Journal articles on the topic 'Tale of Big Nur'

Approximately 1.0–1.5% of the genome is transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is the transcription factor modulating many of these genes. Cancer cells are able to survive hypoxic environments and hypoxia itself can activate adaptive cellular responses that contribute to tumor progression. Many HIF-1α-mediated biological effects are beneficial for tumor progression, including metabolic shift toward glycolysis, inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation, production of cellular reacreactive oxygen species and altering expression of tumor suppressor genes. HIF-1 promotes selective mitochondrial autophagy, resisand altering expression of tumor suppressor genes. HIF-1 promotes selective mitochondrial autophagy, resistance to T cell mediated lysis of cancer cells, induction of pluripotent cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal and epithelialmesenchymal-endothelial transitions beneficial for tumor growth and progression, loss of E-cadherin. HIF-1 also induces production of signal molecules and cytokines by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and upregulation of certain microRNAs important for cancer progression. This minireview focuses on the HIF-1 promoting role in tumor initiation and progression and HIF-1 targeting. HIF-1 pathway downregulation seems to be promising in future cancer treatment.

AbstractSome ideas return after the briefest of exiles: reductionism is back in vogue. Existential questions – about who we are, about our origins and future, about what is valuable – no longer require difficult soul searching, especially when straightforward answers are expected from the neurosciences. History is being rewritten with the brain as its centrepiece; the search for great men and big ideas of the past begins again. William Cullen (1710–90), whose work on neurosis was once part of the history of psychoanalysis, is now well placed to become part of such a neuro-history. This article attempts to subvert this process, by rebuilding the original meaning of neurosis through Cullen’s physiological and medical works, in comparison with his predecessor, Robert Whytt (1714–66), and illustrating this meaning using one particular neurosis: hypochondriasis. The result is a more complicated version of neurosis which, importantly, carries significant insights into the nature and practice of medicine. Moreover, this article examines how Cullen’s standing fell in the 1820s as British physicians and surgeons turned to an idea which promised to reform medicine: pathological anatomy. When these hopes faded, Cullen became a figure obsessed with the nerves. This image has survived to the present, a blank canvas onto which any theory can be projected. It also values precisely what Cullen warned against: simplistic explanations of the body and disease, and unthinking confidence in the next big idea or silver bullet. Neurosis was not simply a nervous ailment, but it is a warning against reductionism in history making.

Loving science and nature and being a scientist can be very different, yet the two are so intertwined in a scientist's life that you will certainly experience both aspects. This essay presents my perspective on how, as one who loves science and nature, I came to fall in love with centrosome behavior in stem cells and how I came to run a lab as a scientist. When I started, there was a big gap between my love for science and my experience as a scientist. I filled this gap by learning a “laid-back confidence.”

Im Programm des Senologiekongresses war das Symposium als „Die digitale Welt der Medizin: Senologie 4.0 – Nutzen, Chancen & Risiken”, angekündigt. Während der von Big Data und künstlicher Intelligenz erhoffte Nutzen sehr breit dargestellt wurde, kamen die potenziellen Risiken nur am Rand vor.

In the paper the definition of the fairy-tale is given and the features of the English fairy-tale are discussed. Being a game in the first place nonsense is considered to be the hallmark of the English fairy-tale. Nonsense may be considered both as a genre and as a literary device. The study is based on “The BFG”, an example of the English fairy-tale, written by the famous English writer Roald Dahl, who is known for using nonsense a lot in his works. The results of the literary and linguistic (on phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic, semantic and graphic levels) analysis of “The BFG” are presented in the article. The authors come to the conclusion that the fairy-tale by Roald Dahl cannot be considered an example of “pure nonsense” despite some features of the genre. It is found out that nonsense as a literary device in the fairy-tale is based on the principles of the language game on all language levels. The fact that the book is written for children is reflected in the language of “The BFG”. The main character’s speech reminds of children’s speech which is characterised by the language game.

Durch Industrie 4.0 entsteht Big Data, oft auch als neues Öl des digitalen Zeitalters tituliert. Analog zum Öl können diese Daten jedoch nur in aufbereiteter Form sinnvoll genutzt werden. Eine Möglichkeit der Big-Data-Raffination ist das Forecasting. Der Beitrag diskutiert, wie Forecasting in Zeiten der Industrie 4.0 Nutzen stiften kann, aber auch, wo Gefahren und damit Grenzen eines „Forecasting 4.0“ liegen.

Zusammenfassung. Die Erforschung extremistischer Radikalisierung hat durch digitale Verhaltensspurdaten, wie z. B. Social-Media-Posts oder öffentlich zugänglichen Medien, einen neuen Auftrieb erfahren. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Big Data als „epistemologische Revolution“ angesehen wird, liefert die vorliegende systematische Literaturübersicht einen Überblick darüber, (i) welche Ziele, Datenquellen und Methoden im Rahmen von Spurdatenstudien in der Radikalisierungsforschung gewählt werden, illustriert exemplarisch einige Ergebnisse dieser Studien und (ii) analysiert welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zu traditionellen Studien wie Fragebogen- oder Experimentalstudien bestehen. Grundlage für den Überblick liefern 63 Studien, von denen allerdings nur eine geringe Anzahl (k = 18) digitale Verhaltensspurdaten nutzten, während der Großteil aus traditionellen Zugängen (k = 52) besteht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Spurdatenstudien größtenteils darauf abzielten, Personen mit radikalen Einstellungen zu identifizieren und die Entwicklung radikaler Ansichten vorherzusagen. Insgesamt eröffnen sich durch Verhaltensspurdaten bisher ungenutzte Potentiale für die Analyse von Persönlichkeitsprofilen und die Untersuchung dynamischer sozialer Interaktionen derjenigen, die anfällig für extremistische Rekrutierung sind.

