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1
Kehl, Torsten. "Sequenzierung und Klonierung von 1,2,3,6-Tetra-O-Galloylglucose-4-O-Galloyltransferase, des Schlüsselenzyms in der Biosynthese hydrolysierbarer Tannine." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-vts-61001.
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Saul, Nadine. "Tannine als potente Modulatoren der Lebensdauer und Stressresistenz in C. elegans." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16306.
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Tannine sind pflanzliche, polyphenolische Sekundärmetabolite mit Protein-präzipitierenden und –bindenden Kapazitäten, welche offenbar für die antinutritiven und gesundheitsschädlichen Wirkungen der Tannine verantwortlich sind. Jedoch dominieren in der Literatur die gesundheitsfördernden Beschreibungen, für die meist die antioxidative Kapazität verantwortlich gemacht wurde. Der etablierte Modelorganismus Caenorhabditis elegans wurde zur Analyse dieses Kontrastes ausgewählt. Zunächst wurden Lebensdauer und Stressresistenz der mit Tanninsäure und den Tanninbausteinen Gallussäure, Ellagsäure und Catechin behandelten Nematoden ermittelt. Das vermutete Vorliegen eines „Calorie Restriction“ (CR)-Effektes als auch einer hormetischen Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung wurde überprüft. Weiterhin wurden antimikrobielle und antioxidative Eigenschaften als potentielle Ursachen der Langlebigkeit untersucht und die Auswirkungen auf die Fitness und Genexpression analysiert. Die Einbeziehung verschiedener Alterungs-Theorien rundete die Analyse der Tanninwirkung ab. Alle Tannin-Substanzen konnten eine Lebensverlängerung erwirken, doch erstaunlicherweise erwiesen sich Langlebigkeit und Stressresistenz als individuelle, nicht zwangsläufig gekoppelte Parameter. Hormesis, CR-nachahmende Eigenschaften, antimikrobielle Kapazitäten als auch verschiedene stressrelevante Gene sind teilweise für die Lebensverlängerung verantwortlich. Die antioxidative Kapazität scheint jedoch irrelevant zu sein. Die differentielle Expression mehrerer hundert Gene durch Tanninsäure unterstreicht zudem die Komplexität der Wirkweise. Hinweise zur Bestätigung der „Disposable Soma Theory“, der „Mitohormesis“-Theorie und der „Green Theory of Ageing“ konnten zum Teil gefunden werden. Diese Arbeit zeigt die individuelle und kontrastreiche Wirksamkeit der Tannine auf. Sie unterstreicht, dass Tannine molekulare Regulatoren sind, welche nicht nur auf ihre antioxidative und antinutritive Kapazität reduziert werden sollten.The polyphenolic tannins are plant-produced secondary metabolites with protein precipitating and binding capacities. This characteristic is seemingly responsible for antinutritional and harmful effects. However, health benefits have also been extensively described in the literature. Indeed, antioxidant properties are believed to be the reason for these beneficial effects. The established model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen to examine this apparent contradiction. The nematodes were exposed to tannic acid and to the tannin building blocks gallic acid, ellagic acid, and catechin and the lifespan and stress resistance were determined. The presence of a calorie restriction (CR) effect and a hormetic dose-response-relationship was verified. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidative capacities were assessed as possible causes of longevity and the impact on fitness parameters and gene expressions was analysed. The consideration of different ageing theories completed the analysis of the tannin action. All tannin-substances were able to prolong the lifespan but against all expectations, longevity and stress resistance were shown to be independent entities, which are not necessarily linked. Hormesis, CR-mimetic properties, antimicrobial capacities as well as several stress relevant genes are partly responsible for the life-extension. The antioxidant capacities, however, appeared to be irrelevant. The regulation of several hundred gene expressions by tannic acid underlined the complexity of the mode of action. Furthermore, the results partly confirm the “Disposable Soma Theory”, the “Mitohormesis Theory” and the “Green Theory of Ageing”. This work dissects the contrasting efficiency of the tannin family and underlines in particular, that tannins are molecular regulators, which should not be reduced to their antioxidative and antinutritional capacities
3
Getachew, Girma. "Tannins in tropical multipurpose tree species : localisation and quantification of tannins using histochemical approaches and the effect of tannins on in vitro rumen fermentation /." Stuttgart : Ulrich E. Grauer, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009095947&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Berthold, Thomas [Verfasser], and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Antonietti. "Tannine für nachhaltige und funktionale Kohlenstoffmaterialien : Synthesestrategien und mögliche Anwendungen / Thomas Berthold ; Betreuer: Markus Antonietti." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1219077682/34.
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Kraft, Redelf. "Zur chemisch-technologischen Verwertung von gebrauchten Holzwerkstoffen und Holzrinden." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2006. http://d-nb.info/987235877/04.
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Hüster, Hans Georg. "Beiträge zum Recycling von harnstofformaldehydharzgebundenen Holzspanplatten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Einsatzes von Tanninen /." Aachen : Shaker, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008939605&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wamatu, Jane N. Ambuku. "Effects of condensed and hydrolysable tannins on polypeptide degradation of various protein sources and microbial protease activity in vitro." Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989951545/04.
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König, Björn. "Untersuchungen zur stofflichen Verwendung von extrahierter Fichtenrinde." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989139670/04.
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Garnier, Sandrine. "Rhéologie des tannins polyflavanoi͏̈des industriels et des adhésifs tannin-aldéhyde." Nancy 1, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0028_GARNIER.pdf.
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Les modules dynamiques de solutions aqueuses d'extraits de tannins polyflavanoi͏̈des commerciaux : mimosa, pin, pécan et quebracho ont été mesurés par rhéométrie en fonction de l'amplitude de déformation et de la fréquence. La gélification et le durcissement des tannins avec le formaldéhyde ont été étudiés par rhéologie. De nouvelles méthodes de calcul ont permis de déterminer les propriétés rhéologiques de la polycondensation tannin-formaldéhyde : point de gel, énergie d'activation, degré de conversion, cinétique et d'analyser les effets de la température, la concentration en durcisseur et la nature du tannin. Les diagrammes TTT et CHT des adhésifs à base de tannins ont été construits pour différents pH et concentrations de formaldéhyde en suivant par analyse thermomécanique le durcissement de la résine in-situ un joint de colle. Des équations corrélant la force de cohésion interne des panneaux de particules à la déflexion minimale mesurée par TMA sur un joint de colle ont été établiesCommercial mimosa, quebracho, pine and pecan polyflavonoid tannin extracts water solutions of various concentrations were examined by rheometry, measuring dynamic moduli as a function of strain amplitude and frequency. Gelling and hardening reactions of tannin extracts with formaldehyde were studied by rheometry. Methods to determine rheological characteristics of tannin-formaldehyde polycondensation reactions before and after gel point were developed. Effect of temperature, influence of hardener concentration and tannin nature on gel point, activation energy, degree of conversion and kinetic were investigated. TTT and CHT curing diagrams of tannin-based adhesives were built for various pH and formaldehyde concentrations, using thermomechanical analysis to follow the hardening of the resin in-situ a wood joint. Regression equations relating the internal bond strength of a particleboard with the inverse of the minimum deflection measured by TMA during cure of a wood joint were obtained
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König, Björn. "Untersuchungen zur stofflichen Verwendung von extrahierter Fichtenrinde /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016606063&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wu, Jiacheng, Guoqiang Ning, Jinwei Zhang, and Wuyong Chen. "Ti (III)-tannin combination tanning technology based on microwave irradiation - 76." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34274.
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Microwave is a fast, efficient and energy-saving thermal resource, hence an attempt has been made for applying this technology in the combination tanning using titanium (III) and tannin extracts. In this work, the microwave effects on the complex reaction of Ti (III) with tannin extracts and leather products properties were investigated. The precipitation condition was used to characterize the complexation
degree between Ti (III) and tannin extracts. And the shrinkage temperature, tear strength, SEM, DSC, TG, FT-IR, and histological structure were used to characterize the changes in the physical and chemical
properties of the combined tanned leather.
Take-Away:
The results showed that microwave irradiation can accelerate the complex reaction of Ti (III) with tannin extracts. At the room temperature, the mixture of tannin and titanous sulphate kept stable at pH 3-4. In addition, microwave could increase the shrinkage temperature, tear strength, thermal stability, and fibrage of Ti (III)-tannin tanned leather, and it would not change the combination mode of the skins with
tanning agents as well as the hierarchical structure of collagen. Therefore, these results inferred that microwave could promote the reaction between Ti (III) and tannins and the combination of tannins with
collagen, which may provide a theoretical basis for the application of microwave in Ti (III)-tannin combination tanning technology.
12
Farias, Graciela Maria. "Roles of tannase and hydrolyzable tannins in chestnut blight." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38621.
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Endothia parasitica (Murr.) P. J. & H. E. Anderson (syn: Cryphonectria parasitica(Murr.) Barr), the causal agent of chestnut blight, was able to grow in total aqueous and tannin extracts from blight-susceptible American chestnut as well as in blight-resistant Chinese chestnut bark extracts, from winter and summer bark. Differences in the amount of conidial germination and growth in extracts of the two species were small. The, E. parasitica tannase was more abundant intracellularly than extracellularly. Total tannase activities from cultures in American chestnut aqueous and tannin extracts were greater than in the Chinese chestnut extracts, for both winter and summer bark.
The tannase was isolated from the mycelium of E. parasitica and purified 142-fold with a 10% yield by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The estimated molecular weight was 240 kD and the molecule may be a tetramer composed of four subunits with a molecular weight of 58 kD. The pH optimum of the purified tannase was 5.5 and the temperature optimum for activity was 30 C. The enzyme was separated into six bands in the pH range of 4.6 to 5.1 which may represent isoenzymes or post-translational modifications.Ph. D.
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Auad, Priscila. "Composição química de taninos vegetais, curtimento e propriedades nos couros." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185808.
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O Brasil é o país que possui o maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo, e o balanço de exportações de couro vem demonstrando ascensão no número de metros quadrados de couros exportados. No processo produtivo, a etapa de curtimento é de extrema importância para transformar a pele bovina em couros, tornando-a resistente ao ataque de microorganismos, além de conferir enchimento e garantir maior estabilidade hidrotérmica do material. O crescente apelo ambiental pela utilização de materiais renováveis na indústria levou aos taninos vegetais desempenharem papéis importantes como compostos curtentes na indústria coureira. Os taninos são estruturas fenólicas complexas, existindo uma quantidade considerável de parâmetros químicos que podem ser mensurados através de diversas técnicas analíticas. Por outro lado, para os couros, também existem ensaios empregados no produto final, cujo desempenho pode depender do material curtente utilizado. No presente estudo, foram empregados cinco tipos de taninos de maior uso na indústria coureira para avaliação de parâmetros químicos e posterior associação com propriedades nos couros: tanino de acácia, quebracho, castanheiro, mirabolano e tara. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, a fim de determinar propriedades químicas de maior relevância a serem mensuradas nos taninos no contexto de sua utilização como agentes curtentes. Nesse sentido, elencaram-se os ensaios de determinação de tanantes totais, não-tanantes, sólidos insolúveis, sólidos solúveis, sólidos totais, fenóis totais e massa molecular média para os taninos. Os parâmetros de percentual de sólidos insolúveis, sólidos solúveis não-tanantes e tanantes totais distinguiram bem os grupos de taninos que atravessaram dos que não atravessaram o couro. Assim, pela análise de insolúveis ser a mais simples e direta delas, recomendar-se-ia o seu uso para definir uma faixa de corte para distinguir o desempenho dos taninos no curtimento. A análise de FTIR-UATR foi útil na caracterização e distinção dos taninos nas famílias dos hidrolisáveis e condensados. Os ensaios de temperatura de retração e distensão da flor nos couros também mostraram associação com o atravessamento dos taninos nas peles durante o curtimento. Por fim, a diferença total de cor após exposição à luz UV também foi avaliada para os couros curtidos com os taninos vegetais, sendo que os taninos hidrolisáveis apresentaram uma menor diferença de cor em relação aos condensados.Brazil is the country with the largest commercial cattle herd in the world, and the balance of exports of leather has shown a rise in the number of square meters of exported leather. In the production process, the tanning step is extremely important to transform the skin into leather, making it resistant to the attack by microorganisms, as well as providing filling and assuring greater hydrothermal stability of the material. The increasing environmental approach for the use of renewable materials in the industry has led to vegetable tannins an important role as tanning compounds in the leather industry. Tannins are complex phenolic structures and there are a considerable amount of chemical parameters that can be measured through various analytical techniques to characterize them. On the other hand, for hides, there are also tests used in the final product, whose performance may depend on the tanning material used. In the present study, five types of tannins highly used in the tanning industry were used for the evaluation of their chemical parameters and later correlation