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Lyudmyla, Derymedvid, and Korang Lyudmyla. "Analgesic properties of dealcoholized extract of Acorus Calamus Leaves." ScienceRise: Biological Science, no. 3 (28) (October 14, 2021): 21–25. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-8025.2021.242006.
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Opioid and non-narcotic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, antidepressants, myorelaxants, combined agents and phytopreparations are widely used for the treatment of pain syndrome. One of the promising phytogenic objects with potential analgesic properties is the Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag). <strong>The aim:</strong> the purpose of the study is to determine the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" test and in the test of tail heat immersion. <strong>Materials and methods.</strong> During the experimental study, the pharmacological methods have been used. The analgesic properties of DEAL were studied in mice on the "Hot plate" model using the Hot / Cold Plate (Bioseb, France) and in the test of the heat immersion in rats. <strong>The results.</strong> On the models of pain in the "Hot plate" and tail heat immersion tests, the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) is determined. On the "Hot plate" model, the use of DEAL probably increased the duration of the latency period. According to the analgesic effect of DEAL and metamizol sodium were comparable to each other continues to 1 and 1.5 hours of experiment, but starting with 2 hours of experiment the analgesic action of metamizol sodium statistically exceeded the analgesic effect of DEAL. In the test of heat immersion tail in rats, DEAL increased the latency period of shocking of the rats’ tail compared to the starting background by 43.13 % as well as metamizol sodium by 66.6 %. The studies have shown the presence of moderate analgesic effects of DEAL in the investigated dose. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. The analgesic effect of a dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" and heat tail immersion tests has been carried out. Under the "Hot plate" test in mice, DEAL produces a distinct analgesic effect, however, slightly inferior to the severity of metamizol sodium. Presence of moderate analgesic properties of DEAL has been verified in comparison with the metamizel sodium in thetail heat immersion test in rats. The obtained results indicate the influence of DEAL on the central mechanisms of pain formation
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Derymedvid, Lyudmyla, and Lyudmyla Korang. "Analgesic properties of dealcoholized extract of Acorus Calamus Leaves." ScienceRise: Biological Science, no. 3 (28) (September 30, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-8025.2021.242006.
Full textAbstract:
Opioid and non-narcotic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, antidepressants, myorelaxants, combined agents and phytopreparations are widely used for the treatment of pain syndrome. One of the promising phytogenic objects with potential analgesic properties is the Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag).
 The aim: the purpose of the study is to determine the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" test and in the test of tail heat immersion.
 Materials and methods. During the experimental study, the pharmacological methods have been used. The analgesic properties of DEAL were studied in mice on the "Hot plate" model using the Hot / Cold Plate (Bioseb, France) and in the test of the heat immersion in rats.
 The results. On the models of pain in the "Hot plate" and tail heat immersion tests, the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) is determined. On the "Hot plate" model, the use of DEAL probably increased the duration of the latency period. According to the analgesic effect of DEAL and metamizol sodium were comparable to each other continues to 1 and 1.5 hours of experiment, but starting with 2 hours of experiment the analgesic action of metamizol sodium statistically exceeded the analgesic effect of DEAL.
 In the test of heat immersion tail in rats, DEAL increased the latency period of shocking of the rats’ tail compared to the starting background by 43.13 % as well as metamizol sodium by 66.6 %. The studies have shown the presence of moderate analgesic effects of DEAL in the investigated dose.
 Conclusions. The analgesic effect of a dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" and heat tail immersion tests has been carried out. Under the "Hot plate" test in mice, DEAL produces a distinct analgesic effect, however, slightly inferior to the severity of metamizol sodium. Presence of moderate analgesic properties of DEAL has been verified in comparison with the metamizel sodium in thetail heat immersion test in rats. The obtained results indicate the influence of DEAL on the central mechanisms of pain formation
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Papia, Sabikunnahar, Muhammed Mahfuzur Rahman, Md Mustafezur Rahman, Mohaiminul Adib, and Mohammad Firoz Khan. "In vitro Membrane Stabilizing and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19, no. 2 (2016): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v19i2.29278.
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Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. is an indigenous plant of Bangladesh. Traditional healers use this plant to treat various diseases. The crude methanol extract of whole plant of B. glomerulifera and its Kupchan fractions were screened for in vitro membrane stabilizing and only the crude extract at doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight were screened for analgesic activity in mice model in order to establish the medicinal values of this plant. The membrane stabilizing activity of the extractives was evaluated by the ability of test materials to inhibit hypotonic solution- and heat-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes. Moreover, the analgesic activity of methanol extract was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing method and tail immersion method in mice. In hypotonic solution- and heat-induced conditions, the crude methanol extract showed inhibition of haemolysis by 64.80±0.34% and 21.63±0.76%, respectively as compared to 77.74±0.67% and 40.41±0.69% demonstrated by the standard, acetyl salicylic acid. On the other hand, the analgesic activity was determined for its peripheral and central pharmacological responses using acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion method at doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight. The extract reduced the acetic acid-induced writhings significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose dependent manner with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg (46.0%) body weight when compared to that of Diclofenac sodium (64.0%), as the standard drug. A significant increase (p < 0.01) of latency period was also found in tail immersion method. Therefore, the present study established that the methanol extract of B. glomerulifera possesses moderate membrane stabilizing and significant analgesic activities.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 185-189, 2016
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Moushome, Rafath Ara, Mst Irin Akter, and Md Abdullah Aziz. "Phytochemical Screening and Antinociceptive and Antidiarrheal Activities of Hydromethanol and Petroleum Benzene Extract ofMicrocos paniculataBarks." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3167085.
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Introduction.Microcos paniculatais traditionally used for treating diarrhea, wounds, cold, fever, hepatitis, dyspepsia, and heat stroke.Objective. To investigate the qualitative phytochemical constituents of hydromethanol (HMPB) and petroleum benzene extract ofMicrocos paniculatabarks (PBMPB) and to evaluate their antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.Methods. Phytochemical constituents and antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities were determined and evaluated by different tests such as Molisch’s, Fehling’s, Mayer’s, Wagner’s, Dragendorff’s, frothing, FeCl3, alkali, Pew’s, and Salkowski’s test, general test of glycosides, Baljet and NH4OH test, formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, and hot plate tests, and castor oil and MgSO4induced diarrheal tests.Results. These extracts revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids and significantly (P⁎<0.05, versus control) reduced paw licking and abdominal writhing of mice. At 30 min after their administration, PBMPB revealed significant increase in latency (P⁎<0.05, versus control) in tail immersion test. In hot plate test, HMPB and PBMPB 200 mg/kg showed significant increase in response latency (P⁎<0.05, versus control) at 30 min after their administration. Moreover, both extracts significantly (P⁎<0.05, versus control) inhibited percentage of diarrhea in antidiarrheal models.Conclusion.Study results indicate thatM.paniculatamay provide a source of plant compounds with antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.
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Razib, Shaha,, Khan, Mohammad Firoz, Rashid, Ridwan Bin, Faruk, Md. Al, Rahman, Md. Mustafezur, and Rashid, Mohammad A. "In Vitro Membrane Stabilizing And In Vivo Analgesic Activities Of Dipterocarpus Turbinates Gaertn." DIU Journal of Health and Life Sciences 1, no. 01 & 02 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36481/diuhls.v01i1-2.14723d50.
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The methanol extract of leaves of Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. and its Kupchan fractions were screened for in vitro membrane stabilization while the methanolic crude extract was evaluated for in vivo analgesic activity in mice at 200- and 400- mg/kg b.w. In heat- and hypotonic solution- induced conditions, the crude methanol extract inhibited haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 62.40±1.43% and 69.14±2.05%, respectively as compared to 70.37±0.95% and 40.60±1.65% demonstrated by the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Moreover, the analgesic activity was determined for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using tail immersion and formalin-induced writhing test at 200- and 400- mg/kg b.w. The extract significantly (P<0.05) influenced the formalin-induced writhing in a dose dependent manner with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg b.w. (34.33%) when compared with the standard drug, acetyl salicylic acid (42.64%). A significant dose-dependent increase (P<0.05) of latency period was also observed in tail immersion method.
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Razib, Shaha,, Khan, Mohammad Firoz, Rashid, Ridwan Bin, Faruk, Md. Al, Rahman, Md. Mustafezur, and Rashid, Mohammad A. "In Vitro Membrane Stabilizing And In Vivo Analgesic Activities Of Dipterocarpus Turbinates Gaertn." DIU Journal of Allied Health Sciences 1, no. 01 & 02 (2014): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.36481/diujahs.v01i1-2.14723d50.
