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Merkuryeva, Y. "TAG-QUESTION GRAMMAR: PUNCTUATION." Bulletin of the Moskow State Regional University (Linguistics), no. 4 (2015): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-712x-2015-4-85-93.
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Achiri-Taboh, Blasius. "A generalized question tag in English." English Today 31, no. 1 (February 17, 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000546.
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In several (colloquial) varieties of English around the world, the tag question is reduced to a single generalized invariant tag ‘isn't it?’. This is used irrespective of the general structure and semantic content of the matrix or main, superordinate clause that embeds it. Linguists started debating seriously on the actual use of tag questions in English since the early 1960s and 70s. The debates then were particularly focused on the use of tags on (elliptical) imperatives, with many concluding that the auxiliary in the imperative main clause is an elliptical will that serves as the source of input for the tag that is appended (Katz & Postal, 1964; Postal, 1966). Arbini (1969) discussed the putative parallel between tag imperatives and tag questions, and other early discussions on tags include Bolinger (1967), Huddleston (1970), and Klima (1964). The present discussion looks to a different direction. As already implied, it focuses on the emergence of isn't it? as a generalized invariant tag.
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Algeo, John. "The Tag Question in British English." English World-Wide 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.9.2.03alg.
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Sinadinovic, Danka. "The role of tag questions in medical encounters." Serbian Dental Journal 67, no. 4 (2020): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs2004208s.
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The discourse of medical encounters is deemed to be an excellent example of both institutional talk and discourse of power. Asking questions is probably the most prominent characteristic of doctor- patient interaction and this paper deals with tag questions as one of the question types that can be found in almost every medical encounter. We will explore tag questions by reviewing current research results in the field of medical discourse and by comparing and discussing examples from transcribed medical encounters in English and Serbian. It will be discussed how often tag questions are used in both corpora, whether doctors and patients use them in the same way and what role these questions have in a medical encounter. Finally, having in mind that getting to ask any question in institutional talk requires a certain amount of power, we will also try to determine if using tag questions affects doctor and patient?s positions in a medical encounter.
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Rottet, Kevin J., and Rex A. Sprouse. "Tag questions in Welsh." Diachronica 25, no. 1 (May 14, 2008): 20–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.25.1.03rot.
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Modern Colloquial Welsh (MCW) displays a considerable variety of tag question patterns. In this paper we offer a unified account for the divergent developments in modern Welsh dialects, focusing on tags attached to “normal” or VSO clauses. We propose a scenario of how the MCW system of tags is descended from the pre-modern system by processes of reanalysis and grammaticalization. We show that South Walian dialects have elaborated a system of tag questions in which the tag reverses the polarity of the anchor to which it is attached, while North Walian dialects have followed a principle of constant polarity in which tags anticipate the polarity of the expected response.
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Basque, Shalane, Marie Savundranayagam, Maren Kimura, and Kristine Williams. "The Use of Tag Questions in Person-centered Communication." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 899–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3313.
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Abstract Tag questions are imperative, declarative, exclamative or interrogative statements that have been modified to include a question (e.g.., It is hot out, isn’t it?). Tag questions have been characterized as elderspeak because it suggests an expected response from the person with dementia, thus limiting his/her ability to make a decision independently. However, tag questions serve multiple functions in conversation. There is limited research on the multidimensional nature of tag questions in conversations between formal caregivers and their clients with dementia. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the functions of tag questions used by formal caregivers in utterances coded as person-centered. Conversations (N= 87) between formal caregivers and a simulated person with dementia were video-recorded during a 5-minute care interaction involving morning care. Caregivers’ utterances were coded for the use of the following types of person-centered communication: recognition, negotiation, facilitation, and validation. During secondary data analysis, the person-centered utterances were analyzed for the use and function of tag questions. Conversational analyses revealed two broad functions of tag questions: gather information and facilitate a desired action. Tag questions used to gather information included the following specific functions: acknowledge response, establish common ground, state fact or opinion, initiate topic, conversational joking, state what is being done and questions. Tag questions that facilitated a desired reaction included the following specific functions: offers, advice and suggestions and requests and commands. Findings from the current study reveal that tag questions are not exclusively elderspeak and can be used to illicit conversation.
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MOORE, EMMA, and ROBERT PODESVA. "Style, indexicality, and the social meaning of tag questions." Language in Society 38, no. 4 (September 2009): 447–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404509990224.
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ABSTRACTThis article illustrates how the notions of style and indexicality can illuminate understanding of the social meaning of a specific linguistic variable, the tag question. Drawing on conversational speech and ethnographic data from a community of high school girls in northwest England, it quantitatively and qualitatively examines the discourse, grammatical, and phonological design of tag questions in this community. Members of four social groups are shown to use tag questions to similar effect, as a means of conducing particular points of view. However, these groups also exhibit striking differences in the stylistic composition of tags, distinctions that indexically construct stances and personas, which may in turn come to represent group identity. These data suggest that the social meaning of tag questions can be best ascertained by examining their internal composition and by situating them in their broader discursive and social stylistic contexts. (Adolescents, ethnography, indexicality, interactional context, quantitative discourse analysis, social meaning, style, tag questions)
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Yelnim, Yelnim, Sukarta Kartawijaya, and Intan Sherlin. "THE ABILITY OF THE SECOND YEARS STUDENTS OF SMAN 2 SUNGAI PENUH IN USING QUESTION TAGS." JURNAL SYNTAX IMPERATIF : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-imperatif.v2i1.71.
