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Journal articles on the topic 'Tafoni'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ozis, Leni. "Tafoni – predstavitev značilnosti reliefne oblike." Dela, no. 41 (December 1, 2014): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.41.183-201.

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V članku so predstavljeni tafoni in alveole, plitve vdolbine v skalah in skalnatih stenah. Pojavljajo se v različnih podnebjih in kamninah, nastali naj bi z votlinastim preperevanjem. V slovenski geografski literaturi zasledimo pojem tafon redko, samo v povezavi z drugo reliefno obliko – spodmoli. Namen članka je na podlagi obstoječe tuje literature predstaviti glavne značilnosti tafonov, vpeljati nekaj novih pojmov, predstaviti dileme v zvezi z njimi in opredeliti razlike s spodmoli.

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2

Ozis, Leni. "Tafoni – predstavitev značilnosti reliefne oblike." Dela, no. 41 (December 1, 2014): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.41.1.183-201.

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V članku so predstavljeni tafoni in alveole, plitve vdolbine v skalah in skalnatih stenah. Pojavljajo se v različnih podnebjih in kamninah, nastali naj bi z votlinastim preperevanjem. V slovenski geografski literaturi zasledimo pojem tafon redko, samo v povezavi z drugo reliefno obliko – spodmoli. Namen članka je na podlagi obstoječe tuje literature predstaviti glavne značilnosti tafonov, vpeljati nekaj novih pojmov, predstaviti dileme v zvezi z njimi in opredeliti razlike s spodmoli.

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3

Hall, Kevin, and Marie-Françoise André. "Temperature observations in Antarctic tafoni: implications for weathering, biological colonization, and tafoni formation." Antarctic Science 18, no. 3 (August 24, 2006): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000423.

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Tafoni have long been recognized, measured and discussed within the Antarctic context. However, with respect to the formative processes tafoni still remain somewhat of an enigma. In terms of the weathering attributes of tafoni, one problem is the monitoring of environmental conditions without the transducers themselves altering that environment. The application of ultra-small thermocouples provides an avenue for monitoring of rock surface temperatures without influence on the tafoni environment. At an Antarctic site temperatures were measured both inside and outside of a tafone, with data at 20 second intervals. These data show a spatial variability that may help explain tafoni development, at least in terms of weathering. Humidity data indicate that moisture conditions are very low such that water-based weathering processes are temporally and spatially constrained. The presence of several episodes of extreme temperature variations indicates that thermal stress may be an important contributor to weathering here. It is argued that the absence of any endolithic communities (at this site) within the sandstone, in which the tafoni develop, is a reflection of weathering rates that exceed the ability of organisms to invade and colonize the rock. At the present time, weathering appears to be primarily in the form of granular disintegration and flaking.

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4

Inkpen, Rob, and Kevin Hall. "Universal Shapes? Analysis of the Shape of Antarctic Tafoni." Geosciences 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040154.

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Using dimensional data from over 700 tafoni in Antarctica, this paper identifies how the dimensionless ratios of width/length (W/L) and depth/length (D/L) vary with tafoni length. The analysis suggests that these ratios do tend to converge to values that are similar to those found for fragments produced by brittle fracture and fragmentation. Dividing the data into quintiles and deciles, it is possible to assess how tafoni size and shape change as tafoni length increases. Smaller tafoni do tend to have a rounder plan form which rapidly changes as tafoni length increases towards the W/L ratio of 0.67. It is suggested that initial tafoni development is limited by the conditions set out in a recent mathematical model of tafoni development. This model focuses on tafoni development through the interactions of variable rock strength and the varying concentration gradient of a corrosive agent. Erosion involves the removal of relatively small sections of rock and is analogous to a continuous erosional process. This model produces tafoni of relatively circular plan form. Above a certain tafoni length it is suggested that processes associated with brittle fracture begin to dominant the development and shape of tafoni.

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5

Groom, Kaelin M., Casey D. Allen, Lisa Mol, Thomas R. Paradise, and Kevin Hall. "Defining tafoni." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 6 (October 7, 2015): 775–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315605037.