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The methanol extract of leaves of Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. and its Kupchan fractions were screened for in vitro membrane stabilization while the methanolic crude extract was evaluated for in vivo analgesic activity in mice at 200- and 400- mg/kg b.w. In heat- and hypotonic solution- induced conditions, the crude methanol extract inhibited haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 62.40±1.43% and 69.14±2.05%, respectively as compared to 70.37±0.95% and 40.60±1.65% demonstrated by the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Moreover, the analgesic activity was determined for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using tail immersion and formalin-induced writhing test at 200- and 400- mg/kg b.w. The extract significantly (P<0.05) influenced the formalin-induced writhing in a dose dependent manner with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg b.w. (34.33%) when compared with the standard drug, acetyl salicylic acid (42.64%). A significant dose-dependent increase (P<0.05) of latency period was also observed in tail immersion method.
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Razib, Shaha, Firoz Khan Mohammad, Bin Rashid Ridwan, Al Faruk Md., Mustafezur Rahman Md., and A. Rashid Mohammad. "In Vitro Membrane Stabilizing And In Vivo Analgesic Activities Of Dipterocarpus Turbinates Gaertn." DIU Journal of Allied Health and Life Sciences 1, no. 2 (2014): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11021042.
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Abstract: The methanol extract of leaves of Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. and its Kupchan fractions were screened for in vitro membrane stabilization while the methanolic crude extract was evaluated for in vivo analgesic activity in mice at 200- and 400- mg/kg b.w. In heat- and hypotonic solution- induced conditions, the crude methanol extract inhibited haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 62.40±1.43% and 69.14±2.05%, respectively as compared to 70.37±0.95% and 40.60±1.65% demonstrated by the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Moreover, the analgesic activity was determined for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using tail immersion and formalin-induced writhing test at 200- and 400- mg/kg b.w. The extract significantly (P<0.05) influenced the formalin-induced writhing in a dose dependent manner with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg b.w. (34.33%) when compared with the standard drug, acetyl salicylic acid (42.64%). A significant dose-dependent increase (P<0.05) of latency period was also observed in tail immersion method.
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Bocheva, Anastasia A., Elena Yu Bibik та Sergey G. Krivokolysko. "Study of the analgesic activity of new partially hydrogenated pyridines, α-cyanothioacetamide derivatives in the pharmacological tail heat immersion test on white rats". Medical Scientific Bulletin of Central Chernozemye (Naučno-medicinskij vestnik Centralʹnogo Černozemʹâ) 24, № 3 (2023): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/1990-472x-2023-24-3-37-43.
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Experimental study of pain helps to understand its mechanisms, features and physiological manifestations, which is essential for physiology, practical biomedicine and pharmacology.
 The new derivatives of di- and tetrahydropyridines synthesized in the research laboratory "Chemex" on the basis of Lugansk State University named after Vladimir Dahl were subjected to virtual bioscreening using the Swiss Target Prediction software package. Biological screening conducted in vivo, in a thermal tail immersion test on white rats, for new, partially hydrogenated pyridines, derivatives of -cyanothioacetamide, showed the presence of the most pronounced analgesic activity (with intra-gastric using at a dose of 5 mg / kg of body weight of a laboratory animal) in four compounds with laboratory ciphers cv-091, cv-095, cv-099, cv-142.
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Nguema Ongone, Terence, Redouane Achour, Mostafa El Ghoul, et al. "Analgesic and Antioxidant Activities of 4-Phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one and Its Long Carbon Chains Derivatives." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (January 17, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9043570.
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The aim of this work is to deepen the pharmacological effect of 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives which have a similar structure to nonionic surfactants: 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one is the hydrophilic head, and the carbon chain is hydrophobic tail. The antinociceptive activity of 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives was determined using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the tested derivatives were determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and ferric reducing power assay. A single oral administration of these compounds at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of abdominal writhes induced by acetic acid injection. Acute pretreatment with 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives at the dose of 100 mg/kg caused a significant increase in the tail withdrawal latency in the tail immersion test. Additionally, a significant scavenging activity in DPPH and reducing power was observed in testing antioxidant assays. Finally, we carried out a study of the antioxidant activity of these derivatives. The results of this study reveal that these compounds have a low antioxidant activity compared to the BHT. It decreases with the polarity of the molecule. The present study suggests that 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives possess potent antinociceptive and antioxidant effects, which suggest that the tested compounds may be useful in the treatment of pain and oxidation disorders.
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Malan, T. Philip, Heriberto P. Mata, and Frank Porreca. "Spinal GABAAand GABABReceptor Pharmacology in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain." Anesthesiology 96, no. 5 (2002): 1161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200205000-00020.
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Background This study tests the hypothesis that loss of spinal activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contributes to the allodynia and hyperalgesia observed after peripheral nerve injury. Methods Intrathecal catheters were implanted in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Antinociception was assessed by measuring withdrawal latency to immersion of the tail in a 52 degrees C water bath. Nerve injury was produced by ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Testing was performed 4-14 days after spinal nerve ligation, when tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were established. Tactile allodynia was quantitated using the threshold to withdrawal of the hind paw on probing with von Frey filaments. Thermal hyperalgesia was quantitated using the latency to withdrawal of the hind paw from radiant heat. Motor function was tested using a rotarod apparatus. Results Spinal administration of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline or the GABAB receptor antagonist phaclofen produced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in normal rats. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, administered spinally, produced antinociception in the tail-flick test, whereas the GABAA receptor agonist isoguvacine did not. Isoguvacine and baclofen each reversed tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia produced by spinal nerve ligation. Baclofen but not isoguvacine prolonged thermal withdrawal latency in nerve-injured rats beyond preoperative values. Baclofen but not isoguvacine impaired motor function. Conclusions Pharmacologic inhibition of intrinsic GABA tone in normal rats resulted in tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, consistent with the hypothesis being tested. Exogenous administration of GABA agonists reversed spinal nerve ligation-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia, also consistent with this hypothesis. Isoguvacine produced specific antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects, whereas assessment of the effects of baclofen was complicated by motor dysfunction. Spinal GABAA agonists may provide a specific therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Metrouh-Amir, Hassiba, and Nadir Amir. "<i>In vivo</i> acute toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic extract of <i>Matricaria pubescens</i>." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 23, no. 8 (2024): 1283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v23i8.7.
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Purpose: To evaluate the in vivo acute toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory proprieties of the phenolic extract of Matricaria pubescens (Desf.) Schultz (Asteraceae). Methods: Acute toxicity assessment was carried out on 18 mice that were divided equally into three groups and treated orally with saline, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of M. pubescens extract, respectively. The evaluation of peripheral analgesic activity was done by applying acetic acid-induced contortion test on 40 mice. The mice were divided into 5 equal groups of 8 mice each. Negative and positive control groups were treated orally with saline (1 %) and acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg), respectively. Other groups were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of M. pubescens extract. Study groups were administered saline, diclofenac potassium (10 mg/kg) and M. pubescens extract orally at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Central analgesic activity was carried out using the tail immersion test. The distribution and treatment of the mice was similar to the analgesic model. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by carrageenan-induced mice paw edema. Results: Acute toxicity results showed that the LD50 of M. pubescens phenolic extract is above 5000 mg/kg, which means that this extract is safe. Peripheral and central analgesic data revealed that different doses of extract significantly inhibited abdominal contractions and reduced pain caused by heat compared to control (p ˂ 0.05). Anti-inflammatory activity data indicate significant inhibition of inflammatory edema at various doses compared to diclofenac potassium (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: The phenolic extract of M. pubescens exerts significant peripheral, central analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in mice. However, further investigations are required to ascertain the potentials of the extract for its clinical development.
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Chandra, V., K. R. Chandrashekar, P. Shama, and C. S. Shastry. "Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antihyperlipidemic Activities ofKnema attenuata, an Endemic Plant of Southern India." Phytothérapie 17, no. 4 (2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2018-0098.
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The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antihyperlipidemic activities ofKnema attenuata(Myristicaceae), one of the ingredients of ‘Ashwagandhadhi nei (medicated ghee)’ used in the treatment of spleen disorders according to the Ayurvedic herbal medicine tradition are investigated using suitable in vivo models such as hot plate method, tail immersion test, carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay and Triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemic assay. The seed and aril (a fleshy to hard structure which develops from the funicle or ovule after fertilisation and encloses all or part of the seed) extracts were used. Both the extracts showed significant dose dependent analgesic activity up to 400 mg/kg. The dose dependent ethanolic extract of aril exhibited higher latency to hot plate and tail withdrawal reflex proving its analgesic property. Anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated after 3 h of oedema induction. The paw volume (ml) decreased from 1.36 ± 0.05 in control to 0.73 ± 0.02 and 0.78 ± 0.02 respectively in groups treated with ethanol extract of aril and seed. The extracts of seed and aril administered at a dose of 400 mg/kg lowered the serum TC (total cholesterol), TG (triglycerides), LDL (low density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) compared to hyperlipidemic groups. A significant decrease in the atherogenic index (a strong marker to predict the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease) was observed in animals supplemented withKnema attenuatawhich suggests an athero protective/ cardio protective potential of this plant extract. We conclude that ethanolic extract ofKnema attenuatahas significantly good analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antihyperlipidemic activity. It could be a new source of natural analgesic agent and an alternative natural source of antiinflammatory and cardio protective agents.
