Academic literature on the topic 'Tamil (Indic People) – South Africa'

A seal of the Indic culture represents a goddess standing close to a tree and receiving sacrifices. Seven more goddesses, hypothetically the Ēḻukaṉṉimār or Sapta Mātṛkā, are linked with the Tree Goddess. The ancient Tamil Caṅkam literature, the Naṟṟiṇai and Cilappatikāram (c.450 ce), mention a goddess of the vēṅkai tree, the Vēṅkaik-kaṭavuḷ. In Tiṭṭakuṭi in south Ārkkāṭu district is located a temple dedicated to Vaidhyanāthasvāmi, the goddess called Acaṉāmpikai or Vēṅkai-vaṉanāyaki (cf. Dārukavana or Vaiṣṇava divyadeśa-Naimisāraṇya). The presiding goddess of Tiṭṭakuṭi, according to the sthalapurāṇam, based on oral tradition (twelfth to eighteenth centuries), is the “Mistress of the vēṅkai forest”. Alternatively, in Caṅkiliyāṉpāṟai (Tiṇṭukkal district) located in the foothills of Ciṟumalai, the Sañjīvi-parvata (‘hill of medicinal herbs and trees’) associated with Hanūmān of Rāmāyaṇa fame is a centre of folk worship. Recently, scholars claim to have discovered some pictographic inscriptions there resembling the Indic heritage. Several hypaethral temples to Caṅkili-Kaṟuppaṉ (‘The Black One Bound with an Iron Chain’), the Ēḻukaṉṉimār (‘Seven Virgins’), and the [Ārya]-Śāsta (equated with Ayyappaṉ of Śabarimalā) receive worship. On certain occasions, people from the nearby villages congregate to worship the gods and goddesses and undertake periodical and annual festivals. It seems that a “sacred thread” links the archaic traditions of the Indic culture (c.2500 bce) with the contemporary faiths (see Eliade 1960; Brockington 1998; Shulman & Stroumsa 2002) of Tiṭṭakuṭi and Caṅkiliyāṉpāṟai. This article examines the story of the Tree Goddess, the neo-divinity (vampat-teyvam) or numen (cf. Vedic devamātṛ-Aditi), with references to the Caṅkam lore, datable to the third century bce (cf. “Chōḍa Pāḍā Satiyaputo Ketalaputo” in Aśoka’s Girnar Edict; cf. Mookerji 1972: 223), Vēṅkaikkaṭavuḷ, Acaṉāmpikai of Tiṭṭakuṭi, and the Caṅkiliyāṉpāṟai vestiges.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley). Hemiptera: Diaspididae Hosts: Mango (Mangifera indica), Oleander (Nerium oleander) and various palms. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, France, Italy, Russia, Russian Far East, UK, ASIA, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Menggu, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Japan, Bonin Islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AFRICA, Aldabra, Comoros, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, Rodrigues Island, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, USA, Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Guatemala, United States, Virgin Islands, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori (Boyer & Lambert) Young et al., Bacteria. Hosts: mulberry (Morus spp.), hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Czechoslovakia, France, Mainland France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Romania, Serbia), Asia (China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Hong Kong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Pakistan, Turkey), Africa (South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), North America (Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, USA, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ohio), South America (Brazil, Minas Gerais), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner). Hemiptera: Aphididae. Hosts: sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), Sorghum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas), Central America & Caribbean (Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Para, Pernambuco, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Papua New Guinea).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) Homoptera: Aphididae Attacks Citrus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Portugal, Madeira, ASIA, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Lao, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Florida, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Golas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pemambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga.

Abstract A revised distribution map is provided for Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe). Homoptera: Aphididae. Hosts: Cacao (Theobroma cacao), Citrus spp., coffee (Coffea spp.), Cola spp. and tea (Camellia sinensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia, Spain), Asia (Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sumatra, Iran, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, St. Helena, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Parana, Santa Catarina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Federal States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Penicillium expansum Link. Ascomycota: Eurotiales. Hosts: Pomaceous fruits. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK, Ukraine), Asia (Armenia, Brunei Darussalam, China (Hong Kong), Georgia, India (Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu), Iran, Israel, Japan (Hokkaido), Kazakhstan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey), Africa (Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan), USA (California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)), Central America and Caribbean (Honduras, Nicaragua), South America (Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela), and Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Fungi: Basidiomycota: Uredinales. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max) and other Fabaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia (Russian Far East)), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia)), Central America and Caribbean (United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Mycosphaerella pini Rostr. Ascomycota: Capnodiales. Hosts: Common larch (Larix decidua), common spruce (Picea abies), Pancic spruce (Picea ornika [P. omorika]), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), Pinus spp. and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Azores, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Scotland, Ukraine), Asia (Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Heilongjiang, Nei Menggu [Nei Mongol], Georgia, India, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka), Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, USA, Alaska, California, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Parana, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and Sydow. Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Phakopsoraceae. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max), kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia, Far East), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu).