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Journal articles on the topic 'Tamarind shell'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 13 July 2025

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1

Verma, Karishma, Suchita V. Gupta, Bhagyashree N. Patil, and S. D. Jadhao. "Evaluation of textural and mechanical properties of tamarind." Journal of Applied Horticulture 27, no. 01 (2025): 61–65. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.12.

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This study investigated the textural and mechanical properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica), including all parts such as shell, pods and pulp. The tamarind underwent various tests, including the compression test, cutting test, and textural profile analysis (TPA). Textural attributes including hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience were analyzed which provides a detailed understanding of the sensory characteristics of tamarind. Standardized testing methods were used to assess the mechanical properties and illustrate significant insights into the structural integrity of tamarind. The findings indicated the variability in texture and mechanical behaviour between different parts of tamarind. This data is valuable because of its application in designing food processing machinery and product development. The highest peak force required to break the shell was 2383.809 N and the force required to cut through the pulp was 14765.195 g indicating significant resistance to deformation. The mechanical properties of the shell of tamarind help in designing suitable packaging that protects the tamarind during transportation and handling, preventing damage and spoilage. The tamarind pod demonstrated a tough texture due to the presence of seed inside the pulp and moderate adhesiveness, good springiness, and cohesiveness, contributing to chewiness and resilience. The pulp exhibited firmness, moderate adhesiveness, elasticity, and chewiness, ensuring solid texture and mouthfeel quality.

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Ku Ahmad, Ku Zarina, Abbas Harun, Mohd Khairul Faidzi, Raja Nor Othman, and A. A. Kamarolzaman. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy/Tamarind Shell Composite." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si4, no. 1 (2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-si4(1)-11.

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This study explores the potential of tamarind shells as a filler in epoxy composites. The tamarind shells were collected from local supply and processed by washing it repeatedly using distilled water. The tamarind shells were dried and crushed to form fine particles. Epoxy composites were produced by mixing epoxy and hardenerwith varying (25,40,50,60) wt % of tamarind shells powder to achieve the desired properties. The samples underwent density test, flexural test, hardness test, thermal stability test, and morphology in order to analyse the mechanical and thermal properties of the samples. With the addition of tamarind shell particle, hardness and flexural strength show improvement about ~ 80% and 147%, respectively. However, density and thermal stability show decrement in value.

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3

Srinivas, K. R. "Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Tamarind Shell Particles as Filler in Epoxy Composite." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT) 3, no. 3 (2017): 40–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.439655.

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<em>This paper explores the potential of tamarind shell particles as a filler in epoxy composites. The tamarind shell particles reinforced epoxy composites plates were prepared by varying both tamarind shell particle and epoxy volume percentage. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, deflection, impact, hardness and specific gravity are evaluated for different composition of composite plates.This paper explores the potential of tamarind shell particles as a filler in epoxy composites. The tamarind shell particles reinforced epoxy composites plates were prepared by varying both tamarind shell particle and epoxy volume percentage. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, deflection, impact, hardness and specific gravity are evaluated for different composition of composite plates.</em>

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4

Bidyalakshmi, Thingujam, Thongam Sunita, Shaghaf Kaukab, and Y. Ravi. "Engineering Properties, Processing and Value Addition of Tamarind: A Review." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 14, Nov, 11 (2023): 1530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.4872a.

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Tamarind is widely consumed as fruit and spices in India. Tamarind contains pulp, seeds, shell and fibres. The pulp, which makes up between 30 and 50% of the mature fruit, is rich in reducing sugars, pectin, protein, fiber, and cellulose substances. Study of various physical engineering properties such as moisture content, fruit size, length, width, thickness, and weight (pulp, seed, shell, etc.) is important for designing the post-harvest machineries of tamarind. Major unit operations for processing of tamarind includes drying, dehulling, deseeding, pressing and storage. Traditional and mechanical approaches are used for these operations. Mechanical approaches of tamarind processing are carried out by dehuller and deseeder machinery. One of the crucial unit procedures in the processing of tamarind is deseeding which can be done by deseeder, mechanically. Processing of raw tamarind into value-added goods may increase its worth in addition to increase in shelf life. Additionally, it boosts the income of producers and processors. Value added products of tamarind are pulp, tamarind juice concentrate, tamarind pulp powder, tamarind pickle, tamarind jam, tamarind syrup, tamarind candy, tamarind kernel powder, dried fruit block, tamarind chutney and beverages. Tamarind is also rich in major amino acids phytochemicals and hence it carries the properties of antidiabetic, antibacterial, antivenomic, antioxidant. This paper provides an overview of the engineering properties, processing technologies, value added products, technologies and machineries developed/available for tamarind and its health benefits which will further help in machinery, protocol, technology and product design and development.

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5

Jagruti, S. Vaza, and A. Bhalerao Satish. "Removal of Hexavalent chromium by using citric acid modified Tamarind pod shell powder Tamarindus indica L." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 1 (2018): 200–215. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18933.

