males mated when using the secondary tactic (surface mating). InUca urvillei, both burrow and surface mating males were larger than the average sized male in the population. Standardised directional selection gradients indicated that selection on male size was stronger inU. urvilleithanU. annulipes, reflecting the differences between species in male mating success. Our results also showed that sexual size dimorphism was greater in the species with stronger sexual selection on male size than in the species with weaker sexual selection.
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Sprague, John B. "Environmentally Desirable Approaches for Regulating Effluents from Pulp Mills." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0492.
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An overall strategy of regulation should always include three tactics: (1) discharge limits at the end of the effluent pipe, based on a reasonable level of industrial technology; (2) water-quality-based limits, strict enough to eliminate sublethal effects beyond a mixing zone; and (3) periodic ecological surveys to check the effectiveness of the first two approaches. Sets of increasingly restrictive “Levels of Achievement” should be formulated to provide steps for management. The final level should represent an ultimate goal of eliminating deleterious discharges, i.e. the effluent-free mill. Recent Australian regulations for kraft mills give a balanced blend of all three tactics. Federal requirements in U.S.A. also have the three tactics, with good water-quality limits for sublethal toxicity, but a blind spot for organochlorines. Canadian federal regulations continue to focus only on tactic no. 1, with little acknowledgment of the receiving ecosystems, although some provinces add that. Both Sweden and Finland regulate by tactic no. 1, but from a background of site-specific knowledge and needs; relatively uniform sites in the Baltic for Swedish mills, and a diversity of freshwater locations for Finnish ones.
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DeBode, Jason D., Kevin W. Mossholder, and Alan G. Walker. "Fulfilling employees’ psychological contracts: organizational socialization’s role." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 38, no. 1 (2017): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-02-2015-0014.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of psychological contract fulfillment in the relationship between socialization tactics and attachment-related outcomes (i.e. organizational commitment and person-organization fit). Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from online data collection services which allowed for a custom sample of new employees (n=326) from a variety of organizations and industries. Findings Psychological contract fulfillment partially mediated the relationship between one socialization tactic (i.e. social) and attachment-related outcomes. Post hoc analyses offered support for a hierarchy of socialization tactics with respect to prediction of organization-relevant outcomes. Research limitations/implications Researchers and practitioners have long believed socialization plays an important role in creating successful new employees. However, researchers have yet to adequately examine the mechanisms facilitating these relationships. This study advances the socialization literature by highlighting one such mechanism – psychological contract fulfillment. Originality/value This study seeks to explore the “black box” of socialization. Specifically, whereas prior work has suggested one tactic (i.e. social) may be more important than others, this is among the few studies exploring a potential hierarchy of socialization tactics. The authors then discuss the implications of this hierarchy for future research.
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Sung, Olha. "Translation Challenges in Rendering Idiolects of Literary Characters." Studies About Languages, no. 37 (December 3, 2020): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.37.24772.
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The article focuses on the challenges in rendering idiolects of literary characters. Idiolect as a means of speech characterisation of personages enables the researchers to see personages as linguistic personalities. Idiolects can fulfil several functions: comparative, psychological, distinctive, and characterising. It is shown that an integral character image is only possible to depict taking into consideration the specific features of characters’ idiolects, which help the reader to discern a character’s social status, age, educational background, gender, and emotional state. The aim of the article is to identify the challenges in rendering idiolects of literary characters, such as phonetic distortion of words, non-equivalent lexis, and non-standard syntax and to examine the relevant translation strategies and tactics of idiolect reproduction. Based on a comparative analysis of the original and translated texts, the research yielded a number of translation strategies such as the strategy of maximum preservation of idiolect characteristics and the strategy of partial preservation of idiolect characteristics. In the framework of the strategy of maximum preservation of idiolect characteristics, the tactic of parallel translation, the tactic of applying functional equivalents and the tactic of phonetic matching are singled out. In the framework of the strategy of partial preservation of idiolect characteristics, the tactics of compensation, omission, preservation, and substitution are singled out.
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Fülöp, Attila, Zoltán Németh, Bianka Kocsis, Bettina Deák-Molnár, Tímea Bozsoky, and Zoltán Barta. "Personality and social foraging tactic use in free-living Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus)." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (2019): 894–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz026.
