Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tamil Tigers

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Tamil Tigers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Tamil Tigers"

1

Whitehall, John S. "Teaching Tamil Tigers." Medical Journal of Australia 187, no. 11-12 (December 2007): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01487.x.

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Girihagama, Asoka. "Teaching Tamil Tigers." Medical Journal of Australia 188, no. 9 (May 2008): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01774.x.

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Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians. "Teaching Tamil Tigers." Medical Journal of Australia 188, no. 9 (May 2008): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01775.x.

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Whitehall, John S. "Teaching Tamil Tigers." Medical Journal of Australia 188, no. 9 (May 2008): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01776.x.

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Van Der Weyden, Martin B. "Teaching Tamil Tigers." Medical Journal of Australia 188, no. 9 (May 2008): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01777.x.

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DeVotta, Neil. "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka." Asian Survey 49, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1021–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1021.

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The ethnocentric policies successive Sri Lankan governments pursued against the minority Tamils pushed them to try to secede, but the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam's (LTTE) immanent contradictions——the quest for state-building and independence juxtaposed with fascistic rule and terrorist practices——undermined the separatist movement and irreparably weakened the Tamil community. The Sri Lankan government's extraconstitutional counterterrorism strategies under Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa helped defeat the LTTE, but the attendant militarism, culture of impunity especially among the defense forces, and political machinations bode further ill for the island's democratic and polyethnic future.
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Ratner, Steven R. "Accountability and the Sri Lankan Civil War." American Journal of International Law 106, no. 4 (October 2012): 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.4.0795.

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Sri Lanka's civil war came to a bloody end in May 2009, with the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) by Sri Lanka's armed forces on a small strip of land in the island's northeast. The conflict, the product of long-standing tensions between Sri Lanka's majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils over the latter's rights and place in society, had begun in the mid-1980s and ebbed and flowed for some twenty-five years, leading to seventy to eighty thousand deaths on both sides. Government repression of Tamil aspirations was matched with ruthless LTTE tactics, including suicide bombings of civilian targets; and for many years the LTTE controlled large parts of northern and eastern Sri Lanka.
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Jani, Meenakshi. "State of Emergence." Columbia Journal of Asia 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cja.v1i1.9318.

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During the Sri Lankan Civil War, an entire generation grew up under a condition of violence. I analyze the violence of the Sri Lankan Civil War as a destabilizing as well as productive force, rather than only as the result of pre-existing social conflicts. I argue that the condition of violence during this war lent itself to new iterations of Tamil ethnic identity, focusing on how it created space for the renegotiation of Tamil womanhood. Inspired by Lee Ann Fuji’s conceptualization of ethnicity as “state-sponsored” and performed according to a “script” during periods of ethnic conflict, I argue that the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) created a script for Tamil identity that positioned Tamil women as emblematic of the nation. The LTTE did so by portraying Tamil women as victims in need of protection and by arguing that their liberation from patriarchal traditions represented the liberation of Tamils as a whole. I then examine how the LTTE was both an agent and a product of the condition of violence during this period, thereby facilitating both agency for and oppression of women. Finally, I discuss how Tamil women sought their own agency by at times following scripts for the performance of their identities and at times deviating from those scripts.
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Wayland, Sarah. "Ethnonationalist networks and transnational opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora." Review of International Studies 30, no. 3 (July 2004): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210504006138.

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This article presents an empirical case study of a type of nonstate actor largely overlooked in the IR literature on transnationalism: the diaspora or transnational ethnic actor. Building upon findings from contentious politics or social movements scholarship, I highlight the nexus of domestic and transnational politics by demonstrating how actors form ethnic networks and utilise transnational opportunities to pursue political goals in various states. Specifically, I argue that the formation of ethnic networks in the Tamil diaspora has enabled the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) or ‘Tigers’ to engage in protracted insurgency against the Sri Lankan government army. Whereas traditional contentious politics scholarship is unable to explain the longevity and intensity of that conflict, a consideration of the transnational dimension provides new insight into how ethnic conflicts may be sustained. The combination of greater political freedom, community organising and access to advanced communications and financial resources in receiving states has allowed Tamil separatists in the diaspora to maintain ‘transnational ethnic networks’ which are in turn used to mobilise funds that have prolonged the secessionist campaign in Sri Lanka.
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Roberts, Michael. "Tamil Tigers: Sacrificial symbolism and ‘dead body politics’." Anthropology Today 24, no. 3 (June 2008): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2008.00587.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tamil Tigers"