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Korochkina, E. A., E. Y. Finageev, D. E. Glavatskaya, and V. S. Pushkina. "Comparison of methods for morphological evaluation of sheep spermatozoa using the SPERM BLUE kit and Romanovsky-Giemse staining." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2024.1.350.
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The purpose of this study is to test and comparatively evaluate the method of morphological examination of ram sperm using a differentiated staining Sperm Blue and Romanovsky-Giemsa staining. The sperm of Dorper rams was collected and examined. The obtained samples (n=10) were diluted in a ratio of 1:100 (PBS solution) to conduct a morphological assessment of sperm. Two methods were used for the morphological assessment of spermatozoa: a set of differentiated staining Sperm Blue (Microptic, exposure of the smear in the fixative – 10 minutes, in the main dye - 18 minutes) and Romanovsky-Giemsa staining (exposure of the smear in the fixative - 10 minutes, in the main dye – 20 minutes). After routine staining, the smears were washed with distilled water, dried, and microscopy was performed (magnification using a 100x10 immersion objective, oil immersion), followed by a manual method of counting the number of morphological forms of sperm. According to the results of a comparative analysis of stained smears, staining with Sperm Blue allows for a detailed morphological study and differentiation of teratozoospermic characteristics. When stained with Romanovsky-Giemsa, normal spermatozoa were clearly visible, but the acrosome was poorly visualized. Manual calculation of the percentage of normal sperm using both dyes resulted in the same decimal result. A statistically insignificant difference in head and tail defects was found between the dyes used (p = 0.41 and p = 0.77, respectively): Romanovsky-Giemsa staining (7.8% and 34.1%) detected these defects more often than Sperm Blue (6.3% and 32.9%). Considering the results obtained, the use of the Sperm Blue dyes dye in veterinary andrology is relevant, in particular for assesment the morphology of sperm of different animal species with the further development of appropriate protocols in terms of the duration of exposure of the smears themselves to the main dye.
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Kavya, Manjunath, Madakasira Guggilla Hariprasad, and Ashok Purnima. "Exploring the therapeutic potential of Adathoda vasica and Andrographis paniculata in alleviating diabetic cardiopathy and neuropathy: A study on high-fat diet and low-dose STZ-induced rat model." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 28, no. 6 (2024): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/286rjce09015.
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Diabetes mellitus is the metabolic illness, if it is left untreated it leads to secondary complications especially in patients suffering from T2DM. Herbal drugs are in medical use since ages. It is found that both Adathoda vasica and Andrographis paniculata exhibited anti-diabetic activity. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore their therapeutic effects in alleviating the secondary complications like neuropathy, cardiopathy using HFD-low dose STZ experimental model. Present study is designed to explore the therapeutic potential of an aqueous ethanolic extract of Adathoda vasica and Andrographis paniculata in alleviating diabetic cardiopathy and neuropathy against HFD-low dose of STZ induced diabetic model. Diabetes was induced by treating the animals with HFD-low dose of STZ injection. Diabetic animals were selected for further investigation on cardiopathy and neuropathy where untreated and treated (Pioglitazone, increasing doses of AEEAV, AEEAP) diabetic animals were subjected to Eddy’s hot plate test, Tail immersion test and Charcoal meal test. Oxidative parameters (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT) were measured from sciatic nerve and heart homogenate, serum CK-MB, LDH, TC, TG, LDL and HDL were also measured. AEEAP showed improvement in intestinal transit time (P<0.001), restored antioxidants and reduced MDA levels in comparison with untreated diabetic animals (P<0.001). Cardiac biomarkers like CK-MB, LDH, TC, TG, LDL were significantly reduced in dose dependent manner (P<0.001) whereas HDL was found to be increased in treated diabetic animals. In addition, histopathology studies were well co-related with bio chemical improvement. Therefore, aqueous ethanolic extract of Adathoda vasica and Andrographis paniculata alleviates diabetic cardiopathy and neuropathy in HFD- STZ model of diabetes.
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Aliforenko, A. E., V. V. Bykov, A. V. Bykova, et al. "Analgesic effect of a bradykinin antagonist – a 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 22, no. 2 (2023): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2023-2-6-13.
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Aim. To study the analgesic effect of a new 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative (codenamed PAV-0056) in pain models in mice, its anti-inflammatory effect in experimental exudative inflammation in rats, and its potential ulcerogenic effect.Materials and methods. A 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative (codenamed PAV-0056) was orally administered in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution to 192 CD-1 mice weighing 20–25 g and 140 Sprague – Dawley rats weighing 250–300 g. The analgesic effect of the PAV-0056 compound at a dose of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg / kg was studied in murine acute thermal pain models (hot plate test, hot water immersion tail-flick test), acute chemogenic pain models (formalin test), and visceral spasticity-related pain models (acetic acid-induced writhing test). The anti-inflammatory effect of PAV-0056 at doses of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg / kg was studied in an experimental rat model of inflammation induced by subplantar administration of bradykinin and histamine. The potential ulcerogenic effect was studied in intact rats, who were injected with PAV-0056 at doses of 1 and 50 mg / kg four times. The analgesic effect of the PAV-0056 compound was compared to that of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg / kg and tramadol at a dose of 20 mg / kg. Its anti-inflammatory and potential ulcerogenic effects were compared to those of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg / kg.Results. In the hot plate test, the PAV-0056 compound at a dose of 0.1 mg / kg increased response latency in mice by 36%, and at a dose of 1 mg / kg, it increased response latency by 46% (p < 0.05). In the tail-flick test, the PAV-0056 compound at a dose of 1 mg / kg increased response latency to heat stimulation in mice by 46% (p < 0.05). After subplantar administration of formalin, PAV-0056 at doses of 0.01–1 mg / kg had a pronounced analgesic effect, as shown by a decrease in the number of pain responses by 39–55% (p < 0.05). When mice were intraperitoneally injected with an acetic acid solution, the PAV-0056 compound at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg / kg reduced the frequency of writhings by 46 and 57%, respectively; at a dose of 0.1 mg / kg, it delayed the onset of the first writhing by 21% (p < 0.05). In experiments on rats, the PAV-0056 compound prevented the development of exudative inflammation induced by subplantar administration of bradykinin and did not have an anti-inflammatory effect in histamine-induced inflammation. PAV-0056 did not cause formation of gastric ulcers and gastric mucosal bleeding.Conclusion. A 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative, PAV-0056, has a pronounced analgesic effect in models of thermal, chemogenic, somatic, and visceral pain in a wide range of doses (0.01–1 mg / kg). Its analgesic effects are the same as those of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg / kg and tramadol at a dose of 20 mg / kg. The analgesic effect of the PAV-0056 compound is selective, depends little on suppression of inflammatory exudation, and is caused by bradykinin antagonism. This substance has low toxicity and does not damage the gastric mucosa.
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Ahmed, Nisar, Faizana Nasreen, Sadique Husain, Shamshad Alam, Saleem Ahmed, and Khaleequr Rahman. "Evaluate the analgesic Activity of Tukhme Karafs (Apium graveolens Linn.) in swiss albino mice." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 4, no. 4 (2015): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2015.4402.
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Aim & Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic activity of Tukhme Karafs (Apium graveolens seed) in Albino mice. Methods: The analgesic activity was determined by Hot plate method, Tail immersion method, Tail Clip method and Writhing test. Result: Petroleum ether extract of seeds of Apium graveolens (PEESAG) was tested in adult Albino Swiss mice weighing 20-30gms, at the dose of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight by different method i.e. hot plate method, tail immersion method, tail clip method and Wrihting method. The result show mild to moderate analgesic activity of celery seeds. Conclusion: The petroleum ether extract of celery seeds revealed mild to moderate analgesic activity.
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Zhou, Quanhong, Yuhua Bao, Xin Zhang, et al. "Optimal interval for hot water immersion tail-flick test in rats." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 26, no. 4 (2013): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2013.57.
