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Journal articles on the topic 'Tamil script'
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1
Jani, Meenakshi. "State of Emergence." Columbia Journal of Asia 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cja.v1i1.9318.
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During the Sri Lankan Civil War, an entire generation grew up under a condition of violence. I analyze the violence of the Sri Lankan Civil War as a destabilizing as well as productive force, rather than only as the result of pre-existing social conflicts. I argue that the condition of violence during this war lent itself to new iterations of Tamil ethnic identity, focusing on how it created space for the renegotiation of Tamil womanhood. Inspired by Lee Ann Fuji’s conceptualization of ethnicity as “state-sponsored” and performed according to a “script” during periods of ethnic conflict, I argue that the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) created a script for Tamil identity that positioned Tamil women as emblematic of the nation. The LTTE did so by portraying Tamil women as victims in need of protection and by arguing that their liberation from patriarchal traditions represented the liberation of Tamils as a whole. I then examine how the LTTE was both an agent and a product of the condition of violence during this period, thereby facilitating both agency for and oppression of women. Finally, I discuss how Tamil women sought their own agency by at times following scripts for the performance of their identities and at times deviating from those scripts.
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Pederson, Eric. "Mirror-image discrimination among nonliterate, monoliterate, and biliterate Tamil subjects." Written Language and Literacy 6, no. 1 (December 3, 2002): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.6.1.04ped.
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In Danziger & Pederson 1998, the suggestion was made that the discrimination of left/right mirror images from non-reflected images in a part/whole judgment task correlates not just with degree of literacy, but also with the nature of the script in wich the subject is literate. This follow-up study directly addresses this hypothesis by comparing acceptance/rejection responses and the reaction time of these responses among Tamil speakers who were coded for type of literacy (nonliterate, literate only with Tamil script, literate with Tamil and Roman script). There was a reliable difference between the monoliterate and biliterate speakers in that biliterate Tamils were far more likely to reject mirror images than monoliterate Tamils. The critical difference between the monoliterates and biliterates is taken to be whether a graphemic distinction (i.e. a distinction which is symbolically meaningful) between left/right reflections has been acquired.
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T, Prabakaran, and Sundaram L. "Guidance to Transcription in Tamil Language with Reference to Tamil Grammar Texts." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (June 27, 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s85.
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The mix of foreign words in Tamil is inevitable due to the mix of foreign languages, translation, globalization, scientific and technological development, new discoveries, and passion for English. Other scripts that are not in Tamil are used in some of the words, so they are mixed. When writing Northern language words, including Sanskrit in Classical Tamil, we used the phonetic letters s, j, sh, h, x, and sri, which are called Grantha letters. Later, when writing English and other words in Tamil, it became necessary to write with such letters for sounds that are not in Tamil. Apart from this, Tamil grammar texts have from time to time stated some instructions for transcribing in Tamil script in accordance with the Tamil phonetic system. This article seeks to summarise the grammar of Tamil grammar texts from Tolkappiyam to Tamilkaappu Iyam, published in 2005, and how their grammar is referred to as Northern Translation/Other Translation and their current use.
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K, Kiruthika, and Ankayarkanni S. "Iyothee Thass Alternate Script." Indian Journal of Tamil 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijot2012.
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Veera Maa Munivar is known as the pioneer in the reformation of Tamil script. Next to him, comes Periyar. But, Pandit Iyothee Thass, the precursor of Periyar is not brought into the picture. Iyothee Thass, a versatile scholar is not known to many because of his religious based ideologies. His research was based on the ideologies of Buddhism. All his activities were carried out following Buddha’s teachings. He whipped the Brahmins for suppressing the lay people, untouchables, Paraiyar, Pulaiyar on the basis of casteism and pointed out their mistake in treating them as slaves and pulling down their economy. He opines that Buddists and Jains protected and nurtured Tamil language. He brings out his devotion towards Buddha by interpolating Buddhas’s teachings even in the script changing process of ‘mai’ and ‘mei’.
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E.K, Ramasamy. "Script Reform - Periyar's Approach." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-5 (August 25, 2022): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s520.
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Periyar emphasized the reformation of writing considering the print characters, compositor, waste of time, cost of money, and difficulty in learning. To publish his thoughts, speeches and writings in magazines and to document them in books, he needed a suitable script reformation. With experience, introspection and a history of writing script reform, his efforts came to fruition. Its echoes are still heard. Whatever reform Periyar was inclined to do, he would think it over for several days and then plan it. He does not care about success or failure. He intended to simplify Tamil language learning, teaching, typing, and printing. So he tried to bring harmony to the Tamil script. At first he demonstrated and followed by doing it himself. He then held a research seminar with an expert committee and recommended the findings to the government. It was fulfilled during Periyar's centenary celebration. Periyar's approach was successful. The article will explain this fact with historical background.
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Sproat, Richard. "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness." Written Language and Literacy 9, no. 1 (July 20, 2006): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr.
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In earlier work (Sproat 2000), I characterized the layout of symbols in a script in terms of a calculus involving two dimensional catenation operators: I claimed that leftwards, rightwards, upwards, downwards and surrounding catenation are sufficient to describe the layout of any script. In the first half of this paper I analyze four Indic alphasyllabaries — Devanagari, Oriya, Kannada and Tamil — in terms of this model. A crucial claim is that despite the complexities of layout in alphasyllabic scripts, they are essentially no different in nature than alphabetic scripts, such as Latin. The second part of the paper explores implications of this view for theories of phonology and human processing of orthography. Apparently problematic is evidence that “phonemic awareness” — the ability for literate speakers to manipulate sounds consciously at the phoneme level — is much stronger with alphabetic scripts, than with alphasyllabaries. But phonemic awareness is not categorically absent for readers of Indic scripts; in general, how aware a reader is of a particular phoneme is related to how that phoneme is rendered in the script. Relevant factors appear to include whether the symbol is written inline, whether it is a diacritic, and whether it is ligatured with another symbol.
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Wali, Aamir, Richard Sproat, Prakash Padakannaya, and Bhuvaneshwari B. "Model for phonemic awareness in readers of Indian script." Written Language and Literacy 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.12.2.02wal.