Durch zunehmend preiswertere Geräte, günstige Internettechnologien, hochleistungsfähige mobile Geräte sowie Low-Cost-Sensoren hat sich die Menge von vernetzten Geräten drastisch erhöht und wächst weiter. Diese Geräte generieren enorme Datenmengen, die in Echtzeit überall im Unternehmen oder sogar unternehmensübergreifend verfügbar sein sollen. Die Nutzung großer Datenmengen in neuen Geschäftsmodellen und zur Optimierung von Produkten und Produktion wird auch als vierte industrielle Revolution (Industrie 4.0) bezeichnet [1]. Große Datenmengen in Echtzeit global im Unternehmen verfügbar zu machen ist eine Anforderung für die sich herkömmliche IT-Systeme und Tools für industrielle Datensammlung, -transport, -speicherung und -analyse nur bedingt eignen. Dieser Beitrag stellt eineoffene Big-Data-Plattform auf Basis aktueller Technologien, Umsetzungen und Konzepten wie der OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA), der Industrie-4.0-Verwaltungsschale, Apache Kafka und verteilten Datenanalyseframeworks wie Apache Spark vor.

Ashton and Lee argue that Honesty should be added to the Big Five model of personality as a sixth factor, and present a theoretical framework for interpreting Big Five factors and Honesty that helps make sense of the proposed six‐factor structure. The attempt by Ashton and Lee to go beyond the Big Five is applauded, but numerous problems are evident. Adding Honesty to the Big Five is plausible only if one ignores key assumptions that the Big Five model consists of independent factors that are candidates for pervasive lexical universals. The proposal does not take into account significant deviations from the Anglo‐Germanic Big Five that have occurred in emic studies of languages having their origin outside of northern Europe, nor potential substantive interpretations of the widely replicated Negative Valence factor. Future studies should seek improvements or alternatives to the Big Five in a way that keeps constituent factors well discriminated from one another and enhances the likelihood of ubiquity across diverse languages and cultures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Potenziale und Risiken von Big Data für das Leitmedium Fernsehen. Er nimmt dabei eine betont kritisch-normative Perspektive aus Sicht der Medienökonomie ein und analysiert diese anhand des Beispiels Konvergenzfernsehen. Eine der vielen Dimensionen von Big Data ist nämlich die Analyse des Nutzungsverhaltens einer Vielzahl von Konsumenten. Big Data-Dienste verwenden die Analyseergebnisse nicht nur dazu, individuelle Filmempfehlungen zu geben, sondern entscheiden vielmehr darüber, welche Inhalte überhaupt in das Portfolio eines Anbieters aufgenommen bzw. produziert werden. Auch wenn diese Dienste zu einer Optimierung von TV-Vermarktung führen, ist bis heute umstritten, inwiefern Big Data auch Mehrwert für Nutzer generiert. Auf der Sollseite stehen Überwachung, die Frageder Individualisierung und Rationalisierung des Konsums und generell die Kommodifizierung des Mediums.

In personalwirtschaftlich motivierten Studien müssen oftmals Persönlichkeitsmerkmale berücksichtigt werden. Die validierten Standardinstrumente der Persönlichkeitspsychologie sind aufgrund ihres Umfangs nur bedingt für diesen Zweck geeignet. Wir berichten über die Adaption eines englischsprachigen Kurzinstruments zur Messung der Big Five. Das übertragene Messinstrument wird an einer studentischen Stichprobe validiert, wozu wir neben klassischen Item- und Skalenanalysen sowie explorativen Faktorenanalysen konfirmatorische Multitrait-Multimethod-Matrizen einsetzen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass das Messinstrument mit relativ geringem Aufwand einsetzbar ist und den Gütemaßen der klassischen Testtheorie entspricht.

Obwohl das Konstrukt „Overexcitability” („Übersensibilität”) aktuell vermehrt thematisiert wird, existieren nur wenige Validitätsbefunde. Darüber hinaus fehlt im deutschen Sprachraum bislang ein psychometrisch überprüftes Erfassungsverfahren. Bei drei Stichproben von Schülerinnen und Schülern der neunten bis elften Jahrgangsstufen wurde eine deutsche Version des im englischen Sprachraum zwar häufig verwendeten, jedoch psychometrisch nur unzureichend überprüften „Overexcitability Questionnaire-Two” (OEQII; 50 Items) von Falk, Lind, Miller, Piechowski und Silverman (1999) eingesetzt. Nach der Eliminierung von 18 ungeeigneten Items konnten die fünf OEQII-Skalen (emotionale, imaginative, psychomotorische, sensorische, intellektuelle Übersensibilität) faktorenanalytisch bestätigt werden, ihre psychometrischen Kennwerte waren zufriedenstellend. Als Validitätshinweise wurden Korrelationen zur allgemeinen Intelligenz, zu Schulnoten, den Big Five und zu Temperamentsskalen analysiert sowie Geschlechtsunterschiede betrachtet. Es ergaben sich nur sehr schwache Hinweise auf konvergent-divergente Validitäten. Die Brauchbarkeit des Konstrukts „Übersensibilität” bleibt fraglich.

