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Journal articles on the topic 'Tamil Missions'
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R. BERSIA LOYISAL. "Educational Status Of Christian Missionaries To The Upliftment Of Dalits In Tinnevelly-Tuticorn District." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.17891.
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Education to all was the primary aim of the Christian missions in Tamil Nadu and particularly in Tinnevelly-Tuticorin region. Missionaries took a great deal of effort in the field of education by focusing their attention on the illiterates, also in keeping with their Gospel work, because the institution founded by them enabled them to share their religious views directly with the young people of the society. In those days, the downtrodden and the depressed classes (dalits) in the society were totally denied education. But the Christian missionaries came forward to educate them and to give a lift to their status. This article highlights the deep devotion to educate dalits and their awake over Christian mission.
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Kent, Eliza F. "Tamil Bible Women and the Zenana Missions of Colonial South India." History of Religions 39, no. 2 (November 1999): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463584.
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Sweetman, Will, and Ines G. Županov. "Rival Mission, Rival Science? Jesuits and Pietists in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century South India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 624–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000203.
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AbstractTwo European missionary teams, one Catholic and the other Protestant, encountered each other in the Tamil country in the first decade of the eighteenth century. They acted as if and thought that their goals were irreconcilable, even if the Protestants in Tranquebar admitted that the Catholic Jesuit proselytism in the region had been efficient as “preparatio evangelicae” for the Protestant mission. Jesuits and Pietists were not only rivals; they also collaborated, uneasily and unequally, in collecting, processing, and disseminating knowledge. Missionary linguistic and medico-botanical expertise was considered an indispensable proselytizing tool, and it showcased their “scientific” achievements that were admired and envied in Europe. Both Pietists and Jesuits of this period were fighting the early Enlightenment atheists while feeding them the materials from the missions. Both missionary groups were also victims of Enlightenment historiography. Despite their theological differences, they were far closer in their practices than either the missionaries themselves or their historians, who have mostly written from the same denominational perspective, have been willing to acknowledge. In part this was because the Protestants, especially their mission's founders, relied on both texts and converts produced by their Catholic rivals.
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Das, Sonia N. "Failed Legacies of Colonial Linguistics: Lessons from Tamil Books in French India and French Guiana." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 4 (September 29, 2017): 846–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000305.
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AbstractThe archives of French India and French Guiana, two colonies that were failing by the mid-nineteenth century, elucidate the legacy of colonial linguistics by drawing attention to the ideological and technological natures of colonial printing and the far-reaching and longstanding consequences of the European objectification of Indian vernaculars. Torn between religious, commercial, and imperialist agendas, the French in India both promoted Catholicism and advanced the scientific study of Tamil, the majority language spoken in the colonial headquarters of Pondicherry. There, a little known press operated by the Paris Foreign Missions shipped seventy-one dictionaries, grammars, and theological works printed in Tamil and French to Catholic schools undergoing secularization in French Guiana, a colony with several thousand Tamil indentured laborers. I analyze the books’ lexical, orthographic, and typographical forms, metalinguistic commentaries, publicity tactics, citational practices, and circulation histories by drawing on seldom-discussed materials from the Archives nationales d'outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence, France. I propose a theoretical framework to investigate how technology intersects with the historical relationship between language and colonialism, and argue that printing rivalries contributed to Orientalist knowledge production by institutionalizing semiotic and language ideologies about the nature of “perfectible” and “erroneous” signs. My comparative approach highlights the interdiscursive features of different genres and historical periods of Tamil documentation, and underscores how texts that emerged out of disparate religious and scientific movements questioned the veracity of knowledge and fidelity of sources. Such metalinguistic labor exposed the evolving stances of French Indologists toward Dravidian and Indo-Aryan linguistics and promoted religious and secular interests in educational and immigration policies.
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Dorairajan, Uthra, and Manikandan Sambasivam. "An Overview on Steps to Accelerate Science Communication in Tamil." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2226.
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Our country’s Science, Technology, Innovation Policy (STIP 2020) was released last year. Generally, there exists a gap between science and technology and the general public. It is impertinent to bridge this gap between scientific domain experts, technology aficionados and common (wo)man. STIP 2020 aims to maximize the number of people that participate in and contribute to the scientific discussions, missions and processes in the country. Current science and technology innovations, opportunities, and efforts need to reach every citizen through every spoken and written language of our country. This can be realized by enriching vocabulary in vernacular languages, revisiting words which are not in vogue, translating, transliterating, building technical dictionaries, publishing revised editions, creating copious web resources in Tamil and other local languages. Collaboration with science and technology experts and their contribution towards increasing the technical vocabulary is indispensable to achieve this in the current situation. Translators, linguists, litterateurs should work in unison with experts from different fields. In this article, the authors share their concerns and ideas based on their experience in translating students’ science resources to Tamil.
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Waha, Kristen Bergman. "SYNTHESIZING HINDU AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS IN A. MADHAVIAH'S INDIAN ENGLISH NOVELCLARINDA(1915)." Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150317000419.
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The novels of Indian writerA. Madhaviah (1872–1925) are deeply ambivalent toward British Protestant missions in the Madras Presidency. The son of a Brahmin family from the Tirunelveli District in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu, Madhaviah had the opportunity to form close intellectual relationships with British missionaries and Indian Christian converts while studying for his B.A. at the Madras Christian College, completing his degree in 1892. Although he remained a Hindu throughout his life, Madhaviah's first English novel,Thillai Govindan(1903), praises some missionaries for their moral characters, naming in particular the Madras Christian College's principal, William Miller (1838–1923); however, the same novel also criticizes other unnamed Madras missionaries for extravagant lifestyles that squandered the money of unsuspecting supporters in Britain (64). Madhaviah's deep commitment to late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century Indian women's reform movements, including widow remarriage, the abolition of child marriage, and women's education, meant that he often agreed with British missionaries championing similar reforms in Indian society. However, his early novels also criticize the proselytizing activities of missionaries, particularly in educational settings. In his Tamil novelPadmavati Carittiram(1898, 1899) and English novelSatyananda(1909), Madhaviah exposes missionary attempts to take advantage of a young pupil's inexperience in an educational setting or to exploit a quarrel between pupil and family members to secure a conversion. Yet in contrast, Madhaviah's final English novel,Clarinda: A Historical Novel(1915), offers perhaps the most positive depiction of an Indian Christian conversion in his fiction. A historical novel that reimagines the life of a renowned eighteenth-century Marathi Brahmin woman convert living in Thanjavur, Madhaviah'sClarindaoffers Christian conversion as a liberating decision for the young Clarinda. Her conversion allows her as a widow to escape the patriarchal control of her abusive husband's family and to contribute to her community as a philanthropist and an early social reformer. While Madhaviah remained critical of certain conversion tactics, which could transgress ethical boundaries, Madhaviah also acknowledged that missionary goals for women's improved lot within society often intersected with his own convictions.