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Previous studies have shown that segmental awareness tasks are usually influenced by the script. In this paper, we extend these studies further to propose a more concrete, script-centric metric for evaluating phonemic awareness in readers of Indian scripts. We propose that the ease or difficulty with which syllabic and phonemic segmental tasks are performed is directly proportional to the editing operations involved in applying the same task on the graphic form of the stimulus. We also present a computational model that calculates visual edit distances and uses these to determine if the phonemic task on any given word is easy or difficult. Finally, we tested the predictions of our model using Tamil data.
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S, Dhivya, and Usha Devi G. "TAMIZHİ: Historical Tamil-Brahmi Script Recognition Using CNN and MobileNet." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3402891.
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Computational epigraphy is the study of an ancient script where the computer science and mathematical model is relatively built for epigraphy. The Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions are the most ancient of the extant written of the Tamil. The inscriptions furnish valuable information on many aspects of life in the ancient Tamil country from a period anterior to the literary age of Sangam. The recognition of the script and systematic analysis of the script is required. The recognition of this script is complex, containing various curves for a single character and the style of writing overlap with curves and lines. Generating corpus of the script is necessary, since it is the initial step for computational epigraphy. The archaeological department has supported the raw data that helped to develop a corpus of Tamizhi. In this article, we have implemented a convolution neural network in various ways, i.e., (i) Training the CNN model from scratch a Softmax classifier in a sequential model (ii) using MobileNet: Transfer learning paradigm from a pre-trained model on a Tamizhi dataset (iii) Building Model with CNN and SVM (iv) SVM for evaluation of best accuracy to recognize handwritten Brahmi characters. To train the CNN Model an extensive TAMIZHİ handwritten Brahmi Dataset of 1lakh and 90,000 isolated samples for the character has been created and deployed. The designed dataset consists of 9 vowels and 18 consonants and 209 class so researchers can use machine learning. MobileNet outperformed among all the models implemented with the accuracy of 68.3%, whereas other algorithm ranges from 58% to 67% with respect to the Tamizhi dataset. MobileNet model is trained and tested for the dataset of vowels (8 class), consonants (18 class), and consonants vowels (26 class) with the accuracy of 98.1%, 97.7%, 97.5%, respectively.
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Munivel, Monisha, and V. S. Felix Enigo. "Optical Character Recognition for Printed Tamizhi Documents using Deep Neural Networks." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 42, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.42.4.17742.
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Tamizhi (Tamil-Brahmi) script is one of the oldest scripts in India from which most of the modern Indian scripts are evolved. The ancient historical documents are generally preserved as digitised texts using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technique. But the development of OCR for Tamizhi documents is highly challenging as many characters have similar shapes and structures with very small variations. In specific, for Tamizhi script it is very difficult to build an OCR as many characters are combined characters. This can be a single character formed by a single vowel/consonant or compound characters formed by combining vowels and consonants. This paper deals with the development of Tamizhi OCR for printed Tamizhi documents which is anticipated to perform efficiently irrespective of poor quality, noises and various input formats of Tamizhi documents. This is a preliminary study towards developing an OCR for handwritten Tamizhi inscription images that recognises text captured from onsite inscriptions. The developed Tamizhi OCR for printed text can produce an accuracy of about 91.12 per cent.
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Karthigaiselvi, M., and T. Kathirvalavakumar. "Recognition of Words in Tamil Script Using Neural Network." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 07, no. 03 (April 2017): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/9622-0703066270.
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K, Karthick, and Chitra S. "A Bilingual Numeral OCR System for Creating Uni-Lingual Digitized Numeral Document." Modern Applied Science 9, no. 13 (November 30, 2015): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n13p148.
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<p>The optical character recognition has been used in many applications such as dictionary generation, customer billing system, banking and postal automation, and library automation etc. The bilingual OCR system to make uni-lingual script helps us to reduce the requirement of two different OCR systems into a single OCR system for recognition of two different languages. This type of globalization helps the universal users of any language can read the text documents in their self-language if the bilingual documents are converted into uni-lingual document. In this paper, the image which contains printed Tamil and European numerals has been recognized using common OCR System and the Tamil numerals are converted into European numerals to globalize the document from a bilingual script into a uni-lingual document. The main objective of the work is to bring out the single numeral (European numerals) text document from the input image with two different numerals (Tamil and European Numerals). The Kohonen’s self-organizing map (SOM) based recognition system has been used for recognizing the numerals and recognized characters in bilingual numerals (Tamil and European Numerals) form are converted into Uni-lingual form (European numerals). This paper also discusses the various approaches used for OCR.</p>
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Ghosh, Rajib, Partha Pratim Roy, and Prabhat Kumar. "Smart Device Authentication Based on Online Handwritten Script Identification and Word Recognition in Indic Scripts Using Zone-Wise Features." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2018010102.
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Secure authentication is a vital component for device security. The most basic form of authentication is by using passwords. With the evolution of smart devices, selecting stronger and unbreakable passwords have become a challenging task. Such passwords if written in native languages tend to offer improved security since attackers having no knowledge of such scripts finding it hard to crack. This article proposes two zone-wise feature extraction approaches - zone-wise structural and directional (ZSD) and zone-wise slopes of dominant points (ZSDP), to recognize online handwritten script and word in four major Indic scripts - Devanagari, Bengali, Telugu and Tamil. These features have been used separately and in combination in HMM-based platform for recognition purpose. The dimension reduction of the ZSD-ZSDP combination with factor analysis has shown the best performance in all the four scripts. This work can be utilized for setting up the authentication schemes with the Indic scripts' passwords thus rendering it difficult to crack by hackers having no knowledge of such scripts.
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Tschacher, Torsten. "From script to language: the three identities of ‘Arabic-Tamil’." South Asian History and Culture 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2017.1411052.
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Radhika, B. "An Empirical Analysis of Tamil Optical Character Recognition." Journal of Innovative Image Processing 4, no. 2 (July 18, 2022): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2022.2.006.