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Removal of the hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was carried out using citric acid modified Tamarind pod shell powder Tamarindus indica L. .The modified biosorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope SEM and X ray diffraction XRD techniques. The effect of solution pH, biosorbent dose, initial concentration of hexavalent chromium solution, contact time, temperature and agitation rate was investigated in a systematic manner. Experimental data were analyzed by kinetic parameters such as pseudo first order and pseudo second order models and found that the biosorption of hexavalent chromium onto biosorbent, followed pseudo second order kinetic model by its good correlation coefficient value which is very close to the unity. The equilibrium data were analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Among these adsorption isotherm models Langmuir model was fitted well with its good correlation coefficient and value. The results concluded that the modified Tamarind pod shell powder Tamarindus indica L. was an efficient, eco friendly, and economically low cost biodsorbent which was used in the removal of hexavalent chromium from the aqueous medium. Jagruti S. Vaza | Satish A. Bhalerao "Removal of Hexavalent chromium by using citric acid modified Tamarind pod shell powder (Tamarindus indica L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18933.pdf

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Srinivas, K. R., Achamyeleh Tariku, B. Somanath, and K. B4 Murali. "Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Tamarind Shell Particles as Filler in Epoxy Composite." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT) 3, no. 3 (2017): 40–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.439088.

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This paper explores the potential of tamarind shell particles as a filler in epoxy composites. The tamarind shell particles reinforced epoxy composites plates were prepared by varying both tamarind shell particle and epoxy volume percentage. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, deflection, impact, hardness and specific gravity are evaluated for different composition of composite plates.

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7

Abdulmajid, Abdullahi, Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon, Afidah Abdul Rahim, and M. Hazwan Hussin. "Physicochemical studies of tamarind shell tannins as a potential green rust converter." BioResources 14, no. 3 (2019): 6863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6863-6882.

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The characterization of tamarind shell tannins for potential use in rust transformation was studied. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and phytochemical assays were applied to examine tamarind shell tannins. The analyses revealed that the methanol extract of tamarind shell (TME) was rich in phytochemical compounds, compared to that of aqueous acetone extract of tamarind shell (TAE). Furthermore, the FTIR and NMR studies confirmed the presence of tannins. The FTIR study on the performance of tamarind shell tannins on rust treatment via the effects of concentration, pH, and reaction time was evaluated. The FTIR spectra revealed that the percentage rust transformation (RT %) was in the order of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) > magnetite (Fe3O4) > goethite (α-FeOOH). Meanwhile, the results obtained revealed that lepidocrocite peaks completely disappeared, and magnetite peaks reduced intensity up to 95.83 RT % for TME and 94.75 RT % for TAE. The TME was the best rust converter at 7% concentration.

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Vidal-Tovar, C. R., Y. Gordon-Hernández, P. J. Fragoso-Castilla, C. A. Gutierrez De Piñeres, and G. E. Angulo-Blanquicett. "Production of an electrolyte drink from the use of tamarind fruit (Tamarindus indica L.)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1253, no. 1 (2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1253/1/012005.

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Abstract The tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), is from the legume family and is native to the tropics. The fruit is curved, which the shell is bright brown and its flattened oval seeds, joined together by fibers. It is a highly rustic fruit tree, since it can thrive in poor or marginalized soils, with little or no irrigation and minimal care, in relation to other tropical fruit trees. The objective of this work was to establish the formulation process to obtain a hydrating drink based on Tamarindus indica L., To obtain the drink, the following formulations were made; formulation 1 (6% tamarind pulp - 94% H2O), formulation 2 (9% tamarind pulp - 91% H2O) and formulation 3 (12% tamarind pulp - 88% H2O), keeping the amounts of electrolytes and carbohydrates constant added to the formulation. As the main result for the formulation of the drink, there is the following sequence: Harvesting of the fruit, Selection and classification of the raw material, Pulping, Storage of the pulp, Formulation, Mixing, Pasteurization, Packaging and Storage.

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Pratama, Deska Rizki, Aidha Sekar Berutu, Fahrizal Husin, Maychel Yohana Panjaitan, and Taslim. "Inovasi Edible Coating Buah Mangga Berbasis Kitosan Kulit Udang dengan Aditif Ekstrak Daun Asam Jawa sebagai Antimikroba." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 14, no. 1 (2025): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v14i1.19093.

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Edible coating is a thin layer that can be consumed which protects the surface of the fruit from environmental influences. This study evaluates the effectiveness of shrimp shell chitosan-based edible coating with tamarind leaf extract as an antimicrobial, along with glycerol and tween 80, in preserving mango quality during 15 days of storage. The variables evaluated were the concentration of tamarind leaf extract (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) and mango storage duration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days). While the amount of chitosan used was constant. The parameters measured included total microbial count, weight loss, fruit skin color, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and vitamin C content. The results showed that the combination of shrimp shell chitosan and tamarind leaf extract as an antimicrobial significantly reduced the degradation of mango quality, with the 0.5% concentration of tamarind leaf extract being the most effective in maintaining quality and extending shelf life of mango until 15 days.

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10

V, Mohanavel, Suresh Kumar S, Ravichandran M, Rajkumar Sivanraju, Palanivel Velmurugan, and Ram Subbiah. "Influence of Nanofillers on the Mechanical Characteristics of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 12513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.12513ecst.

