Academic literature on the topic 'Tamil Satire'

Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi stands high of all literary stalwarts of his age through his contribution to the language, literature and the state as a writer and a leader. He had been meticulously writing for decades together producing wide range of works that include political statements, pamphlets, editorial columns, poems, plays, stories, and translations of classics, screenplay and dialogues for films, Television serials and so on. His area of expertise includes ancient Tamil literature on which he has written kuraloviyam, sangaTamizh, Tholkapiyapoonga and ThirukuralThelivurai. He registers his vision for Tamil language and people in his works. He records his pride in rich Tamil tradition and at the same time he employs satire to comment about the grey areas. This paper studies the works of Dr. Kalaignar and presents the social history of the Tamils depicted in it through various literary devices.

Tamil literature holds a broader research domain which still explores itself for the extensive researches. From time to time, discussions and researches occur in religious context. Even after Sangam literature, Jainism and Buddhism taught the virtues and then gradually converted to the literary forms as religious concepts. Following this vogue, Saivam / Vaishnavism used Tamil literature to promote their own religious concepts and also to oppose the other religions. Later, they dissolved their contraindication and united in order to oppose the other religions. This trend can be traced in “MUKOODARPALLU”. A comparative study between the early and later religious literature is done and a technique called SATIRE is spotted in the text and sketched its features in the introductory level.

The first book found in Tamil is the grammar book Tholkappiyam. In Sangam literature many researches are being carried out on the basis of Thollkappiyam. In recent days, there is a custom of researching each and every element of Thollkappiam with novel perspectives. Similarly,an attempt has been made in this study to infuse fifteen literary elements, among the thirty four quoted in Thollkappiam, such as say (Kootru, Listener (Ketpor), Field (Kalan), Period (Kalam), Prelude (Munnam), Motive (Nokku), Maattu, Remnants (Echam), subject (Porul), Legacy (Marabu), (Consequent/use) Payan, Gesture (Meippadu), satire (Angatham), Implicit (Ullurai), Thinai (Division) with the poem drawn letters (izhutha ezhukkal) of Mu. Metha. This essay defines each element, matches with the poetic lines and explains. The research reveals the matching of all the elements mentioned above except satire.

Literatures have been studied orally before taking written form. History makes it clear that such songs were written during the Sanskrit period. These oral literatures shed light on the life and history of a country and its flaws and serve as a mirror that reveals the cultures, customs, and ancient thoughts of the people. Although the study of folk songs on the world stage has been in vogue for a long time, it came into practice in Tamil Nadu in the 19th century and then came into the study. However, it has not been advanced as a separate discipline in the University of Sri Lanka to date. Instead, the study of folk songs is being carried out in collaboration with the Tamil Department.In the case of Batticaloa Tamil Nadu, the close connection between India and Sri Lanka due to migration, migration and migration from ancient times can be seen from the identification of Tamils as the first and last king of Sri Lanka.Therefore, it is possible to realize that folk songs are widespread among the people of Batticaloa as there was not only Tamil Nadu connection but also Indian national connection. The songs are arranged in the form of Ritual, Rain and Famine, Lullaby, Game, love, Marriage, Family, Community, Relationship and Career, Obpari, Swing, Satire, Mother Songs.These songs explore love songs, present the feeling of love found in them, show how they fit in with the general characteristics found in the literature of Sangala Agathi and reveal aspects of the Batticaloa socio-cultural hierarchy. The gist of the song is not to give a direct meaning, but to explain its essence. They are classified as motherly songs, Fatherly songs, Leader songs, Leader songs, Friend songs, and General songs.

The article deals with the question of the functioning of the game code of M. Bulgakov’s novel “Master and Margarita”. The focus of the researcher is the image of the cat Begemoth, one of the members of the Woland suite. The article explores the connection between the image of the cat and the figure of Hans Sachs, a well-known representative of the German Renaissance. Principles of game conjugation of two figures are buffoonery, carnival, satire. At the same time, the three hypostases of the cat Begemoth (the cat – fat man – a boy with a knight (pazh) refer the reader to the figure of Leo Taxil (the French writer Gabriel Zhogan Pazhes), the punning allusion which is found in the last chapters of the novel and is determined by the writer’s position in depicting the religious question.