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The concept of visual cues in a paperless workspace is based on converting scanned images into machine-readable text. It requires the development of a variety of new applications, such as automated postal systems, banks, institutions, word processing, and library systems, to name a few. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that focuses on making machines smart. Hand typing, script, and print text recognition are key study subjects because no 100% recognition can be achieved even if the scanned image is accurate. Text, numbers, and images can all be used to write text in a variety of ways. The basics of Tamil text, previous tasks in Tamil text attention, Tamil letter recognition algorithms, and recognition barriers are covered in this study.
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S, Bharathi. "Silapathikaram quotes in grammatical text." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22113.
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Epics has been created in various languages such as Greek, Latin, Persian and Tamil in the world. Even in Tolkappiyam, there is no reference the existence of epics in Tamil. Dandiyalankara is the first script recorded about epics in Tamil. Silappathikaram is the first epic to appear in Tamil literature. This epic and Tolkappiyam were appeared during Sangam literature followed by AD Appeared in the second century. The author of this epic is Ilangovadi. He is the son of Cheramannan Neduncheralathan and the brother of Cheran Senkuttuvan. Silappathikaram is one of the greatest epics that appeared in the Tamil language. It is no exaggeration to say that as the epics were developed next to vintage literature appeared. Grammar rules are composed and written by Vaithiyanatha Desikar in the AD seventeenth century. He has used quotations from various grammatical texts in the context of the text with rich evidence for the text. He has used these quotations to clarify grammatical explanatory threads, for further explanation and for textual concentration. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how grammatical lyricism supports grammatical interpretation.
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R, Kaladevi, Revathi A, and Manju A. "Analyzing the Evolution of Modern Tamil Script for Natural Language Processing." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 5219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.5219ecst.
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History is essential for understanding the society's former state. It is beneficial to understand people's historical status, culture, and how we view the present. The society benefits from the society's diversified culture and unparalleled civilization. The limited sources available to learn about our history are books, epigraphs, and inscriptions. Only around half of all Indian inscriptions are in Tamil, and only half of those are published. The name India is derived from the Indus River, and the Indus Valley Civilization is the most active and progressive civilization in the ancient world. Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism are four well-known religions that emerged from this culture. Epigraphs are the most reliable source of information about ancient India's life, culture, religion, and politics. This study examines the evolution of India's many scripts and languages. Discovering the incremental changes in scripts and languages that demonstrate the linguistic relationship between distinct populations is critical. Natural language processing benefits from knowledge of numerous scripts, languages, and techniques for letter recognition.
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S, Arul Josephine. "Women in Tamil Magazines." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-14 (November 28, 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s142.
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Even though the printed version of books started to come in the tenth century, still palm leaves were used to compile the literature. Due to the evolution of printing of books, the conventional types of byhearting and remembering slowly started to dilute. However, only limited books were available before the evolution of printed books. Those available books were also meant for educational purposes only. Books related to entertainment and libraries apart from education campuses were not available at that time. At this point in time, the people started to enjoy the benefits of a printing press where a large volume of books was made available to the public. The newly printed books were not only meant for educational purposes but also for entertainment purposes. In the recent Tamil context, there are two major topics that were highly spoken namely Feminism and Dalitism. In the two-thousand-year-long history of Tamil literature, the space for women and their literature was limited. Expect for the sanga ilakkiyam, the role of women in Tamil literature is scarce. After the Indian independence, many women literates were identified. The flow of literature in the current generation is mostly based on fiction. Due to the domination of the printing press, the volume of books in Tamil was increased in fiction-based books with less importance to grammatical-oriented books. Every script was initiated by men and later it is passed onto women.
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P, Saravanan. "Buddhist Ethics in Tamil Classical Epics." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (June 26, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s84.
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The religious doctrine of the two epics is that the religions in the twin epics do not show any distinction. Doctrine is the code of ethics followed by all religions. The protocol is that when the script is great, it becomes a theory when it outlines the steps to follow. Thus, the doctrines of Buddhism in Manimekalai are present throughout the epic. In the Silapathikaram, the religion of Jainism can be seen in the manner in which it is presented with minor principles. Silappathikaram and Manimegalai which are found under the common name of Kapiyam in terms of structure, are to show the general characteristics of this concept. The look of the coffee is common to both. It can be seen that both religion and general doctrines have something in common. The subject of this article is to explore the method used by Buddhism to spread its religious doctrine, the narrative internal design of the dual epics. It has been established on the basis of evidence that the internal structure of the story mantra and the copy cell supports it.
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S, Govindammal. "Characteristics of Telugu in Middle Dravidian Languages." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-5 (May 29, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s52.
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Telugu language can be mentioned next to tamil in terms of antiquity and pronuncication. Telugu is spoken in andhra pradesh and place like south africa in our indian country telugu is the second most widely spoken language after hindi. It is a literary language like tamil. Those who study the reson for the name o this language will think in various ways that the word thrillingam was changed to telugu and it is also believed that the word ‘Tenuge’ which meens sweetness was given knowing that it was telugu. Many grammars have been written in the language from the western country. Northern Scholars, such as nannayapattar have written a number of literatures in this language. The language, which is spoken by more people than tamil is thriving with a variety of creativity. In terms of gender discrimination, telugu can be seen to be different from other dravidian languages the sound and writing script of the telugu language are considered to be the most excellent. The people of chennai who migrated to places like sumatra and java are considered as telugus. That is why the telugu language is still existing as very prominent today.
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Sridevi, N., and P. Subashini. "Segmentation of Text Lines and Characters in Ancient Tamil Script Documents using Computational Intelligence Techniques." International Journal of Computer Applications 52, no. 14 (August 30, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8268-1826.
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고태진. "A Study on Contemporary Tamil’s Sound System and Script: Focusing on Hindi Majors learning Tamil." Journal of South Asian Studies 20, no. 2 (October 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21587/jsas.2014.20.2.001.
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Fernandes, Tânia, Mrudula Arunkumar, and Falk Huettig. "The role of the written script in shaping mirror-image discrimination: Evidence from illiterate, Tamil literate, and Tamil-Latin-alphabet bi-literate adults." Cognition 206 (January 2021): 104493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104493.
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R, Ramya. "Early Japanese Literature from Kojiki to Kaifuso: Subject Matter and Compilation." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22310.
