Academic literature on the topic 'Taille (Horticulture)'

A crop of European cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. ’Corona’) was grown under supplementary lighting (HPS) from 12 Mar. 1987 to 31 Jan. 1988. The flowering, as well as fruit development and production of unproductive flowers was studied using four pruning methods, for winter and summer crops. Pruning method 1 resulted in 12–14 fruit on the main stem. Pruning method 2 lengthened production on short secondary suckers and resulted in 18–20 fruit. Pruning method 3 was used to produce 18–20 fruit on the main stem and on a long secondary sucker growing high up on the plant. Pruning method 4 lengthened production on the main stem, which was made to rest on supporting structures. Our results show that the flowering and fruit production rates are closely related. In summer, the flowering and fruit maturation is shortened and the proportion of marketable fruit is increased. The four pruning methods examined allow good control of spontaneous abortions and a high proportion of marketable fruit, which means a high percentage of productive flowers. However, method 2 was more productive with 4.8 and 6.2 fruit wk−1, respectively, for winter and summer crops.Key words: Cucumis sativus, pruning, supplementary lighting, HPS, cucumber (European)

Nursery and landscape professionals are interested in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)–resistant native plants to replace invasive species used in difficult landscape sites, such as parking lot islands, which are dry, nutrient-poor, and exposed to sun and heat. Eight native shrubs [creeping sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), round leaf dogwood (Cornus rugosa), northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sweetbells (Eubotrys racemosa), and virginia rose (Rosa virginiana)] were planted in a large commuter parking lot on the University of Connecticut campus to evaluate their suitability for use in difficult landscapes. The non-native, invasive shrubs ‘Compactus’ winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus) and ‘Crimson Pygmy’ japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) were also planted as controls representing non-native species typically planted in such sites. Aesthetic quality ratings for sweetbells matched the controls (rating of 4.5 out of 5.0) and plants exhibited a high level of white-tailed deer resistance. Virgina rose and creeping sand cherry had similar aesthetic quality to controls, despite light grazing of plants by white-tailed deer. Elderberry was damaged by moderate white-tailed deer grazing and snow load, but plants regenerated to 485% of initial size in one growing season with white-tailed deer exclusion. Gray dogwood, round leaf dogwood, and northern spicebush exhibited the least resistance to white-tailed deer grazing. Both dogwood species had lower aesthetic quality than the controls, and round leaf dogwood had the lowest survival rate (68%) after 2 years. However, several individuals of gray dogwood, round leaf dogwood, and northern spicebush that were less heavily damaged by white-tailed deer grew into attractive shrubs after white-tailed deer exclusion. Highbush blueberry had significantly lower aesthetic quality than controls and only 75% survival after 2 years, indicating that this species is an unsuitable replacement for invasives in difficult landscape sites. This study identified the underused native shrubs sweetbells, virginia rose, and creeping sand cherry as suitable replacements for invasives in difficult landscape sites with white-tailed deer pressure.

With an estimated white-tailed deer population of >25 million in the United States and 1.7 million in Alabama, deer feeding damage has become a serious problem for vegetable growers. Typically, deer feed on foliage during plant growth or dig roots near harvest time. Because there is currently no method available to control deer feeding damage to sweetpotatoes, studies were conducted with both confined and free-ranging white-tailed deer to determine the effectiveness of several commercial deer-repellent products on `Beauregard' sweetpotato. In 1998, testing was conducted at the Alabama Agricultural Piedmont Substation in Camp Hill, Ala., with free-ranging deer. Treatments included Deer Away (egg-based spray and powder), Tree Guard, Garlic Barrier, Thiram (a commercial fungicide), as well as a nontreated control. Damage was rated on a 0 to 4 scale (0 = no damage; 4 = 100% damage). In 1999, testing was continued with confined deer at the Auburn Univ. Deer Research Facility in Auburn, Ala. Havahart egg-based spray, Hinder, Grant's, XP-20 (Thiram), and Ro-Pel were applied to potted `Beauregard' plants. Nontreated plants were also included. Pots were placed in 2 one-acre pens, each containing six adult deer. Damage was rated on a 0 to 3 scale (0 = no damage; 3 = plant eaten to pot line or uprooted). Significant (P < 0.05) differences were found among products. The most effective products in 1998 were Deer Away powder, Garlic Barrier at 3× the manufacturer's recommended rate, and Deer Away spray. In 1999, Havahart egg spray provided the highest level of protection, followed by XP-20. Although no product provided complete protection to sweetpotato, egg- and Thiram-based products were most effective in 2 years of testing. None of these products are labeled for use on food crops at this time.

Hydrolyzed casein (HC) and retail products that contain HC are evaluated as repellents to minimize deer damage to trees and shrubs. Three different experiments demonstrate that HC is an effective deer repellent. Technical-grade HC completely eliminated browse damage to evergreen shrubs (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) and conifers (Thuja plicata Donn.) during the test periods. Retail sources of HC (concentrated baby formula powders) are not as effective as pure hydrolyzed protein, but do offer browse protection when alternative sources of browse are available. For nursery, orchard, and reforestation applications, HC is a promising deer repellent to minimize losses due to browse. For the private homeowner, a simple repellent formulated with glue and a HC-containing baby formula may offer considerable browse protection when alternative forage is available.

