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Journal articles on the topic 'Tamil literature'
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1
M, Christopher. "Life Problems of Tamils of Highlands in the Fictions of Maatthalai Somu." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-9 (July 27, 2022): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s95.
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Immigrant Tamil literature has an important place in Highland literature. Highland Tamil literature can be considered a part of immigrant literature. It is a rich literary field with many literary genres like folk literature, poetry, short stories, novels, dramas, and essays. Highland writers have contributed to and enriched the field of literature. Their field of literature is expanding beyond the Sri Lankan highlands to include Tamil Nadu, European countries, and other countries in the world. In this way, Maatthalai Somu is an international Tamil writer who records Sri Lanka (Highland), India (Tamil Nadu), Australia and the lives of Tamils living in them. Highland literature is two hundred years old. European countries that conquered large parts of the world to accumulate capital, exploited the resources of their colonies and the labour of indigenous peoples. In this way, the British, who took control of Sri Lanka in 1815, ended the Kandy monarchy. In 1820, coffee plantations were started. After that, they also cultivated cash crops like sugarcane, tea, and rubber. The South Indian Tamils migrated and settled in the highlands for the manpower to work on these large plantations. These Tamils are called Highland Tamils. Famine and oppression in India in the nineteenth century also caused Tamils to immigrate to Sri Lanka. The hard labour of Tamils was used in creating and cultivating these plantations. The history and life problems of such highland Tamils have been recorded by the highland Tamil writer Maatthalai Somu in his fiction.
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M, Vadivel, and Amitha Darwin J. "The Expression of Music in the Theatre." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1913.
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Sangam Tamil consists of three major parts viz., Poetry, Music, and Drama. This is something that no other language in the world has. Hence, Tamil can also be called Muthamizh (The three kinds of literature in Tamil). Drama, along with music, has been developing gradually since time immemorial. Theatrical music is a mirror of worldly events. The literature also makes it clear that the Tamils excelled in art and culture. Therefore, on the basis of literary references, Poetic Tamil, Music Tamil, and Drama Tamil are the three Tamils that make history in many aspects. This approach seeks to explain from a variety of perspectives the work done by Thavathiru Sankaradas Swamigal on Musical Drama Text, mention of literary dramas such as play and dance, and his contribution to Tamil music and drama.
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Parthasarathy, R. "Tamil Literature." World Literature Today 68, no. 2 (1994): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150137.
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K, Hemalatha. "Astronomical Knowledge of Sangam Tamils through Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-6 (July 17, 2022): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s619.
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The ancient Tamils were the ones who closely observed the astronomical events and changes occurring in the sky every day and told the world the thoughts related to astronomy. Names like Kanyan Poongunranar, Kanimethaviyar, Pakkudukkai Nakkaniyar etc. are proof that there were many people who excelled in the field of astronomy in Tamil Nadu. Astronomer Sylator has said that Tamil's system of celestial arithmetic is the most moderate of all the mathematics involved. The history of the past reveals that the Tamil race has been deeply entrenched in scientific spirit and thought since ancient times. Based on scientific news, Tamil has the honour of creating literature two thousand years ago. The Tamilian who moved the wheel of life grounded on a scientific basis that day has recorded his scientific thoughts in Tamil. Even before the vernacular connection and its consequent mythological dependence were visible in Tamil, the idea of cosmic elements like the world, planets, constellations, etc., was prevalent in Classical Tamil literature. General science encompasses various disciplines like physics, chemistry, medicine, botany, zoology, astronomy, etc. Among these is the branch called astronomy, which helps to understand the various elements of space. Since astronomy is a growing discipline and has a guiding platform for many future studies, the messages related to astronomy seen in Sangam poems are examined in this article.
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P, Sangeetha, and Nallasivam G.P. "War Ethics in Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1952.
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The war has been going on from the Sangam age to the modern day. However, there are certain rules that are followed for waging war. There are many more ethics followed in the Sangam warfare systems than in the methods of warfare of the 21st century. Tamil literature describes the war tradition of the Tamils as a number of morals. Among them, literary works such as Tolkappiyam, Purananooru, Purapporul, Venba Maalai, Pathiruppathu, and Thirukkural deal with the war tradition and ideology. The ancient scriptures bear testimony to the fact that the Tamils lived as incomparable in love and character. Ethics for waging war, protocols, and all war crimes that exist among nations today deserve attention. This article seeks to examine how battlefields, warriors, warfare processes, combat management, and the suffering caused by war are mentioned in the Sangam war stories, and how the principles of global warfare exist in today's times.
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Priya, S., and A. Ligoriya. "Musical Passages Found in Classical Literature." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i3.4621.
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Music is a very soft and subtle sound that cools the ears and soothes the soul. Ancient scholars have concluded that Tamil is a musical and musical drama. Music raises a wide variety of melodies from its instruments and instruments by the magnificence of the people. The classification system is still not found in any other language. Although there is no one who does not know the nature and differences of music in general and does not like music in general. Thiruvalluvar has concocted the idea that music and musical instruments existed among the Tamils even before the Sangam literature, even though the Sangam literature is a testament to the spread of music in Tamil. One of the great epics of Sangam literature, Tolkappiyam, Silappathikaram also contains many stories about Tamil music. The music now spreads from the educated to the palmer. Thus this article suggests that the place of music in literature is enormous.
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D, Vijayarani. "Scientific Records in Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-13 (November 21, 2022): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1320.