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This paper attempts to introduce the early Japanese literature, historically. In this attempt, it covers the early modes of writing Japanese literature, use of Chinese for writing Japanese literature/history, the creation of Kana script system and its subsequent usage by the later writers. The paper deals with the emergence of early canonical literary works such as ‘Kojiki’, ‘Nihonshouki’, ‘Fudoki’, and ‘Kaifuso’, their subject matter and modes of compilation. It also discusses the existing comparative literary research undertaken so far to provide an idea for further work in this area. And this paper excludes the canonical text, ‘Manyoshu’ as there are a plenty of scholarly works and a direct translation of Volume ten of Manyoshu already available in Tamil.
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Ashok, Asha, Dhivya S, Jansirani S, and K. P. Soman. "Combined Method of Level set with impact on Pre-processing for binarization of document images in Tamil Script." International Journal of Computer Applications 48, no. 11 (June 30, 2012): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/7396-0436.
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M, Gopi. "Tiruppavai Unarttum Tiruvarutnerikal." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-2 (April 30, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s210.
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As the man appeared in the world, the native speakers of Tamil language Originated. Humans worship God on religious grounds They went further. God divided worship according to the land Were. Vegetarian and Vaishnavas are two of the greatest religions in Tamil Nadu Both were terrifying. Worship and worship Thirumala as the God of Vaishnava Maui. In the book Nallaira Divya Prabandham sung by twelve persons Four thousand songs highlight the glory of Perumal. Andalus contributes to the Lord in the order of the subordinates Thiruppavai has sung the script for surrender. Awakened in the thread Thirty passions of love to the Lord and to the Lord Sung to surrender. Not just during the dawn of dawn She also mourned the women of the Archdiocese Invites. If the women observe the fasting of the month it is about three months It is raining and the country is thriving. Their life Have a good husband. Everybody lives and lives Should. We use 'Namo Narayana' with her tongue as we pronounce daily, the evil that comes upon us is in the fire burned ashes. Those who surrender to Tirumala for fasting. The body must regret and follow the rules regularly. Women should not eat ghee and beautify themselves. Do as much charity as possible for others. He also sang as a child of universal integrity. Andal, all fasting bearers are clean, fasting with purity in the Lord is easy to surrender. Not just his country and his people Andal Thiruppavai Various benefits of fasting Through the sense of community.
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S, Muthu Lakshmi. "The Doctrine of oral Vocalism in the Worship of Lord Muruga found in Sangam Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22421.
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When we think of how the literature of Classic Tamil came into our hands across the river of time, we are amazed. Before the appearance of the script, Early Tamils would have verbally passed on to others what they had thought. One must have passed through the flood of time spreading from one person to another, from one to another, to another. All the thoughts, songs, and conversations of the people should have been expressed verbally until the palm leaf became available as stationery. This principle applies to all the language literature that originated in the world. We can see that when oral messages are transmitted from person to person, the repetition of the word or phrase, the elements of the repetition of stories and phrases that reflect the local culture and life, and the harmony and enrichment of the local culture and life, are constantly being studied. It would not be an exaggeration to say that those who saved it from spilling until it found a place in the palm leaves, the sharp memory of the people who converse, and the expression of the core, the peel, and the first objects of the circulating land. Thus, the folk elements found in the Sangam literature songs sung in the praise of Lord Muruga are matched with the folk tradition. The social context of folk songs, the characters of the storytellers, the time with the participation of the listening audience, the structure of the story events that take place in relation to the location, the identities of the storytellers, the relationships in which the narrator and the audience who listen to the story co-participate, the context in which the mythological elements can be told, the opportunity to perform, etc., are included in the Sangam literature as folk elements.
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Veluppillai, Alvappillai. "The Hindu Confrontation with the Jaina and the Buddhist. Saint Tirunacampantar's Polemical Writings." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 15 (January 1, 1993): 335–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67219.
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The seventh century A.D. was a period of religious conflict when Hinduism, especially the Saiva Bhakti movement came to collusion with Jainism and Buddhism in Tamilnadu. Saint Tiruñanacampantamurtti (Campantar) is a dominating figure in Tamil Saivism, who seems to reflect a unique blend of Vedic tradition, Saiva faith and Tamil culture. Campantar's outbursts against the Jains and the Buddhists were one of the underlying themes throughout his career. He seems to have made admirable use of Tamil nationalism in his confrontation with Jainism and Buddhism. It was probably the most important factor that favoured the success of the Saiva bhakti movement. He was able to bring out a synthesis of the interests of his caste along with those of Saivism. The Jains and the Buddhists could not withstand the movement launched by Campantar. Islam and Christianity came to Tamilnadu later but still the main stream among the Tamils continues to be Saivite.
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T. S. Suganya, T. S. Suganya, and Dr S. Murugavalli Dr. S. Murugavalli. "A Survey on Character Recognitions in Tamil Scripts using OCR." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/247.
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Papilaya, Patrich Phill Edrich. "Aplikasi Google Earth Engine Dalam Menyediakan Citra Satelit Sumberbedaya Alam Bebas Awan." MAKILA 16, no. 2 (November 12, 2022): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/makila.v16i2.6586.
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translator
Ketersediaan Citra Satelit yang berkualitas menjadi salah satu syarat keberhasilan penelitian sumberdaya alam, secara khusus dibidang kehutanan. Google Earth Engine (GEE) adalah salah satu platform berbasis awan (cloud) yang disediakan oleh Google. GEE bekerja berbasis Bahasa program Java Script. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa aplikasi GEE mampu menyediakan citra satelit yang memiliki tutupan awan sangat rendah atau bebas awan (clouds free). Aplikasi GEE merupakan salah satu solusi penelitian sumberdaya alam terutama pada pulau-pulau kecil di Provinsi Maluku.
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30
علي صياح الجبوري, رحيم. "إقطاعات الداريين دراسة تحليلية في سند مرويات رسالة المقريزي للقصراوي." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 35 (July 15, 2019): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss35.838.
Full textAbstract:
Our paper was an analytical study to the script that relied by Al-Maqrizi in introducing his recitation on the Prophet Mohammed’s feudality of Palestine’s Hebron and Eiun (or Einun) villages to Tamim Ben Aws Al-Dari.