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AbstractGroup-foraging individuals often use alternative behavioral tactics to acquire food: some individuals, the producers, actively search for food, whereas others, the scroungers, look for opportunities to exploit the finders’ discoveries. Although the use of social foraging tactics is partly flexible, yet some individuals tend to produce more, whereas others largely prefer to scrounge. This between-individual variation in tactic use closely resembles the phenomenon of animal personality; however, the connection between personality and social foraging tactic use has rarely been investigated in wild animals. Here, we studied this relationship in free-living Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) during 2 winters. We found that in females, but not in males, social foraging tactic use was predicted by personality: more exploratory (i.e., more active in a novel environment) females scrounged more. Regardless of sex, the probability of scrounging increased with the density of individuals foraging on feeders and the time of feeding within a foraging bout, that is, the later the individual foraged within a foraging bout the higher the probability of scrounging was. Our results demonstrate that consistent individual behavioral differences are linked, in a sex-dependent manner, to group-level processes in the context of social foraging in free-living tree sparrows, suggesting that individual behavioral traits have implications for social evolution.
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Machado, A. M. S., M. Cantor, A. P. B. Costa, et al. "Homophily around specialized foraging underlies dolphin social preferences." Biology Letters 15, no. 4 (2019): 20180909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0909.
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Individuals often associate socially with those who behave the same way. This principle, homophily, could structure populations into distinct social groups. We tested this hypothesis in a bottlenose dolphin population that appeared to be clustered around a specialized foraging tactic involving cooperation with net-casting fishermen, but in which other potential drivers of such social structure have never been assessed. We measured and controlled for the contribution of sex, age, genetic relatedness, home range and foraging tactics on social associations to test for homophily effects. Dolphins tended to group with others having similar home ranges and frequency of using the specialized foraging tactic, but not other traits. Such social preferences were particularly clear when dolphins were not foraging, showing that homophily extends beyond simply participating in a specific tactic. Combined, these findings highlight the need to account for multiple drivers of group formation across behavioural contexts to determine true social affiliations. We suggest that homophily around behavioural specialization can be a major driver of social patterns, with implications for other social processes. If homophily based on specialized tactics underlies animal social structures more widely, then it may be important in modulating opportunities for social learning, and therefore influence patterns of cultural transmission.
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Greene, Alexandra. "Mobiles and ‘making do’: Exploring the affective, digital practices of refugee women waiting in Greece." European Journal of Cultural Studies 23, no. 5 (2019): 731–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549419869346.
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In the wake of the so-called European migrant crisis, migration scholars have zoomed in on digital technologies and mobility. Seldom addressed, however, are the affective entanglements of migrant digital practices. Yet, as this article argues, waiting is a deeply affective and embodied experience, mediated by information and communications technologies, and tempered both spatially and temporally. Using the cultural politics of emotion as an entry point, and a reflexive and vulnerable methodology, this article explores the digital practices of 15 women waiting in a refugee camp in Greece. In aiming to more justly represent their experiences, this article seeks to move beyond spatial descriptions of migration, as well as to unsettle prevalent discourses of displacement as a liminal condition. Herein, I use the dialectic of strategy and tactics to explore the ways in which smartphones are mobilised in order to ‘make do’ with protracted experiences of displacement. Three mediated practices of ‘making do’ are explored: non-mainstream news consumption as a tactic of self-care; mediated family practices as a tactic of hope; and nature photography as a tactic of creativity. In the context of a dehumanising strategy of migration containment, I will argue that everyday tactics of self-care, hope and creativity constitute affective forms of agency.
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Moss, Jennifer A., and John E. Barbuto. "Machiavellianism's Association with Sources of Motivation and Downward Influence Strategies." Psychological Reports 94, no. 3 (2004): 933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.3.933-943.
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Recent studies have examined the relationship between motivation and influence tactics with mixed results. Barbuto and Scholl found several strong relationships between leaders' sources of motivation and the influence tactics used when influencing subordinates, but replication yielded weaker relationships between motivation and influence tactics. Examinations of moderating variables such as leaders' Machiavellian disposition were suggested as possible explanations for this difference. Several interacting effects between leaders' sources of motivation and Machiavellianism have been proposed as predictors of the influence tactic used. This study tested these relationships and found modest association between motivation sources and influence tactics. Some moderating effects of Machiavellianism on this relationship were evident; however, interpretation is cautioned given poor psychometric properties of the measure. These issues are discussed along with suggestions for research.