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This reseach is aimed at analyzing the ability of the scond years student’s of SMAN 2 Sungai Penuh in using qestion tag. This research was done at SMAN 2 Sungai Penuh. The prposes of the reseach are (1) To know the student’s ability ini using tag in English sentences. (2) To Know, what the student’s weakness using question tag in English sentences.(3)To now, wha the efort taken by teacher to improve student’s ability using question tag in English Sentences. The analysis focuses on learning about question tag. The data are collected by using obsevational method in collecting data, gives test some student’s with 20 item test. The informan of the reseacrh is 10 student’s each of class as sample. The analysis is coducted by using descripive quantiative method which is meant to envelope fact, situation, variable and phenomenon that happen a te time when the reseach takes places and present in with reality. The result shows that the student wakness in using question tag in english sentences. (1) the ability of student in using question tag in sentences low category with score 57% (2) the stdents did not know concept in each of sentences. (3) the student could not difference word that added s or es.
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Ramdani, Akhmad. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN DALAM MENGGUNAKAN QUESTION TAG OLEH MAHASISWA SEMESTER DUA PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN UNIVERSITAS MH. THAMRIN." Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan MH Thamrin 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37012/jipmht.v4i2.426.
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Question tag adalah salah satu jenis pertanyaan yang paling sering muncul dalam percakapan. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya banyak mahasiswa yang tidak bias menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini dengan benar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan mahasiswa semester dua Programm Studi Manajemen Universitas MH.Thamrin dalam menggunakan Question tag.Selanjutnya, data penelitian ini dikumpulkan menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Peneliti menggunakan tes untuk mengumpulkan data dan untuk menganalisis pemahaman mahasiswa terhadap Question tag. Selain itu, tes ini juga menggunakan Cronbach Alpha untuk menemukan reliability. Kemudian, dalam menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan statistik deskriptif melalui langkah-langkah berikut: 1) memberikan skor pada tes mahasiswa, 2) menemukan nilai rata-rata dari skor mahasiswa, 3) mengubah skor menjadi persentase, dan 4) menggunakan interval untuk menemukan pemahaman mahasiswa dalam penggunaan Question tag. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, diketahui bahwa kemampuan mahasiswa semester dua Program Studi Manajemen dalam menggunakan Question tag dapat dikatakan baik dengan hasil 81,25%. Namun, peneliti juga menemukan akan adanya interferensi bahasa yang menyebabkan mahasiswa mendapatkan 28,75% kesalahan dalam menjawab soal.
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Zhang, Xiaoming, Mingming Meng, Xiaoling Sun, and Yu Bai. "FactQA: question answering over domain knowledge graph based on two-level query expansion." Data Technologies and Applications 54, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 34–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dta-02-2019-0029.
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Purpose With the advent of the era of Big Data, the scale of knowledge graph (KG) in various domains is growing rapidly, which holds huge amount of knowledge surely benefiting the question answering (QA) research. However, the KG, which is always constituted of entities and relations, is structurally inconsistent with the natural language query. Thus, the QA system based on KG is still faced with difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to answer the domain-specific questions based on KG, providing conveniences for the information query over domain KG. Design/methodology/approach The authors propose a method FactQA to answer the factual questions about specific domain. A series of logical rules are designed to transform the factual questions into the triples, in order to solve the structural inconsistency between the user’s question and the domain knowledge. Then, the query expansion strategies and filtering strategies are proposed from two levels (i.e. words and triples in the question). For matching the question with domain knowledge, not only the similarity values between the words in the question and the resources in the domain knowledge but also the tag information of these words is considered. And the tag information is obtained by parsing the question using Stanford CoreNLP. In this paper, the KG in metallic materials domain is used to illustrate the FactQA method. Findings The designed logical rules have time stability for transforming the factual questions into the triples. Additionally, after filtering the synonym expansion results of the words in the question, the expansion quality of the triple representation of the question is improved. The tag information of the words in the question is considered in the process of data matching, which could help to filter out the wrong matches. Originality/value Although the FactQA is proposed for domain-specific QA, it can also be applied to any other domain besides metallic materials domain. For a question that cannot be answered, FactQA would generate a new related question to answer, providing as much as possible the user with the information they probably need. The FactQA could facilitate the user’s information query based on the emerging KG.
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Zhang, Xiao, Meng Liu, Jianhua Yin, Zhaochun Ren, and Liqiang Nie. "Question Tagging via Graph-guided Ranking." ACM Transactions on Information Systems 40, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3468270.
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With the increasing prevalence of portable devices and the popularity of community Question Answering (cQA) sites, users can seamlessly post and answer many questions. To effectively organize the information for precise recommendation and easy searching, these platforms require users to select topics for their raised questions. However, due to the limited experience, certain users fail to select appropriate topics for their questions. Thereby, automatic question tagging becomes an urgent and vital problem for the cQA sites, yet it is non-trivial due to the following challenges. On the one hand, vast and meaningful topics are available yet not utilized in the cQA sites; how to model and tag them to relevant questions is a highly challenging problem. On the other hand, related topics in the cQA sites may be organized into a directed acyclic graph. In light of this, how to exploit relations among topics to enhance their representations is critical. To settle these challenges, we devise a graph-guided topic ranking model to tag questions in the cQA sites appropriately. In particular, we first design a topic information fusion module to learn the topic representation by jointly considering the name and description of the topic. Afterwards, regarding the special structure of topics, we propose an information propagation module to enhance the topic representation. As the comprehension of questions plays a vital role in question tagging, we design a multi-level context-modeling-based question encoder to obtain the enhanced question representation. Moreover, we introduce an interaction module to extract topic-aware question information and capture the interactive information between questions and topics. Finally, we utilize the interactive information to estimate the ranking scores for topics. Extensive experiments on three Chinese cQA datasets have demonstrated that our proposed model outperforms several state-of-the-art competitors.
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Famularsih, Sari. "The Interlanguage Interference on the Difficulties of Building Question Sentences by the Second Year Students of MA As Soorkaty Salatiga." Register Journal 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i1.119-142.