ZusammenfassungTaucht das Wort „Wissenschaft“ im Zusammenhang mit Big Data auf, denkt man zumeist an Wissenschaftler, die durch findige Analysen treffsichere Prognosen über zukünftige Entwicklungen, Ereignisse und Handlungen fällen – oder aber mit chirurgischer Präzision Verhalten beeinflussen, wie etwa vom erfolgreichen Wahlkampf Donald Trumps kolportiert. Allerdings sind Wissenschaftler längst nicht mehr nur Agenten in Big-Data-Szenarien, sondern auch Objekte. Die Vermessung der Wissenschaft erfolgt heute nicht allein anhand simpler Zitationszählungen oder erwirtschafteter Projektgelder: Kommerzielle Akteure schicken sich an, ein ganzes Betriebssystem inklusive integrierter Werkzeuge zu schaffen, das unablässig Verhalten von Wissenschaftlern und Performanz von Wissenschaft protokolliert. Der Beitrag illustriert am Wandel des früheren Verlagshauses Elsevier zum Research Intelligence Provider exemplarisch, wie Wissenschaft selbst in den Fokus von Big Data gerät und wie eine Big-Data-gesteuerte Wissenschaft aussehen könnte.

›Industrie 4.0‹ steht inzwischen auch für eine fortschreitende Verfügbarkeit von ›Big Data‹ und den Zugriff auf mitarbeiterbezogen Daten sowie der Möglichkeit, diese maschinell zu aggregieren, analysieren und auszuwerten. Das hat nicht nur einen Wandel in der Produktion zur Folge, sondern führt auch zu tiefgreifenden Veränderungen hinsichtlich des Faktors ›Arbeit‹ und das vor allem auf der Ebene der Beschäftigten: ›Hybride‹ Arbeitsumgebungen werden geschaffen, Arbeitsabläufe werden von Sensorik dokumentiert und überwacht. Die Regulierbarkeit der individuellen Arbeitskraft durch die kontinuierliche Messbarkeit ihrer ›Performance‹ haben eine Effizienzsteigerung, mehr ›Agilität‹ und bessere ›Anpassungsfähigkeit‹ zum Ziel. Hinzutritt, dass sich diese neuen Technologien auch in anderen Unternehmensbereichen etablieren, bspw. in der Personalrekrutierung, -optimierung und -rationalisierung. Mitbestimmung und Interessenvertretung der Beschäftigten erscheinen unter diesen Verhältnissen zunehmend erschwert, denn die ›datengetriebenen Verfahren‹ bleiben häufig intransparent. Außerdem benötigen betrieblichen Mitbestimmungsakteur*innen ein umfassendes Wissen, um die Datenanalyse nachvollziehen und so ungewollte Folgen frühzeitig erkennen zu können. Im folgenden Artikel sollen die Herausforderungen von KI und Machine Learning anhand von Beispielen aus dem Personalmanagement aufgezeigt und die Möglichkeiten für die betriebliche Mitbestimmung erörtert werden.

This essay puts the Queensferry Crossing in the context of the earlier bridges across the Forth, notably the Forth Road Bridge. The earlier bridges were British-designed and British-built from mainly British materials. The Queensferry Crossing is not. Indeed, it might be seen as a reproach to what is left of Britain's industrial culture. It begs questions. Why is our share of the consortium so paltry? Why did British suppliers fail to win any of the big contracts? Are we lacking in the kind of skills the project needed?

With the increase of power and reduction of cost of GPU accelerated processors a corresponding interest in their uses in the scientific domain has spurred. OSG users are no different and they have shown an interest in accessing GPU resourcesvia their usual workload infrastructures. Grid sites that have these kinds of resources also want to make them grid available. In this talk, we discuss the software and infrastructure challenges and limitations of the OSG implementations to make GPU’s widely accessible over the grid. Two use cases are considered for this. First: IceCube, a big VO with a well-curated software stack taking advantage of GPUs with OpenCL. Second, a more general approach to supporting the grid use of industry and academia maintained machine learning libraries like Tensorflow, and Keras on the grid using Singularity.

Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der Analyse der Struktur von Ludwig Tiecks Kunstmärchen Die Elfen. Struktur wird hier nicht nur als bloße Raumkonfiguration, sondern als handlungsorientierendes und sinntragendes Textelement verstanden. Dabei wird mit einigen früheren Interpreta-tionsversuchen polemisiert, bei denen vor allem psychologische bzw. phantastische und realistische Aspekte des Märchens im Zentrum der Untersuchung stehen. Ein extra Kapitel ist der gattungstypologischen Frage nach dem eigentlichen Genre von Die Elfen gewidmet. This and other side of the river – the structure as a semantic element of Ludwig Tieck’s Die ElfenThe article is based upon the author’s structural analysis of Ludwig Tieck’s fairy-tale Die Elfen. One should bear in mind, however, that the structure of the tale represents more than a mere spatial configuration, namely that it is a significant and intrinsically meaningful element of the entire text, integral in advancing the narrative. A polemic against previous interpretations particularly those based on the psychological, fantastic or realistic aspects of the story is also included. An ancillary chapter delves in the genre-specific question: should Die Elfen be considered as a fairy tale in the original sense of the word, or is the work better defined as a short novel or “novella” which includes magical features?