with properties in hides: Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii), Quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii), Chestnut (Castanea sativa), Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) and myrabolan (Terminalia chebula). Initially, a bibliographical review was carried out to determine the most relevant chemical properties to be measured in the tannins in the context of their use as tanning agents. In this context, the assays for the determination of total tannin polyphenols, non-tannin polyphenols, insoluble solids, soluble solids, total solids, total phenols and average molecular weight for tannins were performed. FTIR-UATR analysis was useful in characterizing and distinguishing tannins in their families of hydrolysates and condensates. The Mann-Whitney-U test showed that the insoluble solids, non-tannin polyphenols, soluble solids and total tannin polyphenols percentage distinguished well the groups of tannins that crossed the hide from those that didn´t. Hence, once the analysis of insoluble solids is the simplest and the most direct of them, it would be recommended to use this parameter to define a cutting range to distinguish the performance of tannins in leather tanning. The shrinkage temperature and distension tests in the leather also showed association with the leather cross-sectional results during tanning baths. Finally, the total color difference after exposure to UV light was also evaluated for the tanned hides with the vegetable tannins, and the hydrolysable tannins presented a smaller color difference or greater light fastness in comparison to the condensates.
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Castell, Escuer Joan Carles. "TARA (Caesalpinia spinosa): the sustainable source of tannins for innovative tanning processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81122.
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This thesis considers the fruit of the tara tree (Caesalpinia spinosa) as a sustainable source for tanning agents and proposes alternatives to the commercial mineral salts and vegetable extracts to comply with an increasing demand that concerns lower carbon footprint and health safety. Taxonomy of the tree is described and the substances contained in the fruit are chemically characterized in order to justify that tara farm forestry is economically viable and to secure a potential worth. The value chain is fully described from fruit collection in remote Andean regions to the export for the most important leather markets.
Although tara tannins have been used in the leather industry and its properties being well known, the experimental part of the work aims to optimize innovative formulations using tara as wet-white pre-tanning agent. Combinations with a selected syntan used for wet white and final article recipes are proposedEsta tesis considera el fruto del árbol de tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) como fuente sostenible de taninos para la curtición del cuero y propone alternativas para las sales minerales y los extractos vegetales como respuesta a la creciente demanda para reducir el impacto medioambiental y la seguridad de los artículos de consumo. Se describe la taxonomía del árbol así como la caracterización de su fruto para justificar la silvicultura como práctica económicamente viable y asegurar su valor y la cadena desde la recolección de los frutos en las regiones andinas hasta la exportación a los mercados más importantes de la industria del cuero. Aunque los taninos de la tara ya se usan para la fabricación de cueros desde épocas remotas y sus propiedades están reconocidas, la sección experimental de este trabajo se orienta a optimizar fórmulas innovadoras utilizando la tara como agente de curtido wet-white. Se proponen fórmulas para artículos finales.
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Roscher, Simone. "Ablauf und Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten der Proteolyse während der Silierung von Weidelgras und Luzerne." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18816.
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Tannine gehören zu den phenolhaltigen Verbindungen und galten in der Tierernährung bisher als sekundäre unerwünschte Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe. Sie werden in der Regel in zwei Hauptgruppen eingeteilt: kondensierte und hydrolisierbare Tannine.
Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchungen stand die Quantifizierung der Reduzierung der Proteolyse während der Silierung in Folge der Zulage von tanninhaltigen Pflanzenextrakten unterschiedlicher Herkunft zum Siliergut. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zunächst in Silierversuchen zwei tanninhaltige Pflanzenextrakte unterschiedlicher botanischer Herkunft (Mimosa und Quebracho) alleine sowie in Kombination mit Silierzusätzen dem Ausgangsmaterial am Beispiel Weidelgras (Lolium perenne L.) zugesetzt. Folgend wurden die Effekte unterschiedlicher Konzentrationen der beiden tanninhaltigen Pflanzenextrakte sowie die Effekte bei unterschiedlichen TM-Gehalten des Siliergutes auf den Umfang der Proteolyse am Beispiel der Luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) geprüft.
In den Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Tannine einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Proteolyse während der Silierung insbesondere in den ersten Tagen hatten. Die Beurteilung der Effekte der Zulage von tanninhaltigen Pflanzenextrakten basierte unter anderem auf Veränderungen der Parameter der Rohproteinfraktionierung nach dem Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Durch den Zusatz von tanninhaltigen Pflanzenextrakten konnte der Abbau von schwer- und mittellöslichen Rohproteinfraktionen (Fraktionen B1-B3) zur leichtlöslichen Rohproteinfraktion (Fraktion A) signifikant minimiert werden, parallel stieg der Gehalt der pansenstabilen Rohproteinfraktionen.
Die Effekte unterschiedlicher TM-Gehalte in den Silierversuchen mit Luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) zeigten, dass die eingesetzten tanninhaltigen Pflanzenextrakte unabhängig von ihrer botanischen Zusammensetzung in ihrer Wirkung umso höher waren je geringer der TM-Gehalt war.Tannins belong to phenol compounds and have traditionally been classified as antinutritive substances in animal nutrition. Tannins are usually divided into two groups: hydrolyzed and condensed tannins. The present study focused on reducing proteolysis during ensilage by supplementing tannin extracts from different botanical sources. Ensilage studies were carried out with Lolium perenne dominated forage and two different tanniniferous extracts (Mimosa and Quebracho) alone as well as in combination with silage additives. In a second study, the effects of different tannin concentrations and two different dry matter levels on proteolysis during ensilage were tested with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The results show that tannin extracts definitely reduce proteolysis during the first days of ensilage. The protein fractionation of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used as indicator. Degradations from slightly soluble (B1 – B3) to easily soluble (A) fractions were significantly reduced by the addition of tannin extracts. At the same time, the level of rumen undegradable true protein was increased. The alfalfa study used different dry matter levels showing that by supplementing tannin extracts the wetter the silage was, the clearer the effect on reducing proteolysis.
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Sanchez, Lucero Manuel. "Extraction of jojoba tannins and their role in protein-tannin complex formation and digestive proteases inhibition." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184405.
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Jojoba albumins and globulins were treated with jojoba tannins to study the protein-tannin complex formation. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were also treated with jojoba tannins to determine the change of enzymatic activity. The treated albumins and globulins were fractionated by gel filtration before and after treatment. Two albumin fractions did not appear after treatment, but a new fraction appeared with a shorter elution time. A precipitate was formed by addition of jojoba tannins to the jojoba globulins, and two globulin fractions did not appear after treatment. Trypsin was completely inhibited by 5.80 μg of tannin/ml. Chymotrypsin was completely inhibited by 36.44 μg of tannin/ml. Seven two-hour successive extractions with methanol were sufficient to obtain a jojoba meal which, when mixed at 15% in a ration with soybean, resulted in excellent growth of mice. Detannification of jojoba meal with methanol and acid methanol extracted other toxicants, because mice fed 15% of this jojoba meal gained more weight than the control. Acid methanol extraction was more effective than methanol or aqueous extraction in removing tannins; water extracted more protein and less tannin.
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Kraft, Redelf. "Zur chemisch-technologischen Verwertung von gebrauchten Holzwerkstoffen und Holzrinden /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016273594&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Saul, Nadine [Verfasser], Christian E. W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinberg, Rudolf K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Achazi, and Stephen R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Stürzenbaum. "Tannine als potente Modulatoren der Lebensdauer und Stressresistenz in C. elegans : Zwischen Langlebigkeit und Toxizität / Nadine Saul. Gutachter: Christian E.W. Steinberg ; Rudolf K. Achazi ; Stephen R. Stürzenbaum." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015046436/34.
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Chen, Yumin. "Oxidation of Polymeric Polyphenols (Tannins) in Biologically Relevent Systems." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1089232925.
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Guo, Linxin, Taotao Qiang, Yangmin Ma, and Xuechuan Wang. "Extraction of New Vegetable Tanning Agent from Coriaria nepalensis Bark and Its Application in Tanning - 145." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34301.