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BackgroundThe hot water tail-flick test is widely used to measure the degree of nociception experienced by laboratory animals. This study was carried out to optimise interval times for the hot water immersion tail-flick tests in rats.MethodTen different intervals from 10 s to 1 h were tested in 60 Sprague–Dawley male rats. At least eight rats were tested for each interval in three consecutive hot water tail-flick tests. Dixon's up-and-down method was also used to find the optimal intervals. The same rats were then divided into two groups. In Group N, naloxone was injected to reverse the prolonged latency times, whereas saline was used in the control Group S.ResultsIntervals of 10 s, 20 s, 30 min and 1 h did not significantly impact latencies, yielding similar results in three consecutive tests (p> 0.05). However, interval times of between 30 s and 20 min, inclusively, caused significantly prolonged latencies in the second and third tests (p< 0.001). Dixon's up-and-down method showed that 95% of the rats had prolonged latencies in hot water tail-flick tests at intervals longer than 32 s. Naloxone reversed prolonged latencies in Group N, whereas the latencies in Group S were further prolonged in 5 min interval tests.ConclusionThe optimal intervals for hot water tail-flick tests are either shorter than 20 s or longer than 20 min. The prolonged latencies after repetitive tests were attributable to an endocrine opioid.
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Afridi, Hamid Hussain, Muhammad Shoaib, Fakhria A. Al-Joufi, et al. "Synthesis and Investigation of the Analgesic Potential of Enantiomerically Pure Schiff Bases: A Mechanistic Approach." Molecules 27, no. 16 (2022): 5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165206.
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Schiff bases are a class of organic compounds with azomethine moiety, exhibiting a wide range of biological potentials. In this research, six chiral Schiff bases, three ‘S’ series (H1–H3) and three ‘R’ series (H4–H6), were synthesized. The reaction was neat, which means without a solvent, and occurred at room temperature with a high product yield. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for analgesic potential in vivo at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg using acetic-acid-induced writhing assay, formalin test, tail immersion and hot plate models, followed by investigating the possible involvement of opioid receptors. The compounds H2 and H3 significantly (*** p < 0.001) reduced the writhing frequency, and H3 and H5 significantly (*** p < 0.001) reduced pain in both phases of the formalin test. The compounds H2 and H5 significantly (*** p < 0.001) increased latency at 90 min in tail immersion, while H2 significantly (*** p < 0.001) increased latency at 90 min in the hot plate test. The ‘S’ series Schiff bases, H1–H3, were found more potent than the ‘R’ series compounds, H4–H6. The possible involvement of opioid receptors was also surveyed utilizing naloxone in tail immersion and hot plate models, investigating the involvement of opioid receptors. The synthesized compounds could be used as alternative analgesic agents subjected to further evaluation in other animal models to confirm the observed biological potential.
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Aghade, Karveer Babanrao. "Effect of caffeine on capsaicin induced hyperalgesia in mice." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10, no. 3 (2023): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.037.
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Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. In the past several pharmaceutical companies used caffeine along with other drugs to get analgesic effect. The present research work was undertaken to investigate the effect of interaction of caffeine and capsaicin on animal model of hyperalgesia in mice. To meet these objectives, effect of drugs was studied using tail immersion test, an animal model of thermal hyperalgesia and tail withdrawal test in mice, an animal model of cold hyperalgesia. The efficacy of three active principles alone and in combination of indomethacin, caffeine and prochlorperazine in reverting hyperalgesia was studied. Indomethacin 0.3 mg/ kg, i.p., caffeine 0.1 & 0.3 mg/ kg, i.p. and prochlorperazine 0.1 mg/ kg as well as combination reverted morphine withdrawal induced hyperalgesia. Initial application of capsaicin was found to be algesic leading to noxious stimulation in peripheral nervous system, which may cause allodynia and hyperalgesia. Thus this mechanism is also being studied in this study. Since most of the centrally acting analgesics act by way of their effect on dopaminergic mechanism and modifying calcium release, further studies on hyperalgesic activity were carried out using caffeine, capsaicin, amlodipine, haloperidol in the tail immersion (hot water of 55°C) and the tail withdrawal test (cold ethanol -14°C).
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Shammy, Sarwar, Marzia Mahjabin Lina Shah, and Shahnewaz Shihab MD. "Antinociceptive Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L." Algerian Journal of Natural Products 5, no. 1 (2017): 417–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.842194.
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The present study was aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive property of<em> Parthenium hysterophorus</em> L. The central antinociceptive activity was analyzed by hot plate and tail immersion method; whereas acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin induced licking tests were carried out for peripheral antinociceptive activity. The acute toxicity study revealed that methanol extract of the plant was moderately toxic at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. In hot plate method and tail immersion test the methanol extract exhibited significant analgesic activity (𝑃 < 0.001) at a dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg revealed its central antinociceptive activity. The significant activity (p<0.01) in acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin induced licking test implies the peripheral antinociceptive property of the extract at both doses. These findings justify that <em>P. hysterophorus </em>L. can be a valuable natural antinociceptive source which seemed to provide potential phytotherapeutics against various ailments.
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Dixena, Shweta, Nikhil Dixena, Monika Jain, et al. "Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Thymoquinone the Major Constituent of Nigella sativa Seeds in Mice." International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research 8, no. 2 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v8i2.27.
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Drugs commonly used in modern medicine for suppression of pain and fever provide only symptomatic relief and long-term use of these drugs is associated with serious adverse effects. Recently, some evidences suggest that Nigella sativa inhibit eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and lipid peroxidation. They are reported to inhibit both cycloxygenase and 5-lipooxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic activity of pure compound, thymoquinone the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion, tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. Thymoquinone (10, 20, 30 mg/kg, body weight) and Aspirin (20mg/kg) made as suspensions prepared in 1% carboxy methyl cellulose and were fed to mice intraperitoneally. In tail flick method thymoquinone exhibited maximum analgesic effect at a dose of 30mg/kg after 120 min as compared to control and standard. Maximum analgesic effect was noted at a dose of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. the poor analgesic effect of thymoquinone at a dose of (20 and 30 mg/kg) as compared to control and standard drug by hot plate method. However with writhing test the thymoquinone showed maximum protection at a dose of 30 mg/kg (98.23%). The thymoquinone have minimum effect showed at dose of 10 mg/kg (69.72%) and 20 mg/kg (42.26%) as compared to standard and control. But in tail immersion method thymoquinone exhibited maximum activity after 120 min at a dose of 20 mg/kg as compared to control and standard drug while at a dose of 30 mg/kg the compound did not showed any further enhancement in analgesic activity. It is concluded from the present study that thymoquinone the major constituent of Nigella sativa possesses potent analgesic activity in mice.
 Keywords: Thymoquinone, Nigella sativa, Hot plate, Tail immersion, Tail flick method, Acetic acid induced writhing test
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Ghizlane, Hajjaj, Bahlouli Aziz, Tajani3 Mouna, Cherrah Yahia, and Zellou Amina. "Chemical Composition and Antinociceptive Effect of Pistacia atlantica desf. Essential Oil from Morocco." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 5, no. 1 (2018): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13890224.
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The chemical composition of crushed fruits and aerial parts essential oil, hydrodistilled from <em>Pistacia atlantica</em> DESF., were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a significant difference in their chemical compositions were observed. The analgesic activity was carried out with the essential oil for its peripheral and central antinociceptive potentials on acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion test in rodents, respectively. The analgesic activity of <em>Pistacia atlantica</em> DESF. Essential oil was found to be significant (P<0.05) on acetic acid induced model, as well as the tail immersion test. From this study we can conclude that <em>Pistacia atlantica</em> DESF. from Morocco possess significantly high analgesic property without any acute toxicity. The results indicate that the analgesic effect of this plant is both centrally and peripherally mediated.
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More, Priyanka R., Atish B. Velhal, Vitthal J. Chaware, and Vivek Kumar K. Redasani. "Acute Toxicity Study and Anti-Nociceptive Activity of Ethanol Extract of Aesculus Indica Seeds on Experimental Animal Models." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 4 (2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.986.
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Aesculus indica, widely known as the horse chestnut tree, has long been used as antiangiogenic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral and antifungal. Ttraditionally it has been used as medicine for the treatment of skin diseases, rheumatism and different pain conditions. The current study was undertaken to investigate possible effects of ethanol extract of seeds of plant in experimentally produced pain in animals because there were no scientific publications on the use of Aesculus indica seeds for anti-nociceptive activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, Saponins, and phenolic substances in the extract. The OECD guideline 423 was followed for acute toxicity testing.At a dose of 2000 mg/kg, the extract was confirmed to be safe. The anti-nociceptive effect of three distinct dose levels of extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) was tested in Swiss albino mice using a hot plate, tail immersion test, and acetic acid induced writhing. Extract had strong anti-nociceptive efficacy (P < 0.001) in a hot plate test. The extract significantly increased the tail withdrawal reaction in the tail immersion test (P < 0.001).The extract considerably reduced the number of writhes in the acetic acid writhing test (P < 0.001). The findings indicate that the extract has substantial anti-nociceptive effect.