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Young, Richard Fox. "Protestant Origins in India: Tamil Evangelical Christians, 1706–1835. By D. Dennis Hudson. Studies in the History of Christian Missions 2. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2000. xii + 220. $45.00 cloth." Church History 70, no. 3 (September 2001): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654518.
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Rubiés, Joan-Pau. "Tamil Voices in the Lutheran Mission of South India (1705-1714)." Journal of Early Modern History 19, no. 1 (December 19, 2015): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342439.
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The English edition of the Bibliotheca Malabarica, a manuscript catalogue of the Tamil works collected by the young Lutheran missionary Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg during his first two years in India (1706-8), attests to his prodigious effort to acquire, read, and summarize all the works of the “heathens” of South India that he could possibly get hold of. Most of this literature seems to have originated from local Śaiva mattams. Besides epics and puranas, the collection included many popular works on ethics, divination and astrology, devotional poetry, or folk narratives and ballads. Ziegenbalg seems to have acquired these through his Tamil teacher in Tranquebar—an elderly schoolmaster—and his son. In this respect, a focus on the social and cultural dynamics by which local knowledge was transmitted to Europeans is no less important than identifying the literary sources for their interpretation of Hinduism. A fascinating work, the Tamil correspondence conducted between 1712 and 1714 by the Lutheran missionaries with a number of learned Hindus reveals their desire to embark on a kind of inter-religious dialogue as a foundation for their Christian apologetics. The replies received from his “heathen” correspondents would inform much of Ziegenbalg’s interpretation of Śaivism as a form of natural monotheism. Translated into German and published in Halle, they also became part of the Pietist propaganda concerning the mission, exerting a much wider impact than Ziegenbalg’s unpublished monographs about Hindu doctrines and theology. But how authentic were these Tamil voices? Close analysis suggests that even if we conclude with the editors that the letters were what they claim to be, that is a direct translation of the work of many independent Tamil correspondents, the extent to which there was a religious “dialogue” based on reciprocity is open to question.
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Sivagnanam, K. Jothi, and K. Murugan. "Impact of Public Spending on National Food Security Mission and Farmers Livelihoods in Tamil Nadu." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 7, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024919844408.
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National Food Security Mission (NFSM) scheme is one of the flagship schemes for the development farmer’s livelihood. The objective is to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains production to improve livelihood, particularly in rice, wheat and pulses. It is providing the modern machinery, farm management and pest management. The article intends to analyse the trends in area, production and productivity of rice in the NFSM and non-NFSM districts in Tamil Nadu. This article is divided into four sections. The first is introductory in nature; the second deals with review of literature. The third section describes the rice production in Tamil Nadu, and the fourth section describes the government spending to the NFSM scheme in Tamil Nadu. Finally, it provides concluding remarks and policy suggestions from the study.
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Muthuraj, J. Gnanaseelan. "A Survey of Tamil Christian writings in European libraries." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 117, no. 2 (April 1985): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00138407.
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What are the primary sources for the early history of the Tranquebar mission? One depends on Danish, German and English sources, in that order of priority, because the mission was initiated by the King of Denmark, executed by German missionaries and financially supported by the English. The history of Christianity in India, however, is not equivalent to the history of mission boards and missionaries, though these are necessary components of a true understanding of the history of the Church. To be fair, equal importance should be given to the Tamil sources which have been underestimated by historians. The first step must be to collect them, for there is evidence that they were neglected from the very beginning of the mission in Tamilnadu
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Balmforth, Mark E. "2019 Barnard Prize Winner - A Nation of Ink and Paint: Map Drawing and Geographic Pedagogy in the American Ceylon Mission." History of Education Quarterly 59, no. 4 (November 2019): 468–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2019.40.
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Emma Willard's map-drawing geographic pedagogy revolutionized early nineteenth-century American education, turning students into participants in the crafting of the new nation. This essay explores the conditions under which map drawing was transported to American missionary schools in South Asia and helped instigate a Tamil nation in British Ceylon. What did the missionaries intend the teaching method to impart? What were the consequences of this pedagogical form on dominant Tamil portrayals of space and identity in Ceylon? To answer these questions and to track the foreign career of American didactic mapmaking, this essay draws on print and manuscript archival materials, including two maps by a Tamil student at the American Ceylon Mission named Robert Breckenridge. The essay argues that the use of map-drawing pedagogy in Ceylon partially transmitted American ways of being in the world, which were consequential for local spatial knowledges and the crafting of a Tamil national identity on the island.
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Volwerk, Martin, Charlotte Goetz, Ingo Richter, Magda Delva, Katharina Ostaszewski, Konrad Schwingenschuh, and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier. "A tail like no other." Astronomy & Astrophysics 614 (June 2018): A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732198.