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The Tamil language is more than 2,000 years old, age-old, and has dialects. The Tamil language has the nature of being a mother tongue and has the ability to mix with other languages. Classical literature, which encompasses all the characteristics, serves as a mirror of time that describes the life of man. Ancient Tamils did not explore science to the extent of exploring love and heroism, the gifts of fame and justice, which were two eyes in life. If the news is examined scientifically, one can learn the deep scientific knowledge of ancient Tamils. Tolkappiyam, one of the grammar books, looks at the distinctions between life and the five land distinctions, the measurement names mentioned by them, the characteristics of the planets, etc., with a scientific eye. It is also aimed at examining various scientific aspects of the solar system in the classical literature, such as the movements of the solar system, the calculations of the time, the observations on the disk, the rotation of the air, the rotation of the air, the space travel of the ancient Tamils, the use of aircraft, the knowledge of astronomy, etc.
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M, Manjula. "High Characteristics of Classical Literature." Indian Journal of Tamil 2, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijot2143.
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Classical literature helps us to understand the ancient Tamil society. The ancient Tamil community was a society that followed high characteristics. Classical literature shows that when people follow high qualities in a society where they live together, it leads to equality, development and unity of society. The so-called characteristic sing-and-run step emphasizes the idea that the world should know the state of the world and adapt to it. The uniqueness of Tamils is due to the high qualities they followed. Classical literature also highlights the need to possess the highest qualities from the individual to the king. The purpose of this article is to examine the high qualities mentioned in classical literature such as Sangam literature and Thirukkural.
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S, Meenakshi. "A Five-Dimensional Theory of Life in Silambam." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-13 (November 19, 2022): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1314.
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The oldest book we have in Tamil is the Tholkappiyam grammar book. The oldest literature is Sangam literature. Silappathikaram, which appeared during the Sangam Maruviya period (3rd Century–Dark period), was the first epic to appear in Tamil. There is evidence that there were countless books in Tamil before Tholkappiyam. The fact that literature sprang up before the Tolkappiyam and that they divided the lives of the people on the basis of a discipline testifies to the fact that grammar is written only from literature. Tolkappiyar also advocates life in that way. The Sangam literature that emerged after Tholkappiyam is also based on Thinai songs. After that, Silambam, the first epic in Tamil, puts before our eyes the theory of Thinai and the life of the Tamils who lived in it. This is a study of Silambam's Thinai theory as it established to the world the life of the Tamils in the full-length epic Silambam Thinaivazhi, which is a full-fledged epic, established to the world that the Sangam literature tradition, referred to by many as spare songs, oral songs, and folk songs is a figment of the imagination.
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S, Selvakumaran. "In Diaspora Countries - Tamil Culture and Arts." Indian Journal of Multilingual Research and Development 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijmrd2012.
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Unable to cope with the brutal Sinhala aggression against Tamils in Eelam, the Eelam Tamils emigrated to foreign lands in an attempt to uplift their language, art, literature and culture in the countries where they had settled for survival. As a result, they established Tamil schools in the countries where they lived and celebrated the festivals of the Tamils such as Pongal festival and Deepavali festival, the spiritual festival of Murugan Kavadi dance festivel. During these festivals, the Tamil arts such as drama, silambam, oyil and kummi are performed with great diligence. In that sense, this article sets out to explore the way the Tamil diaspora promotes Tamil culture through their arts.
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R, Kohilavani, and Karthikeyan. "The Virtues That Vary from Human to Human Beings as Noted in The Moral Principles of Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1937.
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The Tamil language is very ancient and pleasant. The development of a language depends on the quality, taste, and amount of literature produced in it. Thus, our Tamil language has a long pride not only in taste but also in number. Literature in Tamil started from the Sangam period, grew as the Sangam Dark period, increased as Epic literature, beautiful as Minor literature, flourished as Devotional literature, evolved as contemporary literature, and continues to grow day by day. There is no such thing as untold ideas in Tamil literature with such a long and long history. The Akanaanooru and Purananooru carry many messages about the Akam and Puram lives of the people. Along with the lives of the common people, the epic texts boast of the prosperous lives of the kings and their prowess. However, literature which is full of ethical ideas is still popular all over the world. The way of life of the Tamils has been defined as virtue, wealth, and happiness. Moral principles have always been intertwined in the lives of Tamils. Although some moral principles are common to all, some morals vary from human to human. The virtues of ordinary people do not apply to the king. The virtues of the man and the woman do not apply to the birth mother and the foster mother. The virtues of the warriors do not apply to the lover. Ascetic morality does not apply to the family man. In this way, morals also vary from person to person. Moreover, drinking toddy was natural during the Sangam age. But it became immoral at the time when Jainism and Buddhism began to proliferate. So is the eating of meat. Even today, there is a view of eating meat as an unethical practice. This review article is about how the virtues recorded in Tamil literature are different in Tamil life today.
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T, Sivachitra. "Vaishnava theories Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (January 24, 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s22.
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Tamil language has many special features. One of them is the charity done to Tamil by all religions. Tamil is a language that has been singularly praised by six different religions namely Jainism, Buddhism, Veganism, Vaishnavism, Islam and Christianity. In the history of Tamil literature, Sangam literature can be considered as a secular literature. Thoughts about God are prevalent in Sanskrit literature. But they did not all grow in isolation. Doctrines about God have developed on the basis of department. The literatures of Thirumurukaaruppadi, Paripadal and kalithogai do not become religious literatures as they refer to the gods. They refer only to the theological doctrines of the people of that time. The Sangam literature reveals that religious thought is intertwined with people's lives.
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M, Kowsalya. "Sociological Thoughts in Pathupaatu." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-23 (December 10, 2022): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s22239.