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Cavernous rock decay processes represent a global phenomenon, ubiquitous to all environments, with the viewable-in-landscape form usually being the final descriptor (e.g. “alveoli”), sometimes alluding to the specific decay process (e.g. “pitting”), other times not (e.g. “honeycombing”). Yet, definitive terminology remains inconsistent, usually owing to variability in dimension, morphometry, distribution, and/or academic lineage. This lack of an established lexicon limits scientific collaboration and can generate scientific bias. With no official consensus on appropriate distinctions, researchers and scientists must either be familiar with all the possible terminology, or know the apparent distinction between “forms”—which can seem arbitrary and, even more frustrating, often differs from researcher to researcher, scientist to scientist. This article reviews the historical and contemporary progression of scientific inquiry into this decay—and, arguably, erosional—feature to identify lexical inconsistencies and promote a singular unifying term for future scholars. Ultimately, the authors support using “tafoni” (singular: “tafone”) as the non-scalar universal term—the form created by numerous processes involved in cavernous decay features—and strongly suggest researchers adopt the same vernacular in order to promote collaboration.

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6

Ahmadi, Amir, Ebrahim Moghimi, Seyed Mohamad Zamanzadeh, and Reza Motamed. "The Effect of Sandstone Composition on Distribution of Tafoni Landforms in the Aghajari Sandstone, Northwest of Masjed Soleyman, Iran." Advances in Geology 2015 (June 29, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/862714.

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The Aghajari sandstone layers are located in the west of Zagros Mountains from several centimeters thicknesses to maximum 6 meters with carbonating content. Laboratory and fieldwork show high amount of carbonate content through sandstone layers and tafoni and honeycombs (THs) in early layers. In the study area three parameters have the most effective impactful factors in tafoni and honeycombs (THs) including matrix, carbonate content, and porosity. In this study result shows overlays of high ranges of CaCO3, porosity, and low matrix in the early layers (especially in A, B, C, D, and H layers) with tafoni and honeycombs (THs). Overall, we conclude that matrix and CaCO3 (carbonate clast including carbonate lithics, fragment fossils, and Pellet) and porosity have direct relationships and matrix reverse relationships with tafoni and honeycombs (THs) in the Aghajari sandstones layers.

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7

De Uña Álvarez, Elena. "Development trends of tafoni forms (incipient stages)." Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 37 (December 9, 2013): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/cadlaxe.2013.37.0.3582.

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Forms called tafoni, diversified in different stages, are complex natural systems. The systematic register of their measurements is performed in order to infer relative ages and to use the results to reconstruct landscape evolution. The analysis of depth measures of the cavities developed into several tafoni demonstrates, for incipient cases in Galicia (NW of Iberian Peninsula), trends with different evolutionary trajectories. Depth measures were processed with robust statistical techniques. The development of tafoni combines linear and non-linear phases. This behaviour is related to the increase of complexity through self-organisation.

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8

Huinink, H. P., L. Pel, and K. Kopinga. "Simulating the growth of tafoni." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29, no. 10 (September 2004): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1087.

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9

Zwalińska, Katarzyna. "Origins of ‘tafoni’ weathering forms – a literature review." Przegląd Geograficzny 86, no. 1 (2014): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2014.1.5.

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10

Ozis, Leni. "Tafoni – presenting characteristics of a landform." Dela, no. 41 (December 31, 2014): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.41.10.183-201.

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11

Inkpen, Rob, and Kevin Hall. "Using morphospaces to understand tafoni development." Geomorphology 261 (May 2016): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.03.003.

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12

Mottershead, Derek N., and Kenneth Pye. "Tafoni on coastal slopes, South Devon, U.K." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19, no. 6 (September 1994): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290190607.

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13

Sancho, Carlos, and Gerardo Benito. "Factors controlling tafoni weathering in the Ebro Basin (NE Spain)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 34, no. 2 (August 9, 1990): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/34/1990/165.

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14

Gore, Damian B., and Michelle R. Leishman. "Tafoni show postglacial and modern wind azimuths that are similar at Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201900035x.

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AbstractThe directions of strong winds are important for the distribution of marine salt spray, rock weathering, lake chemistry and the distribution of vegetation in Bunger Hills, a coastal ice-free oasis in East Antarctica. Present-day strong winds (> 10 m s−1) dominantly blow from 118 ± 21 degrees true (°T; ± 1 SD). Orientated tafoni (weathering pits) might form in bedrock surfaces by salt and ice crystallization, thermal stress and saltating sand particles, recording the orientation of a strongly directional wind field since the last deglaciation, which commenced > 30 000 years ago. The orientations of these tafoni, at 101 ± 18°T for 686 measurements at 28 sites, are indistinguishable from the direction of modern-day strong winds (> 10 m s−1), indicating that the orientation of the slope of the ice sheet has been stable throughout the last 10 000 years during the Holocene.