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Context. The Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) magnetometer (MAG) data during the tail excursion in March–April 2016 are used to investigate the magnetic structure of and activity in the tail region of the weakly outgassing comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). Aims. The goal of this study is to compare the large scale (near) tail structure with that of earlier missions to strong outgassing comets, and the small scale turbulent energy cascade (un)related to the singing comet phenomenon. Methods. The usual methods of space plasma physics are used to analyse the magnetometer data, such as minimum variance analysis, spectral analysis, and power law fitting. Also the cone angle and clock angle of the magnetic field are calculated to interpret the data. Results. It is found that comet 67P does not have a classical draped magnetic field and no bi-lobal tail structure at this late stage of the mission when the comet is already at 2.7 AU distance from the Sun. The main magnetic field direction seems to be more across the tail direction, which may implicate an asymmetric pick-up cloud. During periods of singing comet activity the propagation direction of the waves is at large angles with respect to the magnetic field and to the radial direction towards the comet. Turbulent cascade of magnetic energy from large to small scales is different in the presence of singing as without it.
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Sivagnanam, K. Jothi, and K. Murugan. "Impact of Hybrid Rice Cultivation on Farmers’ Livelihood in Tamil Nadu." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 8, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024919883101.
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This study explores new varieties of Hybrid rice and its impact on overall production and productivity in Tamil Nadu. The data for this study have been collected from two districts, namely Nagapattinam and Tiruvarur of Tamil Nadu. These districts are harvesting relatively higher concentration of hybrid rice within the group of National Food Security Mission districts in Tamil Nadu. In each of the districts of Nagapattinam and Tiruvarur, two representative blocks, namely, Kuttalam and Mayiladuthurai and Needamangalam and Valangaiman were taken, respectively, and within each block two villages were selected. After introduction of hybrid rice technology since 1994, there has been slow development in that technology in Tamil Nadu, mainly because of the unawareness of the benefits of the hybrid rice, and the farmers mainly use the high yielding variety (HYVs) because of cost-effectiveness. Even after two decades, the hybrid rice technology did not spread all over Tamil Nadu due to lukewarm policies of the government, unfamiliarity with the technology and high cost of cultivation and shortage of labour force. Therefore, the farmers did not shift their cropping pattern from HYVs into hybrid rice technology.
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Suguna, L. S. "Research contribution of University of Kerala in the field of Tamil: A Study." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i1.2455.
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A research university is an academic institution that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. The beginning of research activities in the University of Kerala dates back to 1937. This paper aims to investigate research in the field of Tamil from University of Kerala during the last decade.
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Balmforth, Mark E. "A Tamil Pietist in Ceylon: The Educational Experiments of Christian David." International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301004.
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This microhistory of the early nineteenth-century school-building efforts of a Tamil preacher in British Ceylon tracks an intersection between missionary education, British colonialism, and South Asian modernity. Christian David (1771–1852) was born into a Tamil Christian family with deep connections to the Royal Danish-Halle Mission at Tranquebar and educated by German missionaries Christian Friedrich Schwartz and Christoph Samuel John, like his more famous contemporaries King Serfoji ii of Tanjore and the celebrated Christian poet Vētanāyakam Cāstiriyār. In the year 1801, after declining employment in Serfoji’s court, David accepted an offer to become ‘Preacher in the Malabar Language in the District of Jafnapatam’. Drawing upon his extensive, albeit little-known writings, this essay argues that David expanded upon the mixed Tamil-German education of his childhood and the pedagogical experimentation of his missionary mentors to propose and construct a pioneering and consequential state-funded boarding school explicitly seeking to cultivate governable subjects.
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Stephensen Vaseekaran, Dr M. Kennedy. "DIALECTICS OF DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF THE LEGACY OF AMBEDKAR IN THE STATE OF TAMIL NADU." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v3i1.35.
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Anyone who have fair knowledge about the politics of Tamil nadu and also the national politics would presumably understand the vision and mission of Dr. Ambedkar. In the 21st century, whether Dr. Ambedkar’s vision has any relevance and in particularly, the question of development from the stand point of liberalist framework, one need to look deep into Ar.Ambedkar’s vision for India’s development. In nutshell Dr. Ambedkar has not only an eye opener to India but to other nations as well. That makes Dr. Ambedkar universal, which many contest on the grounds of narrow framework of social network theories. However, I would like to dwell upon the issues in development since the independence in India as far as the “ dalits” are concerned, particularly, with case study from the state of Tamil nadu.
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Serrano-Cinca, Carlos, and Begoña Gutiérrez-Nieto. "Microfinance, the long tail and mission drift." International Business Review 23, no. 1 (February 2014): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.03.006.
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V, Ranjith, and Kathiresan Pon. "Politics in Thirukkural and a Comparative view with Tamil Texts." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1958.
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Thirukkural is the primary comprehensive guide to politics. From monarchy to populism, one can know the excellence of government through Thirukkural. In Thirukkural, sovereignty, education, incompetence, lack of knowledge, condemnation, tyranny, perspective, motivation, personality, organization, strategy, ministry, mission, identification, friendship, fire, basket friendship, genius, wisdom, Periyar’s infallibility, womanizing, snobbery and other political ideas are explained very well. All these are explained in this article in comparison with political ideas.
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Ēce, Kristīna. "Anna Irbe un misijas darbs Karunagarapuri." Ceļš 71 (December 15, 2020): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/cl.71.03.
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This year, we celebrate the 130th anniversary of the birth of Latvian missionary Anna Irbe (1890–1973). She was an extraordinary woman and one of the first missionaries that went from Latvia into the mission field in Southern India. This paper examines her approach to missionary work, which was very innovative at the time and quite successful. It also discusses Irbe’s motives and philosophy of missionary service. Irbe very strongly stood against the theology of mission of the time, which held that Western missionaries were the ones bringing the culture to the poor heathens. She very acutely recognized that many of the Westerners, including some missionaries, held a supremacy attitude. She was willing to learn – she acquired the Tamil language, sought to understand the culture, differences in the caste system, and the attitudes of fellow missionaries. From her observations, she made a decision to do everything with an Indian style so that her work would not be considered foreign by local beneficiaries of the mission, which allowed her to be very successful in her ministry. Soon after the start of her ministry, Irbe developed a “Latvian village in India” called Karunagarapuri, which is located in the Coimbatore area, Tamil Nadu state. The name of the village means “The village of the most merciful God.” Irbe also recognized that the Gospel was always connected with culture, and therefore she was very open to discover and learn new things about Indian culture by visiting various temples and museums and meeting people of different castes. She was very open to ecumenism and was ready to use any opportunity to see where signs of God’s mercy could be noticed. During her ministry, she tried to fully identify with the local people, which was not the most common attitude among missionaries of that time. Overall, Irbe’s mission service and sacrifice brought plentiful fruit and it could be said that in her attitude and love towards the people of India, she was an extraordinary woman ahead of her time
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George, Sekar Leo, Komali Kantamaneni, Rasme Allat V, Kumar Arun Prasad, Sulochana Shekhar, Sigamani Panneer, Louis Rice, and Karuppusamy Balasubramani. "A Multi-Data Geospatial Approach for Understanding Flood Risk in the Coastal Plains of Tamil Nadu, India." Earth 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3010023.