Our goal was to determine the direction of force generation of the inner dynein arms in flagellar axonemes. We developed an efficient means of extracting the outer row of dynein arms in demembranated sperm tail axonemes, leaving the inner row of dynein arms structurally and functionally intact. Sperm tail axonemes depleted of outer arms beat at half the beat frequency of sperm tails with intact arms over a wide range of ATP concentrations. The isolated, outer arm-depleted axonemes were induced to undergo microtubule sliding in the presence of ATP and trypsin. Electron microscopic analysis of the relative direction of microtubule sliding (see Sale, W. S. and P. Satir, 1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74:2045-2049) revealed that the doublet microtubule with the row of inner dynein arms, doublet N, always moved by sliding toward the proximal end of the axoneme relative to doublet N + 1. Therefore, the inner arms generate force such that doublet N pushes doublet N + 1 tipward. This is the same direction of microtubule sliding induced by ATP and trypsin in axonemes having both inner and outer dynein arms. The implications of this result for the mechanism of ciliary bending and utility in functional definition of cytoplasmic dyneins are discussed.

The macropinocytic pathway in Dictyostelium discoideum is organized linearly. After actin-driven internalization, fluid material passes sequentially from endosomes to lysosomes, where molecules are degraded and absorbed. Residual material is exocytosed via post-lysosomal compartments. Syntaxin 7 is a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor) protein that is present and active in D. discoideum endosomes [Bogdanovic, Bruckert, Morio and Satre (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 36691—36697]. Here we report the identification of its main SNARE partners by co-immunoprecipitation and MS peptide sequencing. The syntaxin 7 complex contains two co-t-SNAREs [Vti1 (Vps10p tail interactor 1) and syntaxin 8] and a v-SNARE [VAMP7 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 7)] (where t-SNAREs are SNAREs of the target compartment and v-SNAREs are SNAREs present in donor vesicles). In endosomes and in vitro, syntaxin 7, Vti1 and syntaxin 8 form a complex that is able to bind VAMP7. Antibodies to syntaxin 8 and a soluble recombinant VAMP7 fragment both inhibit in vitro reconstituted D. discoideum endosome fusion. The lysosomal content of syntaxin 7, Vti1, syntaxin 8 and VAMP7 is low compared with that in endosomes, implying a highly active recycling or retention mechanism. A likely model is that VAMP7 is a v-SNARE present on vesicles carrying lysosomal enzymes, and that the syntaxin 7—Vti1—syntaxin 8 t-SNARE complex is associated with incoming endocytic material.

Relatively little is known about the functions of central-pair microtubules (Tamm, S. L., and G. A. Horridge, 1970, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 175: 219-233; Omoto, C. K., and C. Kung, 1979, Nature (Lond.). 279:532-534) and radial spokes (Warner, F. D., and P. Satir, 1974, J. Cell Biol., 63:35-63), although a sliding microtubule mechanism has been established for the flagellar movement (Summers, K. E., and I. R. Gibbons, 1971, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 68:3092-3096). In the present report, an attempt was made to determine the functions of central-pair microtubules in flagellar motility. Central-pair microtubules were found to extrude from the tips of elastase-digested axonemes of demembranated Chlamydomonas flagella after the addition of ATP. The length of the extruded central-pair microtubules was approximately 70-100% that of the axoneme. After extrusion, axonemes continued to swim slowly backwards in the reactivation medium, with a trailing central pair attached like a tail to the flagellar tip. During bending movement of the axonemes, partially extruded central pairs rotated counterclockwise about the axoneme axis, as viewed from the distal end (Kamiya, R., 1982, Cell Motil. [Suppl.]:169-173). Axonemes swam backwards with a symmetric waveform and a beat frequency of approximately 10 Hz in the reactivation medium containing 10(-9)-10(-4) M Ca ions. Even at a lower Ca++ concentration, no ciliary-type swimming was noted on the axonemes.

