Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tamil Eelam

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Tamil Eelam'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tamil Eelam"

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Ranganathan, M., and S. Velayutham. "Imagining Eelam Tamils in Tamil cinema." Continuum 26, no. 6 (November 15, 2012): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2012.731261.

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S, Selvakumaran. "In Diaspora Countries - Tamil Culture and Arts." Indian Journal of Multilingual Research and Development 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijmrd2012.

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Unable to cope with the brutal Sinhala aggression against Tamils ​​in Eelam, the Eelam Tamils ​​emigrated to foreign lands in an attempt to uplift their language, art, literature and culture in the countries where they had settled for survival. As a result, they established Tamil schools in the countries where they lived and celebrated the festivals of the Tamils ​​such as Pongal festival and Deepavali festival, the spiritual festival of Murugan Kavadi dance festivel. During these festivals, the Tamil arts such as drama, silambam, oyil and kummi are performed with great diligence. In that sense, this article sets out to explore the way the Tamil diaspora promotes Tamil culture through their arts.
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Murugesapandian, N. "இச்சா:ஈழத்தமிழரின் வலியும் வேதனையும் ததும்பிடும் துன்பியல் கதை." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i1.3409.

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The struggle of the Eelam Tamils and the repression of the Sinhala chauvinist army against it have a long history dating back to 1981 until the 2009 Mullivaikkal massacre.The atrocity of desecrating human bodies without any virtue has taken place naturally in Sri Lanka.The struggles of the movements for Tamil liberation, especially the fierce war against the government by LTTE, brutal military attacks of the Sinhala chauvinist state, armed struggle against LTTE with the support of the West, including India and China.Blood is pouring down the pages of Sri Lanka’ s history.The armed Eelam war led by Velupillai Prabhakaran in the history is incomparable; have a strong. The heroic wars of the LTTE was float in the air as indelible memories.The thirty-year armed struggle of Tamil Eelam is today became stories for future generations.A novel namely, Ichaa written by Shobha sakti with the understanding that creation is a political activity, has emerged as a social critique.The uniqueness of Ichaa’ novel is that it questions the politics of power embedded in the destruction of human dignity and values. This article expands into a cross-sectional critique of Ichaa novel, written in a political context of the past.
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M, Punitha. "Immigration issues in tamil nathi mythology." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 10, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s112.

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Created by various human groups, caste, language and race are the forces that divide humanity. Although the above elements are meant to identify people who are divided into groups, when a serious tendency is expressed over them, they become inclined to impose self-drive and power among other ethnic and linguistic peoples, disrupting the unity of the country. Sri Lanka's chauvinist environment is evident that the oppression and suppression of people on the grounds of race and language can lead to human destruction. The creators of Eelam proclaim the vigour of racism that has killed tens of thousands of people to international nations through their writings. Thus, Thamizhnathy, the birthplace of Eelam, has conceived in his works the communal tendency that is being played out on the soil, the oppression of the Tamil people and the tragedy of migration. The purpose of this article is to examine the migration issues in his collection of poems, 'kalam uraintha sattagam'.
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Krishnan, C. J. Ravi, C. Pichandy, and Francis Barclay. "Post Tamil Eelam war coverage in Dinamani newspaper." Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies 8, no. 4 (2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-967x.2014.00007.6.

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Stokke, Kristian, and Anne Kirsti Ryntveit. "The Struggle for Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka." Growth and Change 31, no. 2 (January 2000): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00129.

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DeVotta, Neil. "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka." Asian Survey 49, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1021–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1021.

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The ethnocentric policies successive Sri Lankan governments pursued against the minority Tamils pushed them to try to secede, but the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam's (LTTE) immanent contradictions——the quest for state-building and independence juxtaposed with fascistic rule and terrorist practices——undermined the separatist movement and irreparably weakened the Tamil community. The Sri Lankan government's extraconstitutional counterterrorism strategies under Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa helped defeat the LTTE, but the attendant militarism, culture of impunity especially among the defense forces, and political machinations bode further ill for the island's democratic and polyethnic future.
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Ratner, Steven R. "Accountability and the Sri Lankan Civil War." American Journal of International Law 106, no. 4 (October 2012): 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.4.0795.