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This study is aimed to elaborate the interlanguage interference of the difficulties which are faced by 40 second year students of MA As Soorkaty Salatiga in academic year of 2004-2005 in building question sentences and the sources of difficulties. The research is conducted by such kind of test. The total number of test are 20 items, consist of 5 yes-no questions, 5 W-H questions, and 10 tag questions which is done in a written essay form. Based on the analysis, the result shows some conclusions. Firstly, the researcher finds the types of difficulties problems are faced by the students in building question mastery, such as: (1) building yes-no question sentences in translation the word “apakah”, that is related with the use of to be. (2) Building interrogative word question sentences in translation the words “apa”, “kapan”, “milik siapa”, etc. That are related with the use of “what”, “when”, “whose”, etc. (3) Completing the tag question sentences with the proper auxiliary based on tense of the sentences. The most difficulties in building question sentences are especially in yes-no question form by using the word “apakah”. In the term of interlanguage, the students’ errors are mostly included in expressing meaning by the words and grammar of the first language. The source of difficulties which have been analyzed are mostly caused by inter lingual and intra lingual transfer. Keywords: Interlanguage; Question Sentence; Interlingual Transfer; Intralingual Transfer
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Famularsih, Sari. "The Interlanguage Interference on the Difficulties of Building Question Sentences by the Second Year Students of MA As Soorkaty Salatiga." Register Journal 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i1.234.
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This study is aimed to elaborate the interlanguage interference of the difficulties which are faced by 40 second year students of MA As Soorkaty Salatiga in academic year of 2004-2005 in building question sentences and the sources of difficulties. The research is conducted by such kind of test. The total number of test are 20 items, consist of 5 yes-no questions, 5 W-H questions, and 10 tag questions which is done in a written essay form. Based on the analysis, the result shows some conclusions. Firstly, the researcher finds the types of difficulties problems are faced by the students in building question mastery, such as: (1) building yes-no question sentences in translation the word “apakah”, that is related with the use of to be. (2) Building interrogative word question sentences in translation the words “apa”, “kapan”, “milik siapa”, etc. That are related with the use of “what”, “when”, “whose”, etc. (3) Completing the tag question sentences with the proper auxiliary based on tense of the sentences. The most difficulties in building question sentences are especially in yes-no question form by using the word “apakah”. In the term of interlanguage, the students’ errors are mostly included in expressing meaning by the words and grammar of the first language. The source of difficulties which have been analyzed are mostly caused by inter lingual and intra lingual transfer. Keywords: Interlanguage; Question Sentence; Interlingual Transfer; Intralingual Transfer
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Hong, Sungshim, and Jaekeun Lee. "The English Tag Question: A Non-Elliptical Minimalist Approach." Studies in Modern Grammar 2017, no. 92 (January 28, 2017): 55–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2017.92.55.
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Wei, Ting-Chi. "The Structure of Split Questions in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2020-0001.
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AbstractThis article proposes a pro analysis for split questions (SQs) in Chinese, dissimilar to the biclausal account employing focus movement and deletion in Arregi 2010 and the one employing the silent head in Kayne 2015 and Tang 2015. SQ consists of a wh-clause and a tag clause. We argue that the entire SQ is an information/confirmation-seeking question, represented by a Speech Act Phrase (SAP)-shell structure (Speas and Tenny 2003; Oguro 2017, etc.) with wh-clause in its specifier and the tag in its complement. The tag of Chinese SQ is a base-generated clause, [pro (copula) tag ma/ne], composed of an empty subject pro, an optional copula, a tag, and a final particle, instead of being derived from a fully-fledged structure parallel to the wh-part akin to those of English and Spanish SQs. Such a pro analysis overcomes difficulties encountered in the other accounts regarding the distribution of the final particles and their clause-typing, the optionality of the copula, the ubiquitous uses of tag, the connectivity effects, and the island-insensitivity. Analytically, two seeming variants of SQ imply that the derivation of an SQ depends on whether its tag moves and whether a copula exists.
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Axelsson, Karin. "Questions in English and Swedish fiction texts." Languages in Contrast 20, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00017.axe.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to shed new light on the use and translation of English and Swedish questions in fiction by using a combination of parallel and comparable corpus data extracted from the bidirectional English-Swedish Parallel Corpus. In particular, the study examines questions containing a question mark (QMquestions) categorised into wh-interrogatives, polar interrogatives, alternative questions, tag questions (including those with invariant tags), declarative questions, wh-fragments and non-wh-fragments. The parallel analysis shows that most QMquestion types are more often translated congruently into English than into Swedish. The focus is on types with low mutual correspondence scores: fragments, tag questions and declarative questions. The comparable analyses concern both bilingual contrasts between the original texts and monolingual contrasts between the translation and original subcorpora in both languages. The bilingual analysis aligns with several preliminary findings in the parallel analysis, e.g. the favouring of tag questions and some types of wh-fragments in English. The monolingual analysis reveals both over- and underuse in translations and points to a strong effect of source-language influence.
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Tri Ramadhani, Rika, Melda Yeni, and Edi Ardian. "A STUDY ON STUDENTS IN USING QUESTION TAG OF MODAL AUXILIARY FORM AT XI GRADE OF SMA PGRI TEMBILAHAN." J-Shelves of Indragiri (JSI) 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/jsi.v1i1.800.
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The purpose of this research is to know the students' ability in using question tags in the modal auxiliary format eleventh grade of SMA PGRI Tembilahan. Based on the limitation of the problem, the researcher limits the problem in using question tag in modal auxiliary form just focuses on the use modal of can, could, will, would, and should. The researcher conducted a short observation to know the number of classes at the eleventh grade of SMA PGRI Tembilahan. The number of eleventh-grade students just consists of one class, namely Class A. The total of the eleventh-grade students is 20 students. The population of this research was all of the eleventh-grade students because the sample of population less than 100 the researcher used total sampling technique. The researcher used a quantitative method to get the data needed. The research instrument in this research is testing and collected by individual test scores of students where they are asked to identify and using question tags according to the instruction given with the total correct (25). So that, each correct question tag in the modal auxiliary form will be scored by 4. Based on the result of the test, the mean score of the question tag in the modal auxiliary form was 82.6. It was categorized very high level, which included in the interval 81-100. Where 14 students get in a very good score, 5 students get in a good score, 1 student gets in a moderate score and there is no get in a low and very low score. Based on that explanation above, we can conclude that the students' ability in using question tag in modal auxiliary format eleventh grade of SMA PGRI Tembilahan includes in the realm of the category nice and understanding to use question tag in modal auxiliary form.