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Even after two thousand years, the lifestyle of the ancient Tamil people and social organization are being talked worldwide and it is because of the ancient Tamil literary texts. Literature is all about creating best ideas of society through words. So Tamil literature is an ark that records culture, tradition, about the social organization of Tamil people, the living conditions, nature, gift, virtue, valor, war, and the tradition of learning. Among them, the Sangam literary book Pathupaatu occupies a prominent place. The purpose of this study is to describe the social thoughts of the ancient Tamils through Pathupaatu. Religious status of Sangam Tamil people, poverty of poets, society based on wealth, professional society, virtues based on life, generosity and excellence in hospitality and character are well explained Pathupaatu.
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K, Sarweshwaran. "Philosophy of Yoga in Ancient Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (February 28, 2022): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s216.
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Philosophy also holds a unique place in ancient Tamil literature. Thus, this study is carried out under the title of Yoga Philosophy in Tamil Literatures - Ancient Tamil Literature in Multiple Perspectives. Yoga is intended in a variety of senses. It is generally stated in most literatures that yoga is the union with the Lord. Some philosophers argue that separation from the world is yoga. However, the proper benefits of yoga, which are the common elements of yoga, such as Iyam, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratiyakaram, Dharana, Meditation, and Samadhi, can be obtained through proper practice of Avattanga Yogas. Thoughts on these are taken up more and more by the ancient Tamil literatures. Concepts of yoga can be found in many other ancient Tamil literatures such as Purananuru, Paripadal and Thirumurukaaruppadai. This review sets out to make that clear. The purpose of this study is to reveal the existence of ideas about the philosophy of yoga in the ancient Tamil literature in parallel with the Northern language literatures. Sources for this study include the primary texts such as Purananuru, Paripadal, Thirumurukaaruppadi, Tolkappiyam, Thirukkural, Indian Philosophical Repository - III, Hindu Philosophy, Sangam Literary Philosophy, 108 Upanishads, Indus Valley Civilization and Tamil, and Silappathikaram Kunrakkuravai.
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Murugathas, Ammankili. "Female Dancers in Ancient Tamil Tradition Rise and Fall – From 200 BC to 300 AD." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i1.4165.
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The history of origin and development of dance and music tradition of Tamils in the ancient period can be traced merely from Cangam literature-Ettuthokai and Patthuppattu . The period of this literature is considered from 200 BC to later period of 300 AD or early part of the 4th century AD. There is no other evidences excavated about the ancient dancers from archeological sources. K.A Neelakanda Sastry, historian of Tamil Nadu used Ettuthokai and Pattuppattu as a significant source to write the ancient history of Tamil Nadu, as evidences for the history because of non availability of archeological evidences at that time.
Ancient Dance tradition of Tamils was originated from the indigenous dance tradition of Tamils, lived in Kurinji (hill Countryand nearby lands) Mullai (pastoral region) Marutham (rivarbanks) Neithal (Coastal Area) and Palai (desert).Cangam literature shows that the tribal people of these lands performed ritual dances . These performances are the roots to the origin of Tamil dances , after that, with the establishment of stateformation of Tamil Nadu skill dancers and minstrels developed new forms of dances and music, in later period these dances were being called as Vettiyal.
Dancers and minstrels were lived under the patronage of the kings of Tamil Nadu and loved by the kings. These performers praised the kings’ victory, their patronization and nvolved in their patrons’ family life also.
Ritual dances were performed in Cult spots and war front.The literature shows that some of these performances have been developed as classical dances.
Nowadays there is an opinion about Baratha natiyam that it was originated from sanskrit sources. But the ancient history of this dance tradition clearly shows that Baratha natiam was originated from the ancient dance tradition of Tamil Nadu.
This study focuses the origin and development of dance tradition of ancient Tamils and the performances of female dancers of thisera, and flourished life of the the mas well asin the decline of the kings of three monarchy and other patrons how the dancers lost their wealthy life in the period.
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MAARAVARMAN, Dr M. "Christian Contribution To Tamil Literature." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 10 (April 28, 2021): 5119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.5293.
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The Christian missionaries studied Tamil language in order to propagate their religion. Henrique Henrique’s, Nobili, G.U. Pope, Constantine Joseph Beschi, Robert Caldwell, Barthalomaus Zieganbalg, Francis Whyte Ellis, Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai, Henry Arthur Krishna Pillai, Vedanayagam Sastriyar, Abraham Pandithar had been the Christian campaigners and missionaries. Pope was along with Joseph Constantius Beschi, Francis Whyte Ellis, and Bishop Robert Caldwell one of the major scholars on Tamil. Ziegenbalg wrote a number of texts in Tamil he started translating the New Testament in 1708 and completed in 1711.They performed a remarkable position to the improvement of Tamil inclusive of the introduction of Prose writing.Christian Priest understood the need to learn the neighborhood language for effective evangelization. Moreover, they centered on Tamil literature in order to recognize the cultural heritage and spiritual traditions. The Priest learnt Tamil language and literature with an agenda and no longer out of love or passion or with an intention of contributing to the growth of the language.Tamil Christian Literature refers to the various epic, poems and other literary works based on the ethics, customs and principles of Christian religion. Christians both the catholic and Protestant missionaries have also birthed literary works. Tamil-Christian works have enriched the language and its literature. Thorough the variety and quality of classical Tamil literature, Tamil language is described as the great classical traditions and literatures of the world.In 2004, the government of India declared Tamil language as classical language
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Alibava, U. "Women in Islamic Tamil Sathagam Literature." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i3.4620.