In this two-part article, we reflect on the evolution of human childbirth by combining our respective expertise in folklore and interpretive anthropology (Davis-Floyd) and physiologic birth (Cheyney). In Part 1, we follow six little folkloric pigs from the beginnings of human history through to the present, adapting the well-known tale of “The Three Little Pigs and the Big Bad Wolf.” Using this tale as a metaphorical device, we explore complex relationships between humans and nature, society, and childbirth through a description of the six basic subsistence strategies humans have developed over time—foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, industrialism, and the technocracy, reflecting on how these ways of life connect to birthing practices. We argue that despite vast cultural differences in the treatment of birth—including those few cultures where solitary birth is valued—premodern, pre-industrial birthways had much in common, such as labor accompaniment, upright positions, and freedom of movement during labor and birth. These similarities were supplanted during the Industrial Revolution with the subsequent growth of technocratic societies and replaced by an also very similar set of birthing practices. However, these technocratic approaches do very little to support, and often even undermine, our evolved birthing biologies. Throughout, we use the Big Bad Wolf as a metaphor for the wild, untamed, and sometimes intense power of nature (and also of unmedicated birth), and ask, what does the Big Bad Wolf have to teach us about how we support and perform childbirth today?

Shanghai Automotive (SAIC), one of China's "Big Three" automakers, paid US$571 million in 2004 to acquire a controlling majority share in Ssangyong Motor of South Korea to help SAIC achieve its strategic objectives of developing its own passenger car brand and expanding operations internationally. This first case in the 3-case series covers the decision making leading up to the deal, signed in October 2004 and implemented in January 2005. It provides a basis for comparing modes of growth options (make, buy or ally) and the specific challenges facing Chinese firms and other newly-internationalizing firms as they go abroad. The case also generates discussion of fundamental acquisition issues: target selection, assessment and integration planning.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Interventionen zur Verbesserung der motorischen Funktionsfähigkeit sind wichtige Aspekte der Rehabilitation von Menschen mit Morbus Parkinson. Das Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG (LSVT-BIG) ist ein in der klinischen Praxis verbreitetes bewegungstherapeutisches Therapiekonzept bei M. Parkinson, dessen Wirksamkeit auf die motorische Funktionsfähigkeit unklar ist. Ziel Dieser systematische Review fasst die Studien zur Wirksamkeit des LSVT-BIG auf die motorische Funktionsfähigkeit im Vergleich zu anderen bewegungstherapeutischen Interventionen zusammen. Methode Die elektronischen Datenbanken MEDLINE, CINAHL und Cochrane Library wurden für den Publikationszeitraum 2005 bis 2017 nach randomisierten kontrollierten Studien (RCT) durchsucht, die das LSVT-BIG bei leicht bis schwer betroffenen Menschen mit idiopathischem M. Parkinson (Hoehn u. Yahr Stadium I–IV) mit anderen bewegungstherapeutischen Interventionen verglichen. Die Bewertung der methodischen Qualität der eingeschlossenen Studien erfolgte anhand der PEDro-Skala. Die eingeschlossenen Studien wurden narrativ zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse Eingeschlossen wurden 3 RCT mit moderater methodischer Qualität (PEDro-Skala: 5 – 6/10 Punkten). Zwei Studien zeigten keine Vorteile des standardisierten LSVT-BIG-Trainings gegenüber einer anderen bewegungstherapeutischen Intervention bei annähernd vergleichbaren Trainingsdosierungen. In einer Studie, die das LSVT-BIG mit anderen bewegungstherapeutischen Interventionen in anderen Trainingsdosierungen untersuchte, erwies sich das LSVT-BIG als überlegen. Schlussfolgerungen Aufgrund der geringen Studienzahl ist die Bewertung der Wirksamkeit des LSVT-BIG auf die motorische Funktionsfähigkeit nur bedingt möglich. Für eine mögliche Dose-Response-Beziehung zwischen körperlichem Training – darunter LSVT-BIG – und motorischer Funktionsfähigkeit sind mehr qualitativ hochwertige Studien notwendig.