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Traditional chromium tanning agents cannot conform to the requirement of sustainable and cleaner development under current leather producing. Compared with chromium tanning agents, vegetable
tanning agents have been widely used in tanning process by the virtue of its non-toxicity, low pollution, biodegradability and regenerability. In this study, a novel vegetable tanning agent was extracted from the Coriaria nepalensis bark (CNB) by alkali solution. In order to optimize extraction conditions, the response surface Box-Behnken design was used in this experiment. The key factors including alkali concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature, liquid to solid ratio and extraction times. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of 0.22% sodium hydroxide concentration, 63 min extraction time, 83℃ extraction temperature and 24 liquid to solid ratio, the yield of tannins in CNB is 15%, tannins in extractives up to 50%. Afterwards, the composition and molecular mass were evaluated, we discovered that the extractives belong to hydrolyzable tannins and its molecular mass ranged from 599 to 1457 Da. Furthermore, the extractives were used in sheep garment tanning process. The results showed that the shrinking temperature of tanned leather can reach to 75 ℃. Applying the extractives to the retanning process, the shrinking temperature of retanned leather can reach to 130 ℃. Surprisingly, the color of tanned or retanned leather coincide with the requirement of light leather.
Take-Away:
1 New vegetable tanning agent from Coriaria nepalensis bark.
2 The vegetable tanning agent belongs to hydrolyzable tannins and its molecular mass ranged from 599 to 1457 Da.
3 The shrinking temperature of tanned leather and retanned leather can reach to 75 ℃ and 130 ℃ respectively.
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Schons, Patricia Fernanda. "Detanificação e desfitinização de grãos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) por tanase e fitase e estudo biologico." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256628.
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Orientador: Gabriela Alves MacedoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este trabalho visou avaliar o efeito do fungo Paecilomyces variotti e das enzimas fitase e tanase sobre fatores antinutricionais, taninos e fitatos presentes no sorgo tipo vassoura. A enzima tanase produzida pelo fungo Paecilomyces variotti apresentou atividade enzimática de 626U/g, além desta enzima, estavam presentes no extrato enzimático, com menor atividade protease, carboximetilcelulase, polimetilgalacturonase e fitase. A fitase empregada foi comercial (NATUPHOS ¿ BASF) e apresentou atividade de 660U/g. O sorgo utilizado neste estudo possui 13,6% de proteína, 4,2% de lipídeos, 1,7% de cinzas e 80,5% de carboidratos, elevada concentração de compostos fenólicos, especialmente taninos condensados e 226mg/100g de sorgo de fósforo inorgânico. O sorgo foi preparado e tratado com Paecilomyces variotti, tanase e fitase em diferentes combinações. As respostas diminuição de tanino e aumento de fósforo foram avaliados, os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando a farinha de sorgo foi tratada com tanase e fitase durante 5 dias. Por meio de planejamento experimental foi feito estudo do tratamento de sorgo com as enzimas fitase e tanase, o qual indicou a relação entre sorgo:água, como sendo a variável mais significativa para o processo. O processamento (maceração e fervura) e adição das enzimas foram efetivos na redução de taninos e aumento de fósforo, quando comparamos estes resultados com o sorgo cru, porém, as diferentes concentrações das enzimas não tiveram efeito sobre os parâmetros avaliados. Baseado nos resultados expostos, o sorgo para a elaboração das dietas foi tratado com a concentração inferior de enzimas estudada (100U/Kg). O estudo in vivo mostrou que a dieta elaborada com sorgo tratado enzimaticamente foi efetivo na melhoria da digestibilidade aparente de fósforo, na diminuição da excreção de fósforo, resultaram em melhores índice bioquímico para glicose e colesterol, apresentaram uma menor atividade de enzimas hepáticas aspartato aminotrasnferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT), comparando com sorgo cru. No entanto, não teve efeito significativo na melhoria do ganho de peso, da digestibilidade aparente de proteína, na concentração de fósforo, ferro e cálcio plasmático, bem como na concentração de mineral contido no fêmur