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Meniri, Magali, Florence Gohon, Ophélie Gning, et al. "Experimental manipulation of reproductive tactics in Seba’s short-tailed bats: consequences on sperm quality and oxidative status." Current Zoology 65, no. 6 (2019): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz011.
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AbstractTo reproduce, males have to fertilize the female’s eggs, sometimes in competition with ejaculates of other males. In species where males display alternative reproductive tactics, whereby territorial males secure mating and non-territorial males have to sneak copulations, the latter might be expected to invest relatively more resources towards sperm quality compared with the territorial males. Sperm cells are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress, which reduces male fertility. Therefore, antioxidant resources are expected to modulate sperm quality, and might be allocated differently between reproductive tactics. To test the link between reproductive tactics, redox profile and sperm quality, we experimentally induced changes in the reproductive tactics of 39 captive males Seba’s short-tailed bats Carollia perspicillata. We monitored the blood and ejaculate oxidative balance, and the sperm quality before, 7 days and 21 days after the manipulation of reproductive tactic. Although ejaculates’ oxidative damage was negatively related to sperm velocity, males exhibited similar blood and ejaculates redox profiles and similar sperm quality, regardless of their reproductive tactic. Possibly, these results arise as a consequence of some constraints having been lifted during the experiment. Our results also suggest that, in Seba’s short-tailed bats, the expression of alternative reproductive tactics is not subjected to strong oxidative constraints. Furthermore, our results could reflect an absence of trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory traits in harem males, as they could be selected to invest both in female attraction and sperm quality, as a consequence of their inability to fully monopolize females.
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Chow, Pui Ting, Sai On Cheung, Chiu Yan Young, and Chi Kit Wah. "THE ROLES OF WITHDRAWAL IN THE NEGOTIATOR PERSONALITY-TACTIC RELATIONSHIP." Journal of Business Economics and Management 16, no. 4 (2015): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.761646.
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The personality of a negotiator shall affect his choice of tactics. Moreover, mixed predictions of the personality-tactic relationship have been derived from prior studies. One possible explanation is the influence of other intervening factors. In this regard, this study examines the role of withdrawal, as an intervening variable, in the negotiator personality-tactic relationship. State of withdrawal refers to the level of interest to continue with a negotiation. In a state of complete withdrawal, the interest to continue no longer exists and breakdown of the negotiation is inevitable. With the participation of practicing professionals, an experiment was used to collect data for the study. It was found that competitors are prone to withdraw and use more distributive tactics. However, this pattern changes with the composition of the dyad. If the negotiating counterpart is a cooperator, a competitor will adopt a more integrative approach. This finding reminds the importance of the personality factor in selecting members of a negotiating team.
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White, Peter B., Dragana Vidovic, Belén González, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and David E. Cunningham. "Nonviolence as a Weapon of the Resourceful: From Claims to Tactics in Mobilization*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20, no. 4 (2015): 471–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-20-4-471.
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Recent world events have renewed interest among social movement scholars in strategies and associated outcomes in campaigns against nondemocratic regimes. Most comparative work is limited to large-scale mobilization and takes violent/nonviolent tactics as given, thereby overlooking prior group mobilization and initial tactic choice. While a chosen tactic is plausibly related to group characteristics and resources, we argue that the mobilization process underlying large-scale campaigns begins when groups stake claims and assess those claims' potential. The proposed framework can help to explain both the specific tactics chosen and whether campaigns take on violent or nonviolent forms. We focus on grievances and the origins of mobilization through formulation of claims-making disputes over regime type, government composition, and electoral legitimacy—independent of mobilization—and consider how resources provide a comparative advantage for violence or nonviolence. An application to states in the former Soviet Union demonstrates the framework's utility for understanding when claims evolve to violent and nonviolent mobilization.
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Hallonsten, Simon. "A Tactical Ecumenism of Shared Eucharistic Fasting?" Ecclesial Practices 7, no. 2 (2020): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22144471-bja10020.
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Abstract Inspired by autoethnography, the article discusses experiences of joint worship between Lutherans and Catholics. Engaging the work of Michel de Certeau, I argue that both ecumenical strategies and ecumenical tactics are ways towards greater unity. Seeing the importance of ecumenical tactics in navigating the liturgy, I suggest that Durheim and Turnboolm’s concept of tactical ecumenism should be expanded to include a critical discussion of ecumenical tactics. Through a short personal narrative, I explore three ecumenical tactics that create spaces of unity. The article concludes with a discussion of possible tactical responses to the question of joint worship and Eucharistic sharing. I especially look at the ecumenical tactic of Eucharistic fasting and a possible sharing of the Eucharistic fast. Through these tactics Catholics and Lutherans can jointly acknowledge the existing division in hope of greater visible unity to come.