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15

Mellor, A., J. Short, and S. J. Kirkby. "Tafoni in the El Chorro area, Andalucia, southern Spain." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22, no. 9 (September 1997): 817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199709)22:9<817::aid-esp768>3.0.co;2-t.

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16

Sunamura, Tsuguo. "A Physical Model for the Rate of Coastal Tafoni Development." Journal of Geology 104, no. 6 (November 1996): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629866.

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17

W. Campbell, Sean. "Chemical weathering associated with tafoni at Papago Park, central Arizona." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24, no. 3 (March 1999): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199903)24:3<271::aid-esp969>3.0.co;2-t.

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18

Vítek, Jan. "Forms of phyllonite weathering and denudation in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts." Geografie 105, no. 3 (2000): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2000105030266.

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Weathering and denudation forms of phyllonite (retrogressively metamorphosed gneiss) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. (northern Moravia) are described in this paper. Rock mesoforms (frost-riven cliffs, ridges and tors) are results of cryogenic periglacial processes. Numerous microforms of rock surface (such as rock hollows, tafoni, honeycombs and rock perforations) were formed by selective weathering processes of unequally resting positions of heavy schistose rock.

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19

Hejl, Ewald. "A pictorial study of tafoni development from the 2nd millennium BC." Geomorphology 64, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.05.004.

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20

French, Hugh, and Mauro Gugliemin. "Tafoni weathering is an azonal process: Examples from Antarctica, Sardinia and Australia." Geomorphology 375 (February 2021): 107556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107556.

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21

YOKOTA, Shuichiro, Kazuya TAKEHARA, Michiaki SATOU, Seiji SAKATA, and Ken-ichi NISHIYAMA. "Shape Characteristics of Tafoni Developing on Sandstone Cliff, and the Processes from the Enlargement of Tafoni to the Occurrences of Rock Fall in the Oshihara Gorge, Shimane, Japan." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 53, no. 5 (2012): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.53.245.

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22

Shin, Jae Ryul, Chang Oh Choo, Jin Kook Lee, and Kyung Geun Park. "Developmental Characteristics and Weathering Processes of Tafoni at Golgulsa Temple, Gyeongju, South Korea." Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26863/jkarg.2017.02.23.1.168.

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23

Park, Kyung Geun, and Jae Ryul Shin. "Developmental Characteristics and Weathering Processes of Tafoni at Mt. Buheung, Mokpo, South Korea." Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers 25, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.26863/jkarg.2019.5.25.2.195.

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24

MATSUKURA, Yukinori, and Yukiya TANAKA. "Pictorial 2 : Tafoni and Gnammas on Granite Tors on Mount Doeg-Sung, Korea." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 108, no. 1 (1999): Plate5—Plate6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.108.plate5.

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25

Klimchouk, Alexander. "Tafoni and honeycomb structures as indicators of ascending fluid flow and hypogene karstification." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 466, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp466.11.

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26

McBride, Earle F., and M. Dane Picard. "Origin and development of tafoni in Tunnel Spring Tuff, Crystal Peak, Utah, USA." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25, no. 8 (2000): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:8<869::aid-esp104>3.0.co;2-f.

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27

Strini, Andrea, Mauro Guglielmin, and Kevin Hall. "Tafoni development in a cryotic environment: an example from Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33, no. 10 (September 2008): 1502–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1620.

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28

Brandmeier, M., J. Kuhlemann, I. Krumrei, A. Kappler, and P. W. Kubik. "New challenges for tafoni research. A new approach to understand processes and weathering rates." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36, no. 6 (December 9, 2010): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2112.

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29

Mol, Lisa, and Heather A. Viles. "The role of rock surface hardness and internal moisture in tafoni development in sandstone." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2252.

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30

Matsukura, Yukinori, and Norikazu Matsuoka. "Rates of tafoni weathering on uplifted shore platforms in Nojima-Zaki, Boso Peninsula, Japan." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16, no. 1 (February 1991): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290160106.