Abstract: This article aims at analyzing agenda of socio-political changes among Indonesian middle class muslim . Compared with other middle class groups, middle class muslim is a middle class which tends to have political sense toward political changes. It is caused by its political experiences they have got such as alienation, authoritarianism, and inequality. Those ironic experiences make Indonesian middle class become political agent. Political experiences which have happened in middle east such as Turkey, Iran, and Egypt become main preferention to analyze current situation. Therea are two prominent perspectives to see socio-political changes which are addressed to Indonesian middle class muslim: post Islamism and Islam populism . The first perspective, political changes is synergically based on mutual cooperation between Islam, democracy, and liberalism. On the other hand, the second one, revolusion is placed as the main strategy of affirmative political change done by middle class. More specifically, Islamist ideology rejects religious modernity and seeks to oppose Islam against secular, pluralistic and liberal understandings of the “emancipated self” and the democratic public sphere. Those both perspectives are then used to analyze case of Indonesian middle class muslims. This article will elaborate more deeply to analyze socio-political changes among Indonesian middle class muslims.الملخص: هذا الكتاب يحصل ليتخذ الفرق فى الثقفة والسياسيّة على الفنّ المتوسط للمسلمين الاندونسي اختلافا بالفنّ المتوسّط الاخرى. الفنّ المتوسط للمسلمين كان فنّا متوسطا سياسيّا على اختلاف السياسيّة. ذالك الفصل يشمل بكون السياسيّة المحصول كمثل رأي الناس. و يشمل ايضا هذا الكتاب يتّخذ على المعاشرة بالمعروف. كثرة حال السائريصير فنّا متوسّطا للمسلمين للدلالة السياسيّة. السياسيّة فى كون مثل المعاشرة فى العرب, كمثل مصرى, تركى, عير اختيار الاولى للتخاذ الفرق على الثقفة السياسيّة فى ذالك المكان. امّا الاوّل رأيان فى نظر فرق ثقفة السياسيّة بعلاملت فنّ متوسّط المسلمين. وهو بعد الاسلاميّة و الاسلامية الذى نصر المستضعفين. الرأي الاوّل, يحصل على الحضارة و دموكراتية و الحرّية. الرأي الثانى, يحصل على التغيّر بطريق الاوّل من تغيير السياسيّة تأكيدا يعمل على الفنّ المتوسّط. رأيان يستقبل ليتّخذ فنّ المسلمين فى اندنسي. هذا الكتاب يصير فى تغيير ثقفة السياسية على فنّ متوسّط المسلمين فى اندنسي.Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis agenda perubahan sosial politik bagi kelas menengah muslim Indonesia. Dibandingkan dengan kelas menengah lainnya, kelas menengah muslim adalah kelas menengah yang politis terhadap perubahan politik. Hal tersebut terkait dengan adanya pengalaman politis yang dialami seperti halnya alienasi, otoritarianisme, maupn juga ketimpangan. Berbagai kondisi satir itulah yang menjadikan kelas menengah muslim tampil sebagai agen politik. Pengalaman politik seperti yang terjadi dalam kasus masyarakat Timur Tengah seperti Mesir, Turki, dan Iran menjadi preferensi utama dalam menganalisis perubahan sosial politik yang ada. Terdapat dua perspektif penting dalam melihat agenda perubahan sosial politik yang dialamatkan oleh kelas menengah muslim yakni post-Islamisme dan Islam populisme. Perspektif pertama lebih mengandalkan adanya sinergi antara Islam, demokrasi, dan liberalisme. Perspektif kedua lebih mendudukkan revolusi sebagai jalan utama perubahan politik afirmatif yang dilakukan oleh kelas menengah. Kedua perspektif itulah yang kemudian dilihat dalam menganalisis kasus kelas menengah muslim Indonesia. Tulisan ini akan mengelaborasi lebih dalam mengenai agenda perubahan sosial poltik dalam kelas menengah muslim Indonesia.

Film Jembatan Pensilgarapan sutradara Hasto Broto yang dirilis pada September 2017 menceritakan tentang anak-anak pelosok desa Pulau Muna, Sulawesi Tenggara yang sangat sulit untuk meraih pendidikan. Pada artikel ini dideskripsikanstruktur film dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, film Jembatan Pensil merepresentasikan ketidakmerataan pendidikan di Pulau Muna serta sulitnya akses jalan yang ditempuh menjadi hambatan masuknya pendidikan. Selain itu, belum adanya campur tangan pemerintah yang mengakibatkan pendidikan kurang terjangakau. Sosok Ondeng tampil sebagai pahlawan untuk memperbaiki jembatan yang rapuh dengan menabungkan uang jajannya. Keterbelakangan mental yang dimiliki tokoh Ondeng merupakan satir terhadap masyarakat dan pemerintah.�Kata kunci: Jembatan Pensil, struktur film, dan representasi pendidikan

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) which belongs to the family poaceae, is the life and the prince among cereals as this unique grain helps to sustain two thirds of the world's population. India have traditionally been used or rice cultivation due to availability of water and conductive soil (Nadesa panic). Rice was grown in 155.30 million hectares and around 600 million tonnes of rice harvested each year globally. About 114 countries produce rice with China and India supporting 50 per cent of total production. India stands first in area under cultivation (41.85 mha) and ranks second in production, where as China ranks first in production with just half of the area. India's production is 89.13 million tonnes with a productivity of 2130 kg/ha. Among the rice producing states of India, Tamil Nadu ranks sixth in production (6.53 million tonnes) and second in productivity of 3918 kg/ha with an area of 20.16 lakh ha (Season and Crop Report, 2012). Local farmers in such farming systems retain the traditional varieties based on their knowledge of the quality of the rice varieties and their adaptation to varying agro-ecological situations created by diverse seasons and land situations (Tapasi das & Ashesh Kumar Das, 2014). Among the major micronutrient deficiencies common in rice consuming countries, iron and zinc deficiencies (“hidden hunger”), affect over three billion people worldwide, mostly in developing countries (Welch & Graham, 2004).