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Kudryashov, Nikita V., Alexander A. Gorbunov, Nadezhda B. Sviridkina, et al. "Spontaneous remyelination following dimethyl sulfoxide-induced demyelination is accompanied by behavioral and neurological alteration in mice." Research Results in Pharmacology 9, no. 4 (2023): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/rrpharmacology.9.10059.
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Introduction: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly used solvent that can be applied in experimental studies for preparation of hydrophobic solutions as well as in capacity of a cryopreservative in transplantology. According to modern data acquired from in vitro experiments, DMSO is able to change the structure of myelin by decreasing synthesis of its main components and inhibiting oligodendrocyte genesis. Aim of the study: We studied influence of DMSO on anxiety and compulsive-like behavior, pain perception, motor coordination and myelin quantity in the corpus callosum of the C57BL/6 mice brain after prolonged oral administration of the solvent and 4 weeks after administration was stopped. Materials and Methods: All the experiments were conducted on male inbreed C57BL/6 mice. DMSO was added to drinking water to achieve 0.01% concentration, and the obtained solution was administered ad libitum for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks of administration of DMSO and 4 weeks after administration of DMSO was stopped, anxiety-like behavior in open field test, compulsive-like behavior in marble burying test, motor coordination in rotarod test, pain perception in tail-immersion test, as well as myelin quantity in the corpus callosum were evaluated. Results: It was established that DMSO consumed for 6 weeks was associated with decrease in the myelin quantity in thecorpus callosum and thermal hyperalgesia in tail-immersion test. During 4-week period after DMSO administration was stopped, attenuation of demyelination was observed, followed by an increase in thermal hyperalgesia in tail-immersion test, as well as vertical locomotion and exploratory activity in open field test. Conclusions: 6-week ad libitum administration of 0.01% DMSO solution was associated with demyelination in corpus callosum of С57BL/6 mice, followed by thermal hyperalgesia. Cessation of DMSO led to spontaneous remyelination with an increase in thermal hyperalgesia, vertical locomotion and exploratory activity of mice.
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Uddin, Mir Muhammad Nasir, Mohammad Shah Hafez Kabir, Mahmud Hasan, et al. "Assessment of the antioxidant, thrombolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of leaf extracts and fractions of Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 29, no. 1 (2018): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0173.
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AbstractBackground:The plant under investigation (Tetracera sarmentosa) is a dicotyledonous flowering plant and belongs to the family Dilleniaceae. The goal of our investigation was to determine whether the leaf extracts of this plant held any significant medicinal properties.Methods:Leaves ofT. sarmentosawere extracted with pure ethanol (EETS) and methanol (METS), and then methanol extract fractioned withn-hexane (NHFMETS) and chloroform (CHFMETS). The extracts and fractions were tested for antioxidant activity, which was measured by using qualitative and quantitative procedures. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated by the clot lysis test. Analgesic activity was evaluated employing the acidic acid-induced writhing test, the formalin-induced paw licking test and tail immersion on Swiss albino mice. The anti-inflammatory activity test was studied using the paw edema test. Forced swimming, tail suspension, elevated plus maze and hole board model tests were used to evaluate neuropharmacological activity.Results:All the extracts and fractions possessed antioxidant effects. All the extracts, fractions and streptokinase exhibited significant (p<0.0001) clot lysis. The extracts and fractions produced significant analgesic effects as evaluated by the acetic acid writhing test, the formalin-induced paw licking test and the tail immersion method. Similarly, carrageenan-induced inflammation was significantly antagonized by the treatments. The extracts and fractions also significantly showed neuropharmacological (antidepressant and anxiolytic) effects.Conclusions:The overall results suggested that this plant deserves further investigation to isolate the active compounds which are responsible for these activities and to establish the mechanism of action.
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Li, Dong Hao, Jun Hu, and Ling Xia Li. "Research on Carbon Steel Test Conducted by Means of Steady-Damp Heat Periodic Immersion Method." Advanced Materials Research 511 (April 2012): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.511.78.
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After analyzing the hazards of steel corrosion, the accelerated steel corrosion test conducted by means of steady-damp heat periodic immersion method (artificial accelerated test) is briefly introduced, and the result of the test is analyzed. It is indicated by the test that, the steady-damp heat periodic immersion method could significantly accelerate the corrosion of steel, and there is a linear correlation shown between the corrosion rate and corrosion time of steel.
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Ramabadran, Krishnaswami, Mylarrao Bansinath, Herman Turndorf, and Margarita M. Puig. "Tail immersion test for the evaluation of a nociceptive reaction in mice." Journal of Pharmacological Methods 21, no. 1 (1989): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-5402(89)90019-3.
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Yasmen, Nelufar, Md Abdullah Aziz, Afsana Tajmim, Mst Irin Akter, Amit Kumar Hazra, and S. M. Mushiur Rahman. "Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diethyl Ether and n-Hexane Extract of Polyalthia suberosa Leaves." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5617234.
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In folk medicine, Polyalthia suberosa is used as abortifacient, laxative, febrifuge analgesic, filler of tooth cavities, and anti-HIV drug and for rheumatism and various skin infections. The present study was directed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of diethyl ether and n-hexane extracts of Polyalthia suberosa leaves (PSDE and PSNH). A variety of tests including formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid induced writhing test, and tail immersion test were used to assess the analgesic activity. In addition, xylene-induced ear edema test was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of PSDE and PSNH. PSDE and PSNH at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses expressed analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory activities in mice. In formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid induced writhing test, and xylene-induced ear edema test, the extracts exhibited significant inhibition (P⁎<0.05 versus control) of pain and inflammation. Alternatively, in tail immersion test, PSDE 400 mg/kg showed significant (P⁎<0.05 versus control) latency at 30 min but another tested sample had no significant latency. From this study, it could be shown that Polyalthia suberosa leaves may contain analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents which support its use in traditional medicine.
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Jain, Monika, Prakhar Nema, Sakshi Jain, et al. "To Evaluate and Compare the Analgesic Activity of Piperine and Extracts of Piper Nigrum L. Fruit." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, no. 8 (2024): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i8.6731.
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Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the analgesic activity of pure compound, piperine along with hexane and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum L. fruit in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The piperine showed great pain-relieving impact at a portion of 5 and 10 mg/kg when contrasted with control and standard. Greatest pain-relieving impact was noted at a portion of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. The hexane and ethanol remove demonstrated helpless pain-relieving impact at all dosages (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) by hot plate method. However, with tail immersion method, piperine at a dose of 5mg/kg and ethanol extract at a dose of 20mg/kg after 120 min and hexane extract at a dose of 10mg/kg after 60min exhibited significant analgesic activity. In writhing test ethanol extract significantly stopped the number of writhes at dose of 20mg/kg while piperine at dose of 20mg/kg completely terminated the writhes in mice. It is concluded from the present study that Piper nigrum L. possesses potent analgesic activity in mice. Keywords: Piper nigrum, Piperaceae, Piperine, Hot plate, Tail immersion method, Acetic acid induced writhing test
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Bibik, I. V., K. A. Frolov, V. V. Dotsenko, S. G. Krivokolysko, and E. Yu Bibik. "Investigation of antinociceptive properties of new derivatives of 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine and 1,4-dihydropyridine in the tail immersion test." Journal of Siberian Medical Sciences 7, no. 4 (2023): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31549/2542-1174-2023-7-4-23-34.
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Introduction. Nowadays, the search for novel painkillers that exhibit both high efficacy and safety profiles is an essential problem of modern pharmacological research. Aim. To study the antinociceptive activity of ten samples of new derivatives of 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine and 1,4-dihydropyridine in the classical tail immersion test. Methods. 340 new cyanothioacetamide derivatives that were synthesized by us at the Chemex Research Laboratory (Vladimir Dahl Lugansk State University) underwent in silico screening. As a result, 10 compounds were selected that were the most promising for the pharmacological management of pain. In the experiment (tail immersion test), albino male rats were used, divided into 13 groups, 10 animals in each: the intact group, the control group (0.9% sodium chloride solution), the comparison group (metamizole sodium) and 10 experimental groups (according to the number of administered compounds). The compounds were administered intragastrically at a dose of 5 mg/kg 1.5 h before immersing the tail in hot water. Results. It was established that three samples with codenames AZ420, AZ331 and AZ383 showed a significant antinociceptive activity. The tail-flick time of rats in these experimental groups ranged from 31.4 s (AZ331) to 46.4 s (AZ383), while the significance of the differences p in comparison with the values of the control group ranged from 0.00073 (AZ420) to 0.00018 (AZ383). Conclusions. Four new derivatives of 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine and 1,4-dihydropyridine with high analgesic activity, promising for further preclinical studies, have been identified.