Zusammenfassung Im vorgelegten Beitrag wird eine kritische Haltung der theoretisch orientierten Archäologie gegenüber großen Objektsammlungen und deren Auswertungen beleuchtet, die der deutschsprachigen Archäologie unter dem Begriff „Massendinghaltung“ seit einer Tagung mit dem Titel „Massendinghaltung in der Archäologie“ vom 23.–25.5.2013 bekannt ist. Der kritischen bis ablehnenden Haltung gegenüber werden im Beitrag fünf Beispiele einer Datensammlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit gegenübergestellt, die nur aufgrund umfangreicher Materialkollektionen analysiert werden konnten. So sind es zunächst verkupferte Eisenobjekte, bei denen sich zu zwei bereits bekannten Gürteldosen noch eine Fibel A VII sowie ein kleiner Eimerberlock gesellen. Sie zeigen, dass Verkupfern auch germanischen Feinschmieden möglich war. Eine Aufnahme von versteinerten Seeigeln (Echiniten) zeigt, dass solche recht seltenen Fundobjekte bislang nicht bearbeitet wurden, da sie als wenig wertvoll erscheinen und der Rechercheaufwand für diese Objekte als zu hoch angesehen werden dürfte. Als drittes Beispiel wurden die bereits bearbeiteten Knopfhenkelgefäße ausgesucht. Mit Hilfe einer datenbankgestützten Aufnahme von mittlerweile mehr als 30.000 Grabinventaren sowie weiterer Literaturrecherchen kann das bisherige Fundbild überprüft, ergänzt und gegebenenfalls auch erweitert werden. Als viertes Beispiel werden die häufig vorkommenden Bernsteinfunde vorgestellt. Sieht man von Tempelmann-Mączyńskas Arbeit über Perlen ab, wurde bislang kein Versuch unternommen, diese Objektkategorie überregional zu bearbeiten. Durch ihre Arbeit hatte man bisher einen recht leidlichen Eindruck vom Vorkommen dieser Fundkategorie, insbesondere was Deutschland anging. Die wiederholt geäußerte Ansicht, Bernstein könnten in Brandbestattungen nicht vorkommen, weil sie mit verbrannt wären, stellt sich als Topos dar. Ein deutlicher Schwerpunkt im Elb-Saale-Gebiet zeigt hier eine Region auf, die entweder als Abnehmer früh in Erscheinung treten oder gar als Zwischenhändler für die Zeit ab dem 3. Jahrhundert infrage kommen. Zu guter Letzt sind mittlerweile Dank einer großen Anzahl an Siedlungs- und vor allem Gräberfeldpublikationen statistische Auswertungen zu Bevölkerungsgrößen und demographischen Veränderungen möglich, wie an den zwei Beispielen des östlichen Holsteins und der Altmark illustriert werden kann. Umfangreiche Publikationen von Datensammlungen sind mittlerweile allgegenwärtig in der Archäologie. Neben Museen, die Teile ihrer Sammlungen der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich machen, sind auch zahlreiche spezialisierte Datenbanken, etwa zu Terra sigillaten oder Münzen, online zugänglich. In einigen Ländern, wie z. B. Norwegen, wird systematisch ein großer Teil der archäologischen Funde in einer Online-Datenbank zur weiteren Verwertung publiziert. Das automatisierte Auswerten großer unsortierter Datenmengen, das mit dem Begriff Big Data verbunden ist, wurde bereits mehrfach sinnvoll eingesetzt, wie das NEOMINE-Projekt oder das Projekt „ancient places“ der Alphabet Inc. zeigt. Eine pauschale Ablehnung großer Objekt- und Datensammlungen bleibt angesichts der Möglichkeiten und vor allem in den Naturwissenschaften bereits etablierten Methoden unverständlich und sollte zugunsten eines objektiveren und natürlich nicht unkritischen Blicks auf neue Forschungsmethoden überdacht werden.

ZusammenfassungDie Präzisionsmedizin wird – auch mit Zunahme gezielter Therapieoptionen durch Biologicals – immer mehr vorangetrieben. Die individuelle Charakterisierung einer Erkrankung auf der Grundlage von Biomarkern im weitesten Sinne ist eine grundlegende Voraussetzung hierfür. Diese Biomarker können bisher klinisch, histologisch oder molekular bestimmt werden. Die Entwicklung breiter Screening Methoden und gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit, große Datenmengen („Omics“ ) mit geeigneter Software immer besser zu analysieren, führen dazu, dass man sich nicht nur auf einzelne Biomarker beschränkt, sondern Biomarker-Signaturen darstellen kann. Die „Radiomics” finden neben „Genomics“, „Proteomics“ oder „Metabolomics” in den letzten Jahren zunehmendes Interesse und erweitern das Biomarkerfeld. Basierend auf radiologischen Bildern werden eine Vielzahl von Merkmalen mithilfe spezifischer Algorithmen extrahiert. Diese Merkmale werden mit klinischen, (immun-) histopathologischen und genomischen Daten korreliert. Erfasste Strukturunterschiede sind Bestandteil der den Bildern zugrundeliegenden unbearbeiteten Metadaten. Diese sind für das bloße Auge oft nicht sichtbar und insofern ohne spezifische Software für den Untersucher nicht zu erfassen. Sie lassen sich aber numerisch abbilden und grafisch visualisieren. Ein besonderer Reiz der „Radiomics“ ist, dass bereits routinemäßig durchgeführte Bildgebungen einen Biomarker-Charakter zeigen. Dieser hat das Potenzial, Zusatzuntersuchungen oder Biopsien idealerweise durch eine „Radiomics“ Analyse zu ersetzen. Alternativ könnten „Radiomics“-Signaturen andere Biomarker suffizient ergänzen und hierdurch eine präzisere, multimodale Aussage ermöglichen. Bisher finden Radiomics vor allem in der Onkologie solider Tumore Anwendung. Auch bei Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen wurden bereits erste vielversprechende Untersuchungen veröffentlicht.