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Minor Literary Genres add great value to Tamil Literature. More than 96 minor literary genres appeared and developed in Tamil. Islam also has got minor literary genres like other religions have in Tamil. There are more than 1800 Minor Islamic literary genres in Tamil strengthen Tamil Literature. ‘Sathaga illakiyam’ is one among them. A Literary work which has a poems of 100 Stanzas is called ‘Sathagam’. This article brings out rare and valuable contents related to women which are registered in more than 30 Islamic sathagam Literature in Tamil.
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T, Prahalathan. "Tamils and Fish as Exhibited in Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-6 (July 18, 2022): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s627.
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Sangam literature conveys to us the high character, way of life, and experience of the Tamils. The five divisions of ancient Tamil society (ainththinai) were characterised by numerous cultures. In the later stage, based on the term attribute, the word "culture" was constructed. Culture refers to the biological structure of human society. One of the main elements of Tamil culture is food. The Tamils excelled in cooking food with taste, and selecting food with taste. At a time when other countries were eating raw food, the Tamils used to grind the food they had to eat and make it into broth, adding aromatics to prevent illness. The Tamils were the first to cook food in a civilised manner. Food has been used as the daily food of Tamils. Tamils enjoy cooking mangoes with fish gravy. They had the habit of eating fried food and drying it as 'karuvadu', which could be used later. The fish is given as a gift to the girlfriend as well. They have improved in the fishing industry. Different vessels are used for catching fish. Fish oil is used to light candles. Fish oil is used for barter. They know what kind of fish is available in which coastal area and go to that area in the respective seasons to catch fish. This research paper has been prepared by selecting the places found in the Sangam literature about fish.
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M.E, Krishnakumar. "Social Change Reflected in the Dignity of Language." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-3 (July 16, 2022): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s334.
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The book 'Mozhi Maanam' is a book that explains the importance of protecting the dignity of the Tamil language. The author of this book, M.L. Thangappa, is referred to as Lenin Thangappa by the literary world. A mother tongue education will develop the mind. However, he has written and published this book, saying that it is very sad that the awareness of this language has decreased among Tamils. He regrets that the Tamils themselves are standing against the Tamil language. Is it good to live without dignity? He has made it clear that it is not virtuous to forget the mother and to live in ignorance without trying to protect her. Creative literature has the power to transform people. Therefore, the writer M.L. Thangappa promotes Tamil in all its forms, such as poetry and short stories. He lived as a strong and Tamil person who dared anyone to act against Tamils and was devoted to his language. Native speakers of Tamil struggle to speak and write in Tamil. This article is the result of finding out how the book 'Mozhi Manam' by the Tamil scholar, Sahitya Academy awardee and multilingual scholar M.L. Thangappa, illustrates the situation which has become the biggest problem of social change.
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K, Kananathan. "Developments in Scientific Tamil after the Arrival of Europeans." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-5 (August 25, 2022): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s535.
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The impact on the Tamil language after the arrival of Europeans and the development of scientific Tamil will be explained. The ancient Tamils’ number, weighing, measuring, and stretching levels, and the terminology referred to in the ancient literature, about the stagnation of terminology and the development of terminology, will be explained. In addition, data on the Tamil method of teaching, the period of re-emergence of terminology, scientific Tamil books, and a glossary will be compiled. The concept of mother tongue-based education and the development of Tamil medium education today will be pictured. Finally, in the concluding remarks, the need and necessity of scientific Tamil will be summed up. The data examined on the role of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the development of scientific Tamil since the 1960s will also be clearly presented.
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A, Andhuvan. "Dravidian Ideology in Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-5 (August 25, 2022): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s523.
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Tamil is the oldest. The Sangam literature provides a grammatical framework for recording the living traditions and sentiments of the people who spoke the ancient language as literature. This is not only an ancient book but also a mirror that depicts the life of the ancient Tamil people. Religion and God did not come and sit among the Tamil people during the Sangam period. It was during the Middle Ages that these entered. However, they did not determine the lives of the Tamil people. In the course of history, we can feel that these have entered not only Tamil society but all societies with the appearance of classes in history. Sangam literature is the golden literature of the life of a Tamilian. It is the duty of all of us to pass on to the next generation the treasure trove of literature, the treasure of culture, and the mine of history, which lies in the old Tamil manuscripts. The Sangam literature spelled out the concepts of education, self-respect, denial of caste, communism, etc.
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Nandakumar, Prema, Norman Cutler, and Paula Richman. "A Gift of Tamil: Translations from Tamil Literature." World Literature Today 67, no. 3 (1993): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149539.
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Shankar, Archana Daya, Norman Cutler, and Paula Richman. "A Gift of Tamil: Translation From Tamil Literature." Pacific Affairs 67, no. 4 (1994): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759599.
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Sahaya Darcius, P. "A Research on the Etymology of Dravidam (Dravidianism)." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i2.4410.
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There have been numerous critics found in Tamil Nadu since the introduction of the phrase ‘Dravidam’ (Dravidianism). The criticism on ‘Dravidam’ was at its peek when DK (Dravida Kazhagam), Dravida Nadu, DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), were very popular among the masses of Tamil Nadu. There is a general opinion that Bishop Robert Caldwell was the first to use the word Dravidam. There are also stories saying Dravidam is not Tamil and Dravidians are not Tamils. Therefore, it is natural for anyone to question the verity of Dravidam. Is Dravidam an illusion? Or is it a fabricated story? With these questions in my mind I started researching the Sangam Literature and the historical documents extensively. I have found a plethora of evidence confirming Dravidam and Tamil are not different. Dravidam is Tamil and Tamil is Dravidam
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Sugunan, Dhusyanthy. "Multifarious nature in Bharathy’s Lyrical Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (January 24, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s21.