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Selezneva, V. V., E. A. Evsikova, and A. Sh Tarverdyan. "English Tag Question as Linguo- Ecological Phenomenon of Interpersonal Communication." Nauchnyy dialog, no. 7 (2019): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2019-7-107-123.
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R, Jayashree. "Recommended System for Enhancing Tag Popularity in a Question Answering Community through Splay-net Techniques." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2005.1210220.
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Collaborative filtering filters information by using the recommendations of peer participants. The long tail problem states users with higher points obtain a high reputation compared to less scored users. In popular community question answering websites, like stack exchange network sites, users with unanswered or ignored questions for a long time get a tumbleweed badge without considering their past history. This deteriorates their further contribution to the website. Mostly new or low-reputation people ask the tumbleweed questions. The popularity of the tags follows a long tail theory. The focus of this research work is to design a recommendation system that prevents participants from tumbleweed badge with tag suggestion method to add new or non-popular tags to the existing popular tag list. The splay-net has a self-balancing graph which brings the recently accessed item to the top of the tree. In this paper, we use the splay-net technique to represent users’ reputation along with their tags.
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Vu, Duc Tran, and John Blake. "Design and development of a question generator for learners of English." SHS Web of Conferences 102 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110201011.
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In this paper, we describe the design and development of the first release of an online question generator. This pedagogic tool enables learners of English to generate open-ended, closed-ended and tag questions for a target sentence. Learners input a sentence (i.e. declarative statement) and select the type or types of questions to generate. Question generation is a non-trivial task involving numerous processes including syntactic transformation and pronoun selection. Syntactic transformation was achieved through the use of rules based on parse trees while the selection of interrogative pronouns was achieved using matching potential question foci with a linguistic knowledge encoded condition set. Lessons learned are detailed to help other researchers avoid or attempt to ameliorate the pitfalls and problems encountered in this study.
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Buysse, Lieven. "Question tags in translation." Languages in Contrast 17, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.17.2.01buy.
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Abstract Canonical question tags feature prominently in spoken English, where they display great versatility. At face value they are meant to elicit a response from a co-participant in the form of (dis)agreement with the proposition to which the tag has been added. Their pragmatic scope is, however, considerably broader: they serve as politeness strategies but also emphasize the speaker’s convictions or mark accusations. Like many other languages, Dutch does not have a similar structure, which raises questions as to what devices Dutch employs to serve the same purpose as question tags. This contrastive study examines such correspondents in a parallel corpus of English novels and their Dutch translations. Three structures can be identified: pragmatic markers, clause-final parentheticals and combinations of these. The data indicate a preference for pragmatic markers (most notably hè and toch), which predominantly appear either as invariant tags or clause-medially, indicating subtle shifts in utterance interpretation.
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TUBAU, SUSAGNA. "The asymmetric behavior of English negative quantifiers in negative sentences." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 775–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226719000495.
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In this paper, the unexpected behavior of object negative quantifiers in some diagnostic tests of sentential negation is accounted for within a Minimalist framework assuming that: (i) negative quantifiers decompose into negation and an existential quantifier; (ii) negative quantifiers are multidominant phrase markers, as Parallel Merge allows the verb to c-select their existential part but not their negative part, thus giving negation remerge flexibility; (iii) tag questions involve or-coordination of TPs, and neither/so clauses involve and-coordination of TPs; (iv) two positions for sentential negation are available in English, one below TP (PolP2), and one above TP (PolP1). Activation of either PolP1 or PolP2 in the absence of other scope-taking operators corresponds to two distinct grammars. If PolP1 is active, the negative part of an object negative quantifier remerges in its Specifier valuing the [upol: ] feature of Pol1 as negative ([upol:neg]) while skipping the TP-domain. As no negative formal feature is present in the TP, a negative question tag is required, as well as so-coordination, too-licensing and Yes, I guess so ‘expression of agreement’. Conversely, if PolP2 is active, the negative part of the object negative quantifier remerges in the TP-domain (in Spec, PolP2), thus requiring a positive question tag, neither-coordination, either-licensing, and No, I guess not.
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Friday-Ótún, J. O. "Translating question propositions between English and Yoruba." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 56, no. 3 (October 28, 2010): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.56.3.02fri.
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This paper focuses on the aspect of question translation between English and Yoruba. Translation serves as a mirror through which any language can be relatively replicated into another. Question proposition between English and Yoruba are significant in the body of language knowledge among about 30 million Yoruba users of English in the western part of Nigeria and diaspora.<p>This study explored the types of question propositions between English and Yoruba, and their process in translation free from the former to the latter, and, vice versa, using the literal and idiomatic continuum of translation proposed by Larson (1984). The findings of the paper revealed that question translation between both languages has implications on the characteristics of language which affect translation. The similarities and peculiarities of each language as they affect the translation to Wh, Yes/no, Echo, Tag and Alternative questions in both languages were highlighted. Also underscored was the significance of translating question proposition between both languages in pedagogical and other contexts of communication.
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MYCOCK, LOUISE. "Right-dislocated pronouns in British English: the form and functions of ProTag constructions." English Language and Linguistics 23, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674317000399.
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Tags are widely acknowledged as being an important feature of colloquial British English. In this article, I examine a type of tag that has to date received little attention in the literature beyond sociolinguistic research into its interpersonal functions: right-dislocated lone pronouns, or ProTags. Biber et al. (1999) acknowledge that the demonstrative pronoun that can be used as a right-dislocated tag in conversational British English, but corpus data reveal that other pronouns can also be used as ProTags.Based on a range of examples, primarily taken from large-scale corpora, I examine the form of the ProTag construction and its functions, comparing it with other tags used in British English, particularly question tags. In common with other tags, ProTags are a classic case of language conveying more than straightforward propositional content. I consider to what extent proposed analyses of the functions of tag questions carry over to ProTags, and briefly whether this construction has been a feature of British English for longer than might at first be assumed.
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O'Reilly, Michelle, Khalid Karim, and Nikki Kiyimba. "Question use in child mental health assessments and the challenges of listening to families." BJPsych Open 1, no. 2 (October 2015): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001503.
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BackgroundThe mental health assessment is a fundamental aspect of clinical practice and central to this is the use of questions.AimsTo investigate the frequency and type of questions utilised within a child mental health assessment.MethodThe data consisted of 28 naturally occurring assessments from a UK child and adolescent mental health service. Data were analysed using quantitative and qualitative content analysis to determine frequencies and question type.ResultsResults indicated a total of 9086 questions in 41 h across the 28 clinical encounters. This equated to a mean of 3.7 questions per minute. Four types of questions were identified; yes–no interrogatives, wh-prefaced questions, declarative questions and tag questions.ConclusionsThe current format of questioning may impede the opportunity for families to fully express their particular concerns and this has implications for service delivery and training.
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Seuren, Lucas M. "Questioning in court: The construction of direct examinations." Discourse Studies 21, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445618770483.
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While courtroom examinations are often recognized as a distinct speech-exchange system, little is known about how participants do an examination beyond its unique turn-taking system. This article attempts to shed some light on this issue by studying the question design during the direct examination in an American criminal court case using Conversation Analysis. It shows that attorneys use different question forms compared to casual conversation: declaratives are far less prevalent and questions are often designed as requests for action. In addition, attorneys make use of forms that are not found in other types of interaction, such as the tag ( is that) correct. The way in which attorneys design their questions additionally shows that the rules of the courtroom have procedural consequences for how the interaction is done. But these rules have to be enacted, and it is in their violation that participants bring about categories such as leading questions.
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Lee, Byum-Lyul. "Speech act and communication effects of attaching a tag question in Mandarin Chinese." JOURNAL OF CHINESE HUMANITIES 73 (December 31, 2019): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35955/jch.2019.12.73.149.
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Sakai, Yuko. "La cohesión entre el llamado “tag-question” y su respuesta en el español." HISPANICA / HISPÁNICA 1988, no. 32 (1988): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4994/hispanica1965.1988.121.
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Lima, Eduardo, Weishi Shi, Xumin Liu, and Qi Yu. "Integrating Multi-level Tag Recommendation with External Knowledge Bases for Automatic Question Answering." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 19, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3319528.
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Li, Xin Li. "Semantic Clustering and Similarity Calculation for Social Tagging Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1559.
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Social tagging systems allow Internet users to annotate resources with tags. Internet is an open system, which permits users the freedom to explore tags. However, the freedom afforded users comes at a cost: an uncontrolled vocabulary can result in tag ambiguity hindering navigation. So, a key question is how to harvest tag semantics from these systems. We present an algorithm of hierarchical tag clustering. With this algorithm, we clustering the tags into a semantic tree, then we turn every resource item into an induced tree. We propose a new method for resource retrieval, which based on semantic similarity. We present extensive experimental results on a real world dataset. When we retrieve the resource based on semantic similarity, our algorithm shows the high recall and precision. Furthermore, our algorithm demonstrates more utility for recommendation.
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Wijayanti, Farida Indri. "CONVERSATION ANALYSIS ON THE INTERVIEW TEST OF THE INDONESIAN SOLIDARITY PARTY’S LEGISLATIVE CANDIDATES." Linguistik Indonesia 38, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v38i2.163.
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Based on an analysis of 154 questions and their responses in the interview test of the Indonesian Solidarity Party’s legislative candidates, this article gives a descriptive overview of interview stages and the types of question-response that are implemented in the conversation. Conversation Analysis (CA) is applied as an approach. Data are from video recordings of naturally occurring conversation in the interview test that are retrieved from https://www.youtube.com. Relying on the data, this paper shows the generic structure of interview test (e.g., warm-up, confirmation, information exchange, and wrap-up), question types (e.g., wh-, disjunctive, declarative, tag, echo, narrative, and multiple), and types of responses (e.g., information, confirmation, marked confirmation, disconfirmation, choice of alternative answers, implication, code switched, and repetition). This paper reveals that wh-interrogative is used more commonly in the interview test than the other question types. Finally, information response in the form of clausal responses is mostly preferred by legislative candidates.
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LaFramboise, Thomas L., D. Neil Hayes, and Torstein Tengs. "Statistical Analysis of Genomic Tag Data." Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology 3, no. 1 (January 8, 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1544-6115.1099.
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We present a series of statistical solutions to challenges that commonly arise in the production and analysis of genomic tag libraries. Tag libraries are collections of fragments of DNA or RNA, with each unique fragment often present in millions or billions of copies. Inferences can be made from data obtained by sequencing a subset of the library. The statistical approaches outlined in this paper are divided into three parts. First, we demonstrate the application of classical capture-recapture theory to the question of library complexity, i.e. the number of unique fragments in the library. Simulation studies verify the accuracy, for sample sizes of magnitudes typical in genomic studies, of the formulas we use to make our estimates. Second, we present a straightforward statistical cost analysis of tag experiments designed to uncover either disease-causing pathogens or new genes. Third, we develop a hidden Markov model approach to karyotyping a sample using a tag library derived from the sample's genomic DNA. While the resolution of the approach depends upon the number of tags sequenced from the library, we show via simulation that copy number alterations can be reliably detected for lengths as small as 1 Mb, even when a moderate number of tags are sequenced. Simulations predict very good specificity as well. Finally, all three of our approaches are applied to data from real tag library experiments. The hidden Markov model results are in line with what was expected from simulation, and genomic alterations found by applying the method to a cancer cell line library are confirmed using PCR.The methods and data described in this paper are contained in an R package, tagAnalysis, freely available at http://meyerson.dfci.harvard.edu/~tl974/tagAnalysis.