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Alkaltham, Nora S., Reem A. Aldhafiri, Ahmad M. Al-Thobity, et al. "Effect of Denture Disinfectants on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Denture Base Materials." Polymers 15, no. 5 (2023): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051175.
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Denture care and maintenance are necessary for both denture longevity and underlying tissue health. However, the effects of disinfectants on the strength of 3D-printed denture base resins are unclear. Herein, distilled water (DW), effervescent tablet, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion solutions were used to investigate the flexural properties and hardness of two 3D-printed resins (NextDent and FormLabs) compared with a heat-polymerized resin. The flexural strength and elastic modulus were investigated using the three-point bending test and Vickers hardness test before (baseline) immersion and 180 days after immersion. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05), and further verified by using electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The flexural strength of all the materials decreased after solution immersion (p < 0.001). The effervescent tablet and NaOCl immersion reduced the flexural strength (p < 0.001), with the lowest values recorded with the NaOCl immersion. The elastic modulus did not significantly differ between the baseline and after the DW immersion (p > 0.05), but significantly decreased after the effervescent tablet and NaOCl immersion (p < 0.001). The hardness significantly decreased after immersion in all the solutions (p < 0.001). The immersion of the heat-polymerized and 3D-printed resins in the DW and disinfectant solutions decreased the flexural properties and hardness.
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Rachmanita, R. E., G. P. Utama, A. Budiprasojo, S. Anwar, B. Rudiyanto, and T. Seetawan. "The effect of changes in the fluid flow rate of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on the immersion cooling process." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 980, no. 1 (2022): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/980/1/012067.
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Abstract The cooling system in computer equipment generally uses a conventional fan, where the heat transfer occurs by radiation so that the level of heat absorption is not optimal in computer components that generate heat. In overcoming these problems, a cooling system using the immersion cooling method is used. The use of an immersion cooling system on computer equipment aims to compare the temperature drop on CPU performance using conventional cooling and immersion cooling. In testing the computer system will be operated for 24 hours with maximum CPU performance. Variations of the immersion cooling system in the form of flow rates of 2, 4 and 6 lpm with variations in the rotation of the radiator fan at 200, 400 and 600 rpm. The results of the test show that the temperature reduction that can be achieved by conventional cooling is 71.2°C, while the temperature decrease in the immersion cooling system with the best variation is at a water rate of 6 lpm and a fan rotation of 600 rpm is 42.8°C. The results of the test can be seen that the immersion cooling system can significantly reduce the working temperature of the CPU.
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Savic Vujovic, K., S. Vuckovic, A. Vujovic, and M. Prostran. "The Analgesic Efficacy of Ketamine-Magnesium Combination is Influenced by the Order of Medication Administration." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1850.
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IntroductionMagnesium is an endogenous voltage-dependent NMDA receptor channel blocker and ketamine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Magnesium may potentiate the effect of ketamine in analgesia and anaesthesia, but may also interact in an opposing manner. This study aimed at evaluating type of the interaction between magnesium sulphate and ketamine administered systemically in rats with an acute nociceptive pain (tail-immersion test).Materials and methodsAnalgesic activity was assessed by tail-immersion test in male Wistar rats (200-250 g). The distal 5 cm of the tail was immersed in a warm water bath (55 ± 0.5 °C) and the time for tail-withdrawal was measured as response latency.ResultsMagnesium sulphate (2.5–30 mg/kg, s.c.) and ketamine (2.5-30 mg/kg, i.p.) administered alone did not produce any effect. However, significant antinociception (synergistic interaction) was revealed at the following doses of ketamine: magnesium sulphate of 5:5 mg/kg, 2.5:5 mg/kg and 10:5 mg/kg. The effect was not dose-dependent, and a greater response was obtained when ketamine was administered before magnesium sulphate.ConclusionsThis study revealed that (1) magnesium sulphate and ketamine given alone were not effective against acute nociceptive pain in rats, but (2) a combination of both drugs resulted in synergistically inhibited nociception, (3) which occurred only at selected low doses and proportions of the medications in a combination and (4) suggested the importance of the order of drug administration.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Setiyani, Rezki, Urip Agus Salim, Muslim Mahardika, Rini Dharmastiti, and Budi Arifvianto. "Coloration study heat-cured polymer materials for denture base." Jurnal Teknosains 14, no. 2 (2025): 137. https://doi.org/10.22146/teknosains.104274.
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The color of denture base material is important in dentistry to achieve a natural gingival aesthetic. No universal standard for denture base color, due to it difficult for dentists and dental laboratory technicians to achieve consistent results. This study proposes a method for identifying the color of artificial gums made from heated cure polymers with coloring agents. This study also examined the effect adding color agent on the hardness of denture base material and the effect of artificial saliva immersion on coloring. New coloring agents, namely pink (P), red (M), and purple (U), were added to create new colors in this study. Seven specimens from light to dark colors were made. The resulting specimens were photographed and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop software to obtain the L*, a*, and b* values for each specimen, which were then analyzed using the CIELAB formula. The results of the material hardness test showed a significant change between the immersion and non-immersion groups (p-value 0.00<0.05), while the group between 10-day and 20-day immersion showed no significant change (p-value 0.65>0.05). In materials without added color, the hardness value is 85.3 - 86.3 HSD, while in materials with added color, the hardness value increases to 85.5 - 87.7 HSD. The results of the saliva immersion test showed changes in the range of 2.51 - 5.98 for 10 days of immersion and 0.85 - 4.22 for 20 days of immersion. Based on these results, most of the color changes are still below the clinical acceptance threshold of less than 4.1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the color changes that occur after soaking are still clinically acceptable.
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Cordeiro, Maria Elvira Ribeiro, Flávio Klinpovous Kerppers, Luiza Ferreira Cunha, et al. "Quercetin action on pain modulation/ Ação da quercetina sobre a modulação da dor." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 4 (2021): 43616–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n4-697.
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Background: Quercetin is a flavonoid widely found in plant kingdom and target of studies in pharmacological area due to its potent antinociceptive effect compared to analgesics used in conventional therapies. The aim was to evaluate its antinociceptive activity and antinociception mechanism. Methods: For this, 40 Norvegicus Wistar rats were used, divided into 4 groups: Q50 (treated with quercetin 50 mg/Kg), Q100 (treated with quercetin 100 mg/Kg), Q500 (treated with quercetin 500 mg/Kg) and Positive control (PC) without quercetin treatment), who were submitted through the pain induction methods by tail immersion and formalin in the first step to assess antinociceptive action and in the second step, tail immersion method receiving antagonists from opioid, cholinergic and nitric oxide - L-arginine to evaluate the action mechanism. Results: Quercetin antinociceptive activity was verified at the dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg in tail immersion test after formalin injection, with better performance at the dose of 50 mg/kg. There were no statistically significant results in paw opening and capsaicin tests. Quercetin demonstrated a possible influence on opioid and cholinergic pathway, which was not observed on the nitric acid - L-arginine pathway in view of parameters tested. Conclusion: Quercetin performed the best antinociceptive activity at a dose 50 mg/kg and there was a possible influence on opioid and cholinergic pathways.
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Almeida, Reinaldo N. de, Damião P. de Sousa, Enilton A. Camargo, and Fernando S. Oliveira. "Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Hydroxydihydrocarvone." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 9-10 (2010): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-9-1003.
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Hydroxydihydrocarvone (HC) is a synthetic intermediate obtained by hydration of the natural compound (R)-(-)-carvone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered HC. Toxicity, motor coordination, tail immersion test, as well as carrageenan-induced paw edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity or peritonitis were all evaluated in rodents. HC was force-fed to the animals 1 h before the stimulus. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) of orally administered HC was 1259 mg/kg. No changes in motor coordination were recorded in HC-treated mice in the rotarod test. The time of response to the thermoceptive stimulus in the tail immersion test was longer in HC-treated animals (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) than in the vehicle-treated group. HC also significantly decreased the area under curve of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at 100 and 200 mg/kg and MPO activity at 200 mg/kg. Carrageenan-induced neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneal cavity was significantly reduced by HC at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg, but not 50 mg/kg. These findings demonstrate that orally administered HC exerts antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in rats and mice.
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Vujovic, K. Savic, A. Vujovic, S. Vuckovic, B. Medic, and M. Prostran. "Study of the Interactions Between Magnesium, Ketamine and Morphine on Acute Nociception in Rats." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S708—S709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1264.