This research was done to examine the damage to vegetation due to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer damage is an alarming problem in the agricultural setting, but a growing concern is the “browsing damage” to the natural habitat. Forests and their undergrowth are not able to regenerate under the heavy browsing pressure. This is posing serious problems that are in the progress of being remedied.

Homeowners whose landscape plants are repeatedly browsed by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are interested in repellent products that are effective and long-lasting. New products come to market with limited experimental testing. We conducted a 10-week trial from Feb. through Apr. 1999 to test the duration and efficacy of six commercial deer repellents [Deer-Away Big Game Repellent (BGR) mix, BGR spray, Deer-Off, Deer Stopper II, Repellex, Tree Guard] and two experimental deer repellents (CU-A and CU-B) relative to each other and to untreated plants. Treated and control balled japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) shrubs were placed at each of 10 homeowner sites with known white-tailed deer damage near Ithaca, NY. Yews are frequently eaten by deer during winter and provide a good bioassay for testing repellents, especially during the winter months. We checked shrubs once weekly and took photographs of damaged yews to measure the amount of deer browsing. We calculated the surface area of shrubs in each photograph by using digital analysis software. To determine significant differences over time, we applied statistical analysis using analysis of variance. Deer repellents that provided the most consistent protection were BGR spray, BGR mix, Deer-Off, and Deer Stopper II. The japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) extracts in experimental repellents CU-A and CU-B were not effective. The performance of other commercial repellents varied considerably among sites, and these products were unreliable.

Nontimber forest products (food, herbal medicinals, and woody floral and handicraft products) produced in forest, agroforestry, and horticultural systems can be important sources of income to landowners. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can reduce the quality, quantity, and profitability of forest products by browsing twigs and rubbing stems, resulting in direct and indirect losses to production enterprises. We evaluated deer damage (frequency and intensity of browsing and rubbing) sustained by 26 species of trees and shrubs, the relationships among morphological features of trees and shrubs to damage levels, and the economic impacts of deer damage on the production of nontimber forest products. Levels of browsing were high (frequency >93% and intensity >50%) in most species of trees and shrubs, with the highest intensity (>60%) occurring in chinese chestnut (Castanea mollisima) and dogwood (Cornus spp.), and the lowest (<20%) in ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), curly willow (Salix matsudana), ‘Scarlet Curls’ curly willow, smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), and pussy willow (Salix caprea). Species of trees or shrubs with one or a few stout stems unprotected by dense branching [e.g., american elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), smooth sumac, and curly willow] sustained the most damage by rubbing. Trees and shrubs with many small diameter stems or with dense tangled branching [e.g. redozier dogwood (Cornus sericea), forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), ‘Flame’ willow (Salix alba), and ‘Streamco’ basket willow (Salix purpurea)] were damaged the least by rubbing. Annual economic costs of deer damage to producers of nontimber forest products can range from $26/acre for pussy willow to $1595/acre for curly willow.

Abstract Chemical repellency is one of the most selective approaches to controlling white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) damage to horticultural crops. This study evaluated the continuous efficacy of selected organic products containing garlic, fish oil, or putrescent egg solids against feeding damage caused by confined white-tailed deer to Hosta fortunei L. H. Bailey ‘Francee’, Gomphrena globosa L. ‘Rose’, and Catharanthus roseus L. ‘Pacifica Red’. There was a significant interaction between plant species × product (p &lt; 0.02) when all 3 plant species were tested together. When products were tested separately on single plant species, differences (p ≤ 0.05) were detected among products. All products displayed some level of damage control by reducing browsing damage compared to the untreated control; yet for each species, 100% destruction occurred within 5 to 6 days. Overall product efficacy was determined by Overall Rank Sum Index. When product ranks were calculated for the 3 species, products containing putrescent egg solids appeared to be more effective than products containing garlic and/or fish oil.

Woody and herbaceous plants in urban and rural landscapes, nurseries, orchards, and Christmas tree plantations are becoming increasingly susceptible to deer damage. Most existing repellents are either ineffective, or are effective for short periods of time. This project presented four plant species treated with chicken eggs, Deer-Away, Hinder, Tree Guard, Milorganite, chicken eggs with Tree Guard, and chicken eggs with Transfilm, to 20 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Only chicken eggs alone and Deer-Away deterred deer from feeding on the containerized nursery stock. Chicken eggs alone performed significantly better than Deer-Away. In a second experiment, pelletized deer food treated with Deer-Away, Hinder (1:1 and 1:5), Tree Guard, Miller Hot Sauce (0.62% and 6.2%), and two experimental predator urines were presented to ten captive deer. Both rates of Miller Hot Sauce and predator urine #1 significantly reduced deer feeding on pelletized deer food. Deer-Away, Hinder 1:1, and predator urine #2 also reduced feeding. Hinder 1:5 slightly reduced feeding. Tree Guard was completely ineffective.