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The coastal plains of Tamil Nadu, India, are prone to floods, the most common disaster experienced in this region almost every year. This research aims to identify flood risks in the coastal plain region of Tamil Nadu, delineated through a watershed approach with 5020 micro-administrative units covering an area of about 26,000 sq. km. A comprehensive flood risk assessment covering hazard, vulnerability, and exposure parameters was carried out using multiple datasets derived from field surveys, satellite data, and secondary data sources. The flood hazard layer was prepared on a probability scale (0–1) with the help of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar data coupled with GIS-based water rise modelling using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM-DEM) and reports of the District Disaster Management Plans of 13 coastal districts. In addition, the National Resources Conservation Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method was adopted to estimate surface runoff potential for identifying low probability flood-prone regions. The vulnerability and exposure of the population to flood hazards were determined using census and household data-based indicators. The different categories of built-up areas were delineated and intersected with the flood hazard layer to estimate elements at flood risk. An exhaustive field survey was conducted at 514 locations of the study area, targeting deprived communities of all major settlements to validate the flood hazard layer and understand the public perceptions. The amalgamation of results shows that very high flood risk prevails in the northern parts of coastal Tamil Nadu, especially the stretch between Chennai and Cuddalore. In addition, to provide baseline datasets for the first time at micro-administrative units for the entire coastal plains of Tamil Nadu, the study offers a pragmatic methodology for determining location-specific flood risks for policy interventions.
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Nessan, Craig L. "Mission and Theological Education ‐ Berlin, Athens, and Tranquebar: A North American Perspective." Mission Studies 27, no. 2 (2010): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338310x536429.
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AbstractAn intense discussion of the nature and purpose of theological education has insufficiently regarded the vital importance of the missionary perspective. This article reviews the contemporary debate about theological education with special reference to the contributions of Edward Farley and David Kelsey. The prevailing paradigms of “Berlin” and “Athens” need to be complemented through the perspective of “Tranquebar.” Through a critical appreciation of the work of Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg (1682‐1719), the retrieval of a fresh and urgently needed missionary paradigm can be facilitated for the contemporary work of theological education. Ziegenbalg demonstrated attentiveness to local culture, collected and cataloged perspectives on South Indian deities, respected the dignity of the Tamil people, and embodied a vibrant theology of mission. The implications of his contribution are translated into an agenda for theological education today and are illustrated through the example of one particular theological school.
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Oddie, Geoffrey A., and Henriette Bugge. "Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840-1900)." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 4 (1996): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2761209.
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Finch, Andrew J. "Translating Christianity and Buddhism: Catholic Missionaries in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Burma." Studies in Church History 53 (May 26, 2017): 324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2016.19.
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Catholic mission in Burma during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries provides evidence for the importance of translation as an element of both Christian evangelism and apologetic. In Burma missionaries were faced by a varied linguistic environment, which became more complex over time. An effective mission required Burmese and the two Karen dialects. Additionally, missionaries were pastors to existing Portuguese Christian communities. British expansion during the nineteenth century added English and Tamil to these pastoral languages. English also became a language of education, Christian debate and mediation. Those wishing to understand Buddhism through its canonical texts had to acquire, or borrow from Buddhist monks, expertise in Pali. This translation and interpretation of Buddhist texts became a tool for both evangelization and Christian defence. In this latter role, the manner in which Buddhist terms were translated or employed became significant within wider European debates concerning the relationship of Christianity to Buddhism.
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Ismanto, Kuat. "PENGELOLAAN BAITUL MAAL PADA BAITUL MAAL WA TAMWIL (BMT) DI KOTA PEKALONGAN." JURNAL PENELITIAN 12, no. 1 (May 3, 2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/jupe.v12i1.641.
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Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT) is a microfinance institution that operates based on Islamic principles (Islam). There are two main divisions of the institution, as a business base that is as Baitul Maal and as Baitul Tamwil. The first division related to social mission, namely as zakat management institutions, infaq, endowments, charity, and others, while the second division is engaged in the business (profit). This paper further review of Baitul Maal position/status at BMT, then discussed how the management of funds by the agency. Facts on the ground indicate that there is BMT has run Baitul Maal, however many do not run it.
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Raja Sekaran, N. "Availability and Utilization of Sanitation Facilities: A Micro Study from Rural Tamil Nadu." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 7, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i3.449.
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About 4 billion citizens around the world lack access to proper sanitation, meaning they are forced to practice open defecation. The health consequences for those living without using toilets are severe. Approximately 480,000 children under5 year age die annually from diarrhoea caused by unsafe water and a lack of access to proper sanitation. That’s almost 2,000 kids a day. In developing countries like India, 57 per cent of households do not have a toilet. And in Tamil Nadu mainly, it was at 52 per cent. In India, civil societies and local government play a vital role in rural development, and they are responsible for transforming the socio-economic features of the villages in India. The central and state governments are implementing many schemes like the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), and so on to protect child and women’s health. Both governments to give reward for full achievement of gram panchayats like Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) and reward up to Rs. 10 lakhs. Tamil Nadu provides an award with for Clean Village Campaign (CVC), and the reward is Rs. 5 lakhs at the state government level, The present study focuses on the availability and utilisation of sanitation facilities in Manjakuttai gram panchayat (GP). This GP awarded NGP in 2008. So the present paper contains the importance and need of the study, literature review, objectives of the study, methodology, general observation, rural sanitation etc.; An attempt is made, to study the sanitation facilities in general and particular to study the Manjakuttai GP of Yercaud block in Salem district, Tamil Nadu.