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For the first time, natural fibers are being considered as a viable alternative to traditional synthetic fibers. These bio-composites were created using epoxy resin, nano-sized fine nano-tamarind shell ash particles, and water hyacinth fibers in this experimental work. Nano tamarind shell ash particles (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt. percent) were mixed with epoxy resin and water hyacinth fibers to create six different composite mates by the compression moulding machine. The composite specimens are prepared from the mats using the water jet machining method, according to ASTM specifications. Mechanical properties of composite specimens have been determined using tensile, flexural, and impact tests under standard testing circumstances. According to the test results, the composites with nano tamarind shell ash particles in the weight percentage of five percent greatly improve their tensile and flexural capabilities. Increased incorporation of fine nano tamarind shell ash particles in composite specimens has reduced their impact energy and impact strength.

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11

Li, Weixi, Rongping Huang, Shaocong Han, et al. "Potential of Tamarind Shell Extract against Oxidative Stress In Vivo and In Vitro." Molecules 28, no. 4 (2023): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041885.

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Tamarind shell is rich in flavonoids and exhibits good biological activities. In this study, we aimed to analyze the chemical composition of tamarind shell extract (TSE), and to investigate antioxidant capacity of TSE in vitro and in vivo. The tamarind shells were extracted with 95% ethanol refluxing extraction, and chemical constituents were determined by ultra-performance chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The free radical scavenging activity of TSE in vitro was evaluated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. The antioxidative effects of TSE were further assessed in 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-stimulated ADTC5 cells and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-exposed zebrafish. A total of eight flavonoids were detected in TSE, including (+)-catechin, taxifolin, myricetin, eriodictyol, luteolin, morin, apigenin, and naringenin, with the contents of 5.287, 8.419, 4.042, 6.583, 3.421, 4.651, 0.2027, and 0.6234 mg/g, respectively. The ORAC assay revealed TSE and these flavonoids had strong free radical scavenging activity in vitro. In addition, TSE significantly decreased the ROS and MDA levels but restored the SOD activity in AAPH-treated ATDC5 cells and t-BHP-exposed zebrafish. The flavonoids also showed excellent antioxidative activities against oxidative damage in ATDC5 cells and zebrafish. Overall, the study suggests the free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant potential of TSE and its primary flavonoids in vitro and in vivo and will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of tamarind shell.

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12

Murugan, Giri, Ganesh Babu Loganathan, G. Sivaraman, C. Shilaja, and S. Mayakannan. "Compressive Behavior of Tamarind Shell Powder and Fine Granite Particles Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Based Hybrid Bio-Composites." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 7111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.7111ecst.

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Nowadays, hybrid bio-composites are being developed by combining different natural resources as reinforcement and filler components, and this has raised their necessary qualities dramatically. An epoxy resin matrix for compressive qualities was tested experimentally with the inclusion of fine granite powder and tamarind shell powder particles. As reinforcement materials, fine granite powder and tamarind shell powder are employed. Specimens of hybrid bio-composite were created by altering the reinforcement material weight % while maintaining the epoxy resin weight percentage the same. Utilizing a compression moulding process, composite boards made of hybrid biomaterials were created. Water jet machining is used to remove hybrid bio-composite specimens for compression tests in accordance with ASTM standards from the hybrid bio-composite boards. When fine granite and tamarind shell powder particles are added to the epoxy resin matrix, experimental results show that compressive characteristics of the hybrid bio-composites are greatly improved.

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13

Vaza, Jagruti S., and Satish A. Bhalerao. "Removal of Hexavalent chromium by using citric acid modified Tamarind pod shell powder Tamarindus indica L." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-1 (2018): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18933.

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14

Patel, Himanshu, and R. T. Vashi. "Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye onto Tamarind Seed Powder." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2010): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/143439.

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The present investigation describes adsorption of crystal violet dye from its aqueous solution onto tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell powder. Initial concentration, agitation speed and pH with various temperature have been studied, in which pH was found to be most effective. The adsorption data were mathematically analyzed using adsorption isotherm like Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm to study adsorption mechanism of crystal violet onto this seed powder. Freundlich isotherm was found to be most applicable. The equilibrium data were applied to intra-particle diffusion and adsorption kinetics. The reaction was found to be pseudo second order.

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Wuntu, Audy D., and Vanda S. Kamu. "ADSORPSI ASETON PADA ARANG AKTIF BIJI ASAM JAWA." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 15, no. 1 (2011): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.11.2.2011.203.