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This article, entitled as 'Multifarious nature in Bharathy’s Lyrical Literature', serves as a research paper for the seminar organized with the aim of exploring the diversity of Tamil grammar and literature and exposing the multifarious nature of Tamil. There are a lot of rich literatures in Tamil that express diversity in the field of Grammar and Literature. However, in the field of Tamil grammatical literature, Bharathiyar's poetic literature excel in simplicity, sweetness, novelty and revolution which are conceptual and multifarious. In that respect, this article is designed to examine the contribution of Bharathi's poetry for the richness of Tamil literature in certain contexts. In particular, Bharathi's Tamil poetry is characterized by simple language, attractive poetry, feminist songs, theological devotional songs, and poems that are in tune with the fine arts. The essence of this research study consists of the Multifaceted Specialties of Poetic Excellence from a linguistic point of view such as Pride of Tamil language, Mother Language Obsession and Poetic Specialization, the Diverse Ideas from a feminist point of view such as The Pride of Women, Women’s Rights, Female Liberation and the concept of ‘Puthumai Pen’, Religious and philosophical views from the Theological perspectives such as Theological Thoughts, Devotional Norms (Bhakthi Neri), Glory of power (Shakthi Mahimai) and Specialty Poetic Versus from an aesthetic point of view reflecting Theological Dance Bond, Poetic style suitable for dance and ‘Shakthi Koothu’.
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K, Kananathan. "Traces of Time in Contemporary Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-9 (July 27, 2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s96.
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If we look at the term "Contemporary" in the history of the Tamil language, the periods starting from the end of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century to the present day are variously defined as the period of the arrival of Melai Natar, the development of prose, drama, the rise of film Tamil, science, Tamil, computer Tamil, the developmental period of web Tamil, and Media Tamil, and refer to the literary creations of the respective periods as twentieth century Tamil literature as well as divided, compiled, and analysed into short stories, novels, short novels, prose poems, new poems, and haiku poems. It seems that today's Tamil world is travelling in a worthwhile world of knowledge and exploration. When looking at the history of the Tamil language in its entirety, it is noteworthy that literary and grammatical works of the same type have been written from the Sangatamil period up to the mediaeval Tamil period. However, it is evident that modern Tamil literature has been created with more open forms and poetry. Because, although the modern literary period is shorter than other literary periods, the ideal world that Tamil says has to be renewed for many changes, changes and needs from the level of daily life, and it has become something that can happen naturally. Therefore, the works of modern Tamil literature have been structured beyond the natural Tamil language literary and grammatical definitions in accordance with the living environment, i.e., in terms of subject matter and formative structures, they are structured with indefinite definitions. However, the creations of C. Subramania Bharatiyar, who was born on 11.12.1882 and completed his worldly life on 11.09.1921 AD, are works that preserve the traditions of Tamil literature and grammar, and it is noteworthy to point to the contemporary traces, bear the traces of time that belong to the future of the same time, and record the traces of time that are suitable for all times. It is admirable that he has recorded in his poems hundreds of years before while singing about Gandhi. He is expressing his contemporary position of self-reliance as the primary leader of thirty crore people who are very diverse in many different races, languages, and cultures, a compilation of songs titled "Paradesam" even before the independence of Bharatha Nadu, published in the collection "Naatuppaattu" in AD 1919, and presenting Bharatha desam before our eyes with his poetry and the basic forms of activities that will be the projects of the 21st Century Resource Forms for Central Government Projects. Many projects, such as the Sethu Samudhirthra Project of the Central Government, which is much talked about today, will be explained. This article examines "Vinayagar Nanmani Mala’ which was written in 1918 AD and first published in 1929 AD, the four types of duties and their benefits that are meant for people of all ages.
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Somasundaram, O. "Ageing in Tamil Literature." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 1990): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156419900109.
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N, Jaishree. "Moral Thoughts in Ainkurunuru." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 8, 2022): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1919.
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Sangam literature is the foremost and the oldest literature in Tamil. Sangam literature is an ark of ideas that depicts many aspects of life like love, valor, war, business and agriculture of ancient Tamils. Sangam literature is divided into two categories as song and sum. Although the song books explain the good deeds of Tamil people, the sum books also explain the good deeds in the unique way. When a person leads a virtuous life, it will bring an everlasting happiness. Same way a person experiences boring life when he leads his life in a non-virtuous way. Therefore, there is no doubt that having good moral behavior is the best thing for man. This article reveals the moral thoughts that has been followed in the lives of ancient Tamils through Ainkurunuru, which is one among the Ettuthogai.
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Murugesapandian, N. "Transgenders in Ancient Tamil Literature." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i4.4818.
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There is no transgender voice or pro-transgender voice in the ancient Tamil literature. Transgender explanations need to be compiled from what is reported as information in grammatical commentary and literary works. Transgender people have been living in Tamil Nadu since ancient times can be found in Sangam literary works. Records about transgenders have appeared in Tolkappiyam and Nigandus. Tamil epics narrates that it is possible to know the status of transgender people living in harmony with palace life. Devotional literary works refer to gender’s past status as Lord being male, female, and transgender. In Tamil Nadu, transgender people are completely ignored as the emphasis of male chauvinism. In general values about transgender have been recorded in the ancient literary works.
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Vinil, W. Allin. "Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai To Tamil Literature." Think India 22, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8396.