Abstract: This work aimed assess the fungus Paecilomyces variotti and enzymes phytase, tannase effects on the antinutritional factors, tannins and phytates present in sorghum. The tannase produced by the fungus Paecilomyces variotti has enzymatic activity of 626U/g, in addition this enzyme were present in the enzymatic extract protease, in less activity protease, carboxymetilcellulase, polymetilgalacturonase and phytase. The phytase used is commercially (NATUPHOS ¿ BASF) and has activity of 660U/g. The sorghum utilized in this study has 13.6% protein, 4.2% of lipids, 1.7% ash and 80.5% carbohydrate, high concentration of phenolic, mainly condensed tannins and inorganic phosphorus 226mg/100g sorghum. The sorghum was prepared and treated by using Paecilomyces variotti, tannase and phytase in different combinations. The decrease in the tannins and increase in the phosphorus were evaluated, the best results were obtained when sorghum flour was treated with tannase and phytase for 5 days. Through experimental design were made a study about sorghum treated by the enzymes tannase and phytase, which indicated the relationship between sorghum:water, as the most significant variable in the process. The processing (soaking and boiling) and addition of enzymes were effective in reducing tannin and increase phosphorus, when comparing these results with the raw sorghum, however, different concentrations of the enzymes had no effect on the parameters evaluated. Based on the results above, the sorghum for the preparation of the diets were treated with lower concentration of enzymes studied (100U/Kg). The in vivo assay showed that the diet prepared using sorghum treated enzimaticaly was effective in improving digestibility of phosphorus, reducing the phosphorus excretion, resulting in better biochemical index for glucose and cholesterol, showed a lower activity of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanin aminotransferase (ALT), compared with raw sorghum. However, it had no significant effects in improve weight, the apparent digestibility of protein, and the concentration of phosphorus, iron and calcium in the plasma and mineral content in the femur
Universidade Estadual de Campi
Ciência de Alimentos
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
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Crooks, Vicki L. "Tanning Stories: Truth and Consequences: A Narrative Examination of Indoor Tanning." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1405013223.
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Teng, Xu, Zhang Wen-hua, and Shi Bi. "Characteristics of typical pollutants in tannery site soil - 75." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34271.
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This paper briefly introduced the process of leather manufacture and the potential pollution sources of soil in tannery sites. Pollutants are mainly derived from the use of a large number of various chemicals and organic matter decomposed by raw skin. The characteristics of typical pollutants in tannery sites soil were summarized, including tannery site soil pH, organic and inorganic compounds, and heavy metals, etc., especially the status of chromium contamination were reviewed. The pH of soil in the tanning workshop (6.65-7.8) is generally lower than tannery sludge dumping site (7.94-8.40). The main organic pollutants contained in the tannery site soil include nitrogen compound, grease, petroleum hydrocarbon. In tannery sludge dumping site soil, the content of nitrogen compound (10cm depth) is 28400 mg/kg, which is similar to tannery sludge. The content of petroleum hydrocarbon is 5-700 mg/kg, which partially exceed the limits of China agricultural land quality standard(<500 mg/kg). In tanning workshop soil, the content of grease is 220-62000 mg/kg. The main inorganic pollutants contained in the tannery site soil include sulfide, high concentration of salt, lime. The high salt content of tannery sludge (99000 mg/kg) leads to high salt content in soil (5500-17500 mg/kg). Total hardness (>450mg/L), total dissolved solids (>1000mg/L), sulfate ions (>250mg/L), nitrite nitrogen (>0.02mg/L) partially exceed the limits of China groundwater quality standard, which are found in groundwater below the tannery site. Heavy metal pollutants in the tannery sites soil have many characteristics and large differences in content, due to the different tanning processes. Among them, chromium (Cr) is the most used heavy metal and the highest content of pollutants. Cr content in tanning process wastewater, dyeing process wastewater and chromiumcontaining sludge are about 2000-3000 mg/L, 30-40 mg/L and 8500-25800 mg/kg, respectively. Total Cr content in the partial tannery sites soil are higher than 800 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China agricultural land quality standard(<150mg/kg). Surprisingly, Cr(VI) appears in tannery sites soil and the contents are partly higher than 40 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China development land quality standard(<3.0mg/kg). Furthermore, the more effort needs to be directed toward the chemistry of chromium-organic complex pollutants, and an understanding of the speciation of Cr in highly organics
contaminated tannery site soil is essential for the development of suitable remediation strategies for contaminated soil.