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ADSORPSI ASETON PADA ARANG AKTIF BIJI ASAM JAWA Audy D. Wuntu1) dan Vanda S. Kamu1); e-mail: untudenny@yahoo.com1)Program Studi Kimia FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado, 95115 ABSTRAK Telah diteliti adsorpsi aseton pada arang aktif yang dibuat dari biji asam jawa (Tamarindus indica) yang diaktivasi dengan NaCl. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan parameter adsorpsi, yaitu kapasitas dan energi adsorpsi. Parameter tersebut dihitung dari persamaan regresi linear yang diperoleh dari data adsorpsi aseton pada arang aktif dalam sistem tertutup yang dianalisis menggunakan model isotherm adsorpsi Dubinin-Raduskevich. Sebagai pembanding, prosedur yang sama diterapkan pada arang aktif komersil yang terbuat dari tempurung kelapa. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas adsorpsi aseton pada arang aktif yang dibuat dari biji asam jawa (6,85x10-2 cm3/g) lebih rendah dari kapasitas adsorpsi aseton pada arang aktif komersil (8,98x10-2 cm-3/g). Kecenderungan yang sama teramati juga pada nil;ai energy adsorpsi, yaitu 7,69 kJ/mol pada arang aktif biji asam jawa dan 8,08 kJ/mol pada arang aktif komersil. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas arang aktif biji asam jawa, perlu dilakukan perbaikan dalam proses pembuatan arang aktif preparasi. Kata kunci: adsorpsi, asam jawa, karbon aktif ACETONE ADSORPTION ON TAMARIND SEED ACTIVATED CARBON ABSTRACT The adsorption of acetone on activated carbon prepared from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed activated with NaCl was investigated. The investigation was aimed to calculate the adsorption parameters which were adsorption capacity and energy of acetone on the adsorbent. The parameters were calculated using linear regression equation derived from data of acetone adsorption on the activated carbon in a closed system which was analyzed using Dubinin-Raduskevich adsorption isotherm model. As a comparison, the same procedure was performed on commercial coconut shell activated carbon. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of acetone on tamarind seed activated carbon (6.85x10-2 cm3/g) was lower than that on commercial one (8.98x10-2 cm3/g). The similar trend was observed in the adsorption energy values which were 7.69 kJ/mol on tamarind seed activated carbon and 8.08 kJ/mol on commercial activated carbon. It was suggested that the preparation of tamarind seed to produce activated carbon should be improved. Keywords : adsorption, tamarind, activated carbon

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G. Laharia, Pranjali, Ujwal A. Raut, Hrishika Rajiv, S. G. Bharad, and Rutuja Deshmukh. "Genetic Variability for Physical Parameters among Identified Distinct Genotypes of Tamarind." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (2024): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1310.005.

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An investigation entitled “Genetic variability for physical parameters among identified distinct genotypes of tamarind” was conducted at the Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during the years 2023-2024 with objectives to evaluate the different tamarind genotypes based on physical parameters. Fourteen genotypes were used in the study. Ripe fruits were harvested from specific tamarind trees, and among studied genotypes AKCHT-11 was found to be the superior genotype in pod length (cm), width (cm), and thickness (cm), as well as the highest pod weight (g), pulp weight (g), shell weight (g), rag weight (g), seed weight (g) and pulp recovery (%). The maximum number of pods/ kg and highest pulp to seed ratio are observed in the genotype AKCHT-6. The highest pulp to shell ratio is observed in the variety Pratishthan. The higher number of seeds per pod and yield per plant (kg) recorded in AKCHT-12 genotype.

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Popuri, Srinivasa Rao, Ajithapriya Jammala, Kachireddy Venkata Naga Suresh Reddy, and Krishnaiah Abburi. "Biosorption of hexavalent chromium using tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell-a comparative study." Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (2007): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2225/vol10-issue3-fulltext-11.

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18

A., Mayavel, Padmanaban J., Nicodemus A., et al. "Genetic variability and association analyses of morphological and biochemical traits in Tamarindus indica L. clones." Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 15, no. 4 (2024): 801–9. https://doi.org/10.37992/2024.1504.096.

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The study aimed to investigate the genetic variability and association of morphological and biochemical characters of 60 different Tamarind clones. The experiment was conducted in 10-year-old germplasm bank of Tamarind at ICFRE-IFGTB Field Research Station, Kurumbapatti, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among clones for the morphological and biochemical characters. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for the parameters like annual yield per tree, fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, shell weight, vein weight, number of seeds per fruit, fruit length, fruit thickness, fruit width and total sugar content. High broad-sense heritability and high genetic advance per cent mean were recorded for annual yield per tree, tree height, number of primary branches, fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, shell weight, vein weight, number of seeds per fruit, fruit length, fruit thickness, fruit width, ascorbic acid, total acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and protein. Phenotypic path analysis highlighted positive direct effect of fruit weight, pulp weight and seed weight on annual yield per tree. Mahalanobis D-square analysis clustered the 60 tamarind clones into ten groups with higher inter-cluster distances highlighting the substantial genetic diversity present among the genetic resources. This comprehensive assessment provides insights for the genetic improvement of tamarind, aiding in the selection of superior genotypes for breeding programs.

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Yuttapong Dumpan, Juntakan Taweekun, and Kittinan Maliwan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Giant Sour Tamarind Fruit Shell by KOH Activation." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engieering 20, no. 1 (2024): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/armne.20.1.5158.

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Activated carbon, recognized for its high porosity and adsorption capabilities, finds widespread applications in water purification, air filtration, and energy storage. This study investigated the synthesis of activated carbon from giant sour tamarind fruit shell, an agricultural waste by-product, employing a two-step chemical activation process with potassium hydroxide (KOH) at varying activation temperatures (600, 700, and 800 °C). The BET surface area, pore volume, adsorption average pore diameter, pore size distribution, and adsorption isotherm were examined to characterize the properties of the giant sour tamarind fruit shell activated carbon. Results indicate that the activated carbon obtained at 800 °C exhibited the highest BET surface area (572.61 m²/g) and total pore volume (0.2563 cm³/g), coupled with the smallest adsorption average pore diameter (1.79 nm). The adsorption isotherm displayed characteristics of Types I/IV, suggesting a micro-mesoporous carbon structure.