After studying and analyzing the script, it was found that this message was sent as the Sahabi’s name, who tells after the Prophet, was dropped directly. In such cases, this message regarded as undependable.
Although the recitation was sent, the incident, i.e. the Prophet’s feudality to Tamim Al-Dari, was as famous as it cannot be thought to be unhappened. Our opinion was proved throughout the paper’s pages, and we mentioned the intentions that may led Al-Maqrizi to depend on this recitation in spite of his wide readings and his specializing in the Prophet Biography.
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Sarveswaran, Kengatharaiyer, Gihan Dias, and Miriam Butt. "ThamizhiMorph: A morphological parser for the Tamil language." Machine Translation 35, no. 1 (April 2021): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09261-5.
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AbstractThis paper presents an open source and extendable Morphological Analyser cum Generator (MAG) for Tamil named ThamizhiMorph. Tamil is a low-resource language in terms of NLP processing tools and applications. In addition, most of the available tools are neither open nor extendable. A morphological analyser is a key resource for the storage and retrieval of morphophonological and morphosyntactic information, especially for morphologically rich languages, and is also useful for developing applications within Machine Translation. This paper describes how ThamizhiMorph is designed using a Finite-State Transducer (FST) and implemented using Foma. We discuss our design decisions based on the peculiarities of Tamil and its nominal and verbal paradigms. We specify a high-level meta-language to efficiently characterise the language’s inflectional morphology. We evaluate ThamizhiMorph using text from a Tamil textbook and the Tamil Universal Dependency treebank version 2.5. The evaluation and error analysis attest a very high performance level, with the identified errors being mostly due to out-of-vocabulary items, which are easily fixable. In order to foster further development, we have made our scripts, the FST models, lexicons, Meta-Morphological rules, lists of generated verbs and nouns, and test data sets freely available for others to use and extend upon.
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Mugabe, Robert, R. Drajatno Widi Utomo, and Elda Franzia Jasjfi. "ANALISIS USABILITY SITUS WEB PUSAT DOKUMENTASI SASTRA HB JASSIN USABILITY ANALYSIS OF HB JASSIN LITERATURE DOCUMENTATION CENTER WEBSITE." Jurnal Seni dan Reka Rancang: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Desain 4, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jsrr.v4i1.9974.
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<p><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>bstract</em></strong></p><p> </p><p><em>Digitalizatio</em><em>n is an effort to save the text from being destroyed due to hostile climate and humidity. Therefore, observers, enthusiasts, researchers and script owners as well as the government must unite to build synergies in saving and maintaining the script. Thus, the digitalization program which is currently being promoted by various parties or agencies can truly save the nation's intellectual treasure contained in the text. At least, HB Jassin's Literary Documentation Center can take the lead in digitizing theater scripts. With the involvement of the textbook community and official state institutions, it is hoped that there will be some kind of website that takes into account its use as a form of digitization as a form of sustainable national preservation of theater scripts.</em></p><p><strong>Ke</strong><strong>ywords: </strong><em>digitalization</em><em>, teather manuscripts, Center for Literary Documentation of HB Jassin, usability.</em></p><p> </p><h1> </h1><h1>Abstrak</h1><p>Digitalisasi merupakan sebuah upaya penyelamatan naskah dari kemusnahan akibat iklim dan kelembaban udara yang tidak bersahabat. Oleh karena itu, para pemerhati, peminat, peneliti, dan pemilik naskah serta pemerintah harus bersatu padu untuk membangun sinergi dalam hal penyelamatan dan pemeliharaan naskah. Dengan demikian, program digitalisasi yang kini sedang digalakkan oleh berbagai pihak atau instansi benar-benar dapat menyelamatkan khazanah intelektual bangsa yang terkandung di dalam naskah. Setidaknya, Pusat Dokumentasi Sastra HB Jassin dapat tampil sebagai garda depan dalam urusan digitalisasi naskah teater. Dengan pelibatan komunitas pernaskahan dan lembaga resmi negara, diharapkan adanya semacam situs web yang memerhatikan usability sebagai bentuk digitalisasi sebagai wujud penyelamatan naskah teater secara nasional yang berkesinambungan.</p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: digitalisasi, naskah teater, Pusat Dokumentasi Sastra HB Jassin<em>, usability.</em>
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Danziger, Eve, and Eric Pederson. "Through the Looking Glass." Written Language and Literacy 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.1.2.02dan.
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A part/whole judgment task was administered to adults in ten different language communities around the world. Participants were instructed to treat two-dimensional abstract line figures differently from the left/right mirror-image reflections of the same figures. The data support the proposal that sensitivity to this kind of mirror-image contrast is acquired: Literate individuals generally were better able to operate in terms of this distinction than were non-literate participants in the study. Contrary to this general pattern, however, Tamil literates as well as non-literates often treated the left/right mirror-image reflections as non-reflected figures, despite the training to treat them differently. The difference between the Tamil literates and the literate individuals in the other language communities sampled may reflect the fact that mirror-image contrasts are used to different degrees in their respective scripts.
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Ghosh, Rajib, and Prabhat Kumar. "SVM and HMM Classifier Combination Based Approach for Online Handwritten Indic Character Recognition." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666181127124711.
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Background: The growing use of smart hand-held devices in the daily lives of the people urges for the requirement of online handwritten text recognition. Online handwritten text recognition refers to the identification of the handwritten text at the very moment it is written on a digitizing tablet using some pen-like stylus. Several techniques are available for online handwritten text recognition in English, Arabic, Latin, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean scripts. However, limited research is available for Indic scripts. Objective: This article presents a novel approach for online handwritten numeral and character (simple and compound) recognition of three popular Indic scripts - Devanagari, Bengali and Tamil. Methods: The proposed work employs the Zone wise Slopes of Dominant Points (ZSDP) method for feature extraction from the individual characters. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classifiers are used for recognition process. Recognition efficiency is improved by combining the probabilistic outcomes of the SVM and HMM classifiers using Dempster-Shafer theory. The system is trained using separate as well as combined dataset of numerals, simple and compound characters. Results: The performance of the present system is evaluated using large self-generated datasets as well as public datasets. Results obtained from the present work demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms the existing works in this regard. Conclusion: This work will be helpful to carry out researches on online recognition of handwritten character in other Indic scripts as well as recognition of isolated words in various Indic scripts including the scripts used in the present work.