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ObjectivesStudy is aimed at evaluating the effects of ketamine and magnesium sulphate on acute nociceptive pain in rats and examination whether magnesium sulfate added to ketamine or morphine-ketamine combination produces higher level of analgesia.MethodsAnalgesic activity was assessed by tail-immersion test in male Wistar rats (200–250 g).ResultsMagnesium sulfate (2.5–60 mg/kg, s.c.) and ketamine (2.5-30 mg/kg, i.p.) given alone did not produce any effect on antinociception. However, there is a synergistic interaction between ketamine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and magnesium sulfate (5 mg/kg). Both ketamine and magnesium sulfate, as well as their combination potentiated the antinociceptive effect of morphine (2.6 mg/kg, i.p.).ConclusionThis study revealed potentiation of ketamine and morphine-ketamine combination by magnesium sulphate in tail-immersion test in rats with higher activity when ketamine is given before magnesium sulfate. It is first time to demonstrate the synergistic interaction between magnesium sulphate and ketamine in lowering body temperature and in antinociception with statistical confirmation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Saha, Moni Rani, Sheikh Zahir Raihan, and Akm Shahidur Rahman. "Antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of the leaves of Feronia limonia Linn." Bangladesh Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 26, no. 1-2 (2014): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v26i1-2.19962.
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The antinociceptive activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Feronia limonia Linn. (Family Rutaceae) was investigated using acetic acid-induced writhing model and tail flick test in swiss albino mice. The extract produced about 26.01% ( p< 0.01), 39.88% ( p< 0.01) and 57.07% (p< 0.01) writhing inhibition at the dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight respectively, which was comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium where the inhibition was about 63.58% (p< 0.01) at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. All doses of extracts significantly (p<0.05) increased latency of flick tail in tail immersion method. The methanolic extract showed dose dependent antinociceptive activity in both type of test in swiss albino mice. Phytochemical investigations of the leaves extract indicate the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids. The preliminary study of the methanolic extract showed antinociceptive activity in both writhing and tail flick test in mice. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v26i1-2.19962 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 26(1&2) : 21-24
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Gari, Manju, Kumari Ranjeeta, Lakhan Majhee, Akhilesh Kumar, and Sumit Kumar Mahato. "A comparative study of antinociceptive effect of paroxetine with pethidine in acute pain in albino rats." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 7 (2017): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20172739.
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Background: Pain is the most common reason patients seek medical care. Increased level of monoamines (serotonin and norepinephrine) in synaptic clefts lead to changes in pain threshold and induce antinociception. The study was carried out to evaluate antinociceptive effect of paroxetine in albino rats and to probe into its possible mechanism of action. The study was carried out to evaluate anti-nociceptive effect of paroxetine in albino rats.Methods: Male Albino rats of average weight 150-240gms were used. The drugs used were paroxetine 5mg/Kg, pethidine 5mg/kg (standard drug). Anti-nociceptive effect tested by using thermal method i.e. Tail flick response and Tail warm water immersion method.Results: In this study, Anti-nociceptive effect of respective drugs were measured by using two methods i.e. tail flick test and tail warm water immersion method at 0 min., 30 min., 60 min. and 90min.after administration of drugs. Reaction time started to increase from baseline at 0 min. and peak effect was seen at 60 min. then it started to decrease at 90 min. in almost all the groups except in control group.Conclusions: Paroxetine have significant analgesic effect in acute pain, which may be mediated via central and peripheral mechanisms. Efficacy of Paroxetine is almost equal to that of standard drug pethidine in acute pain management.
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Mansur, Muhammad Abdullah Al, M. Mahboob Ali Siddiqi, and Koushik Saha. "Analgesic, Antidiarrheal and Antidepressant Activities of Anethum sowa Linn. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21, no. 1 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v21i1.37899.
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The hexane (HE), dichloromethane (DCME), ethyl acetate (EAE) and methanol (ME) extracts of seed and stem of Anethum sowa were subjected to screenings for analgesic, anti-diarrheal and anti-depressant activities. The peripheral and central analgesic actions were determined by using formalin-induced writhing test and tail immersion method. The DCME extract of stem, at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, significantly reduced the number of writhing movements whereas the methanol extract of seed at the same dose exhibited remarkable analgesic activity in tail immersion method. In castor oil induced anti-diarrheal assay, the ethyl acetate extract of stem, at 400 mg/kg body weight, exhibited significant anti-diarrheal effect. In addition, significant anti-depressant activity was observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight as compared to the standard drug in case of HE extract of stem.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(1): 1-6, 2018
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Srebro, Dragana, Katarina Rajković, Branko Dožić, et al. "Investigation of the Antinociceptive Activity of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Junglas nigra Leaf by the Tail-Immersion and Formalin Pain Tests in Rats." Dose-Response 20, no. 3 (2022): 155932582211198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258221119877.
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Background Juglans (J.) nigra leaf is obtained from a plant that is used in traditional medicine in some countries to alleviate inflammatory diseases. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the effects of J. nigra extract on acute nociceptive and inflammatory pain in rats. Methods Antinociceptive activity was examined in Wistar rats by the tail-immersion and formalin tests. Motor function was assessed using the rotarod test. Plant extract was administered intraperitoneally. Results In the tail-immersion test, the maximal antinociceptive effect of the plant extract (100–330 mg/kg) was about 24–30% and is the result of the effect of a high concentration of ethanol. In the formalin test, the plant extract (41.3–330 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited nociception in both phases of the test with similar maximal effects of about 76% and 85%. Only the plant extract at the dose of 330 mg/kg caused a significant time-dependent reduction in time spent on the rotarod. Conclusions In rats, the preventive systemic administration of the hydroethanolic extract of J. nigra leaf reduced chemically but not thermally induced pain. Higher efficacy was obtained in pain associated with inflammation and tissue injury. The antinociceptive effect is dose-dependent and may be limited by motor impairment.
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Yuan, Linhui, Yu Wang, Risto Kosonen, Zhengchao Yang, Yingying Zhang, and Xincheng Wang. "Comparative Study on Heat Dissipation Performance of Pure Immersion and Immersion Jet Liquid Cooling System for Single Server." Buildings 14, no. 9 (2024): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092635.
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Heat dissipation has emerged as a critical challenge in server cooling due to the escalating number of servers within data centers. The potential of immersion jet technology to be applied in large-scale data center server operations remains unexplored. This paper introduces an innovative immersion jet liquid cooling system. The primary objective is to investigate the synergistic integration of immersion liquid cooling and jet cooling to enhance the heat dissipation capacity of server liquid cooling systems. By constructing a single-server liquid cooling test bench, this study compares the heat dissipation efficiencies of pure immersion and immersion jet liquid cooling systems and examines the impact of inlet water temperature, jet distance, and inlet water flow rate on system performance. The experimental outcomes show that the steady-state surface heat transfer coefficient of the immersion jet liquid cooling system is 2.6 times that of the pure immersion system, with increases of approximately 475.9 W/(m2·K) and 1745.0 W/(m2·K) upon adjustment of the jet distance and flow rate, respectively. Furthermore, the system model is streamlined through dimensional analysis, yielding a dimensionless relationship that encompasses parameters such as inlet water temperature, jet distance, and inlet water velocity. The correlation error is maintained below 18%, thereby enhancing the comprehension of the immersion jet cooling mechanism.
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Kotlinska, J. H., E. Gibula-Bruzda, E. Witkowska, N. N. Chung, P. W. Schiller, and J. Izdebski. "Antinociceptive effects of two deltorphins analogs in the tail-immersion test in rats." Peptides 39 (January 2013): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.008.
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Adongo, Donatus Wewura, Priscilla Kolibea Mante, Eric Woode, Elvis Ofori Ameyaw, and Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia. "Effects of hyrdroethanolic leaf extract of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) on the central nervous system in mice." Journal of Phytopharmacology 3, no. 6 (2014): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2014.3607.
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Pseudospondias microcarpa (Anacardiaceae), the African grape tree, is used for various CNS disorders. The neuropharmacological activities of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pseudospondias microcarpa (PME) were screened in mice. In this study, the central nervous system (CNS) activity was tested in various animal models including Irwin test, pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, spontaneous motor activity, rotarod test, pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions and tail immersion test. The extract produced sedation and analgesia in the Irwin test with an LD50 above 3000 mg kg-1 . PME potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time and induced hepatic enzymes. It however, showed no effect on locomotor activity or motor coordination. Furthermore, the extract blocked convulsions induced by PTZ and showed analgesic activity in the tail withdrawal test. The present investigation suggests that PME may act as a sedative with analgesic and anticonvulsant activity, and thus supporting its use as a sedative and for the relief of various nervous system disorders.