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Cruz Montesinos, Mariana, Elias Ricardo Neria Padilla, Christopher González Pérez, and Jonás Jiménez Soto. "Elaboración y evaluación de galletas enriquecidas con fibra proveniente de la cáscara del fruto de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica)." Alimentación y Ciencia de los Alimentos 5, no. 5 (2024): 04–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/rayca.v5i5.55.

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Jalisco es uno de los estados con mayor producción de tamarindo a nivel nacional. El 16% del tamarindo es cascara la cual se desecha durante la producción de alimentos a base del mismo. Existe la tendencia hacia alimentos ricos en fibra. La fibra insoluble ayuda a prevenir enfermedades gastrointestinales. La cáscara de tamarindo aporta una cantidad significativa de fibra. Objetivo: Elaborar una galleta enriquecida con la fibra proveniente de la cáscara de tamarindo. Material y métodos: Tipo de investigación experimental, cuantitativa y descriptiva. Se elaboraron galletas de mantequilla, se realizaron análisis bromatológicos en los laboratorios de gastronomía y fisicoquímica alimentaria, pertenecientes al Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Se aplicaron 111 evaluaciones sensoriales en la institución y en la séptima edición de Expo Imagina, en Zapopan, Jalisco, en octubre de 2023. Se realizó una prueba hedónica evaluando atributos como sabor, color, olor, textura entre otros. Resultados: Se generó una galleta de mantequilla con un 16% de cáscara. La cual aporta 10% de fibra por paquete. Teniendo una aceptación general del 81% en la evaluación sensorial. Conclusiones: La galleta obtuvo una aceptación sensorial del 80%. El aporte de fibra es equivalente a un cuarto de la ingesta diaria recomendada.

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Goudar, Santosha, Ravi Kant Jain, and Debashis Das. "Physico‐mechanical properties of tamarind pod shell‐based composite." Polymer Composites 41, no. 2 (2019): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25383.

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Sivasankar, V., S. Rajkumar, S. Murugesh, and A. Darchen. "Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell carbon: A calcium-rich promising adsorbent for fluoride removal from groundwater." Journal of Hazardous Materials 225-226 (July 2012): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.015.

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23

de Queiroga, A. X. Mesquita, O. Soares da Silva, F. Bezerra da Costa, et al. "Obtaining Food Flours through the Drying of Tamarind Fruits." Diffusion Foundations 25 (January 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.25.1.

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Tamarind is a fruit of foreign origin, more precisely African, but it has an excellent adaptation to the different types of climatic conditions in other continents. In Brazil, for example, it is possible to find it in several states. Although tamarind has a considerable yield on both its constituent parts, shell, pulp and seeds, and have a low purchasing power, the fruit is largely wasted and there are few in-depth studies on the same. As a way of reuse, the aim was to transform the fruit into new products, such as flours used in human food. The objective of this study was to make the drying of the tamarind fruits to obtain the ideal characteristics for the development of a food flour and to evaluate the physical-chemical quality and to determine the bioactive compounds of the tamarind flour. Drying was done at 60 °C in a greenhouse, during different drying periods, which varied according to each part of the fruit, after which the flours were elaborated and characterized for the physicochemical and bioactive parameters. In the physico-chemical characterization, a good presence of proteins in the seed flour (7.09%), low sugar content in the pulp flour (0.74%), good values for lipids in the seed flour (3, 41%) and good ash values in the bark flour (2.69%). In general, the flour besides proteins had a good source of energy and minerals. Among the bioactive compounds present in the tamarind flour were the high contents of phenolic compounds (1564.9 mg/100g), vitamin C (80.95%), lycopene (89.62 mg/g), flavonoids (20.44 mg/100g) and anthocyanins (12.84mg / 10g) in the seed flour, carotenoids (20.80 mg/g) in the pulp flour. In general, flours produced from tamarind had excellent characteristics for the preparation of bakery products.

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Aruchamy, Karthik, Manickaraj Karuppusamy, Sivasankari Krishnakumar, et al. "Enhancement of mechanical properties of hybrid polymer composites using palmyra palm and coconut sheath fibers: The role of tamarind shell powder." BioResources 20, no. 1 (2024): 698–724. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.1.698-724.

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This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical characteristics of hybrid polymer composites reinforced with palmyra palm leaflet (PPL) and coconut sheath leaf (CSL) fibers by integrating tamarind shell powder as a filler material. The composites were fabricated with varying ratios of PPL and CSL fibers, and their tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact strength, hardness, and water absorption were evaluated. The composite with 20% PPL and 10% CSL exhibited superior mechanical performance, achieving the highest tensile strength of 42 MPa, flexural strength of 94 MPa, ILSS of 7.52 MPa, and impact strength of 5.98 J. Hardness values peaked at 84 SD for the same composition. Moreover, the integration of tamarind shell powder significantly improved the mechanical properties compared to composites without filler, which showed lower values across all parameters. Water absorption tests revealed an increase in water uptake with filler incorporation, though within acceptable limits for practical applications. Scanning electron microscopy supported these results by revealing enhanced fiber-matrix bonding and better dispersion of the filler, resulting in fewer voids and defects. This research highlights the potential of bio-based fillers in optimizing the mechanical performance of hybrid composites for sustainable engineering applications.