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Hernandez-Jimenez, Armando, and Oscar Rios-Cardenas. "Condition-dependent female preference for male genitalia length is based on male reproductive tactics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1868 (2017): 20172223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2223.
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There is extensive morphological variation of male genitalia across animals with internal fertilization, even among closely related species. Most studies attempting to explain this extraordinary diversity have focused on processes that occur post-copula (e.g. sperm competition, cryptic female choice). Only a few studies have focused on the pre-copula process of female preference. In addition, the extent to which this variation could be associated with the use of different reproductive tactics has yet to be explored. Here, we show that female preference for male genitalia length in two livebearing fishes depends on the type of reproductive tactic of the males being evaluated as well as the body condition of the female. In a species where all males coax females to acquire matings (courters), females preferred males with short genitalia. In a species with genetically influenced alternative reproductive tactics (courter males that only court and produce courter sons, sneaker males that use the coercive tactic of sneak chase and produce sneaker sons), female preference depended on an interaction between male tactic and female condition: females in good condition preferred courter males with short genitalia, and sneaker males with long genitalia. Our results suggest that female preference for male traits favourable to their sons may be an important factor contributing to the diversification of male genitalia. Despite the contrasting selection for genitalia length that our female preference tests suggest, we found no significant differences in genitalia length between coaxing (courters) and coercive (sneakers) males. Our study represents a starting point to more clearly understand the role of alternative reproductive tactics and variation in female mate preference in the evolution of male genitalia.
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Derik, Ilona, and Kateryna Chebanenko. "MEANS OF REPRESENTATION OF NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE IN THE TRANSLATION OF BUSINESS DISCOURSE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (2020): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-9.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the non-verbal communicative means in the aspect of translation, in particular strategies, tactics and devices of rendering non-verbal elements of speech ethiquette while translating business discourse. The theoretical grounding for the article was formed by the works by Ukrainian and foreign scholars in the field of intercultural communication. In the course of the research there have been investigated the peculiarities of the structure, semantics and functioning of the non-verbal elements of speech ethiquette. It has been proved that the incorrect interpretation of gestures, poses, look, clothes by the representatives of different cultures may result not only in the cultural and communicative barrier but also in the total failure. The research has been carried out on the basis of the scripts of business talks and conferences in English and their Ukrainian translations. It has been revealed that the dominant strategy in rendering non-verbal communicative means in translating English business discourse into Ukrainian is the strategy of re-addressing, relying on which the translator chooses translation tactics and devices.The choice of the strategy is connected with the relevance of the achievement of the communicative goal of the audience’s persuasion in this type of discourse. The leading role among the tactics is given to the tactic of rendering relevant information, tactic of liguistic and cukltureal adaptation and tactic of correct information presentation. The most recurrent translation devices are descriptive translation and contextual replacement. The perspective is seen in the more detailed analysis of each variety of non-verbal communicative means in the aspect of their rendering in translation into other languages.
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Albo, Maria J., Valentina Franco-Trecu, Filip J. Wojciechowski, Søren Toft, and Trine Bilde. "Maintenance of deceptive gifts in a natural spider population: ecological and demographic factors." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (2019): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz040.
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AbstractAlternative mating tactics are expected to occur predominantly when mate competition is intense, resources are in short supply, or as a result of asymmetric power relationships between individuals. Males of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis use a prevailing tactic of offering a nutritive gift (insect prey) and a deceptive tactic of offering a worthless gift (consumed prey) to prospective mates. If the male’s tactic depends on precopulatory male–male competition, worthless gifts should occur primarily late in the season, when the operational sex ratio (OSR) becomes male-biased. If it depends on resource availability and/or postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition), worthless gifts should occur mostly early in the mating season, when prey availability is low and most females are unmated (i.e., postcopulatory sexual selection is weak). Nuptial gift construction correlated positively with prey availability and negatively with OSR, suggesting that males increase reproductive effort when resource and mate availability increase. We did not find evidence for body condition affecting male tactic use. Male size had a marked effect on the reproductive tactic employed. Males that matured early in the season were very small and employed mostly the nutritive gift tactic during their short life. Among the males that matured later and persisted through the season, relatively small males employed the worthless gift tactic whereas large males employed the nutritive gift tactic. We suggest that the existence of 2 distinct life-history strategies among males (early small and late large size) interacts with environmental and demographic conditions to maintain the deceptive tactic.