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Christie, Jan Wisseman. "The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (September 1998): 239–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007438.
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Early inscriptions written in Indian languages and scripts abound in Southeast Asia. Literacy in the very early states of Southeast Asia — aside from the portion of north Vietnam annexed by China — began with the importing, by local rulers, of modified cults of Buddhism or Hinduism, and the attendant adoption of Sanskrit or Pali language for the writing of religious texts. Later, in the seventh century, a broader range of texts began to appear on permanent materials, written in indigenous languages. Given the importance of religion in spearheading the development of indigenous literacy in Southeast Asia, it is not surprising that the north Indian languages of Sanskrit and Pali have had considerable long-term impact upon the linguistic and intellectual cultures of Southeast Asia.
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Gunna, Sanjana, Rohit Saluja, and Cheerakkuzhi Veluthemana Jawahar. "Improving Scene Text Recognition for Indian Languages with Transfer Learning and Font Diversity." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8040086.
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Reading Indian scene texts is complex due to the use of regional vocabulary, multiple fonts/scripts, and text size. This work investigates the significant differences in Indian and Latin Scene Text Recognition (STR) systems. Recent STR works rely on synthetic generators that involve diverse fonts to ensure robust reading solutions. We present utilizing additional non-Unicode fonts with generally employed Unicode fonts to cover font diversity in such synthesizers for Indian languages. We also perform experiments on transfer learning among six different Indian languages. Our transfer learning experiments on synthetic images with common backgrounds provide an exciting insight that Indian scripts can benefit from each other than from the extensive English datasets. Our evaluations for the real settings help us achieve significant improvements over previous methods on four Indian languages from standard datasets like IIIT-ILST, MLT-17, and the new dataset (we release) containing 440 scene images with 500 Gujarati and 2535 Tamil words. Further enriching the synthetic dataset with non-Unicode fonts and multiple augmentations helps us achieve a remarkable Word Recognition Rate gain of over 33% on the IIIT-ILST Hindi dataset. We also present the results of lexicon-based transcription approaches for all six languages.
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Bodduluri, Srihareendra, Mani Krishna, Ratan Babu, and M. V. Raghunadh. "A Novel Way of Identifying Telugu, Tamil and English Scripts by Priority check using Discerning Features." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 9, no. 6 (2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-09612834.
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BAG, SOUMEN, and GAURAV HARIT. "SKELETONIZING CHARACTER IMAGES USING A MODIFIED MEDIAL AXIS-BASED STRATEGY." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 07 (November 2011): 1035–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411009020.
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In this paper we propose a thinning methodology applicable to character images. It is novel in terms of its ability to adapt to local character shape while constructing the thinned skeleton. Our method does not produce many of the distortions in the character shapes which normally result from the use of existing thinning algorithms. The proposed thinning methodology is based on the medial axis of the character. The skeleton has a width of one pixel. As a by-product of our thinning approach, the skeleton also gets segmented into strokes in vector form. Hence further stroke segmentation is not required. We have conducted experiments with printed and handwritten characters in several scripts such as English, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada and Tamil. We obtain less spurious branches compared to other thinning methods. Our method does not use any kind of post processing.
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Aton, Henria. "Documenting Disappearance." Archivaria, no. 94 (December 14, 2022): 232–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1094882ar.
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On August 12, 2022, Tamil relatives of those forcibly disappeared during the Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) marked their 2,000th day of public protest. Since these roadside protests began, elderly women and men searching for their loved ones have passed away and transitional justice promises have failed, but the disappeared have not been found. This article examines archives of the disappeared: collections of files, objects, photographs, etc. about missing loved ones. Paradoxically, these archives, as evidence that the disappeared once lived, are at the core of the protests, yet they are still overlooked by the Sri Lankan state. I explore these collections by examining the intersection of critical personal archives, life writing scholarship, and South Asian studies. The emerging field of critical personal archives suits the unique quality of archives of disappearance, their constructed nature, and their underlying intimacy. Life writing scholarship focuses a much-needed critical lens on self-representation, power, and narrative in archives, especially regarding those whose stories are marginalized and/or not deemed archivable. Drawing on semi-structured interviews I carried out with mothers of the disappeared in 2016–2017 and 2022, I analyze these archives using three life writing concepts: relationality, cultural scripts, and autotopography. The result reaffirms the enduring cultural, political, and personal value of archives of the disappeared and calls for reimagining personal archives as politically and emotionally powerful forms of representation that carve space for love and resistance.
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Kurnia, Kevin Adi, Fiorency Santoso, Bonifasius Putera Sampurna, Gilbert Audira, Jong-Chin Huang, Kelvin H. C. Chen, and Chung-Der Hsiao. "TCMacro: A Simple and Robust ImageJ-Based Method for Automated Measurement of Tail Coiling Activity in Zebrafish." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081133.
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Tail coiling is a reflection response in fish embryos that can be used as a model for neurotoxic analysis. The previous method to analyze fish tail coiling is largely based on third-party software. In this study, we aim to develop a simple and cost-effective method called TCMacro by using ImageJ macro to reduce the operational complexity. The basic principle of the current method is based on the dynamic change of pixel intensity in the region of interest (ROI). When the fish tail is moving, the average intensity is increasing. In time when the fish freeze, the peak of mean intensity is maintaining at a relatively low level. By using the optimized macro settings and excel VBA scripts, all the tail coiling measurement processes can be archived with few operation steps with high precision. Three major endpoints of tail coiling counts, tail coiling duration and tail coiling intervals can be obtained in batch. To validate this established method, we tested the potential neurotoxic activity of Tricaine (methanesulfonate, MS-222) and psychoactive compound of caffeine. Zebrafish embryos after Tricaine exposure displayed significantly less tail coiling activity in a dose-dependent manner, and were comparable to manual counting through the Wilcoxon test and Pearson correlation double validation. Zebrafish embryos after caffeine exposure displayed significantly high tail coiling activity. In conclusion, the TCMacro method presented in this study provides a simple and robust method that is able to measure the relative tail coiling activities in zebrafish embryos in a high-throughput manner.