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A, Muthu Sivagami. "Moral Deeds in Purananuru." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-19 (December 10, 2022): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1933.
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Ancient text Akananuru and Purananuru are the special text which contains many virtues that are helpful for human beings. Internal and external glory is considered to be the universal glory. Self-purity is one of the virtues of life. Virtue, materiality, pleasure, attainment of wealth, all these are applicable to Purananuru. The purpose of this article is to show that virtue is the life for ancient Tamil people. The people of the Sangam era lived with honesty and integrity in life. Sangam people were effective in different activities like economy, mission, education, guarding etc. this article overall covers the moral deeds that are discussed in Purananuru
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Herbert, Beulah. "Tamil Christian Women at the Turn of the Millennium: mission initiatives and gender practice." Women's History Review 17, no. 4 (September 2008): 611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020802200443.
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Pang, Huan, Dongyang Shi, and Daocheng Wang. "Research on mission reliability and sensitivity of folding tail mechanism." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1043, no. 5 (January 1, 2021): 052018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1043/5/052018.
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Vasudevan, Swarnapriya, Srinivasan Nallasamy, and Arjun Loganathan. "Determinants of open-air defecation in rural Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200417.
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Background: Open defecation refers to the practice whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using toilet to defecate. This practice contributes to the emergence of infectious diseases which forms a threat to health of people. This study attempts to find the prevalence of open-air defecation (OAD) and to explore factors influencing the practice.Methods: The present study was a community based cross-sectional study taken up in the C. Manampadi village covering 153 households. A semi structured questionnaire along with the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) questionnaire was used to collect data.Results: Our study results show that 35.3% of the households had no toilet facility in their houses and were practicing open air defecation. There was a significant association between open air defection and variables like literacy level of head of the family, community and water adequacy.Conclusions: This study highlights that the study population practices OAD not due to economic in sufficiency but due to social constraints.
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Jeyaraj, Daniel. "Book Review: Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 22, no. 4 (October 1998): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693939802200426.
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Sivagnanam, K. Jothi, and K. Murugan. "The Public Spending on National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and Rice Production in Tamil Nadu." Indian Economic Journal 63, no. 1 (April 2015): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220150106.
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Chwa, DongKyoung, Jin Young Choi, and Jin H. Seo. "NONLINEAR OBSERVER FOR TAIL-CONTROLLED SKID-TO-TURN MISSILES." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.01256.
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Hettiarachchi, Shanthikumar. "TAMIL TIGER ’MARTYRDOM’ IN SRI LANKA: FAITH IN SUICIDE FOR NATIONHOOD?" RELIGION IN THE PROGRAMS OF POLITICAL PARTIES 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0102131h.
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The article focuses on the ‘suicide-martyrdom’ deployed by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of Sri Lanka as a political strategy for self determination and liberation from the ‘Sinhala hegemony’. The protagonists have given a new political-religious meaning to the historically celebrated acts of religious martyrdom, which took place in the name of faith and belief. Suicide strikers do not believe that the suicide acts they commit are lethal. They are portrayed to be valiant acts of honour and sacrifice on behalf of the family, ethnic community, and more importantly against the ‘terrorising other’ whose ‘acts of violence’ must be terminated. It is performed not as an act of violence, but a resolute sacrifice for the sake of compatriots and their freedom. The author draws some aspects from the research and writings of Peter Schalk and Michael Roberts who have addressed the same subject area on martyrdom as a form of secular resistance, and the latter, on religious aspects in the military formation of a suicide striker and in the aftermath of the mission. He argues that the reconstruction of an astute faith in suicide and its ritualisation as a well crafted political tool and as a powerful means to instil fear psychosis in the enemy for the creation of a separate state. The concept of suicide and the suicide striker within the LTTE with its primary secular political hermeneutic has now embraced a phase of expanding into a notion of patriotic heroism, in the name of statehood of Tamil Eelam bordering on religiouscultural sentiments. This altruistic suicide is linked to liberation of their compatriots from tyranny and injustice which is considered sublime and transcendental even though there is no definitive reward of a paradise as in the case of Jihadist suicide strikers. The political rhetoric behind the war slogans with religious connotations and statements is socio-political cancer, which has infected many conflict ridden localities across the globe. Sri Lanka remains one example of a majority-minority conflict zone and displays an ardent obstinacy both by the majority and the minority in the conflict, in portraying the ‘other’ as the sole enemy of the ‘self’. They have not only been emulated by the likes of Hamas in the Palestinian campaign against Israeli occupation but also by the Al-Qaeda terror network. A suicide striker is different to a solider who goes to the battle field, and is not focused on dying but counterattacking the enemy. The suicide striker kills so that others may live through his or her act of heroism, a devotional sacrifice for the cause of Tamil Eelam. The abandonment of a Black Tiger life is not suicide, but a gift of oneself which has Christian nuances. LTTE hero is a ‘secular’ hero. However, it must be noted that LTTE on their part fail to obliterate the centuries old psychosocial phenomenon of religiosity, embedded in the Tamil folk psyche with the Hindu worldview. The representational death of a Black tiger enhances and pontificates the Tamil ethnic roots and heritage as brave, courageous and surpassing those of the enemy which endows the Tamil public with a sense of heroism and national pride. He/she is a hero of the Tamil Eelam and nothing more and nothing less. Schlak relentlessly tries to separate the LTTE’s ideological secularity from being ‘religious’ but he undermines the ethnic Tamil religiosity which is very much Saivite Hindu and Catholic which determine the parameters of a new cult, within the space provided by the LTTE, where the masses have found meaning and connectedness in times of despair and loss. It is in this sense that new religious meanings have been collated around death and dying, in the name of liberation and suicide, however violent, self destructive and undesirable, within the religious world of the popular masses.