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31

Schnepfleitner, Harald, Oliver Sass, Stefanie Fruhmann, Heather Viles, and Andrew Goudie. "A multi-method investigation of temperature, moisture and salt dynamics in tafoni (Tafraoute, Morocco)." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41, no. 4 (October 14, 2015): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3838.

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32

Roqué, Carles, Rogelio Linares, Roberto Rodríguez, and Mario Zarroca. "Granite caves in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula: Artificial hypogea versus tafoni." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0043.

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33

Guo, Fu-sheng, Liu-qin Chen, Huan Xu, and Xin Liu. "Origin of beaded tafoni in cliffs of Danxia landscapes, Longhushan Global Geopark, South China." Journal of Mountain Science 15, no. 11 (November 2018): 2398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-4947-9.

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34

Roqué, C., M. Zarroca, and R. Linares. "Subsurface initiation of tafoni in granite terrains — Geophysical evidence from NE Spain: Geomorphological implications." Geomorphology 196 (August 2013): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.06.015.

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35

PARK, Ji-Sun. "The Landscape Resources Value of Granite Weathering Landforms - The Case of Weathering Pits(Tafoni, Gnamma) -." Korean Journal of Nature Conservation 11, no. 3_4 (December 2013): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30960/kjnc.2013.11.3_4.119.

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36

Huang, Rihui, and Wei Wang. "Microclimatic, chemical, and mineralogical evidence for tafoni weathering processes on the Miaowan Island, South China." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 134 (February 2017): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.023.

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37

CHEN, Liuqin, Fusheng GUO, Fujun LIU, Huan XU, Ting DING, and Xin LIU. "Origin of Tafoni in the Late Cretaceous Aeolian Sandstones, Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark, South China." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 93, no. 2 (April 2019): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.13810.

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38

Paradise, Thomas R. "Assessment of tafoni distribution and environmental factors on a sandstone djinn block above Petra, Jordan." Applied Geography 42 (August 2013): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.04.011.

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39

NISHIYAMA, Ken-ichi, and Shuichiro YOKOTA. "Morphological Features of Tafoni on Paleogene Sandstone Cliff in Amakusa Kami-Island, Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 51, no. 3 (2010): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.51.122.

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40

ΛΕΙΒΑΔΊΤΗΣ, Γ., and Α. ΑΛΕΞΟΥΛΗ-ΛΕΙΒΑΔΙΤΗ. "Geomorphology of the island of Tinos." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17041.

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Morphology of Tinos Island is controlled mainly by lithology and tectonics. A significant factor is also the climate; the very high humidity and the strong winds of NNE directions. These special climate characteristics cause intense chemical alteration and cellular weathering at schists and granodiorites. The relief is fairly mountainous. Mt. Tsiknias in the south is the highest mountain (725m). In the central part of the island there are Mesovouni (647m) and Prasa (614m). The slopes of the valley-sides vary a lot depending mainly on the original dip. The relief is smooth while slopes of 15-45% comprise 73% of the island. Three morphological units with different relief type can be distinguished, that results from lithological differences and the type of erosion. The first unit covers the larger part of the island and consists of mica-schists with marble intercalation. The second unit is observed at the mountains Tsiknias, Vouno and Marias. It consists of green schist, clorittalkschists. It is characterized generally of smooth relief with acute notched peaks and Tafoni. The third unit comprises the area of the plutonic rocks. It is characterized by dispersed rounded bulks of granite and spheroidal weathering. Petrologie examination showed biotitic-monzogranit in the area Steni-Volax and biotitic-granodiorit in Livada. In the spherical bulks of Livada Tafoni are created. The spheroidal weathering is owed to chemical processes. The weathered mantle was identified sericitization. The island is crossed by a watershed, which is parallel to the long axis of the island trending NW-SE, and separates the island in two asymmetric parts. The watershed is coincided to the axis of the folds. Pianation surfaces are observed at 100m, 200m, 300- 350m, 410-430m and at 600m. The topographic slopes along the coasts of Tinos present a wide range of values. The slopes of the coasts of the 500m cross-sectional coastal zone, are higher of those of the 1000m one. Clear relation between the slopes of these zones and the corresponding lithologie formations is not observed. It is believed that the main factors which controls the slope morphology of the coastal zone is the tectonic and the weathering.