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Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai was the famous historical writer in South India. He contributed much to the Tamil literature. His famous writings were Nutrogai vilakkam, Manonmaniam, some Early sovereigns of Travancore and History of Tamil literature. Manonmaniam Sundarampillai had profound knowledge of Tamil literature. During his times people believed that the Aryan civilization was inferior. His view point out that Tamil literature was divine and moral.Manonmaniam Sundarampillai took interest in the study of history and epigraphy. He laid many historical works and visited many places for gathering sources.In his historical findings he mentioned several monnuments are related with Tamil literature and history. His invention of Kollam Era stands even today as a monumental contribution to the chronological historical reflections and interpretations helped Dravidian India. In his historical work scholars got clear information about the findings and literary works.
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R, Kumaraguruparan. "Dravidian Aesthetics - the foremost of Indian Aesthetics." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-5 (August 25, 2022): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s536.
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The influences of contemporary events on the field of study and society on speakers of Dravidian languages such as Tamil indicate the primacy of Dravidian ideology. Scholars in other countries look at the functioning of the Dravidian movement in the political, social, and cultural spheres behind the Tamil aesthetics of Dravidian aesthetics being at the forefront of Indian aesthetics. The Czechoslovakian multi-linguist recalls in the interview the Sanskrit-Tamil linguistic exchanges, the unity, and other differences. The contribution of Dravidian culture to Indianization is revealed through the media interviews of Sri Lankan Tamil scholar Karthikesu Sivathambi. There is an explanation of the understanding of Tamil consciousness. Accordingly, the Dravidian movement developed by rejecting the Sanskrit tradition, the North Indian tradition, the Bhakti tradition, etc. Aside from religion, which is a feature of the past, the temple towers, the Nataraja image, the bhakti literature, etc., must be regarded as the active contribution of the Tamils, who were fully absorbed in Indian culture. These aspects were not adopted because of the atheistic, rationalist, and anti-Brahmin elements of the Dravidian movement. BC 100- AD 250 lays claim to Sangam literature, the Pre-Bhakti period literature. The central theme of the article was that the Dravidian movement regarded it as belonging to Tamils who did not have the Sanskrit tradition. It is understood that the contributions of Periyar and others led to the development of the Dravidian cultural ideology. Experts in other languages expound on Dravidian aesthetics. Malayalam scholar K. Ayyappa Panicker praises the Thinai doctrine of Tamil as a rare wealth of knowledge not found in the languages of the world. Not all Sanskrit language texts are based on the orthodox tradition they also include books.
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V, Mariswari. "Mother Goddess Worship in Ancient Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-2 (April 30, 2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s214.
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An ancient Tamil people worship begin from nature; Even though the first worship starts from women, women become as a God for their extreme quality of maternity. In ancient Tamil literature (Sangam Literature, Epic literature, Nilakesi etc.), the Number of evidences are found for the mother Goddess worship of ancient Tamil peoples. This Research articles give detailed explanation about the mother Goddess worship. The aim and objectines of this article is to find out the mother Goddess worship with the evidences of ancient Tamil Literature. In this research articles Descriptive Criticism, Historical Criticism and Analytical Criticism are applied.
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M, Kavitha. "The Charity of Jainism to Tamils based on Naladiyar." Indian Journal of Tamil 3, no. 2 (May 22, 2022): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijot2226.
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Jainism spread in Tamil Nadu in the 3rd century AD. Jains aim to show love and grace to all. The people of Tamil Nadu embraced Jain religious ideas. Jains contributed to Tamil by composing many books, ranging from Sangam literature to grammar books. In this, the Jains have emphasised many virtues, such as wealth, impermanence, the impermanence of the body, not desiring other women, friendship with virtuous people, and tolerance of mistakes made by friends. The purpose of the Jain religion in Tamil Nadu was to spread their religion among the people. Although on one hand, they tried to spread the Jain religion, on the other hand, they composed various books in Tamil for the Tamils and in the Tamil language for the people to cherish in their minds. In the books composed by them, generally how an individual should live in society, the virtue of not causing suffering to even a small life, and the principles of justice such as morality and dharma are emphasized.
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K, Sundararajan. "Philosophical Thoughts in Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1967.
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Tamil has now been accepted as the supreme classical language by the Government of India. Considering that we are happy and praising ourselves. But at the same time, only few people know that the original source of Tamil language is Sangam literature, which has given the status of a supreme classical language to Tamil language. Questions arise whether we are clear with the various dimensions of Sangam literature and the different platforms they operate on. Sangam literature written by many writers and Valluvar's Thirukkural guides man to live a good life in this world. There are many moral ideas in these books. Among them educational wealth and material wealth are the basis of individual and social development. Sangam literature emphasizes that all these qualities should be attained by every human being.
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S.P, Induja. "The Four Types of Varunathar Culture in Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-6 (July 30, 2022): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s633.
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The Sangam literature clearly captures the way of life and cultural characteristics of the ancient Tamils. It is the Sangam literature that reveals the antiquity and venerability of the Tamil people even today. Literature is composed of beautiful songs that are rich in ideas and imagination. It is through these verses that the backgrounds of the Brahmins, Kings, Vellalas, and Merchants who existed at that time can be understood. The occupations, customs, rituals, etc., of the people who lived in ancient society can be traced back to the Sangam literature. The Tamil language is the classical language of the world's languages. Literature in this language has innumerable details about culture. But in today's environment, culture is only found in the books we read. The purpose of this article is to reveal that the only truth is the idea that everyone, from the common man to the educated, is changing according to the times and the environment.