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Gao, Hua. "Devices of alignment." Chinese Language and Discourse 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.18013.gao.
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Abstract This study draws on a conversational analysis (CA)-oriented micro-analytical approach and examines the form, placement and function of interviewer (IR) questions prefaced by turn-initial 所以 suoyi ‘so’ and 但(是) dan(shi) ‘but’ in Chinese TV news interviews. It is found that IRs often employ the resultative connective suoyi as the first item of their turn immediately after a question-answer (QA) sequence. They do so to preface a declarative, alone or followed by a question tag that invokes an interviewee (IE) opinion on, or the gist of, IE prior talk. While such a design can be a device that IRs use to signal the closing of the ongoing topic, the recipient may orient to it as eliciting confirmation or agreement. By contrast, the adversative connective dan(shi) in the turn-initial position prefaces either a wh-question or a yes/no question and brings forth a point of contrast and transition for questioning. As a practice with which IRs re-direct the IE’s response to a previous unaddressed concern with the agenda tightened, the dan(shi)-prefaced questions do not convey opposition or disagreement. Rather, they function to deal with the resumption in a way that renders it unproblematic. I argue that both types of connective-prefaced questions together with the responses they elicit demonstrate a particular kind of alignment between IRs and IEs in Chinese TV news interviews.
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Zagorec-Marks, Wyatt, Madison M. Foreman, and J. Mathias Weber. "Tag-Free, Temperature Dependent Infrared Spectra of the GFP Chromophore: Revisiting the Question of Isomerism." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 124, no. 38 (August 31, 2020): 7827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07172.
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Archana, S. M., Naima Vahab, Rekha Thankappan, and C. Raseek. "A Rule Based Question Answering System in Malayalam Corpus Using Vibhakthi and POS Tag Analysis." Procedia Technology 24 (2016): 1534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.124.
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Nair, Rukmini Bhaya. "Expressing doubt and certainty : The tag question and the ‘to’ particle in some Indian languages." Language Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 1991): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(91)90015-s.
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DEHÉ, NICOLE, and BETTINA BRAUN. "The prosody of question tags in English." English Language and Linguistics 17, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674312000342.
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The prosodic realization of English question tags (QTs) has received some interest in the literature; yet corpus studies on the factors affecting their phrasing and intonational realization are very rare or limited to a certain aspect. This article presents a quantitative corpus study of 370 QTs from theInternational Corpus of Englishthat were annotated for prosodic phrasing and intonational realization of the QT and the host. Factors tested were polarity, position in the sentence and the turn as well as verb type. Generally, prosodic phrasing and intonational realization were highly correlated: separate QTs were mostly realized with a falling contour, while integrated QTs were mostly rising. Results from regression models showed a strong effect of polarity: QTs with an opposite polarity were more often phrased separately compared to QTs with constant polarity, but the phrasing of opposite polarity QTs was further dependent on whether the QT was negative or positive (more separate phrasing in negative QTs). Furthermore, prosodic separation was more frequent at the end of syntactic phrases and clauses compared to phrase-medial QTs. At the end of a turn, speakers realized more rising contours compared to QTs within a speaker's turn. Verb type also had an effect on the phrasing of the tag. Taken together, our results confirm some of the claims previously held for QTs, while others are modified and new findings are added.
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Hay, D. E., and S. M. McKinnell. "Tagging along: association among individual Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) revealed by tagging." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-141.
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More than 570 000 Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) were tagged with external anchor tags during 429 tag release sessions between 1979 and 1992. Individually numbered tags were released in quantities of 10002000 at a time and recovered from commercial fisheries. Often several tags were recovered at the same time and place, and some recoveries occurred as "matches", where two or more tags from a single release session were recovered together. We tested the hypothesis that the frequency of matching tag recoveries occurred by chance through random mixing of tagged herring before their recapture during fishing operations. The alternative is nonrandom, positive association among tagged individuals that persisted through time and during migrations. We used a statistical method developed to address a similar question in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In separate tests, we examined tag recovery data from migratory stocks in five major regions of the British Columbia. The results indicate nonrandom association of herring for periods of 6 months to several years and through migrations over considerable distances.
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De Clercq, Karen, Liliane Haegeman, and Terje Lohndal. "Medial adjunct PPs in English: Implications for the syntax of sentential negation." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 1 (May 2012): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586512000108.
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This paper provides evidence that medial adjunct PPs in English are possible. On the basis of corpus data, it is shown that sentence-medial adjunct PPs are not unacceptable and are attested. Our corpus data also reveal a sharp asymmetry between negative and non-negative adjunct PPs. The analysis of the corpus revealed the following pattern: Non-negative adjunct PPs such as at that time resist medial position and instead tend to be postverbal; negative adjunct PPs such as at no time appear medially rather than postverbally. In the second part of the paper, we broaden the empirical domain and include negative complement PPs in the discussion. It is shown that when it comes to the licensing of question tags, English negative complement PPs, which are postverbal, pattern differently from postverbal negative adjunct PPs. That is, sentences with a postverbal negative adjunct PP pattern with negative sentences in taking a positive question tag, while sentences containing a postverbal negative argument PP pattern with affirmative sentences in taking a negative tag. To account for the observed adjunct–argument asymmetry in the licensing of question tags, we propose that clauses are typed for polarity and we explore the hypothesis that a polarity head in the left periphery of the clause is crucially involved in the licensing of sentential negation.
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Zhang, Heyou, and Muji Wuni. "On the nature of AA question1 in Yi2 and related problems." Asian Languages and Linguistics 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 309–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20012.zha.
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Abstract This paper aims to study a kind of interrogative in Yi which surfaces as an AA form commonly viewed as AA/Reduplicative Question. It explores the interrogative motivation, question type, generative mechanism and syntactic derivation of AA Question. We first assume that (i) AA question in Yi is a kind of alternative question, which is reduced successively from A-or-not-A and A-not-A question and (ii) the [+Q] feature of AA question does not result from reduplication but from other reasons. To justify these two assumptions, we use tests including adverb tests, modal tests, tag question tests, SFP tests, Q & A tests, and cross-language investigation and sociolinguistic survey. The findings include (i) the [+Q] feature of AA question results from the existence of an abstract interrogative morpheme, (ii) the phenomenon of reduplication is just a kind of byproduct with the syntactic derivation of AA question and (iii) AA question, diachronically speaking, is essentially a kind of alternative question, which is reduced successively from A-or-not-A and A-not-A question to meet the economic principle of language.
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Rahadiyanti, Iga. "Women Language Features in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire." Vivid: Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.9.2.86-92.2020.
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The purpose of this study is to observe the types of women language features and the most frequent women language feature used by the main women characters in the dialogue of Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire play. Ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff is used to analyze the data. This study only observes eight out of ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff, namely tag question, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, precise color terms, super polite form, and avoidance of strong swear words. This study excludes emphatic stress and rising intonation on declaratives feature. Due to the absence of any numeric data, this study uses descriptive qualitative approach. The data is taken from written script of the play which consists of eleven scenes. Seven women language features found namely lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, intensifier, empty adjectives, superpolite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and precise color terms. The most frequent feature is lexical hedges or fillers (59.49%) while no hypercorrect grammar is found. This study supports Lakoff theory since most of the features are found in the conversation of main women characters
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Rahadiyanti, Iga. "Women Language Features in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire." Vivid: Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.9.2.86-92.2020.
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The purpose of this study is to observe the types of women language features and the most frequent women language feature used by the main women characters in the dialogue of Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire play. Ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff is used to analyze the data. This study only observes eight out of ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff, namely tag question, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, precise color terms, super polite form, and avoidance of strong swear words. This study excludes emphatic stress and rising intonation on declaratives feature. Due to the absence of any numeric data, this study uses descriptive qualitative approach. The data is taken from written script of the play which consists of eleven scenes. Seven women language features found namely lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, intensifier, empty adjectives, superpolite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and precise color terms. The most frequent feature is lexical hedges or fillers (59.49%) while no hypercorrect grammar is found. This study supports Lakoff theory since most of the features are found in the conversation of main women characters
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Cabarrão, Vera, Fernando Batista, Helena Moniz, Isabel Trancoso, and Ana Isabel Mata. "Adaptação acústico-prosódica local em Português Europeu." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a7.
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This paper presents an acoustic-prosodic analysis of entrainment in map-task dialogues in European Portuguese. Our main goal is to analyze how turn-by-turn entrainment varies with distinct structural metadata events: types of sentence-like units (SUs) in consecutive turns (e.g. interrogatives followed by declaratives, or both declaratives), and with the presence of discourse markers, affirmative cue words, and disfluencies in the beginning of turns. Results show that entrainment at turn-exchanges occurs in terms of pitch, energy, duration, and voice quality. Considering SUs types, question-answer pairs are the ones with stronger similarity, as declarative-interrogative turns are the ones where less entrainment occurs. Moreover, in question-answer pairs, Yes/No and Tag questions present stronger evidences of entrainment than Wh- questions. Regarding turn-initial structures, there are evidences of (i) stronger entrainment when the second turn begins with an affirmative cue word, (ii) less strong with ambiguous structures (such as ‘OK’), emphatic affirmative answers, and negative cue words; (iii) and scarce with disfluencies and discourse markers. Different degrees of local entrainment may be related to the informative structure of distinct structural metadata events.
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Mair, Christian, Marianne Hundt, Geoffrey N. Leech, and Nicholas Smith. "Short term diachronic shifts in part-of-speech frequencies." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.7.2.05mai.
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The paper presents a comparison of tag frequencies in two matching one-million word reference corpora of British standard English, the 1961 LOB-corpus and its 1991 “clone” produced at Freiburg. Both corpora were tagged using a version of the CLAWS part-of-speech-tagger developed at Lancaster, and part of the material was post-edited manually in Freiburg to assess the accuracy of the automatic procedure. The comparison of tag frequencies is an essential complement to work on recent linguistic change carried out on the untagged material, because this work has been based on the – so far unverified – assumption that tag frequencies have remained constant over the thirty-year period in question. In addition, the paper discusses some common and partly contradictory claims about the prevalence of a “nominal” style in present-day written English. It is shown that while part-of-speech frequencies have not remained constant over the period investigated, the shifts are usually not big enough to invalidate the results obtained in analyses of the untagged material. With regard to style, the material shows a significant rise in the frequency of nouns, which, however, is not paralleled by a corresponding decrease in verbs.
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McQueen, Kate, J. Paige Eveson, Bodo Dolk, Thomas Lorenz, Thomas Mohr, Franziska M. Schade, and Uwe Krumme. "Growth of cod (Gadus morhua) in the western Baltic Sea: estimating improved growth parameters from tag–recapture data." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 8 (August 2019): 1326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0081.
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Tag–recapture data contain valuable information about individual fish growth, which can enhance the estimation of growth parameters. Tag–recapture data are especially useful when age-determination uncertainties throw age-based growth estimates and stock assessments into question, as is the present situation with several important gadoid stocks. Length-based (GROTAG method) and age-based (LEP method) growth functions were fit to a large data set of tagged and recaptured cod (Gadus morhua) from an artificial reef in the western Baltic Sea to calculate improved growth parameter estimates. The LEP method allowed integration of different data formats, including tag–recapture, length frequency, and length-at-age, to estimate a more robust and comprehensive growth function (von Bertalanffy growth parameters: L∞ = 154.56 cm, k = 0.11, t0 = –0.13). Two heavily exploited cod stocks inhabit the Baltic Sea, subsisting at the upper thermal and lower salinity limits of the species. Otolith shape analyses indicated that, unexpectedly, individuals from both populations were resident at the reef. Compared with cod populations elsewhere, cod in the western Baltic Sea grow relatively slowly and with weak seasonal fluctuations in growth rates, potentially due to adverse conditions for growth.