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41

Park, Kyeong. "Comparative Analysis of Geomorphological and Folklore Approaches to Weathered Landforms - Focusing on Tafoni, Gnamma, Gamsil and Alter -." JOURNAL OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF KOREA 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16968/jkga.24.3.119.

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42

MATSUKURA, Yukinori, and Yukiya TANAKA. "Rock Hardness and Moisture Content Affecting Tafoni- and GnammaGrowth on Granite Tors on Mount Doeg-Sung, Korea." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 108, no. 1 (1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.108.1.

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43

Sunamura, Tsuguo, and Hisashi Aoki. "Application of an S-shaped curve model to the temporal development of tafoni of salt-weathering origin." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36, no. 12 (July 6, 2011): 1624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2175.

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44

Chen, Xin, Liu-qin Chen, Yan-hong Zhang, Ding-ding Du, Hai-ping Hu, Dong-xing Liu, and Wen-zhuo Li. "Lithological and environmental controls on large tafoni along conglomerate cliffs in subtropic humid Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 5 (May 2021): 1131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6649-3.

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45

Gore, Damian B., and Michelle R. Leishman. "Salt, sediments and weathering environments in Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000073.

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AbstractTerrestrial environments at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, vary from vegetation-rich, little-weathered rock surfaces retaining glacial polish and striations near the glacier and ice-sheet margins to salty, vegetation-poor, extensively weathered regions near to and downwind of marine bays and inlets. Weathering forms include tafoni and orientated pits, which record former wind directions. Although salts are found all over Bunger Hills, the strongly weathered area is coincident with the distribution of halite (NaCl) and thenardite (Na2SO4), both of which are derived from seawater and marine salt spray. Salts elsewhere in Bunger Hills are either subglacial calcium carbonates or rock weathering products including gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) and a range of rarer minerals. These other salt minerals do not weather rocks and sediment. The distribution of halite and thenardite acts as a major control on the geomorphology, sediment geochemistry and biogeography of Bunger Hills.

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46

Matsukura, Yukinori, and Yukiya Tanaka. "Effect of rock hardness and moisture content on tafoni weathering in the granite of mount doeg‐sung, korea." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 82, no. 1 (April 2000): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00112.x.

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47

Kim, Yu Jung, Jong Yeon Kim, Jong Wook Kim, and Min Han. "An Aspect of Weathering Progress Based on Physical and Chemical Properties of Tafoni in the Simgok Area of Gangneung, Korea." JOURNAL OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF KOREA 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16968/jkga.25.3.19.

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48

Ponti, S., M. Pezza, and M. Guglielmin. "The development of Antarctic tafoni: Relations between differential weathering rates and spatial distribution of thermal events, salts concentration and mineralogy." Geomorphology 373 (January 2021): 107475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107475.

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49

Migoń, Piotr, and Andrew Goudie. "Sandstone Geomorphology of South-West Jordan, Middle East." Quaestiones Geographicae 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0035.

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AbstractIn the desert environment of south-west Jordan thick sequences of continental sandstones of Cambrian-Ordovician age support spectacular scenery, comparable with that of the Colorado Plateau of south-west USA or the central Sahara and similar in many aspects to the Danxia landform of southern China. Dissection of a sandstone tableland has given rise to numerous inselbergs and large mesas, rising from the sand-covered desert floor. The height of the hills varies from a few tens to 500-700 m in the Wadi Rum area, whereas their slope shapes are controlled by lithological properties of particular sandstone units. Rock walls of the sandstone inselbergs are subject to frequent rock falls and rock slides and host an impressive array of tafoni and honeycombs due to selective weathering, as well as a number of rock arches. Lithological differences within the sandstone sequence are crucial controls on the shape and evolution of rock slopes, exerting the influence via contrasting patterns of weathering and slope failures. The presence of ferruginous layers in the Umm ‘Ishrin Sandstone is of major importance and explains the fundamental morphological differences between the otherwise similar Umm ‘Ishrin and Disi sandstone units

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Norwick, Stephen A., and Leland R. Dexter. "Rates of development of tafoni in the Moenkopi and Kaibab formations in Meteor Crater and on the Colorado Plateau, northeastern Arizona." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, no. 1 (January 2002): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.276.

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