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Hemavathy E, Madhuri N, Aishnavi Iyengar C.R., Meghana K, Usha Rani R, and Varshitha N. "Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria and production of cellulase using different substrates." International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) 5, no. 2 (2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59415/ijfas.v5i2.94.

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Background and aim: Cellulase is an enzyme system that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose into reducing sugars. Cellulasesare important industrial enzymes and have wide range of applications in industries such as food, brewery, wine, paper and pulp,textile, feed, detergent, in agriculture and in the production of bioethanol. Methodology: In this work, bacteria were isolated fromcow dung and screened for the production of cellulase. Results: Highest enzyme production was shown by the isolate 10. Basedon morphological and biochemical reactions, the isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. Optimum pH and temperature for the growthof the isolate was found to be 8.0 and 40°C respectively. Different agro- based wastes such as paddy straw, wheat bran; tamarindseed powder and coconut shell powder were used as substrates for the production of cellulase by solid state fermentation. Thenovel substrates- tamarind seed powder and coconut shell powder were found to be promising substrates for the production ofcellulase. Process optimization was done for different substrate concentrations, pH and temperatures. Maximal enzyme activitywith paddy straw and wheat bran was found at 20% substrate concentration, pH 7.0 and 40°C; with tamarind seed powder, at 25%substrate concentration, pH 8.0 and 40°C; and with coconut shell powder, at 20% substrate concentration, pH 9.0 and 50°C. Partialpurification of the enzyme was carried out by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis. The activity of the precipitatedenzyme was determined by gel diffusion method and maximum enzyme activity was recorded at 40% ammonium sulfateconcentration

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Intiya, Weenusarin, Kannika Hatthapanit, Puchong Thaptong, and Pongdhorn Sae-oui. "Application of Tamarind Shell as a Green Additive in Natural Rubber." Polymers 16, no. 4 (2024): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040493.

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The feasibility of using tamarind shell as an eco-friendly additive in natural rubber (NR) was studied. Tamarind shell powder (TSP) was prepared with different particle size ranges before being characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, etc. The results of the FTIR and elemental analysis confirmed that TSP was mainly composed of amino acids (proteins), celluloses, and tannins. The thermal analysis revealed that TSP contained approximately 9% moisture, and its main constituents were stable up to 200 °C, which is higher than the normal processing temperature of rubber products. The addition of TSP to NR led to reductions in scorch time and cure time due to the presence of moisture and proteins. This phenomenon was more obvious with the decrease in TSP’s particle size. Even though the small addition of TSP (≤10 phr) did not cause any change in hardness, it significantly impaired the mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates, particularly tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance. Such deterioration depended greatly on the TSP particle size, i.e., the finest particles (S-TSP) showed the least deterioration of mechanical properties. In summary, TSP can be considered a low-cost, eco-friendly bio-additive for rubbers. Nevertheless, it must be used with great care to avoid undesirable impacts on mechanical properties.

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Bangaraiah, P. "Biosorption of Manganese using Tamarind fruit Shell Powder as a Biosorbent." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 11, no. 10 (2018): 4313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00789.8.

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Muthukumaraswamy Rangaraj, Vengatesan, Anjali Achazhiyath Edathil, Yasun Y. Kannangara, Jang-Kun Song, Mohammad Abu Haija, and Fawzi Banat. "Tamarind shell derived N-doped carbon for capacitive deionization (CDI) studies." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 848 (September 2019): 113307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113307.

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Somashekhar, T. M., Premkumar Naik, Vighnesha Nayak, Mallikappa, and S. Rahul. "Study of Mechanical Properties of Coconut Shell Powder and Tamarind Shell Powder Reinforced with Epoxy Composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 376 (June 2018): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/376/1/012105.

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vaza, Jagruti S. "Biosorption of Zinc (II) from Aqueous Solution using Tartaric Acid Modified Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica L.) Pod Shell Powder." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 1 (2019): 500–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.1085.

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Sivasankar, V., T. Ramachandramoorthy, and A. Chandramohan. "Fluoride removal from water using activated and MnO2-coated Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus indica) shell: Batch and column studies." Journal of Hazardous Materials 177, no. 1-3 (2010): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.091.

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Bangaraiah, Pagala. "Kinetic and Equilibrium Study on Biosorption of Chromium using Tamarind Fruit Shell." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 13, no. 5 (2020): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2020.00421.7.

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Al-Hadi, Majda Abdullah Ali, M. Geetha Devi, Mohammed Al-Abri, Anjali Prajith, and Khadija Ali Al Balushi. "Adsorption Studies of Tamarind Shell Carbon in the Treatment of Industrial Effluent." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 9, no. 8 (2017): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2017.2051.

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34

Purushotham, Dr G., and Yathin K. L. "Study of Mechanical Behavior for Tamarind Shell Powder and Coconut Coir Fiber Epoxy Composite for Aerospace Application." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-1 (2018): 941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd19159.