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Note, Osamu. "The Mission of Popular Film: The Use of Tradition and Its Implication in a Tamil Movie." Asian Cinema 15, no. 2 (September 1, 2004): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ac.15.2.141_1.
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Muthukumaravel, N., and K. Y. Manjunath. "A study on occurrence of third trochanter in the femora in northern Tamil Nadu region." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 04, no. 04 (October 2015): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401574.
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Abstract Background and aims: The third trochanter is defined as the osseous tubercule in the superior part of the gluteal tuberosity. The occurrence of third trochanter might have been due to the consequence of the relative strengthening of gluteus maximus muscle in human beings. The present study was undertaken on the femora of northern Tamil Nadu region with the aim to determine the frequency of third trochanter of femur in this region and to compare it with occurrence in other series. Material and methods: The study was carried out on a collection of 153 dried adult femora of unknown age and sex available at the departments of Anatomy of Annapoorana Medical College and Vinayaka Mission's Homeopathy Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Results: Out of total 153 femora studied, the presence of third trochanter was noticed in 21 femora (13.72%). Out of these 15.71% were femora of the right side and 12.04% were of the left side. The average length and breadth of the third trochanters were 19.80±5.22 mm and 7.63±1.75 mm respectively Conclusion: The occurrence of the third trochanter was considerably higher among right femora than the femora of the left side. The average length of the third trochanters was found to be more on the right side and average width was more on the left side. This may be due to functional difference between the right and left gluteus maximii muscles.
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Aruna Subramaniam, Sirala Nalini Jagadeesh, Poongodi Ramalingam, and Saranya P. "Validation of Tamil Version of the Anemia Knowledge Questionnaire (AKQ)." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 24, 2020): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3893.
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In India anemia is a common problem among Antenatal Women. In order to decrease maternal mortality, it is important to create knowledge among antenatal women. Varied instruments have been used to assess knowledge on anemia. However, there is a shortage for validated instruments in India for assessing anemia knowledge. The aim of present study is to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the knowledge of anemia to be used in antenatal women, reproductive women and adolescent girls. Before pretest researchers measured face validity and construct validity. The study was conducted in antenatal outpatient department of selected primary health centers at Thriuvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India.Subjects: Six nursing and one psychology expert, ten Village Health Nurse (VHN) and 100 antenatal mothers participated in the mission. During factorial analysis sampling adequacy was measured by using Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test (MSA) = 0.87 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was X2 = 458.338 (p < 0.001). Varimax with Kaiser normalization rotation was performed and three factors were defined. The “general awareness” consists of four items (α = 0.79), anemia investigation and treatment component consists of six items (α = 0.81) and under diet and complication of anemia component, there is a five item factor (α = 0.89). In individual questions factor analysis, Cronbach’s alphas ranged from .84 and .86. 15.2% indicating total variance. There is no statistical significance between test and retest method. The questionnaire showed good validity and reliability (internal consistency and reproducibility), hence we can use this questionnaire among adults.
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Masturin, Masturin, and Siti Amaroh. "MANAJEMEN MODAL SOSIAL LEMBAGA KEUANGAN MIKRO SYARIAH DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEMASLAHATAN UMAT: STUDI PADA BAITUL MAAL WAT TAMWIL DI KUDUS." Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 7, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v7i1.5171.
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<p><em>Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil </em><em>has been growing as the financial institution from grassroot. This study will describe social capital management of Islamic microfinance to realize ummah maslahah. Data was obtained from five Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil in Kudus that are BMT Mitra Muamalat, BMT Harapan Umat, BMT Amanah, BMT Al Amin, and BMT Mahardika. Informants of this research are managers of each BMT. Social capital management is explained based on some aspects contains vision and mission, customer mapping, handling pattern of customer complaints, social activities, human resources training and development model, and education and socialization model. This research approach is qualitative with natural setting to capture essential problems from research object. However, the findings of this research are: (1) formulate vision and mission represent efforts to integrate organizational resources and social values to community welfare; (2) design of training and development programs for employee to increase human resources comprehension in managing products and contracts, and also principles of Islamic finance; (2) educate society to change conventional mindset into Islamic mindset particularly about justice principle and trustworthy; (3) conduct social responsibility through Baitul Maal with donation, scholarship for poor students, home repair, and other assistances; (4) stand with micro-small enterprises, small traders, traditional market traders, farmer, and factory workers; and (5) design risk management through fund reserve system.</em></p>
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Wang, J., A. A. Baker, and D. Bitton. "Riveted patch repairs for helicopter tail drive shafts with battle damage." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1205 (July 2014): 811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009556.
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Abstract The ability to repair battle damage in a helicopter tail drive shaft (TDS) caused by small arms fire is a very important capability. A successful repair will enable the helicopter to continue its mission or at least allow it to return safely to base. This paper describes assessment of conventional and novel repair techniques using riveted metallic patches to restore the balance and strength of a damaged TDS. Analytical approaches are provided for the design of the repair. Modal analyses indicated that the effect of repair on change of the natural frequency of the TDS was negligible. An experimental testing program was conducted to validate the proposed repair methods. It has been demonstrated that the proposed repair methods achieved sufficient balance restoration by a defined repair procedure, assuming the unbalance could not be measured during a repair in the field. The conventional thin, single aluminium sheet, riveted repair significantly restored static strength. However, it only gave a fatigue life of 15hrs, and thus the repaired shaft may only be used for limited time for a military mission. The improved thick, two-half aluminium shell, riveted repair had sufficient static strength and met the 100-hour fatigue requirement.
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Anwar, Moch Khoirul. "Operasional Baitul Mal Wa Tamwil (Bmt) Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Umat Di Kabupaten Sidoarjo." AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v4n2.p170-182.