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Sri Lanka's civil war came to a bloody end in May 2009, with the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) by Sri Lanka's armed forces on a small strip of land in the island's northeast. The conflict, the product of long-standing tensions between Sri Lanka's majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils over the latter's rights and place in society, had begun in the mid-1980s and ebbed and flowed for some twenty-five years, leading to seventy to eighty thousand deaths on both sides. Government repression of Tamil aspirations was matched with ruthless LTTE tactics, including suicide bombings of civilian targets; and for many years the LTTE controlled large parts of northern and eastern Sri Lanka.
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Joshi, Manoj. "On the Razor's edge: The liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 19, no. 1 (January 1996): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576109608435994.

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Edirisuriya, Piyadasa. "The Rise and Grand Fall of Sri Lanka’s Mahinda Rajapaksa." Asian Survey 57, no. 2 (March 2017): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.2.211.

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Mahinda Rajapaksa became the president of Sri Lanka in 2005 and ruled the country until his unexpected defeat in the presidential election of 2015. He crushed the militant and very powerful Tamil separatist group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, by military force in 2009. Given his great power and popularity, his defeat in the 2015 election was an astonishing grand fall. This study examines the long rise of Mahinda Rajapaksa and his sudden fall.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tamil Eelam"

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Radtke, Katrin. "Mobilisierung der Diaspora : die moralische Ökonomie der Bürgerkriege in Sri Lanka und Eritrea /." Frankfurt am Main : Campus Verlag GmbH, 2009. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3228916&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Amarilla, Chloe. "An Evaluation of the Sri Lankan Government’s Policies in the Defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2019.

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) were branded as the most dangerous and deadly extremists in the world by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in January of 2008. The Tamil Tigers are held responsible for perfecting the use of suicide bombers, inventing the suicide belt, being the first to use women in suicide attacks, and killing nearly 4,000 people in the one year prior to 2008. The LTTE is the only terrorist organization to have assassinated two world leaders, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, and Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa. They were also the first to acquire air power and their strike on Sri Lanka’s World Trade Center was the largest terrorist assault before the September 11 attacks in 2001. It took the government of Sri Lanka over thirty years to rid the country of this powerful terrorist group. This paper will investigate what caused the fall of the Tamil Tigers. In my second chapter, I will evaluate the policies and military strategies adopted by the government. My third chapter will look at the role of international actors in the conflict and their effects. Lastly, in my fourth chapter, I will examine key mistakes made by the LTTE that may have led to its own demise. In chapter five, I will analyze three possible causes for the defeat of the LTTE and what was the most significant in bringing its fall. It will also include its potential for replication in other countries and effects on foreign policy moving forward.
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Rajah, Ayshwarya Rajith Sriskanda. "Liberal peace/ethno-theocratic war : a biopolitical perspective on Western policy in the Eelam war." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8313.

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This thesis develops a biopolitical perspective on Western states’ longstanding opposition to the formation of a Tamil state (Tamil Eelam) in the northeastern parts of the island of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). It does so by adopting and applying the concept of biopolitics as developed by Michel Foucault in the 1970s. Foucault used the idea of biopolitics to explain power relations and to consider peace through the matrix of war. He was especially interested in using this to understand power relations that emerged in the eighteenth century and especially in terms of the tensions between military confrontation and commercial expansion. This thesis adopts and applies the idea of biopolitics to the concept of liberal peace and its core principle, the security of global commerce, to offer a new interpretation of the rationale behind the opposition of Western states to the Tamil demand for political independence and their collaboration in Sri Lanka’s biopolitical transformation of the island into a Sinhala-Buddhist ethno-theocracy. As practitioners of the biopolitics of liberal peace, Western states have waged wars and collaborated in the wars of their Southern counterparts, allowing populations, including liberalised ones, to be killed, condoning the subversion of civil liberties, human rights and other democratic freedoms, including the right to selfdetermination of nations, that they simultaneously promote. The thesis explores the extent to which the collaboration of the West with the Sri Lankan state’s racist policies and counterinsurgency efforts is a continuation of the colonial policies of the British Empire in Ceylon. In developing a biopolitical perspective on the liberal state-building practices of the British Empire in colonial Ceylon, Sri Lanka’s adoption of the same practices, and the West’s own efforts to neutralise the Tamils’ armed struggle, the thesis explores the ways that power relations produce the effects of battle, and thus the way that peace becomes a means of waging war. When the power relations of law, finance, politics, and diplomacy produce the effects of battle, they become ways of waging war by other means. As well as being a thesis on Western policy in the war in Sri Lanka, the work is therefore also to some extent an attempt to see how far Foucault’s work on biopolitics might be pushed and developed and thus, at the same time, an attempt to turn the Foucauldian focus to an area thus far unexplored by those who have sought to engage with Foucault’s work.
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Campbell, Latisha T. "Why Female Suicide Bombers? A Closer Look at the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and Chechen Separatists." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3625.