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S, Mallika, and Vibasri R. "Aesthetic Thoughts found in Natrinai." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-13 (November 21, 2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1330.
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Tamil is one of the classical languages with an ancient literary and grammatical tradition. Sangam literature is proof of the classical nature of the Tamil language. The Ettutthokai and Patthuppattu, which appeared during the Sangam age, are called the Pathinenmelkanakku. These depict the domestic and public lives of Sangam Tamils. Through Sangam literature, it is possible to know the lifestyle, culture, customs, etc. of the ancient Tamils. In Sangam literature, the sense of aesthetics is as mixed as flowers and fragrances. It is possible to know through the Sangam poems that the poets of the Sangam period had an abundance of aesthetic sense, which makes the mind of the learner happy in the way of composing the poem, expressing the feeling, and visualizing the concept. The purpose of this study is to explain the aesthetic thoughts contained in Natrinai, one of the Ettutthokai books.
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P, Sridevi. "Literary Personality evident in Kalaignar M.Karunanidhi’s Text bibliography." International Research Journal of Tamil 2, no. 3 (May 16, 2020): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2036.
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Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi stands high of all literary stalwarts of his age through his contribution to the language, literature and the state as a writer and a leader. He had been meticulously writing for decades together producing wide range of works that include political statements, pamphlets, editorial columns, poems, plays, stories, and translations of classics, screenplay and dialogues for films, Television serials and so on. His area of expertise includes ancient Tamil literature on which he has written kuraloviyam, sangaTamizh, Tholkapiyapoonga and ThirukuralThelivurai. He registers his vision for Tamil language and people in his works. He records his pride in rich Tamil tradition and at the same time he employs satire to comment about the grey areas. This paper studies the works of Dr. Kalaignar and presents the social history of the Tamils depicted in it through various literary devices.
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Stafford, Marla Royne, Gopala Ganesh, and Michael G. Luckett. "Perceived Spousal Influence In The Service Decision-Making Process: A Cross Cultural Investigation." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 12, no. 4 (September 8, 2011): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v12i4.5784.
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<span>Although spousal influence in the decision-making process has been investigated in the academic literature, most of the existing research has focused on decision-making for consumer goods. This paper reports the results of a cross-cultural study of consumer decision making for two broad types of services, across three different household samples (US Americans, Indian Tamil US Immigrants, and Indian Tamils living in India). Findings of the study suggest that for both types of services, there is more joint decision making within American US households than in Indian-Tamil households. Joint decision making is least prevalent in Tamil households in India.</span>
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G, Uma. "Cultural Elements of Agricultural People found in Periyapuranam." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-16 (December 12, 2022): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s167.
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Periyapuranam is a Tamil text, although the text is seen as a devotional literature, it can be considered as a historical treasury of Tamil Nadu in order to explain the culture of Tamils. In such a way this article helps us to know the cultural elements of agriculturalists in the Nayanmar period. It clearly shows the devotion of the Nayanmars and their attachment to the lord. While discussing the history of the Nayanmars the wealth of the city and country, the professions and the noble deeds of the servants are revealed. The article gives a clear information about agriculture which is the basic occupation of Tamil people.
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G, Savitha. "Family Relations in the Moral Values Expressed by Dravidian Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-5 (August 25, 2022): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s533.
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Dr. Robert Caldwell learned Tamil when he came to Tamil Nadu to do religious work. In the Dravidian language family, Tamil is known as the classical language. He studied linguistically that Tamilam was the Tramilam and the Tramilam was Dravidian and found that Tamil was the oldest and the first of the Dravidian languages. Knowing that Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam are like Tamil with grammar and literary dialogues, he wrote a book of a comparative grammar book. In 1856, Caldwell was the first to introduce the term "comparison grammar book of Dravidian languages" or "south Indian family languages" to the world of linguistics. This article explores the trend of moral literature and the literary records of family relations as a literary form in Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam, all the four Dravidian languages.
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Ganesan, A. "Paripadal Reveals Tamil Thoughts." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i3.4632.
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Our Tamils are the ones who divided the ancient Tamil Nadu which appeared five thousand years ago into five types of lands and divided the first, nucleus and subject matter separately for each people. The themes, drums and musical instruments found in the themes contributed to the development of the Tamil language and literature. Among the Sixty-four arts, music is the most sacred. Music was a separate genre long before the development of human civilization. Man expressed himself through music at a time when emotions could not be expressed through language. Thus the article sets out to illustrate the musical concepts found in the parable.
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K, Jinimol, and Mahalin Chanthira S. "Life Virtues of the Ancient Tamils in Akananuru." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1922.
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Akananuru shows up the life virtues of the ancient Tamil people. In this way Sangam literary works are loaded with moral values. Sangam period is the golden age for Tamil people and is the best literature of Tamil. Sangam literature includes Ettuthogai and Patthupaatu. This literature presents the life and history of the ancient Tamil people. It was composed by 473 poets; this collection contains 26,350 lines and 2,387 hymns. When the Tamil people starts to follow good deeds in their life, automatically their life will stabilize. In this way, Akananuru becomes a treasure that regulates life. It was compiled by Urithrasanmanar, son of Madurai Uppurikudikilar. Compiled by Pandyan Ukura Peruvaluthi. It ranges from 13 feet to 31 feet. This book is also known as Nedunthogai, Perunthogai Nanuru, Agappaatu. In this article the dignity of women and their virtues are important. The article also determines women’s high quality of chastity. Our ancient couples were the ones who lived a wholehearted life. The husband and wife enjoyed themselves by giving food and entertaining the guests and no estrangement between them. The ancient Tamils enjoyed sharing food with others. Their family life is filled with love and virtue. Giving to the bereaved is also a form of charity. The ancient Tamil people who lived with the principle that action is the life of a man, valued materialism as one of the duties. They managed a beautiful household with the material obtained through great effort. Friendship is more important for them than life. They lived in harmony without showing hatredness.