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Harahap, Kholidina Imanda, Lasminda Syafiar, and Sintiya Karolina Tarigan. "Changes in Surface Roughness of Acrylic Resin Heat Cured after Immersed in Yogurt." Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) 1, no. 1 (2018): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i1.49.
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To mantain digestive health, people usually consume yogurt that has acidity 4-5. Acidic solutions can cause the surface roughness of acrylic resin heat cured is used as denture base material. Denture with rough surfaces facilitate the attachment of plaque and bacteria that can degrade the cleanliness and health of the patient. The purpose of this study was to analyze the surface roughness of acrylic resin heat cured after being immersed in yogurt with different immersion time. Thirty acrylic resin heat cured specimens (12 mm in length, 12 mm in wide and 2 mm height) were prepared and divided into three experimental groups (n=10): I ( specimens immersed in yogurt for 60 minutes), II (specimens immersed in yogurt for 120 minutes) and III (specimens immersed in yogurt for 180 minutes). Surface roughness before and after immersion was measured using Profilometer. Data will be analyzed using T test (p<0,05). After immersion, the specimens showed significantly different on surface roughness (p=0,04). Among the experimental groups, immersion for 180 minutes showed the highest surface roughness value than 60 and 120 minutes. It can be concluded that yogurt can make surface roughness of acrylic resin heat cured. Increasing surface roughness depends on exposure time of yogurt on acrylic resin heat cured.
 To mantain a digestive health, people usually consume yogurt that has acidity of 4-5. Acidic solutions can cause the surface roughness of heat cured acrylic resin which is used as denture base material. Denture with rough surfaces facilitates the presence of plaque and bacteria that can degrade the cleanliness and health of the patient. The objective of this study was to analyze the surface roughness of heat cured acrylic resin after immersed in yogurt with different immersion time. Thirty heat cured acrylic resin specimens (12 mm in length, 12 mm in wide and 2 mm in height) were prepared and divided into three experimental groups (n=10): I ( specimens were immersed in yogurt for 60 minutes), II (specimens were immersed in yogurt for 120 minutes) and III (specimens were immersed in yogurt for 180 minutes). Surface roughness before and after immersion was measured using Profilometer. Data were analyzed using T test (p<0,05). After immersion, the specimens showed significantly different on surface roughness (p=0,04). Among the experimental groups, immersion for 180 minutes showed the highest surface roughness value than 60 and 120 minutes. It could be concluded that yogurt could make surface roughness of heat cured acrylic resin . Increasing surface roughness depended on exposure time of yogurt on heat cured acrylic resin.
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Atunwa, S. A., M. O. Amali, S. O. Lawal, S. O. Usman, and A. I. Olapade. "Anti-nociceptive Potential of Ethanol Extract of Terminalia macroptera Guill&Perr (Combretaceae) Stem Bark in Mice." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 2 (2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v16i2.2s.
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Background: Terminalia macroptera Guill. &Perr. (Combretaceae) is a flowering plant with several ethno-medicinal claims. However, the dearth of information on its analgesic property has necessitated this study.Objectives: to evaluate the anti-nociceptive potential of ethanol extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark (TMSB) in mice.Materials and Methods: Male and female mice of weight range 22 – 25g were randomly allotted into seven groups (n= 5) and treated as follows: Group I received 0.5 mL distilled water orally (negative control), Groups II-V were orally administered ethanol extract of T. macroptera stem bark (TMSB) at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg respectively while groups VI-VII received piroxicam 10 mg/kg and pentazocine 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally respectively as standards. The same treatment pattern was adopted for both pain models: tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing assays. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s and Bonferroni's multiple comparisons tests with p < 0.05 taken as significance.Results: The ethanolic extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark showed significant dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity at 100 and 400 mg/kg (2.95±0.41 and 2.9±0.31 respectively) 60 min post-treatment compared to the negative control group in the tail immersion test. Significant inhibition of nociception (0.20±0.20) was obtained at 400 mg/kg compared to the negative control group in the acetic acid-induced writhing test.Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark exhibited dose-dependent anti-nociceptive potential in both tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing assays in mice.
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GIBUŁA-BRUZDA, EWA, MARTA MARSZAŁEK, JOLANTA H. KOTLIŃSKA, and EWA WITKOWSKA. "Analgesic effects of deltorphin analogues EW1 and EW2 in tail-immersion test in mice." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 26, no. 4 (2013): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12923/j.2084-980x/26.4/a.22.
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Lusi Hidayati, Yohana Maria Penga, Leliana Sandra Devi, and Ayudia Yohanna Widya Kusumastuti. "THE EFFECT OF 50% EDAMAME BEAN (GLYCINE MAX L. MERRIL) EXTRACTS ON THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF HEAT-CURED ACRYLIC RESIN." Journal of Vocational Health Studies 8, no. 3 (2025): 200–205. https://doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.v8.i3.2025.200-205.
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Background: Edamame bean (Glycine max L. Merril) extract is an alternative to denture cleanser because it contains antifungal and antibacterial compounds, such as flavonoids. However, flavonoids may increase the surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resin. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effect of 50% edamame bean extract as a denture cleanser on the surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resin. Method: Twenty four square shaped heat-cured acrylic resin plates of 10 x 10 x 2 mm were divided into four groups: A1, A2, B1, and B2. Each group was immersed in distilled water (A1 for four days and A2 for 11 days) and 50% edamame bean extract (B1 for four days and B2 for 11 days). The surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester TR 220. The data were then analyzed using the Two Way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey HSD test with a significance value of p-value < 0.05. Result: The average surface roughness in heat-cured acrylic resin increased in 50% edamame extract immersion for four and 11 days. The highest increase was experienced in 50 % edamame extract immersion for 11 days with a value of 0.158 μm. In contrast, the distilled water immersion group noted the lowest surface roughness for four days and 11 days. Conclusion: Edamame extract significantly affects the surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resin after immersion for four and 11 days.
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Bulbul, Israt Jahan, Sumaiya Binta Fashiuddin, Mohammad R. Haque, Md Zakir Sultan, and Mohammad A. Rashid. "Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Crotalaria pallida Aiton (Fam: Fabaceae) Leaves." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20, no. 2 (2018): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v20i2.37870.
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The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of Crotalaria pallida Aiton (Family: Fabaceae) leaves based on its traditional uses in the treatment of urinary disorders, external application as a poultice to treat painful swelling of joints and to reduce fever. The anti-nociceptive effect was assessed in mice using acetic acidinduced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking and tail immersion assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. In acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract at different doses (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg bw) significantly (p<0.001) and dose-dependently reduced pain by 37.50% and 47.70%, respectively. The extract also significantly inhibited formalininduced paw licking in mice at both the early and late phases. In the tail immersion test, the extract caused a significant inhibition of pain (64.91% inhibition after 4 hrs) at a dose of 100 mg/kg. C. pallida exhibited a considerable inhibition of paw oedema development in the carrageenan-induced oedema test. The findings of the study suggested that C. pallida leaves have significant anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory effects, confirming the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of various diseases associated with pain and inflammation.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20(2): 165-171, 2017
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Obese, Ernest, Elvis Ofori Ameyaw, Robert Peter Biney, Emmanuel Awintiig Adakudugu, and Eric Woode. "Neuropharmacological Assessment of the Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Calotropis procera (Ait). R. Br. (Apocynaceae) in Mice." Scientifica 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5551380.
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Background. Calotropis procera has been widely used traditionally for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also reportedly used in ethnomedicine for mental health disorders including epilepsy even in the absence of supporting scientific data. Thus, the potential of the plant to affect neurological functions was evaluated. Methods. Irwin’s test was performed to determine the effect of the oral administration of the extract (30–3000 mg kg−1) on gross behaviour and physiological function. The activity meter, rotarod, pentylenetetrazol- (PTZ-) induced convulsion, pentobarbitone-induced sleep test, and the tail immersion tests were used to evaluate the spontaneous activity, neuromuscular function, convulsive threshold, sedation, and analgesic effects of the Calotropis procera extract (30–1000 mg/kg), respectively, in mice. Results. Calotropis procera extract (CPE) exhibited significant ( p < 0.0001 ) anticonvulsant and analgesic effects. There was a significant increase in withdrawal latency of the CPE-treated animals in the tail immersion test for analgesia ( p < 0.0001 ), while latency and duration of PTZ-induced convulsions were positively modulated. Calotropis procera extract showed significant ( p < 0.0001 ) central nervous system depressant effects in pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis at 100–1000 mg/kg and spontaneous activity test (30–1000 mg/kg). The extract also depicted impaired motor coordination at 100–1000 mg/kg dose levels. LD50 was estimated to be above 1000 mg kg−1. Conclusions. Calotropis procera extract has significant central nervous system depressant and analgesic effects in mice.