This research studies about flouting maxim in The B.F.G movie. The research concerns on finding the flouting maxims in The B.F.G movie. This research employed mainly descriptive qualitative method to support in interpreting and analysing the data. The data of this research were utterances produced by Sophie and BFG as main characters in The B.F.G movie. The context of the research was the dialogues of the movie. The data sources of this research were The B.F.G and its script. Meanwhile, the primary instrument of this research was the researcher ourselves. The data were collected by downloading the movie and the script, watching the movie, and then collecting the data which reflects the phenomena of maxim flouting. The paper examines the use of flouts in different situations and explores in what situations the different characters flout the maxims for any conversation. The results show that there were 10 flouting maxims of quantity (42%); 10 flouting maxims of relevance (42%); 2 flouting maxims of quality (8%); and 2 flouting maxims of manner (8%). Hence the total number of flouting maxims is 24. These results suggest that the use of flouts has to do with their different personalities and communities.Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Grice’s Maxim, Flouting MaximHow to Cite: Ulfah-1, R.A.A.N.U.-1., Afrilia, R-2. (2018). An Analysis of Fluting Maxim in BFG Movie. Project, X (X), XX-XX. INTRODUCTIONCommunication is a medium to convey meaning from one to another. As stated by Yule (2006) that communication involves word recognition and meaning recognition. There could be hidden intention in some utterances. Failing to recognize those intentions may lead to misunderstanding and even a dispute. Nevertheless, listener is not always to be in guilt. Sometimes in communication, the speaker may provide incomplete or unclear utterance hence the listener found difficulties to comprehend. Thus it is claimed that language as a tool for communication serves as an instrument to maintain a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Dealing with language and communication, cooperative principle proposed by Grice serves as means to achieve effective communication. It is described that speakers and listeners must give contribution as required by each other so that both of them may come to the same understanding of the meaning they are trying to convey. Grice elaborates four conversational maxims: maxim of relevance, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. During conversation, speakers may break the rule of the maxims. The flouting of the maxims may occur in daily life or in movies. Movies as one of literary works mostly functions to entertain the audience. The flouting maxims in movies may be intentionally created to achieve the purpose of entertaining. The BFG is one fantasy adventure film released in 2016 by Walt Disney. It tells about the journey of two different species, a human (Sophie) and a giant (that Sophie called Big Friendly Giant). Since they are from different group of communities, their communication may run ineffective. This study aims at analyzing the flouting maxims occurred in The BFG movie.The Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle is the basic principle in pragmatics. The Cooperative Principle is principle of conversation that was proposed by Grice. He called The Cooperative Principle as when we try to talk to be cooperative by elevating. He says, “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange in which you are engaged.” Within this principle, he intended four maxims.(Grundy, 1998) (in Ginarsih, 2014)Grice’s MaximMaxim of RelevanceMaxim of relation: This maxim may seem clear in the first look but as Grice himself mentioned it is very difficult to define it exactly: "Though the maxim itself is terse, its formulation conceals a number of problems that exercise me a good deal: questions about what different kinds and focuses of relevance there may be, how these shift in the course of a talk exchange, how to allow for the fact that subjects of conversations are legitimately changed, and so on. I find the treatment of such questions exceedingly difficult, and I hope to revert to them in later work." Grice ( in Kheirabadi, 2012).Maxim of Quantity Maxim of quantity requires that participants of a conversation give their contribution as is required in terms of the quantity of information. To say beyond the quantity of information needed in the conversation is to break the maxim. In making their contribution to the conventional talk, participants should gauge the amount information that is really sought for and give it as much as is necessary. They should not make their contribution either more informative or less informative. (Seken, n.d.2015)Maxim of QualityMaxim of quality requires conventional participants to say things that are true or things that they believe to be true. That is, they do not say anything than they believe to be false or anything of which they do not have any evidence. In other words, to comply with this maxim, a speaker in a conventional exchange must speak on the basis of facts, or he/she must have factual evidence by which to sufficiently support what he/she says as truth. (Seken, n.d.2015)Maxim of Manner Utterances may conform to the maxims or may disobey them by infringing, opting out, and flouting or violating. The infringement of the maxims is because of the speaker‟s imperfect knowledge of linguistic. When speakers decided to be uncooperative, they opt out of observing the maxims. ( Thomas 1995 in Jafari, 2013) Maxim Flouting Flouting a maxim is the case when a speaker purposefully disobeys a maxim at the level of what is said with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature. In this case, the speaker’s choice not to observe the maxim by the words he/she utters may be related to the some motive (such as politeness, style of speaking, etc.) (Seken, n.d.2015).According to Thomas (1995:64 in Mohammed & Alduais, 2012) flouting a maxim occurs where a participant in a conversation chooses to ignore one or more of the maxims by using a conversational implicature. Ignoring maxims by using conversational implicatures means that the participant adds meaning to the literal meaning of the utterance. He further explains the conversational implicature that is added when flouting is not intended to deceive the recipient of the conversation, but the purpose is to make the recipient look for other meaning. Moreover Black (2006:25 in Mohammed & Alduais, 2012) explains that a speaker who flouts maxims is actually aware of the Cooperative Principles and the maxims. In other words, it is not only about the maxims that are broken down but that the speaker