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The central hypothesis of this study is that terrorist organizations choose to use females as suicide bombers not only as tactical innovation but also to “signal” or send a message to various audiences. In order to meet the research objectives of this study, two terrorist organizations—the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Chechen Separatists or those individuals associated with the Chechen Resistance—are examined in detail from their inception through 2013 using a structured focused comparison methodology. Evidence is found to support both of the studies’ main hypotheses. First, female suicide bombers are used by terrorist organizations because they are a 1) tactical advantage, and 2) to “signal” or send a message to various audiences. Their “entertainment” or shock value maximizes the psychological punch intended for delivery to a variety of audiences. These two reasons are not mutually exclusive but are colored by contextual considerations unique to each case. While deliberation was given to a variety of socio-political factors unique to each organization—such as popular support for suicide attacks perpetrated by females, indication of rival terrorist organizations, counterterrorism and political events that may have affected the terrorist organizations’ preference for females—insight into the operational characteristics surrounding individual suicide attacks was central in highlighting patterns in the organizational use of female suicide bombers. Those patterns are consistent across both cases and suggest that when females’ use is explained by the tactical innovation model, they are used overwhelmingly in suicide attacks where getting closer to intended targets—usually defined as security and political targets—matter. In contrast, suicide attacks explained by the signaling model are characterized by their novelty usually representing a deviation from terrorist organizations’ operational norms—deemed operational suicide attack anomalies in this study—characterized many times as “only” suicide attacks, “firsts [of that kind of],” or the most spectacular suicide attacks carried out by the organization.
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Silva, Mada Kalapuge Lakshan Anuruddhika De. "Re-integration of Former Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Combatants into Civilian Society in Post-War Sri Lanka." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6824.

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The entire nation paid a high price militarily, politically, economically and socially during the twenty-six-year-old conflict in Sri Lanka. However, May 18, 2009, marked a significant milestone in the written history of Sri Lanka. The three-year-long Humanitarian Operation conducted by the Sri Lankan Security Forces to liberate civilians from the cruel clutches of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) terrorists ended, assigning a total military defeat to the LTTE. As a nation, Sri Lanka is now facing the daunting task of a range of challenges in the post-war era. Above all, much effort is needed to heel the scars of the conflict and to build the Sri Lankan identity. Though the war is over, the remnants of the LTTE may pose a considerable security challenge. Amongst them are many surrendered combatants of the LTTE who are being rehabilitated and absorbed into the society. Sacred responsibility lies with the government in rehabilitating ex-combatants is to ensure a long-term, results-oriented process. Considering the highly sensitive status quo of the issue at the aftermath of its conflict, the Sri Lankan government needs to contribute its share to rebuild the nation. Therefore, this thesis dwells on testing the benchmarks expected by the Sri Lankan government in carrying out this process and the outcome so far, in meeting the said contesting national requirement in comparison to other cases in the world. In this sense, the question arises as to how the programs of reintegration can be successful, and what potential problems could arise in the process of reintegration. Therefore, this thesis attempts to identify the questions of the Sri Lankan case in comparison to other cases, in understanding how de-radicalization and re-integration evolved in these countries, and how they reached the benchmarks by overcoming weaknesses and lapses.
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Connor, Robert J. "Defeating the modern asymmetric threat." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FConnor.pdf.

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Sahin, Fuat Salih. "Case studies in terrorism-drug connection: the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, and the Shining Path." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2871/.

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This study scrutinizes the drug-terrorism nexus critically with intent to conceive possible remedies for the problem. The vast turnover of the global illicit drug industry constitutes the largest portion of organized crime enterprises' income. Different circles have argued that these enterprises are not the sole actors of the drug business, but terrorist groups, whose ultimate aim is a political change rather than financial strength, also profit from the “business.” The controversial nature of the problem fuelled heated debates and requires an in depth and impartial analysis, which was the main subject of the current study. At the first stage, three different cases, the PKK, the LTTE, and the SL, were studied either to prove or deny the alleged phenomenon. The sampled groups' ideology, structure, and operations helped understand the motives pushing the organizations into the ‘business.' Subsequently, several recommendations capturing vital issues both in countering terrorism and breaking terrorism-drugs link were spelled out.
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Radtke, Katrin. "Mobilisierung der Diaspora die moralische Ökonomie der Bürgerkriege in Sri Lanka und Eritrea." Frankfurt, M. New York, NY Campus-Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/992153611/04.