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Ubayasiri, Kasun. "Media, Tamil Tigers, terrorism and the internet: The cyber interface between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and mainstream media." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008.

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Sri Lanka is the theatre of a three decade-long armed ethnic conflict between the predominantly Sinhala government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eel am - the militant group fighting for a separate state for the island's Tamil speaking people. This contemporary conflict is rooted in a perceived historical crisis between Tamil and Sinhala ethnic groups which spans more than two millennia. This study examines the perceived historical crisis between the two lingua ethnic nations from a post­modern perspective, to better understand the contemporary interpretation which has led to a militant and at times terrorist conflict. It also focuses on the fusion of contemporary and historical narratives used by the LTTE to further their strategic goals. The study defines the notion of terrorism as a politico-military strategy stripped of its populist pejorative interpretations, to understand the strategy of terrorism as part of a communication process designed to terrorise a target audience and demand its political compliance by harnessing terror as a psychological weapon. The study further discusses the role of traditional mainstream media in this communication process and the result of state imposed media censorships set in place to prevent terrorist news voices from reaching the media consumer. This thesis argues media censorship creates a news media vacuum ideally suited to terrorist-backed alternative cyber media, such as Tamilnet, which are resistant to state imposed media censorship. This results in the alternative media being the only significant source of news from the conflict zone, creating a media monopoly which allows terrorist narratives and politically loaded reports to filter into mainstream media copy. Based on an analysis of Tamilnet, this study outlines the role of terrorist-backed cyber media and its relationship with traditional and contemporary sources of news in the current media landscape.
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Connor, Robert J. "Defeating the modern asymmetric threat." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FConnor.pdf.

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Maurus, Jonathon R., Jeccel O. Ortiz, and Michael R. Haytasingh. "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Syrian crisis: nonstate actors acquiring WMD." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38975.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This thesis analyzes the attempts of three groups (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, Aum Shinrikyo, and al Qaeda) to acquire, use, and deploy chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons. Terrorist groups seeking a weapon of mass destruction (WMD) capability face numerous constraints such as intent to acquire/manufacture and/or use a WMD, recruiting the essential personnel with expertise in WMDs, obtaining the necessary materials, having access to the necessary facilities, and being able to make the technological leap in creating a delivery system. These constraints have severely limited most terrorist groups from pursuing a WMD capability; however, there are a few groups that made some effort to overcome these constraints, groups like the LTTE, Aum Shinrikyo, and al Qaeda. Each sought to realize this goal of achieving a WMD capability. The current situation in Syria may present an opportunity for terrorist groups to circumvent particular aspects of the constraints already mentioned, making it easier for them to develop a WMD capability.
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Campbell, Latisha T. "Why Female Suicide Bombers? A Closer Look at the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and Chechen Separatists." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3625.