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Dr., G. Purushotham, and K. L. Yathin. "Study of Mechanical Behavior for Tamarind Shell Powder and Coconut Coir Fiber Epoxy Composite for Aerospace Application." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 1 (2018): 941–49. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd19159.

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Now a days, the natural fibres from renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to the use of glass, carbon and other man made fibres. Among various fibres, coir is most widely used natural fiber due to its advantages like easy availability, low density, low production cost and satisfactory mechanical properties. For a composite material, its mechanical behavior depends on many factors such as fiber content, orientation, types, length etc. Natural fibre composites NFC are gaining interest in manufacturing because they address some of the environmental problems of traditional composites use of non renewable resources, and large impacts related to their production and disposal. Since natural fibres are not yet optimized for composite production, it is crucial to identify the most appropriate applications, and determine the optimal fibre matrix ratio. Results from various experiments help identify the application with the largest reduction in environmental burden and show that the fibre matrix combination with the lowest environmental burden also has the best mechanical properties. Attempts have been made in this research work to study the effect of fiber loading and orientation on the physical and mechanical behavior of coconut fiber and tamarind shell powder reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites which is prepared by hand layup method with different weight proportions. Dr. G. Purushotham | Yathin K. L "Study of Mechanical Behavior for Tamarind Shell Powder and Coconut Coir Fiber Epoxy Composite for Aerospace Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19159.pdf

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Murugan, P. C., and S. Joseph Sekhar. "Investigation on the yield of producer gas from tamarind shell (Tamarindus Indica) as feedstock in an Imbert type biomass gasifier." Fuel 292 (May 2021): 120310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120310.

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37

Alagumuthu, G., V. Veeraputhiran, and M. Rajan. "Comments on “Fluoride removal from water using activated and MnO2-coated Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus indica) shell: Batch and column studies”." Journal of Hazardous Materials 183, no. 1-3 (2010): 956–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.008.

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López-González, H., J. Serrano-Gómez, M. T. Olguín, J. Hernández-López, and S. Bulbulian. "Removal of Co by carbonaceous material obtained through solution combustion of tamarind shell." International Journal of Phytoremediation 19, no. 12 (2017): 1126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1328393.

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39

Saha, Papita, Shamik Chowdhury, Suyash Gupta, Indresh Kumar, and Raj Kumar. "Assessment on the Removal of Malachite Green Using Tamarind Fruit Shell as Biosorbent." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 38, no. 5-6 (2010): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200900234.

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Kini, Ullal Achutha, Suhas Yeshwant Nayak, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Linto George Thomas, S. P. Adarsh, and Shivang Gupta. "Borassus and Tamarind Fruit Fibers as Reinforcement in Cashew Nut Shell Liquid-Epoxy Composites." Journal of Natural Fibers 15, no. 2 (2017): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2017.1323697.

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41

Mashuri, M., Cindy C. Karim, A. Fauziyah, and S. Suyatno. "Electrical Properties of Microporous Carbon from Biomass Wood; Tamarind, Mahogany, Teak, and Coconut Shell." Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 20, no. 1 (2024): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24604682.v20i1.20759.

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Saha, Papita. "Assessment on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye using Tamarind Fruit Shell as Biosorbent." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 213, no. 1-4 (2010): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0384-2.

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43

Anirudhan, T. S., and P. G. Radhakrishnan. "Kinetic and equilibrium modelling of Cadmium(II) ions sorption onto polymerized tamarind fruit shell." Desalination 249, no. 3 (2009): 1298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.028.

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44

Kiran Kumar, Dasari, and Pulipati King. "GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES FROM MANILA TAMARIND SHELL: CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES, AND PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 01 (2025): 275–84. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2025.1819057.

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There are numerous possible uses for green nanoparticle synthesis in the biological and environmental sciences. Green synthesis strives to reduce the use of harmful chemicals in particular. For example, using organic resources like plants is usually safe. Studied the basic principles of green chemistry, the synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by plants, and their recent applications. Plants additionally consist of decreasing and capping agents. Nanoparticles include copper, palladium, platinum, zinc, gold, silver, etc. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to examine the greenproduced Manila Tamarind Shell Copper nanoparticles (MTS-Cu NPs). With FTIR, the existence of several functional groups was identified. The size range, according to SEM analysis, is 88–152 nm. UV visible spectroscopy was used to find out the absorbance of 0.4942 and the maximum wavelength is 308 nm. This study showed that green MTS Copper Nanoparticles could be applied in the future to remove colors from contaminated water in addition to serving as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Gram-negative bacteria were shown to have a higher maximal ZOI than gram-positive bacteria. This efficiency was significantly higher than that of typical antibiotics such as Oxacillin (20 mm vs. 25 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus, Ampicillin (18 mm vs. 22 mm) for Escherichia coli, and Ciprofloxacin (16 mm vs. 20 mm) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant known as "Manila Tamarind" can be inexpensively and efficiently used to produce Cu NPs for a variety of purposes. The synthesized Cu NPs exploited as photocatalysts exhibited excellent degradation efficiency on organic dyes Methylene Blue and Malachite Green under sunlight. The calculated degradation efficiencies for Methylene Blue and Malachite Green were 90% and 85%, respectively. The rate constants for the Methylene Blue and Malachite Green dyes were found to be 0.0215 min⁻¹ and 0.0153 min⁻¹respectively.