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Brodie, S., L. Litherland, J. Stewart, H. T. Schilling, J. G. Pepperell, and I. M. Suthers. "Citizen science records describe the distribution and migratory behaviour of a piscivorous predator, Pomatomus saltatrix." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 5 (May 16, 2018): 1573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy057.
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Abstract Understanding the processes driving species distributions is a key question in ecology, yet obtaining pertinent data for many species can be challenging. Tag-recapture data from voluntary recreational fisheries programmes is an undervalued citizen science data resource and can provide valuable observation records for data-poor species. Here, we highlight the utility of such data by compiling four tag-recapture datasets (n = 20 878 tags) to describe the movements and distribution of a piscivorous predator, tailor Pomatomus saltatrix, with respect to their environment. We compared species distribution models that explored a trade-off between temporal duration and spatial extent. Both models revealed sea surface temperature (SST) was an important factor in describing the distribution and density of tailor. However, the model with broader spatial extent indicated a non-linear response to SST, peaking at 21.5°C, while the model with temporal longevity showed a linear SST response. This disjunct showcases the importance of building models across an adequate geographic extent to ensure covariate responses are not truncated. This is the first study to comprehensively describe the distribution and migrations of adult tailor across their eastern Australian distribution. The results are discussed in light of ocean warming along eastern Australia, and the subsequent implications for using tag-recapture data in fisheries management.
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Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Naresh Kumar Nagwani, and Sudhakar Pandey. "Extracting and Summarizing the Commonly Faced Security Issues from Community Question Answering Site." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 13, no. 3 (July 2019): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.201907010103.
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Community question-answering (CQA) sites are popular as information-seeking platforms where users communicate to their peers. Security-related posts are gaining popularity with the rapid development of information technology in these sites and. CQA sites contains wide range of posts from classic cryptography to recently popular mobile security. Investigating such posts can be useful for researchers, teachers and developers. In this article, spectral clustering and frequent term-based summarization techniques are proposed for security related posts. The proposed method is developed in three stages. In the first stage, security related folksonomies are created and security post profile matrix is built with the help of tag frequency-inverse security post frequency. In the second stage, security related posts are grouped with help of spectral clustering algorithms. Finally, in the third stage, frequent terms are extracted from each cluster for security related post summarization with the help of frequent words and semantic similarity.
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Hagai, Tzachi, and Yaakov Levy. "Ubiquitin not only serves as a tag but also assists degradation by inducing protein unfolding." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 5 (January 13, 2010): 2001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912335107.
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Protein ubiquitination controls the cellular fate of numerous eukaryotic proteins. Despite its importance, many fundamental questions remain regarding its mechanism. One such question is how ubiquitination alters the biophysical properties of the modified protein and whether these alterations are significant in the cellular context. In this study, we investigate the effects of ubiquitination on the folding thermodynamics and mechanism of various substrates using computational tools and find that ubiquitination changes the thermal stability of modified proteins in a manner relevant to cellular processes. These changes depend on the substrate modification site and on the type of ubiquitination. Ubiquitination of the substrate Ubc7 at the residues that are modified in vivo prior to proteasomal degradation uniquely results in significant thermal destabilization and a local unwinding near the modification site, which indicates that ubiquitination possibly facilitates the unfolding process and improves substrate degradation efficiency. With respect to the substrate p194inkd, our results support a synergetic effect of ubiquitination and phosphorylation on the degradation process via enhanced thermal destabilization. Our study implies that, in addition to its known role as a recognition signal, the ubiquitin attachment may be directly involved in the cellular process it regulates by changing the biophysical properties of the substrate.
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Eris, Eris, and Fauji Imamul Arifin. "ANALYSIS OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN ON THE SUBTITLE OF “ANT-MAN” MOVIE." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i4.p551-563.
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This study is qualitative descriptive research. This study had been using data of document that is the subtitle of Ant-Man movie either in English or Indonesian which was translated by Horonis. The purpose of this research, to know the translation of interrogative sentences on the subtitle of this movie either interrogative sentences of Wh Question or Yes no Question. Technique of data collecting like watching the movie of Ant-Man, comparing the subtitle uses Aegisub software, and giving a code. Technique of data analyzing uses the method of document analyzing with domain analysis (to know data or not), and analisis taxonomy analysis (classifying the data into the kind of interrogative sentences). Had been found 188 data, Wh Question is 88 data (46.80 %) and Yes-no Question is 100 data (53.19 %). From type of Wh Question had been found type of what is 43 data (22.87%), where is 6 data (3.19%), who is 9 data (4.78%), why is 11 data (5.85%), when is 1 data (0.53%), and how is 18 data (9.57%). Then, from type of Yes-no Question had been found type of to be 27 data (14.36%), modal 15 data (7.97%), declarative 52 data (27.65%), and tag question 6 data (3.19%).
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Nikolopoulos, Georgios M., and Marc Fischlin. "Information-Theoretically Secure Data Origin Authentication with Quantum and Classical Resources." Cryptography 4, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4040031.
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In conventional cryptography, information-theoretically secure message authentication can be achieved by means of universal hash functions, and requires that the two legitimate users share a random secret key, which is at least twice as long as the tag. We address the question of whether quantum resources can offer any advantage over classical unconditionally secure message authentication codes. It is shown that a broad class of symmetric prepare-and-measure quantum message-authentication schemes cannot do better than their classical counterparts.