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Tripp, Joel A., Ni Y. Feng, and Andrew H. Bass. "Behavioural tactic predicts preoptic-hypothalamic gene expression more strongly than developmental morph in fish with alternative reproductive tactics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (2018): 20172742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2742.
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Reproductive success relies on the coordination of social behaviours, such as territory defence, courtship and mating. Species with extreme variation in reproductive tactics are useful models for identifying the neural mechanisms underlying social behaviour plasticity. The plainfin midshipman ( Porichthys notatus ) is a teleost fish with two male reproductive morphs that follow widely divergent developmental trajectories and display alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Type I males defend territories, court females and provide paternal care, but will resort to cuckoldry if they cannot maintain a territory. Type II males reproduce only through cuckoldry. We sought to disentangle gene expression patterns underlying behavioural tactic, in this case ARTs, from those solely reflective of developmental morph. Using RNA-sequencing, we investigated differential transcript expression in the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (POA-AH) of courting type I males, cuckolding type I males and cuckolding type II males. Unexpectedly, POA-AH differential expression was more strongly coupled to behavioural tactic than morph. This included a suite of transcripts implicated in hormonal regulation of vertebrate social behaviour. Our results reveal that divergent expression patterns in a conserved neuroendocrine centre known to regulate social-reproductive behaviours across vertebrate lineages may be uncoupled from developmental history to enable plasticity in the performance of reproductive tactics.
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Pelletier, Dominique, and Jocelyne Ferraris. "A multivariate approach for defining fishing tactics from commercial catch and effort data." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 1 (2000): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-176.
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Fishing tactics correspond to fishing practices at the scale of the fishing operation. In the case of mixed fisheries, they are defined as a combination of target species, gear, and fishing location, at a given time of the year. This paper proposes an approach to determine fishing tactics from the analysis of commercial catch and effort data. The approach is based on typologies of fishing operations involving multivariate descriptive methods like factorial analyses and classification techniques. The obtained types of fishing operations are considered as fishing tactics. The approach is applied to two contrasting examples, a small-scale Senegalese fishery and a Celtic Sea fishery that operates at a larger scale. Catch per species and fishing effort are computed per tactic. Results emphasize the importance of fishing location and seasonal effects for characterizing fishing tactics.
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Yang, Delin. "Application of Data Mining Technology in the Subject Tactical Teaching of Badminton." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 13, no. 07 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i07.8778.
Full textAbstract:
In badminton field tactics teaching, there are problems of not timely, inaccu-rate and incomplete data collection of completion cases, not deep enough da-ta and too few personalized training programs for athletes' tactics. Aiming at solving the above problems, the traditional Apriori association algorithm was optimized, and the algorithm was applied to the acquisition of badminton field tactics case data. Moreover, the multidimensional data mining was con-ducted, thus providing a scientific and personalized teaching plan for bad-minton field tactical teaching. The simulation experiments showed that data mining technology applied to badminton field tactics teaching could effec-tively put forward personalized teaching plan for data support from the tacti-cal point of view, and improve the effect of badminton field tactical teach-ing.
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Vanpoucke, Evelyne, and Scott C. Ellis. "Building supply-side resilience – a behavioural view." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 40, no. 1 (2019): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-09-2017-0562.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose To build resilient supply chains, buyers should implement risk mitigation tactics. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the risky decision-making process that underlies buyers’ decisions to adopt supply risk mitigation tactics for creating supply-side resilience. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ experimental scenarios to simulate supply disruptions of low and high likelihood. The authors then assess buyers’ decisions to adopt supply risk mitigation tactics in response to these scenarios. Findings The authors find that buyers’ perceptions of supply disruption likelihood are positively related to their adoption of buffer- and process-oriented risk mitigation tactics and preference for process-oriented risk mitigation tactics. Conversely, risk propensity negatively affects buyers’ adoption of buffer- and process-oriented mitigation tactics. Originality/value Beyond risk perceptions, the authors consider how risk propensity also affects the risky decision-making process. Moreover, whereas previous studies often focus on a single mitigation tactic, the authors study buyers’ adoption of multiple buffer- and process-oriented risk mitigation tactics to create supply-side resilience.