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45

Sathish Kumar, Ramakrishnan Kulasekaran, Rathinasabapathy Sasikumar, Nagaraj Nagaprasad, Rathinam Ezhilvannan, and Ramaswamy Krishnaraj. "Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Stabilities of Tamarind Seed- and Peanut Shell Powder-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composite." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2024 (January 13, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8818030.

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Efficient exploitation of agricultural waste results in a more sustainable and ecofriendly environment since it lessens the burden of their disposal, which has become increasingly important in recent times. Due to their high mechanical strength and high thermal stability, these biodegradable low-value agrosolid wastes have the potential to successfully replace synthetic fibers and fillers in polymer matrices in the form of reinforcements. This work deals with the addition of low-cost and renewable hybrid natural fillers, tamarind seed filler (TMS), and peanut shell powder (PNS) as particulate reinforcements to the vinyl ester (VE) resin. Traditional compression molding creates TMS/PNS-VE hybrid composites with filler loadings ranging from 5% to 30%. After the composites were fabricated, they were tested for strength properties and heat deflection temperature. A detailed experimental analysis of the mechanical properties was conducted. According to the findings, 20 wt.% hybrid filler loading to the vinyl ester polymer exhibited peak tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of 40.3 MPa, 142 MPa, and 16 kJ/m2, respectively, which is 1.52, 1.69, and 1.29 times the properties of the virgin polymer. However, the peak elongation at break 3.9% was obtained at 30 wt.%. Similarly, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) test of TMS/PNS-VE composites showed a maximum rise of 50.91% at 25 wt.% of filler loading. This is 1.51 times greater than the heat deflection temperature of the pure vinyl ester resin. The findings made it quite clear that adding 20 wt.% biosolid waste hybrid particulate fillers made out of tamarind seed and peanut shell to vinyl ester is the optimum weight, which improves the mechanical and thermal properties of the TMS/PNS-VE composite, making it suitable for making cost-effective materials for lightweight applications. This study also utilizes scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the microstructural characteristics of the composites, correlating these features with their mechanical performance.

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Abdurrazzaq, Ahmad, Haruna Musa, and Umar Sani. "Sequestration of Arsenate from Surface Water Using Chemically Activated Carbon of Black Velvet Tamarind Fruit Shell." Advanced Materials Research 1170 (April 19, 2022): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-77nph4.

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Chemically activated carbon of BVT fruit shell was investigated for its potential adsorption functionalities to remove As (V) from surface water in a batch system. The AC showed maximum removal efficiency of approximately 75% depicting Qmax of 0.00018mg/g at an initial sorbate concentration of 0.016mg/L, a contact time of 26min, and a carbon dosage of 1g. The sorption isotherm studies revealed a better fit for Langmuir isotherm. Hence, a homogeneous monolayer surface adsorption process has taken place.

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B. R., Abisha, Anish C. I., Beautlin Nisha R., Daniel Sam N., and Jaya Rajan M. "Adsorption and equilibrium studies of methyl orange on tamarind shell activated carbon and their characterization." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 197, no. 3 (2021): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2021.1993849.

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48

Abdulmajid, Abdullahi, Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon, Afidah Abdul Rahim, and M. Hazwan Hussin. "Tamarind shell tannin extracts as green corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium." Materials Research Express 6, no. 10 (2019): 106579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3b87.

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Anirudhan, T. S., P. G. Radhakrishnan, and P. S. Suchithra. "Adsorptive Removal of Mercury(II) Ions from Water and Wastewater by Polymerized Tamarind Fruit Shell." Separation Science and Technology 43, no. 13 (2008): 3522–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496390802222459.

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Vivek, C. M., J. Safeer Ahamed, S. Bharathi Prakash Babu, et al. "Experimental analysis of Briquetted cashew shell and tamarind seed as source of bio energy generation." E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340502025.

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Sustainable development implies development brought to the present society without giving up on the scope of needs that future generation requires. For achieving sustainable development various goals were been fixed and indicators are been used to measure up the progress. Energy utilization is one of the important aspects for development of a country, technology etc. The energy utilized has mostly been fossil based such as coal, oil etc. These sources have been used in electric generation in most countries and crude oil refined petrol and diesel have been used for transporting purpose. The usage of the fossil-based fuels which has more carbon content in them possess the threat of polluting the environment by causing emission into the atmosphere, Moreover the availability of reserves of these sources are also become thin as these are non-renewable source of energy. For overcoming these obstacles, the developed countries are being focussing on renewable sources of energy for managing the energy demand and to have eco-friendly environment. The advancements in the field of bioenergy have contributed energy generation from different sources through various techniques. One of the important aspects about the bioenergy generation is utilizing the waste, end products of the biomass to energy. Various wastages from agro to food industries are not managed as it degrades on its own. However, these organic wastages can be viewed as a source for energy generation. The objective the experiment is analyse tamarind seed, cashew seeds and blend of both in powder form and briquetted for energy generation. The experimental result indicates that the briquetted form of is more suitable in terms of properties with higher fixed carbon contents.

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