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AbstractOne of the efforts to empower people’s economy is the existence of microfinance institutions such as Bayt al-Mal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) which have role to establish the economy successfully. This research used a qualitative approach and the type was field research. Data obtained in this research through participatory observation and interviews involved. The findings of this research can be presented that BMT has a participation in the economic empowerment of small and micro entrepreneurs. However, BMT in Sidoarjo Regency, it can not perform its function as bayt al-mal, having a duty to apply the social mission.
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Lui, A. T. Y., Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, V. Angelopoulos, G. K. Parks, F. S. Mozer, H. Rème, et al. "Prelude to THEMIS tail conjunction study." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 4 (May 8, 2007): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1001-2007.
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Abstract. A close conjunction of several satellites (LANL, GOES, Polar, Geotail, and Cluster) distributed from the geostationary altitude to about 16 RE downstream in the tail occurred during substorm activity as indicated by global auroral imaging and ground-based magnetometer data. This constellation of satellites resembles what is planned for the THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscopic Interactions during Substorms) mission to resolve the substorm controversy on the location of the substorm expansion onset region. In this article, we show in detail the dipolarization and dynamic changes seen by these satellites associated with two onsets of substorm intensification activity. In particular, we find that dipolarization at ~16 RE downstream in the tail can occur with dawnward electric field and without plasma flow, just like some near-Earth dipolarization events reported previously. The spreading of substorm disturbances in the tail coupled with complementary ground observations indicates that the observed time sequence on the onsets of substorm disturbances favors initiation in the near-Earth region for this THEMIS-like conjunction.
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Nandhini, M., M. Usha, and P. Palanivelu. "Employee Morale and Its Impact on Employee Efficiency in Spinning Mills With Reference to Coimbatore District." International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences 2, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v2i9.74.
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Employee morale is defined by the employee's outlook, optimism, self-concept, and assured belief in themselves and their organization, its mission, goals, defined path, daily decisions, and employee appreciation. Faith in self and faith in their organization are both important factors in positive employee morale. Individual’s morale is related with knowing one’s own expectations and living up to them. If one is clear of his own needs and how to satisfy them most of the time, his morale is height. Individual’s morale is single person’s attitude towards life. While group morale reflects the general expert de corps of a collective group of personalities. Spinning mills in Tamil Nadu were running round the clock, and were busy expanding their operational capacities. Now, with the export market hit the economic crisis, coupled with a few other factors, the declining foreign orders has pushed the textile industry of South India is centered into a crisis.
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Nancy, J. Rubala, A. P. Padmajaa, K. Kaviyarasan, and Murugan N. "DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPLEX PCR FOR DETECTION AND EVALUATION OF PREVALENCE RATE OF CTX-M-15, AADA1, QNRS1 GENE AMONG ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FROM CLINICAL ISOLATES." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i10.28250.
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Objective: To design and standardize a multiplex Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting ctx-m-15, aadA1, QnrS1 gene among Enterobacteriaceae from clinical isolates. To evaluate the prevalence rate of these genes among clinical isolates recovered from a primary hospital at Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.Methods: All clinical specimens, culture positive for Enterobacteriaceae (n=60) isolated from blood, urine, sputum submitted to CSI Mission Hospital, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu from December 2014 to March 2015 were identified by standard ṃicrobiological procedures. Designing of novel primers targeting ctx-m-15, aadA1, QnrS1 gene carried out using primer3 tool, and the procured primer has been standardized for multiplex PCR using PCR-DNA sequencing confirmed clinical isolates of the respective genes.Results: Of the 60 clinical isolates studied, 14, 13 and 12 isolates harbored ctx-m-15, qnrS1 gene, and aadA1genes respectively. In which 2 isolates carried both ctx-m-15 and qnrS1 gene and 3 isolates were found to carrying both ctx-m-15and aadA1 gene and 1 isolate was found to be positive for both aadA1and qnrS1 gene. None of the isolates harbored all the three genes qnrS1 aadA1 and ctx-m-15.Conclusion: The present study will aid in detecting drug-resistant genes like ctx-m-15, aadA1, QnrS1 in clinical isolates with higher sensitivity and specificity. Since, multiplex PCR will reduce the cost of a reaction than uniplex PCR, which is very essential for both scientific and social community. The prevalence rate of these three drug resistance gene among clinical isolates from Kanchipuram district alert us for the measures needs to be undertaken to control the spread of drug resistant genes among other districts and community.
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Yusra, Ilhamdi. "Ekonomi Masjid: Studi Baitul Maal Wa Tamwil (BMT) Kota Solok." Tarikhuna: Journal of History and History Education 4, no. 1 (May 25, 2022): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/thje.v4i1.4253.
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This paper aims to discuss how the mosque's economy is through Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT) Solok City. Solok City BMT is a non-governmental organization in the economic field and has become an icon of Solok City in order to realize the mission of Solok City, which is to become the "Kota Beras Serambi Madinah". This article uses historical research methods with data collection techniques through heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that the management of BMT was carried out voluntarily, institutionally this institution was not a legal entity and its members were active members of the local mosque. Regarding the activities of the Solok City BMT, it is only limited to borrowing and collecting funds and does not have financial service products like those of other microfinance institutions.
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Nikolskaia, X. D. "THE ORIGINS OF EUROPEAN INDOLOGY: BARTHOLOMEUS ZIEGENBALG’S LETTER ON INDIA." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-171-180.
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At the beginning of the 17th century, the Danish East India Company (Dansk Østindisk Kompagni) was established in Europe. The stronghold of the Danes in India was the city of Tranquebar (Dansborg fortress). At the beginning of the 18th century, the first Lutheran missionaries landed on the Coromandel Coast. They came to India from the German city of Halle. The University of Halle at this time was a center of pietism closely associated with the “Danish Royal mission” in Southern India. This mission was funded by king Frederick IV, but from the very beginning of its existence was staffed mainly by Germans. One of the first missionaries in Tranquebar was Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg. He lived in India from 1706 to 1719. His name is well known to modern orientalists, as he was among the first Europeans to study Indian languages and Indian culture. All the years of his life in Tranquebar, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg was engaged in translating Christian literature into Tamil, and he also compiled the first grammatical reference of this language. A large number of the pastor’s letters to his friends and colleagues have been preserved. Most of these letters have been published for today. But part of it is still stored in the archives. Mainly in his letters, the pastor talks about the work of the mission: converting local residents to Christianity, creating a printing house and publishing Christian literature, opening a school for children in Tranquebar and working in it. Only a small part of the letters contains detailed stories about Tranquebar, local traditions, religious views of the natives, etc. This publication provides a translation of one of Ziegenbalg’s letters, which includes answers to questions about India that the pastor’s friends asked in their messages.