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The central hypothesis of this study is that terrorist organizations choose to use females as suicide bombers not only as tactical innovation but also to “signal” or send a message to various audiences. In order to meet the research objectives of this study, two terrorist organizations—the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Chechen Separatists or those individuals associated with the Chechen Resistance—are examined in detail from their inception through 2013 using a structured focused comparison methodology. Evidence is found to support both of the studies’ main hypotheses. First, female suicide bombers are used by terrorist organizations because they are a 1) tactical advantage, and 2) to “signal” or send a message to various audiences. Their “entertainment” or shock value maximizes the psychological punch intended for delivery to a variety of audiences. These two reasons are not mutually exclusive but are colored by contextual considerations unique to each case. While deliberation was given to a variety of socio-political factors unique to each organization—such as popular support for suicide attacks perpetrated by females, indication of rival terrorist organizations, counterterrorism and political events that may have affected the terrorist organizations’ preference for females—insight into the operational characteristics surrounding individual suicide attacks was central in highlighting patterns in the organizational use of female suicide bombers. Those patterns are consistent across both cases and suggest that when females’ use is explained by the tactical innovation model, they are used overwhelmingly in suicide attacks where getting closer to intended targets—usually defined as security and political targets—matter. In contrast, suicide attacks explained by the signaling model are characterized by their novelty usually representing a deviation from terrorist organizations’ operational norms—deemed operational suicide attack anomalies in this study—characterized many times as “only” suicide attacks, “firsts [of that kind of],” or the most spectacular suicide attacks carried out by the organization.
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Spinks, Brandon Todd. "Assessing Perceived Credibility of Web Sites in a Terrorism Context: The PFLP, Tamil Tigers, Hamas, and Hezbollah." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc10980/.

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The purpose of the study was to contribute to the overall understanding of terrorist organizations' use of the Internet and to increase researchers' knowledge of Web site effectiveness. The methodological approach was evaluation of the perceived credibility of Web sites based on existing criteria derived from information users. The Web sites of four terrorist organizations were assessed: two secular nationalist groups, the People's Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE or Tamil Tigers); and two religious nationalist groups, Hamas and Hezbollah. The findings of this analysis showed differences in perceived credibility factors among terrorist organizations' Web sites and positive levels of perceived credibility for the Web sites. These findings indicate the potential for positive impressions of the organizations' Web sites by information users, which would help empower the organizations with the capacity to reach their objectives. By using Web sites, these groups can effectively increase their support base through disseminating information, improving recruiting, and attracting monetary contributions, and can establish themselves as legitimate components of society.
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Spinks, Brandon Todd Sahliyeh Emile F. "Assessing perceived credibility of web sites in a terrorism context the PFLP, Tamil Tigers, Hamas, and Hezbollah /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-10980.

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Smith, Justin O. "Maritime interdiction in counterinsurgency the role of the Sri Lankan Navy in the defeat of the Tamil Tigers /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FSmith%5FJustin.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Far East, South East Asia, Pacific))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Porch, Douglas; Second Reader: Kline, Jeffrey F. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Sri Lanka, Insurgency, Counterinsurgency, Maritime Interdiction, Irregular Warfare, Piracy, Counter-piracy, Maritime Terrorism, Arms Smuggling, Counter-arms Smuggling, Maritime Security Operations, Small Boat Tactics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76). Also available in print.
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Silva, Mada Kalapuge Lakshan Anuruddhika De. "Re-integration of Former Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Combatants into Civilian Society in Post-War Sri Lanka." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6824.

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The entire nation paid a high price militarily, politically, economically and socially during the twenty-six-year-old conflict in Sri Lanka. However, May 18, 2009, marked a significant milestone in the written history of Sri Lanka. The three-year-long Humanitarian Operation conducted by the Sri Lankan Security Forces to liberate civilians from the cruel clutches of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) terrorists ended, assigning a total military defeat to the LTTE. As a nation, Sri Lanka is now facing the daunting task of a range of challenges in the post-war era. Above all, much effort is needed to heel the scars of the conflict and to build the Sri Lankan identity. Though the war is over, the remnants of the LTTE may pose a considerable security challenge. Amongst them are many surrendered combatants of the LTTE who are being rehabilitated and absorbed into the society. Sacred responsibility lies with the government in rehabilitating ex-combatants is to ensure a long-term, results-oriented process. Considering the highly sensitive status quo of the issue at the aftermath of its conflict, the Sri Lankan government needs to contribute its share to rebuild the nation. Therefore, this thesis dwells on testing the benchmarks expected by the Sri Lankan government in carrying out this process and the outcome so far, in meeting the said contesting national requirement in comparison to other cases in the world. In this sense, the question arises as to how the programs of reintegration can be successful, and what potential problems could arise in the process of reintegration. Therefore, this thesis attempts to identify the questions of the Sri Lankan case in comparison to other cases, in understanding how de-radicalization and re-integration evolved in these countries, and how they reached the benchmarks by overcoming weaknesses and lapses.
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Amarilla, Chloe. "An Evaluation of the Sri Lankan Government’s Policies in the Defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2019.