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Whall, Helena J. "The peace process in Sri Lanka : the failure of the People's Alliance government - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) peace negotiations, 1994-1995." Thesis, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364569.

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Lewis, David. "Sri Lanka's Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire." International Crisis Group, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3911.

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No
Throughout much of the 25-year Sri Lankan conflict, attention has focused on the confrontation between the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamils. The views of the country¿s Muslims, who are 8 per cent of the population and see themselves as a separate ethnic group, have largely been ignored. Understanding their role in the conflict and addressing their political aspirations are vital if there is to be a lasting peace settlement. Muslims need to be part of any renewed peace process but with both the government and LTTE intent on continuing the conflict, more immediate steps should be taken to ensure their security and political involvement. These include control of the Karuna faction, more responsive local and national government, improved human rights mechanisms and a serious political strategy that recognises minority concerns in the east. At least one third of Muslims live in the conflict-affected north and east and thus have a significant interest in the outcome of the war. They have often suffered serious hardship, particularly at the hands of the Tamil rebel group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Since 1990 Muslims have been the victims of ethnic cleansing, massacres and forced displacement by the insurgents. The 2002 ceasefire agreement (CFA) was a disappointment to many Muslims. They had no independent representation at the peace talks, and many feared that any agreement that gave the LTTE exclusive control of the north and east, even in a federal arrangement, would be seriously detrimental to their own interests. Despite talks between Muslim leaders and the LTTE, they continued to suffer violent attacks. Since the resumption of large-scale military action in mid-2006, Muslims have again been caught up in the fighting in the east. Dozens have been killed and thousands displaced. They have also come into conflict with a new, pro-government Tamil paramilitary group, the Karuna faction. Memories of LTTE oppression are still fresh, and rancorous disputes with Tamils over land and resources remain potent in the east. Muslim political leaders have often been divided, representing different historical experiences and geographical realities as well as personal and political differences. Muslims in the east and north ¿ who have been fundamentally affected by the conflict ¿ often have very different views from those who live in the south among the Sinhalese. Nevertheless, there is consensus on some key issues and a desire to develop a more united approach to the conflict. Muslims have never resorted to armed rebellion to assert their political position, although some have worked with the security forces, and a few were members of early Tamil militant groups. Fears of an armed movement emerging among Muslims, perhaps with a facade of Islamist ideology, have been present since the early 1990s, but most have remained committed to channelling their frustrations through the political process and negotiating with the government and Tamil militants at different times. There is no guarantee that this commitment to non-violence will continue, particularly given the frustration noticeable among younger Muslims in the Eastern province. In some areas there are Muslim armed groups but they are small and not a major security threat. Fears of armed Islamist movements emerging seem to be exaggerated, often for political ends. Small gangs have been engaged in semi-criminal activities and intra-religious disputes, but there is a danger they will take on a role in inter-communal disputes if the conflict continues to impinge upon the security of co-religionists. There is increasing interest among some Muslims in more fundamentalist versions of Islam, and there have been violent clashes between ultra-orthodox and Sufi movements. This kind of violence remains limited and most Muslims show considerable tolerance to other sects and other faiths. Nevertheless, the conflict is at least partly responsible for some Muslims channelling their frustrations and identity issues into religious disputes. Muslim peace proposals have tended to be reactive, dependent on the politics of the major Tamil and Sinhalese parties. Muslim autonomous areas in the east are being pursued but seem unlikely to be accepted by the present government. Muslims are concerned about Colombo¿s plans for development and governance in the east, which have not involved meaningful consultation with ethnic minorities and do not seem to include significant devolution of powers to local communities. In the longer term, only a full political settlement of the conflict can allow historical injustices against the Muslims to be addressed and begin a process of reconciliation. The LTTE, in particular, needs to revisit the history of its dealings with the Muslims if it is to gain any credibility in a future peace process in which the Muslims are involved. Only an equitable settlement, in which Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim community concerns are adequately addressed, can really contain the growing disillusionment among a new generation of Sri Lankan Muslims.
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Books on the topic "Tamil Eelam"

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Kan̲akacapai, Tampu. Īl̲attamil̲arin̲ varalār̲um, vāl̲viyalum: Life and history of Eelam Tamils. Tehivaḷai: Kāyattiri Papḷikēṣan̲, 2012.