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Nikolskaia, Kseniia D. "Bartolomäus Ziegenbalg on the Religion of the Indian South." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021609-6.
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Since the beginning of the XVIII century, a periodical was published at the University of the Saxon city of Halle under the title «Der Königlich. dänischen Missionarien aus Ost-Indien eingesandte ausführliche Berichte». It published texts sent from the city of Tranquebar in Southern India. Lutheran preachers, employees of the Danish Royal Mission, had been working in this city since 1706. For the first years, the mission was led by pastor Ziegenbalg, one of the founders of European Tamil studies. Most of the texts in the publication were written by him. Those texts sent by the pastor from India mainly dealt with the existence of the Tranquebar Lutheran community. At the same time, some publications were devoted to completely different problems. They told about the country where the missionaries conducted their work: about its geography, natural conditions, political structure, customs and traditions, about the daily life of Indians, and finally, about religion and mythology. Information about the religion of inhabitants of the South of India was later included in the fundamental work of Bartolomeus Ziegenbalg «Genealogie der Malabarischen Götter». However, this work was refused to be published in Europe for many years. It was issued only in 1867. Until that time, the main source of information about the religion of South India for European scholars remained only those notes that were printed in «Der Königlich. dänischen Missionarien aus Ost-Indien eingesandte ausführliche Berichte». A translation of one of those curious notes is offered to your attention.
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Van Hal, Toon. "Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 99–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.04van.
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Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.
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Jin Young Choi and Dongkyoung Chwa. "Adaptive control based on a parametric affine model for tail-controlled missiles." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2006.1642580.
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Prizeman, O. E. C., C. Branfoot, K. Rao, and A. Hardy. "PROPOSING DIGITAL MODELS FOR THE DISCUSSION OF CONTESTED CONSERVATION PRACTICE: CASE STUDIES FROM TAMIL NADU, INDIA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W6 (August 21, 2019): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w6-133-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper explores the potential for digital surveys to mediate as tools in a complex arena. As increased wealth and continuous religious practice have supported the energetic maintenance and renovation of temple buildings in Tamil Nadu justified by reference to ancient texts, UNESCO commissioned a fact-finding mission regarding conservation practice there in 2016. As part of wider project to investigate the strands of inherited textual guidance in this sensitive area, digital documentation methods are being tested in terms of their capacity to provide a locus for discourse between divergent views at a time of rapid formulation of policy documents that seek to offer guidelines for the conservation of an estimated 38000 temple buildings in the state. This paper outlines some challenges and ambitions of creating digital platforms to serve such an endeavour through potential scenarios offered by two case studies. Specifically, it considers the merits of tools to read urban encroachment, to identify change over time and to explore a means to provide a hypothetical platform for discussion of potentially sensitive adjustments. </a>
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Lombardi, G., and G. Mengali. "A methodology for the preliminary analysis and comparison of wing-tail and canard configurations." Aeronautical Journal 101, no. 1004 (April 1997): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000066513.
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A methodology for the analysis of the performance of different aircraft configurations in the conceptual design phase is addressed. A scalar objective function, takeoff weight, is minimised by means of a numerical optimisation technique which takes into account the high number of geometrical parameters and the flight mechanics requirements involved in the problem. The study is confined to the cruise segment of the mission, and results are shown both for tail-aft and canard configurations. The above technique produces “equally” optimised configurations, thus giving a meaningful means to compare tail-aft and canard configurations.
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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, and C. L. L. Gowda. "Identification of gaps in pearl millet germplasm from Asia conserved at the ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000365.
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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (1CRISAT) genebank in India holds the world's largest collection of 21,594 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 6529 landraces from ten Asian countries. Gap analysis using passport and characterization data and geographical information system tools revealed 134 distinct districts of 14 provinces in India and 12 districts of Punjab province in Pakistan as the major geographical gaps. Different methods of identifying geographical gaps used in the study indicated Chittoor, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Prakasam and Warangal in Andhra Pradesh; Raigarh in Chattisgarh; Dewas and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh; Buldana and Hingoli in Maharashtra; Malkangiri, Nabarangapur, Naupada and Sundergarh in Orissa; Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh and Kota in Rajasthan; Thiruvallur and Vellore in Tamil Nadu; and Auraiya, Chandauli, Chitrakoot, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Kushinagar, Mau, Shrawasti and Sonbhadra in Uttar Pradesh as common geographical gaps in India. A total of 208 distinct districts in 12 provinces were identified as gaps in diversity for one or more traits. Among all districts, Beed, Latur and Osmanabad in Maharashtra, India, for all traits; Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Multan and Lodhran for panicle length and Chakwal and Sargodha for panicle width in Pakistan; and southern parts of North Yemen and Lahiz provinces in Yemen were identified as gaps in the diversity. In India, Warangal in Andhra Pradesh; Rewa in Madhya Pradesh; Hingoli in Maharashtra; Vellore in Tamil Nadu; and Auraiya, Chandauli, Chitrakut, Gorakhpur and Mau in Uttar Pradesh were identified as gaps in diversity for one or more traits and found common to geographical gaps identified. In Pakistan, Lodhran, Multan and Muzaffargarh were identified as gaps common to probability and diversity methods. Area for exploration should be decided prior to launch of the collection mission in consultation with local government officials and extension officers, who are known to have knowledge in pearl millet cultivation in the identified districts. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.