chooses an indirect way to achieve the cooperation of the communication.Types of Flouting Maxim In ( Grice’s theory in Nur & Fatmawati, 2015) there are four types of maxim flouting. They are quantity maxim flouting, quality maxim flouting, relevance maxim flouting, and manner maxim flouting. Quantity Maxim FloutingWhen a speaker flouts the maxims under the category of Quantity, she/he blatantly gives either more or less information than the situation demands.For example: A : The other giants. Are they nice, like you a nice?B : No, I regret to say that the guys would eat you alive bite. My twenty four foot, but not in Giant country, and that's where you are. In Giants country now.In the example above, it is not appropriate, because when A asks the B about another giant, B does not answer according to the question. He give more information that not needed by A.Quality Maxim Flouting Thomas (in Fami 2015:15) said that flout maxim of quality occur when the speaker say something which is blatantly untrue or for which he/she lack adequate evidence.For example:A : Not as it happens to me, it is most terrible speakB : Well, I think you speak beautifullyIn the example above, B say untrue or lie. She do this, because she doesn’t want B sad with his speaking.Relevance Maxim FloutingFlouting of maxim relevance, (Ginarsih 2014, n.d.) said that by changing the subject or by failing the address the topic directly is encountered very frequently. For example:A : You mean of my life. For the rest of my life?B : Hey, do not you cold?In this case B did not answer according to the question, B changes the topic of conversation. Manner Maxim FloutingAccording to (Ginarsih 2014, n.d.) The maxim under the category of manner is exploited by giving ambiguity and obscure expressions, failure to be brief and orderly. It is often trying to exclude a third party, as in this sort of exchange between husband and wife.A : Where are you off to?B : I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for somebody.A : OK, but don’t be long – dinner is nearly readyB speaks in an ambiguous way, saying “that funny white stuff” and“somebody”, because he is avoiding saying “ice cream” and “her/his Daugther”, so that his little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice cream before her meal. Sometimes the speakers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to make a point.Movie(Chandra Yuliasman 2014) Movie is happen based on script, but it reflect to our daily life activity mostly. That is why the researcher interested to use movie as media to increase the researcher understanding about flouting maxim. Movie also affect masses in childhood and youth. Movie is also called a film or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. Based on the theories above, the researcher chose “The BFG (Big Friendly Giant)” as the object of the research.The B.F.GThe B.F.G is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Melissa Mathison and based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. In the film, an orphan human girl be friends a benevolent giant, dubbed the "Big Friendly Giant", who takes her to Giant Country, where they attempt to stop the man-eating giants that are invading the human world. The writers chose The B.F.G, because in the film contain about friendship and courage, in that movie also have morality and ethics quotes. Steven Spielberg is known for his quality films, such as Jurrasic Park. He has also received three Oscars, and received a Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute (AFI). Steven hooked some Hollywood actresses to play in the movie B.F.G, such as: Mark Rylance (B.F.G), Ruby Barnhill (Sophie), Penelope Wilton, Jemani Clement, Rebecca Hall, Rafe Spall, and Bill Hader. Steven Spielberg films this In the premiere of premiere The BFG managed to triumph in the Top 10 Box Office by collecting revenues of USD 31 million. Although not a chance to taste the top of the Box Office but The BFG still loved by his fans, especially for lovers of fantasy and adventure movies.METHODThis research uses a descriptive qualitative method to analyse the flouting maxim in The B.F.G movie directed by Steven Spielberg. According to Holloway (in Nur & Fatmawati, n.d.) qualitative research is a form of social inquiry focusing on the interpretation of experience and the world by people.” Therefore, this research is conducted systematically through the technique of data collecting and data analysis. The data are taken from the script, the writers analysed of flouting maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner based on Grice’s theories, being used to choose the most frequently method among them, the writer used percentage category based on Multihajz’s formula, in Selvia (2014) as follows: P = Percentage F = Frequency n = Number of Maxims RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResultsThere are 24 conversations from 100 conversations that found in The B.F.G Movie between the main characters, Sophie and B.F.G that flouted the Grice’s cooperative principle. They flouted the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. In the calculation the writers employed percentage technique as described below:Table 1The Classification of Maxim:NoTypes of MaximQuantityPercentage1.The Maxim of Quantity1042 %2. The Maxim of Quality28 %3The Maxim of Relevance1042 %4The Maxim of Manner28 %Total24100 %From the classification above, it could be seen clearly that among four types of maxim in conversation between the main characters, Sophie and B.F.G in “The B.F.G” Movie, the maxim of Quantity and Relevance were the most identifiable types. First is Quantity. There are 10 conversations or cover 42 %. The second was the maxim of Relevance; there are 10 conversations or cover 42 %. The third was maxim of Quality; there are 2 conversations or cover 8 %. The fourth was the maxim of Manner; there are 2 conversations or cover 8 %. Based on the table above, here are the explanations of each maxim that the main character, Sophie and B.F.G flouted in The B.F.G Movie. The maxim of quantitySophie : The other giants. Are they nice, like you a nice?B.F.G : No, I regret to say that the guys would eat you alive bite. My twenty four foot, but not in Giant country, and that's where you are. In Giants country now.Analysis: It is not appropriate, because when Sophie asks the BFG about another giant, the BFG does not answer according to the question. He give more information that not needed by Sophie.Sophie : We can’t have secrets. I'll tell you mine. I sneak around at night too, and that still sometimes theft and lying. So I’m alone at the time. I've never had a best friend, I told you all thatB.F.G : We got over.Analysis: The BFG did not give the right reasons to reply to a statement from Sophie.Sophie : You should not let them treat you like that. You should notB.F.G : Live with nine giant eats beans. They take so I return. Murmur good dreams. It's what I can do, I do something. I do something.Analysis: The BFG ignored Sophie’s suggestion of another giant treating the BFG badly and he changed the subject.Sophie : No I’m not.B.F.G : Yes you here. If you are a human being and human being is a strawberry cream for giants. They are the prey of those giants out there, so you stay in a nice safe place right here. Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time.B.F.G : Someone called me a big, friendly giant. How should I call you? Sophie : My name is SophieAnalysis: Sophie does not understand about a nickname, so she just answers with her name only "Sophie".B.F.G: So you're an orphan?Sophie: Yes. You took me to an orphanage. You did not know?Analysis: Sophie did not give the right reasons to reply to a statement from B.F.G.B.F.G: I did not know that. Are you happy there?Sophie: No! I hate that. The lady who runs it is incompetent and she’s crazy rules and you get punish a lot.Analysis: In this conversation, Sophie should answer yes or no , because the question is are you happy there ?.Sophie : Being is not be ing .What is that green thing ?B.F.G : Frobscuttel. All giant drink frobscottel.Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time.Sophie : Where are you going now ?B.F.G : A dreams blow .It's what I do next.Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time. In this conversation Sophie asks where, it means that ask about place.Sophie : But why did you bring me here? Why did you take me?B.F.G : I had did to take you, because the first thing you, you would do spread the news you actually saw a giant and then there would be a big fuss and all human beans would be looking for the giant dresses all excited, and then I would be locked up in a cage to look at me with all the noisy hypo-fat and crocodiles and giraffes. And then there would be a huge hunt for all the boy giantsAnalysis: The BFG gives too much give reason to Sophie, should the BFG give Sophie a simple and precise reason for the question.The maxim of RelevanceSophie : Then, who are you? What kind of monster are you?B.F.G : You as me wrongAnalysis: BFG does not honestly reply to Shopie that he is a giant kind.Sophie : You mean of my life. For the rest of my life. B.F.G : Hey, do not you cold?Analysis: BFG did not answer according to the questionSophie : What did you work? B.F.G : And now she asks me to tell you very big secrets.Analysis: BFG did not answer according to the questionSophie : Flesh head ,he comes to eat me, my blood will be on your hands. B.F.G : Everything about you going against my better judgment.Analysis: BFG tries to make Shopie calm by diverting the conversationSophie : Look at all the stars! B.F.G : Often when it is clear I hear distant music living of the stars in the skyAnalysis: When Shopie wants to show something, BFG answer it with things that are not appropriate.Sophie: Really? B.F.G : You think I'm kidding, right? Analysis: BFG should simply answer "yes" or "no".Sophie : Are there bad dreams here too? B.F.G : It will a TrogglehumperAnalysis: BFG did not answer the question correctly.Sophie : Make them all happy. BFG, your father and your mother taught you about dreams? B.F.G : The Giants do not have mothers or fathers. Analysis: BFG should simply answer “has” or “has not”.Sophie : What is the Sophie’s dream? B.F.G : A golden Phizzwizard. I had not seen in a while. Analysis: BFG does not explain what dreams Sophie will experience.Sophie : You snapped me.B..F.G : Well, you are right. After all, you're just a little thing. I can’t help thinking what your poor mother and father must be …Analysis: BFG should simply answer "yes" and "no", and not discuss the unnecessaryThe maxim of QualityB.F.G : You do, you really do?Sophie : Simply beautifully.Analysis: In this situation of conversation, Sophie gives untrue respond to B.F.G or she lies, because she didn’t want make B.F.G sad with B.F.G’s sentence.B.F.G : Not as it happens to me, it is most terrible speak.Sophie : Well, I think you speak beautifully.Analysis: In this conversation, Sophie say untrue or lie. She did it, because she didn’t want B.F.G sad with his statement.The maxim of mannerSophie : Blood bottler ? B.F.G : Yes and butcherSophie : The butcher. Please don’t eat me.Analysis: BFG does not explain in detail about Bottler.Sophie : But then I wake up.B.F.G : And you wake up.Sophie : But not here.Analysis: There is no alignment in the conversationDiscussionThe writer found total numbers of flouting maxim that produce by main character in “The B.F.G” movie those were 24 utterances. Then divided into four types of flouting, they were quality which had 10 data or 42%, quantity had 2 data or 8%, relevance had 10 data or 42% and manner had 2 data or 8%. Thus the most frequent category of flouting maxim produce is the main character was maxim of quality and maxim of relevance. It means that in this movie, The BFG tended to conduct his flouted utterance for move the conversations. CONCLUSIONThe aim of this research is to find out the flouting maxim by the main characters in “The B.F.G” movie. The result show the most frequent category of flouting maxim by the main character was quality and relevance. It indicates that based on the maxim of quantity, there are some conversations that giving more or less information. Based on the semantics theory it is wrong, because giving more information than the need is flouting the maxim of quantity. For the maxim of relevance, there are some conversations that are not relevance, it is related with Ginarsih statement relevance maxim flouting by changing the subject or by failing the address the topic directly is encountered very frequently. There are only two flouting maxims of quality and manner was less frequent. It indicates mostly the conversation in The B.F.G movie is cooperative. It is different with the previous study, from Iniyanti, A et.al (2014) they found two flouting maxims, there are: maxim of relation and maxim of manner. And from Al-Qaderi (2015) he found that the maxim of quantity was most frequently flouted.After the research, the researcher took a conclusion that even the famous movie, the flouting maxims are can’t be avoid. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPlace Acknowledgments, including information on the source of any financial support received for the work being published. Place Acknowledgments, including information on the source of any financial support received for the work being published.

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