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Ma'rifat, Devi Fauziyah. ""MIMPI SYEKH AHMAD MAKAR" NASKAH MELAYU KAMPAR: KAJIAN FILOLOGI." Madah: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31503/madah.v6i1.361.
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The manuscript is a cultural heritage of a past history of a community in the form of handwriting. Reviewing the manuscript could be an interesting matter, especially as a handwriting that has kept various expressions of culture and thought of past culture heritage, and it contains historical elements. As a concrete object, a script is the object of a research for various fields of science, among others: philology, history, archaeology, codicology, and paleography. Each codex contains cultural values, but its form does not appear explicitly, so in order to recognize, it is necessary to carry out a gradual and accurate research. Hence, it is necessary to understand and to recognize seriously the concept of cultural value. The goal is that the concept is not only known as an understanding, but also can be used as guidelines to understand the culture of the people in the past. The purpose of this research is to create a critical issue that can be understood by a wider audience and present the themes contained in the manuscript of Mimpi Syekh Ahmad Makar. It is hoped that the readers can take the wisdom or philosophy contained in the manuscript.Abstrak Naskah adalah warisan budaya dari sejarah masyarakat masa lampau berupa tulisan tangan. Mengkaji naskah dapat menjadi suatu hal yang menarik, khususnya sebagai bahan tulisan tangan yang menyimpan berbagai ungkapan rasa dan pikiran hasil budaya masa lampau, serta mengandung unsur historis. Sebagai benda konkret, naskah merupakan objek penelitian bagi berbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan, antara lain: filologi, sejarah, arkeologi, kodikologi, dan paleografi. Setiap naskah kuno mengandung nilai budaya, tetapi wujudnya tidak tampil secara eksplisit, sehingga untuk mengenalinya diperlukan suatu penelitian yang bertahap dan cermat. Oleh karena itu, perlu memahami dan mengenal sungguh-sungguh konsep nilai budaya tersebut. Tujuannya agar konsep itu bukan saja diketahui sebagai suatu pengertian, tapi juga dapat dijadikan pedoman untuk memahami kebudayaan masyarakat masa lampau. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat edisi kritis yang dapat dipahami oleh pembaca yang lebih luas dan menyajikan tema yang terkandung dalam naskah "Mimpi Syekh Ahmad Makar" dengan harapan pembaca dapat mengambil hikmah yang terkandung di dalamnya.
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Setyanto, Daniar Wikan, Santosa Soewarlan, and Sumbo Tinarbuko. "MENAKAR KUALIFIKASI PEMERAN JAGOAN PEREMPUAN PADA FILM LAGA INDONESIA." ANDHARUPA: Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual & Multimedia 8, no. 01 (April 16, 2022): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/andharupa.v8i01.5795.
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AbstrakKesetaraan gender menjadi salah satu isu yang sering diangkat dalam dunia perfilman. Film-film laga populer saat ini mudah ditemukan karakter perempuan yang tampil sebagai seorang jagoan yang kuat dan mahir bela diri. Meskipun belum sebanyak Hollywood, film-film di Indonesia mulai memperkenalkan karakter jagoan perempuan di film-film layar lebar. Namun karakter jagoan perempuan dalam film Indonesia masih dianggap sebagai karakter minor, kemunculan mereka juga masih dianggap belum bisa menaikkan film dari segi kualitas dan perolehan penonton. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mencari tahu alasan dibalik mengapa karakter tersebut masih belum berhasil mencuri hati penonton, yaitu dengan cara menakar kualifikasi setiap artis yang memerankan jagoan perempuan tersebut. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori dikotomi antara aktor (actrees) dan bintang (star). Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode campuran (mixed method) dengan teknik pencarian data dengan wawancara tokoh salah satu sutradara terkenal Indonesia yaitu Garin Nugroho. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah film jangan hanya mengeksploitasi tubuh perempuan dengan menonjolkan visualisasi kecantikan dan kemolekan tubuh perempuan tetapi perlunya kemampuan akting dan keahlian dalam bela diri sebagai nilai tambah pemainnya. Selain itu perlunya memperkuat penulisan naskah film laga dan pendalaman karakter sehingga kualitas film laga di Indonesia akan semakin berjaya dan bisa bersaing di kancah film Internasional. Kata Kunci: artis peran, film Indonesia, jagoan perempuan, kajian film AbstractGender equality is an issue that is often raised in the world of cinema. Popular action films nowadays are easy to find female characters who appear as strong and proficient in martial arts. Although not as many as in Hollywood, films in Indonesia have begun to introduce female hero characters in big screen films. However, female hero characters in Indonesian films are still considered minor characters, their appearance is also still considered unable to increase the quality of the film and the audience gain. This study tries to find out the reason behind why the character still hasn't been liked by the audience, that is by measuring the qualifications of each artist who plays the female hero. The theory used is the dichotomy theory between actors and stars. The research method used is a mixed method with data search techniques by interviewing the famous Indonesian directors, namely Garin Nugroho. The result is that the film does not only exploit women's bodies by highlighting the visualization of the beauty and beauty of the female body, but also the need for acting skills and martial arts skills as an added value for actresses. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the writing of action film scripts and character development so that the quality of action films in Indonesia will be more victorious and can compete in the international film scene. Keywords: artists, Indonesian film, female heroes, film studies
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RUDRAPATHY, THULASI, CHITRA SELVI RUDRAPATHY, and DHILIPHAN KUMAR. "TAMIḺ EḺUTTU VARIVAṬIVA CĪRAMAIPPU [TAMIL SCRIPT REFORM]." Muallim Journal of Social Science and Humanities, July 2, 2021, 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33306/mjssh/144.
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Formation of the alphabet is a long evolved by human creation. It is natural for such works to have flaws and to be corrected over the time. Similarly, the Tamil script is subject to considerable change. Such reforms in the formation of Tamil alphabet plays an important role in the Tamil alphabet development. The Tamil alphabet has 12 vowels and 18 consonants. These combine to form 216 compound characters. Beside that there is one special character called as ayutha eluttu Therefor the number of alphabets in Tamil are 247. These characters have undergone various changes from the 6th century BC to the present days. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the Tamil script reformation. This study is based on library research work. The main texts of this work are from the books like Tamil Eluttu Cheeramaippu and Tamil Eluttin Varivadivam. This study, is done by studying the Tamil script reform and its related works.