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Pukal̲ēnti. Tamil Eelam: What I saw and how I was seen. Chennai: Thozhamai Veliyeedu, 2008.

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Eelam online: The Tamil diaspora and war in Sri Lanka. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2010.

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1961-, Ravikkumār, ed. Waking is another dream: Poems on the genocide in Eelam. New Delhi: Navayana Pub., 2010.

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Bose, Sumantra. States, Nations, Sovereignty: Sri Lanka, India and the Tamil Eelam Movement. London: Sage Pubns., 1994.

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States, nations, sovereignty: Sri Lanka, India, and the Tamil Eelam Movement. New Delhi: Sage Publications, in association with the Book Review Literary Trust, New Delhi, 1994.

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Prabhakaran: The story of his struggle for Eelam. Chennai, India: Oxygen Books, 2009.

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International Tamil Eeelam Research Conference (1991 Sacramento, Calif.). Tamil Eeelam: A nation without a state : proceedings of the International Tamil Eelam Research Conference, 1991, California State University, Sacramento, U.S.A., July 19-21, 1991. [Carmichael, CA, USA: Tamils of Northern California, 1991.

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Tamil exodus and beyond: An analysis of the national conflict in Sri Lanka. London: L. Samarasinghe, 1996.

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Navaratnam, V. The fall and rise of the Tamil nation: Events leading to the Tamil war of independence and resumption of Eelam sover[e]ignty. Madras, India: Kaanthalakam, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tamil Eelam"

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Hashim, Ahmed Salah. "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)." In Routledge Handbook Of Terrorism And Counterterrorism, 336–49. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315744636-29.

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Sauerborn, Djan. "Political Violence Revisited: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam." In Terrorism Revisited, 181–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55690-1_7.

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Pegg, Scott. "Eritrea Before Independence and Tamil Eelam." In International Society and the De Facto State, 54–84. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429354847-3.

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Corley, Christopher L. "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)." In Financing Terrorism, 111–42. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315582429-8.

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Herr, Stefanie. "9. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)." In Nichtstaatliche Gewaltakteure und das Humanitäre Völkerrecht, 179–226. Nomos, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845263076-179.

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Frerks, Georg. "The Female Tigers of Sri Lanka." In Perpetrators of International Crimes, 208–23. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829997.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the motives and legitimation of female cadres of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) joining the fight against the Sri Lankan government. Tamil young women were, among others, motivated by grievances against the treatment of the Tamil minority by the government, their experience of sexual and gender-based violence by Sinhalese soldiers and Indian peacekeepers, and a wish to avenge the death of relatives. They also wanted to escape a suppressive and conservative Tamil culture that forced them into arranged marriages. The heroism and sacrificial martyrdom cultivated by the LTTE legitimized these women’s combat role among the Tamils in Northern and North-eastern Sri Lanka who admired their courage. Different societal and theoretical discourses exist concerning the supposedly victimizing, liberating, or empowering effects of female participation in armed struggle, but the situation in reality appears to be ambivalent, including both victimhood and emancipation.
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Groh, Tyrone L. "India’s Proxy War in Sri Lanka." In Proxy War, 182–200. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503608184.003.0007.

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This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE’s operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India’s support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India’s government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history’s most costly proxy war policy.
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Welikala, Asanga. "Sri Lanka’s Failed Peace Process and the Continuing Challenge of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages." In Territory and Power in Constitutional Transitions, 255–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836544.003.0014.

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This chapter examines why the peace process in Sri Lanka failed to find a constitutional settlement for the country’s ethno-territorial cleavage, and even enthroned a government hostile to Tamil aspirations for regional autonomy. It first provides a historical background on the ethnic division between Sinhalese and Tamils before turning to the period of constitutional engagement in Sri Lanka, focusing in particular on the Norwegian-facilitated peace process between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and highlighting its various weaknesses as a model of conflict transformation and constitutional transition. The chapter also analyzes the outcomes of the peace process and the lessons that can be drawn from it. Two features of Sri Lanka’s political culture that became evident in the failure of the peace negotiations are identified: the hyper-competitive nature of party politics and the elitism of constitutional politics.
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Kruglanski, Arie W., Michele J. Gelfand, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Rohan Gunaratna, and Malkanthi Hettiarachchi. "De-Radicalising the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)." In Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism, 183–96. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203584323-13.

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Shastri, Amita. "The Material Basis for Separatism: The Tamil Eelam Movement in Sri Lanka." In The Sri Lankan Tamils, 208–35. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429315022-8.

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