Mature fruit of 295 accessions of Capsicum baccatum from the USDA/ARS Capsicum germplasm collection were characterized for fruit length, width, weight, and color. Mean fruit weight was determined to be 5.91 g with a range of 0.15 to 22.8 g. Mean fruit length was 6.01 cm with a range of 0.8 to 16.0 cm. Mean fruit width was 1.86 cm and a range of 0.5 to 4.75 cm. Distributions of all characteristics were positively skewed and failed the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. The distribution of fruit weight values was the most highly skewed, possibly reflecting a more intense human selection pressure for this characteristic. Distributions of fruit width, length, weight, and length:width were leptokurtic (long-tailed). Ninety-three percent of accessions were elongate. Mature fruit colors included red (73.6%), orange (19.7%), yellow (3%), green (0.3%), and mixed (3%). These data suggest that variability for mature fruit characteristics within this germplasm collection is considerable and that variability for fruit length, width, weight, and color is sufficient to provide the basis for the improvement of the aji crop.

La taille est une pratique culturale courante en arboriculture. Pourtant ses effets sur le rendement sont variables et peu prévisibles. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'étudier les effets de la taille sur la croissance végétative et la reproduction du manguier (Mangifera indica L.), à l'échelle de l'axe et de l’arbre, afin de mieux comprendre comment s’élabore le rendement suite à la taille. La taille a été caractérisée par deux facteurs : l’intensité de taille, définie à l’échelle de l’arbre comme la quantité de biomasse retirée par volume de canopée, et la sévérité de taille, définie à l’échelle de l’axe comme la profondeur de taille le long de l’axe. A l’échelle de l’axe, l’intensité et la sévérité de taille ont eu des effets sur l’occurrence, l’intensité et la dynamique de la croissance végétative. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence un rôle important du diamètre de l’axe taillé sur l’occurrence et l’intensité de la croissance végétative. La croissance végétative qui résulte de la taille a conduit à l’apparition de nouvelles populations d’axes dont les proportions dépendent de l’intensité de taille des arbres. La floraison de ces différentes populations d’axes diffère en termes d’occurrence, d’intensité et de dynamique et est affectée négativement par l’intensité et la sévérité de taille. A l’échelle de l’arbre, les rendements ont eu tendance à être plus faibles sur les arbres modérément et intensément taillés du fait d’une diminution du taux de floraison et/ou du poids moyen des fruits. Les arbres faiblement taillés ont eu des rendements similaires à ceux des arbres non taillés. Les effets de la taille sur la croissance végétative, aux niveaux structurel et temporel, ont été intégrés dans un modèle structure-fonction d'élaboration du rendement et de la qualité de la mangue, afin de caractériser les effets de la taille à l'échelle plus globale de l'arbre. Ce modèle nous a montré que le nombre d’axes et la surface foliaire retirés au moment de la taille sont largement compensés par la stimulation de la croissance végétative qui a suivi. L’intégration des effets de la taille sur la reproduction dans le modèle permettra de concevoir des itinéraires techniques intégrant les pratiques de taille afin de répondre aux problèmes agronomiques rencontrés sur le manguier, tels que les asynchronismes ou les irrégularités de production
Pruning is a common practice in tree fruit crops. However, its effects on the yield are variable and hardly predictable. In this thesis, we propose to study the effects of pruning on vegetative growth and reproduction for the mango tree (Mangifera indica L.), at the axis and at the tree scales, in order to better understand how fruit yield built-up following pruning. Pruning was characterized by two factors: pruning intensity, defined at the tree scale as the amount of fresh biomass removed per unit volume of canopy, and pruning severity, defined at the axis scale as the depth of pruning along the axis. At the axis scale, pruning intensity and severity had an effect on the occurrence, intensity and dynamics of vegetative growth. We also highlighted a major role of the diameter of the pruned axis on the occurrence and intensity of vegetative growth. The vegetative growth which results from pruning led to the emergence of new populations of axes whose proportions depend on pruning intensity. Flowering of these different populations of axes differ in terms of occurrence, intensity and dynamics and was affected negatively by pruning intensity and severity. At the tree scale, yields tended to be lower on moderately and intensively pruned trees as a result of a decrease of flowering rate and/or average weight of fruits. Lightly pruned trees had similar yields compared to unpruned trees. The effects of pruning on the vegetative growth, at the structural and temporal levels, were integrated in a functional-structural model of fruit yield and quality build-up. The model has shown that the number of axes and the leaf area removed at the pruning time were widely compensated by the vegetative growth stimulation that followed. The integration of the effects of pruning on reproduction will allow developing crop management techniques integrating pruning techniques in order to respond to agronomic issues related to mango tree as asynchronisms and irregular bearing