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"Classification of Handwritten Tamil Characters using Variable Length Puzzle Pieces." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 12 (October 10, 2019): 4797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l3685.1081219.
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offline handwritten character recognition system has been a challenge for Indian scripts, especially for South Indian languages. Huge number of characters of local languages including alphabets, consonants and composite characters make the recognition system more complicated. A good recognition system for subset of Tamil script, a famous South Indian script, is proposed in this work. Variable length feature vector is extracted from the thinned character image. This extracted feature is given to a novel simple classification algorithm which works based on probability. A subset of Tamil script, 20 character classes, is considered for experiment. The samples were taken from HP Labs dataset for Tamil language and a recognition accuracy of 88.15% has been produced.
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Zubair, KMA Ahamed. "The Rise and Decline of ArabuTamil Language for Tamil Muslims." IIUC Studies, April 21, 2016, 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v10i0.27441.
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The Arab Muslim Traders and the native Tamil converts to Islam in Tamilnadu state of India and Sri Lanka came into closer contact as a result of their commercial activities. They were bound by a common religion, but separated by two different languages They felt the necessity for a link-language. They started to write Tamil in an adapted Arabic script called Arabu-Tamil. The Arabu-Tamil or Arwi script represents the Tamil language using an Arabic style of scripts. From eighth century to nineteenth century, this language enjoyed its popularity among Tamil speaking Muslims of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. The valuable and useful ideas of Tamil Muslim minds were conveyed in Arabicized Tamil called Arabu-Tamil. It rendered a most useful service for the advancement and progress of Arab and Tamil cultures. However, the beginning of the twentieth century saw the decline of Arwi language. And no step was taken to arrest this decline. The study analyses its rise and decline as a language of Tamil Muslims.IIUC Studies Vol.10 & 11 December 2014: 263-282
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Ramanan, M. "A Hybrid Approach for Skew Detection and Correction in the Multi-script Scanned Document." Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science, November 19, 2019, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcos/2019/v4i230112.
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Skew detection and correction of a scanned document is a very important step in Optical Character Recognition because skew of scanned document is reducing the accuracy of text line approach for skew detection and correction to calculate the skew angle on multi-script scanned document using Radon transform, Hough transform, Harries corner, Wiener filter and smearing algorithm. In this paper, a proposed approach is compared existing skew detection and correction techniques for printed documents having different scripts: English, Tamil, Sinhala and mixed-script. A proposed hybrid method is tested on 160 documents. The overall testing results is 90.62% for skew detection and correction.
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Gayathri, R., and R. Babitha Lincy. "Transfer learning based handwritten character recognition of tamil script using inception-V3 Model." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, December 24, 2021, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-212378.
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The paper describes the excellent method to get first-rate accuracy and performance in the discipline of Tamil character recognition in a handwritten mode. However, the subject is still at a nascent stage and grossly lacks adequate accuracy in the Tamil language, even though several studies have been conducted within the discipline of handwritten character recognition. This paper draws the attention to the offline handwritten recognition for the Tamil language using the Inception-v3 based transfer learning method. The proposed work is conducted on the readily available HP Tamil handwritten character offline dataset (Hewlett-Packard Lab: hpl-tamil-iso-char-offline-1.0.). It reveals that with the suitable arrangement of transfer learning approach with Inception-v3, the pre-trained model can achieve the recognition accuracy of 93.1%, overtaking the former deep learning designs. The achieved accuracy is due to the use of a pre-trained version with transfer learning that regularly hastens the method of the training process on a new task. Overall, this results in higher accuracy and a more capable version.
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Gunasekaran, M., and S. Ganeshmoorthy. "Tamil Script Recognition System Using Hierarchical Multilayered Neural Network." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2335281.
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"An Efficient Ancient Tamil Script Classification System using Gradient Boosted Tree Algorithm." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 2666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c4943.098319.
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A variety of historical information’s has been derived and obtained from the various forms of inscriptions existing worldwide. Regional languages of certain selected sources have been employed in the inscription writing procedures. One such regional language with a wealthy literature and heritage that can be suitably opted for the inscription writing process is ‘Tamil’. Encryption of the writing was done with the help of certain materials such as metals, conch shells, stones, palm leaf, and copper plate. These are found to be rich in the data contents related to the fields of history, religious, administrative, astronomy, culture, economic tax and educational conditions. This paper incorporates certain feature extraction methods like Shape and Hough transform and Gradient Boosting tree as classifiers for identifying the ancient Tamil script.
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Balouchzahi, Fazlourrahman, Hosahalli Lakshmaiah Shashirekha, Grigori Sidorov, and Alexander Gelbukh. "A comparative study of syllables and character level N-grams for Dravidian multi-script and code-mixed offensive language identification." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, August 6, 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-212872.
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Curfews and lockdowns around the world in the Covid-19 era have increased the usage of the internet drastically and accordingly the amount of data shared on social media. In addition to using social media for sharing useful information, some miscreants are using the power of social media to spread hate speech and offensive content. Filtering the offensive language content manually is a laborious task due to the huge volume of data. Further, rapid developments in hardware and software technology have provided opportunities for users to post their comments not only in English but also in their native language scripts. However, based on the ease of Roman script usage, social media users specifically in multilingual countries like India, prefer to comment in code-mixed and multi-script texts. The typical systems that are employed to process and analyze monolingual texts are usually not appropriate for these kinds of texts. Further, as these texts do not adhere to the rules and regulations of any language to frame the words and sentences, the complexity of analyzing such texts increases. The novelty of the present study is to address the Offensive Language Identification (OLI) task in code-mixed and multi-script texts, this paper proposes to use relevant syllable and character n-grams features to train Machine Learning (ML) classifiers. The performance of the proposed models is evaluated on three Dravidian language pairs, namely: Malayalam-English, Tamil-English, and Kannada-English. The performances of ML classifiers prove the effectiveness of syllable and character n-grams features for code-mixed and multi-script texts analysis.