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J, Santhamoorthy. "The Whore of Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 2 (March 14, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2225.
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Tamil literature is made up of four strands charity, meaning, pleasure and home. The most important of them is a pleasure. It is in this pleasure that the Illness Regulations are taught about the Code of Life for the Human Clan. There is much talk about the prevalence of one of the Ainthinai in the association literature, not just the message of the leader and the nest in the associated literature. Tamil literature does not lead many women to live, even though one's marriage to a single person. So, the goats lived a life of a married man and a daughter of the other, the lover, the slum, the concubine. News about whore is known for its abundance in the literature of Neethi Nool, Thirumanthiram, Ettuthogai, Silappathikaram, and Tholkappiyam.
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Venugopal, Sababathy. "Akalikai in Modern Tamil Literature." Journal of Indian Studies 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jis.vol9no1.10.
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A, Muniyandi. "Ethics of women in archival literatures." International Research Journal of Tamil 2, no. 3 (June 4, 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt20310.
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From the earliest times to this period, Tamil literature has been the primary source of literature. Archival literature is unique in the History of Tamil literature. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the ethics of women in these archival literatures. Through this article, we are aware of the fact that women have become the best in the world of morality and the need to promote feminism.
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K, Sarveshwaran. "Arts in the Life of Sangam and Moral Ancient Tamils - A Research Based on Sculpture and Painting." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 1 (February 11, 2022): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s117.
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Literature can be said to be an activity or replica phenomenon that reveals a kind of attention. Tamil literature, which has a very long history, has a wide variety of concepts. The specialty of literature is to make these ideas world-renowned in a way that reflects a community. It must be said that these explanation0s did not hesitate to bear the various elements of the ancient Tamils in that way. Within those elements the arts are remarkable. Thus the arts are unique in the ancient Tamil cultural tradition. The study is being conducted under the title Arts in the life of Sangam and Moral ancient Tamils - A Research Based on Sculpture and Painting', realizing the immense creative arts in human energy. The study was carried out to study the literature on sculpture and painting, and to explore the true nature of the art of those who still preserve the art and preserve it. The main sources of this study are literature related to sculpture and painting. Through this study, the arts could be identified as an excellent tool for the development of anthropology, and a complete understanding of the arts in the case of the ancient Tamils could be obtained.
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L, Arun Prakash, and Beschi G. "The Contribution of the Christian Ammanais (a type of Tamil poetry in the form of questions and answers) to the History of Minor Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 4 (October 17, 2022): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22436.
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In the area of the Tamil language, which has a rich literary heritage of over 2,000 years that extends from Sangam literature to today's modern literature, the minor literature is known to be the product of the Naayakar period. Against the backdrop of various religions, which have contributed from time to time to the great work of enriching Mother Tamil, many minor literature books have emerged in Tamil. Christian Ammanais is the most famous of this type of minor literature, which originated in Tamil in the context of Christianity. This article explores the place of Christian Ammanai in Tamil minor literature and discusses its merits.
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K, Karthick, and Thiruveni V. "Religiosity in Pulamai ilakkanam." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 4 (September 21, 2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21419.
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Until the Sangam literary period (till 200 AD), Tamil language was secular and Tamil literature was created with an emphasis on virtue in both internal and external life. After that, religious literature started appearing in Tamil language. Tamil grammar texts are based on literature that appeared in different periods. Thus the “Pulamai ilakkanam” (grammar for scholarliness) composed by Vannacharabam Dantapani swami reveals the literary context that prevailed in the 19th century when he lived. Pulamai ilakkanam shows the author's religiosity and the religious beliefs and devotion in the field of education and literature at that time. Grammar is the rules for creating literature. If so, constructing Tamil scholarliness in relation to a particular religion would be tantamount to narrow down the breadth of the Tamil language. Based on the content of Pulamai ilakkanam and the literary context of the time, this article discusses the dominance of the religions over Tamil literature and the use oflanguage by religions for their development.
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Murugesapandian, N. "Taninayagam Adigal: A Tamil Scholar Who Initiated Tamilolgy." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v8i2.6738.
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Thaninayagam Adikalar expanded the study which was confined within the field of Tamil literature as literature and grammar into a new field called ‘Tamilology’. Adigalar’s work is unique in that he has connected the study of Tamil literature with various fields such as culture, comparative literature, linguistics, education, theology, geography, linguistics, philosophy, folklore, fine arts etc. He had the opportunity to read the works of world literature in the original languages and thus, he had the ability to compare and analyze the works of Tamil literature. His basic line of research is to delve deeper into the literary excellence of ancient Tamil and the historical significance of Tamil in a comparative context. He added new dimensions to Tamil studies with historical sources and facts. A historical perspective and a comparative approach form the foundation of Adigalar’s research.
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Vennila, N. "Mantras Shown in Sangam Literature." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 7, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v7i3.6093.
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Achamuga defining the sanga tamil community organization the standard of living of the people who lived in the system climate economic status and How was the cultural condition and how much civilization did the people live during the sangam period? The postion also indicated by sangam literary evidence From nomadic hunter – gatherer. Society to the Mughal rululers,Tamil society was an agricultural civilization. Sangha literature expresses a developed attitude to social conditions