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) were branded as the most dangerous and deadly extremists in the world by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in January of 2008. The Tamil Tigers are held responsible for perfecting the use of suicide bombers, inventing the suicide belt, being the first to use women in suicide attacks, and killing nearly 4,000 people in the one year prior to 2008. The LTTE is the only terrorist organization to have assassinated two world leaders, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, and Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa. They were also the first to acquire air power and their strike on Sri Lanka’s World Trade Center was the largest terrorist assault before the September 11 attacks in 2001. It took the government of Sri Lanka over thirty years to rid the country of this powerful terrorist group. This paper will investigate what caused the fall of the Tamil Tigers. In my second chapter, I will evaluate the policies and military strategies adopted by the government. My third chapter will look at the role of international actors in the conflict and their effects. Lastly, in my fourth chapter, I will examine key mistakes made by the LTTE that may have led to its own demise. In chapter five, I will analyze three possible causes for the defeat of the LTTE and what was the most significant in bringing its fall. It will also include its potential for replication in other countries and effects on foreign policy moving forward.
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Sahin, Fuat Salih. "Case studies in terrorism-drug connection: the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, and the Shining Path." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2871/.

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This study scrutinizes the drug-terrorism nexus critically with intent to conceive possible remedies for the problem. The vast turnover of the global illicit drug industry constitutes the largest portion of organized crime enterprises' income. Different circles have argued that these enterprises are not the sole actors of the drug business, but terrorist groups, whose ultimate aim is a political change rather than financial strength, also profit from the “business.” The controversial nature of the problem fuelled heated debates and requires an in depth and impartial analysis, which was the main subject of the current study. At the first stage, three different cases, the PKK, the LTTE, and the SL, were studied either to prove or deny the alleged phenomenon. The sampled groups' ideology, structure, and operations helped understand the motives pushing the organizations into the ‘business.' Subsequently, several recommendations capturing vital issues both in countering terrorism and breaking terrorism-drugs link were spelled out.
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Books on the topic "Tamil Tigers"

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Ann, Adele. Women fighters of Liberation Tigers. London: LTTE International Secretariat, 1993.

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Gunasekara, S. L. Tigers, "moderates", and pandora's package. [Sri Lanka: s.n.], 1996.

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The lions and tigers: Religious & cultural background of the Sinhala-Tamil relations. 2nd ed. Nugegoda: Sarasavi Publishers, 2001.

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Tigers of Lanka, from boys to guerrillas. Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1994.

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Tigers of Lanka, from boys to guerrillas. 3rd ed. Delhi: Konark Publishers, 2002.

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War and peace: Armed struggle and peace efforts of Liberation Tigers. Mitcham, England: Fairmax Pub., 2004.

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Casey, Dawn. You guan hu li de yu yan =: Fox fables. London: Mantra Lingua, 2006.

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A tragedy of errors: About tigers, talks, ceasefires and the proposed constitution. Colombo: Sinhala Jathika Sangamaya, 2001.

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Tamil exodus and beyond: An analysis of the national conflict in Sri Lanka. London: L. Samarasinghe, 1996.

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Weiss, Gordon. The cage: The fight for Sri Lanka and the last days of the Tamil Tigers. New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tamil Tigers"

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Hashim, Ahmed Salah. "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)." In Routledge Handbook Of Terrorism And Counterterrorism, 336–49. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315744636-29.

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Sauerborn, Djan. "Political Violence Revisited: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam." In Terrorism Revisited, 181–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55690-1_7.

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Virk, Kudrat. "Africa and India: Riding the Tail of the Tiger?" In Africa and the World, 245–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_11.

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Rösel, Jakob. "Schmuggel- und Bildungstradition, Diasporanetzwerke und Globalisierung: Rahmenbedingungen für den Terror der Tamil Tiger (LTTE)." In Analysen des transnationalen Terrorismus, 337–73. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90556-3_13.

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Fang, Nancy N., Razvan F. Albu, and Thibault Mayor. "Systems-Wide Analysis of Protein Ubiquitylation: We Finally Have the Tiger by the Tail." In The Molecular Chaperones Interaction Networks in Protein Folding and Degradation, 367–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1130-1_14.

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Hopgood, Stephen. "Tamil Tigers, 1987–2002." In Making Sense of Suicide Missions, 43–76. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276998.003.0002.

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"Tamil Tigers of Trade." In Empire of the Winds. I.B. Tauris, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781788316415.ch-008.

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Frerks, Georg. "The Female Tigers of Sri Lanka." In Perpetrators of International Crimes, 208–23. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829997.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the motives and legitimation of female cadres of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) joining the fight against the Sri Lankan government. Tamil young women were, among others, motivated by grievances against the treatment of the Tamil minority by the government, their experience of sexual and gender-based violence by Sinhalese soldiers and Indian peacekeepers, and a wish to avenge the death of relatives. They also wanted to escape a suppressive and conservative Tamil culture that forced them into arranged marriages. The heroism and sacrificial martyrdom cultivated by the LTTE legitimized these women’s combat role among the Tamils in Northern and North-eastern Sri Lanka who admired their courage. Different societal and theoretical discourses exist concerning the supposedly victimizing, liberating, or empowering effects of female participation in armed struggle, but the situation in reality appears to be ambivalent, including both victimhood and emancipation.
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Kaarthikeyan, D. R. "The Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka." In Wars From Within, 273–319. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781783265589_0009.

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Groh, Tyrone L. "India’s Proxy War in Sri Lanka." In Proxy War, 182–200. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503608184.003.0007.

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This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE’s operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India’s support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India’s government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history’s most costly proxy war policy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Tamil Tigers"

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Evans, Jordan P. "Taking the tiger by the tail: Leading effective tiger teams and working groups on flight projects." In 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2016.7500797.

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Ding, Jian, Yuval Peres, and Gireeja Ranade. "A tiger by the tail: When multiplicative noise stymies control." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2016.7541648.

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Sathyaruban, Sutharshiny, Shivatharsiny Yohi, and Sivashanthini Kuganathan. "Determination Of Proximate Composition And Crude Yeild Of Shrimp Shells(Peneaus Semisulcatus)." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrset.2019.11.777.

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The present study was carried out to determine the proximate composition of green tiger prawn and to select the suitable solvent system for carotenoid extraction. Samples (P. semisulcatus) were purchased from the landsites and transported to the laboratory in an ice box. The whole shrimp were peeled manually, and the residues, consisting head, tail and shells are separated. The moisture content, total lipid, protein, and ash content were quantified using standard methods. Weight of extracted crude of shrimp shells and retention factor (Rf) for the shrimp shell powder were determined using different pure and mixed organic solvents. Moisture content of the fresh shrimp shells was found to be 76.40 ± 0.92 %. In the present study, quantification showed that the shrimp shells are significantly rich in ash content (25.52 ± 0.06 % in dry weight). Significantly (p < 0.05) the highest crude yield of 10.24 ± 0.02 % was obtained from shrimp shells, when the dried shrimp shells powder was dissolved with the mixture of acetone and ethanol (1:1) than the other solvents. The lowest crude yield (2.32 ± 0.01 %) was extracted with ether. The highest Rf was obtained when the shrimp shell crude was dissolved with the mixture of acetone and ethanol (1:1). It can be recommended from our findings that the dried shrimp shells of Peneaus semisulcatus would be directly utilized for formulations of poultry animal feeds and sea cucumber juvenile feeds due to its high ash content. The mixture of the acetone and ethanol (1:1) would be the better choice for obtaining the highest crude yield from the shrimp shells.
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