Take-Away:
1. The pH of soil in the tanning workshop (6.65-7.8) is generally lower than tannery sludge dumping site(7.94-8.40).
2. Total Cr content in the partial tannery sites soil are higher than 800 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China agricultural land quality standard(<150mg/kg).
3. Cr(VI) appears in tannery sites soil and the contents are partly higher than 40 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China development land quality standard(<3.0mg/kg).
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Schröpfer, Michaela, and M. Meyer. "Development of a tanning technology with Tanning agents from Ligustrum vulgare - 250." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34199.
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The use of vegetable tanning agents alone for pre-tanning as an alternative to synthetic or chromiumcontaining tanning agents is one way of improving sustainability and ecology in leather production. In
recent years, a new group of secondary plant compounds, the iridoids or secoiridoids, has been discovered for use as tanning agents. Due to their molecular structure, these substances probably have a reaction mechanism similar to glutaraldehyde, which means that known disadvantages of conventional vegetable tanning such as long process times or weak interactions can be avoided. Currently, a tanning agent from olive leaves with cross-linking active substances deriving from the secoiridoid Oleuropein is commercially available. In order to extend the product range of alternative vegetable tanning agents with covalent cross-linking mechanism by native raw material, we screened a number of further plants for such crosslinking active substances in a preceding project. Extracts from privet leaves showed a particularly high crosslinking activity.
Privet belongs to the Oleacea family and is common in Asia with several species. In Europe, the species Ligustrum vulgare can be found everywhere, especially as a hedge plant. In addition to Oleuropein, the
privet extracts contain a high proportion of the secoiridoid Ligustraloside A. The secoiridoids are deglycosylated during extraction and thus converted into an activated state. The analytical determination
of the active secoiridoid degradation products is not yet possible, so that the quantitative determination of the tannin content is made more difficult.
Here, we aimed to develop a technology for the production of leather that is exclusively pre- tanned with privet tanning agents. The development includes the production, characterization and optimization of the plant extracts, the development of the pre-tanning technology and the adaptation of the wet end for the corresponding application areas.
The leathers which have been manufactured show high shrinkage temperature and good mechanical properties. They show an inherent coloring, but seem to be suitable for use in automotive interiors, as a
comparison of the test results with the technical delivery conditions of automobile manufacturers shows.
Take-Away:
With a new tanning agent from a native widespread plant, leather of good quality can be produced.
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Åkesson, Karin. "Analys av tanniner : från granbarksextrakt." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51726.
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The objective for this master’s thesis was to test and evaluate two methods for determining the content of tannin in a pinebarkextract. The methods used at Södra for this previously have not been specific enough, only the amount of polyphenolics have been measured. One of these methods is a test based on the Stiasny test and it determines the extracts ability to form a gel with formaldehyde. When this test was carried out it showed that the extract did not contain much tannin. The other method used at Södra measures the amount of polyphenolic substances with a spectrophotometer. The result from this method showed that the content were 50 %.
One of the two new methods that were evaluated determines the amount tannin present in the extract because of tannins ability to form a complex with proteins. According to this method, the amount tannin in the extract were 42,5 %, and 19,4 % of this in the form of tannic acid. These results are credible on basis of previous information about the extract.
The other method uses a RP- HPLC where ellagic and gallic acid were used as standards. The amount ellagic acid in the extract was determined to 0,06 %, but the result from gallic acid was inconclusive. Further analysis is necessary to evaluate the obtained results and the methods reliability.
If the metods is to be used on a regular basis, my recommendation would be to start evaluating the protein-binding method because this would be easier and less time-consuming than modifying the HPLC- method. The HPLC- method could on the other hand provide useful information about the extract, not only the amount tannin could be measured, but also which kind of tannin could be investigated.
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Jeffers, Melanie Diane. "Tannins as Anti-inflammatory Agents." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154451707.
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Schmidt, Michael Afton. "Tannins in Natural Soil Systems." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1334679098.
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Jianxun, Luo, Feng Yanjuan, and Ma Hewei. "Cleaner Chrome Tanning - 146: Technology of low-chrome tanning without salt, pickling and short procedure." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34303.
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Tannery effluent with high salinity and chromium have a serious environmental impact. The traditional chrome tannage that involved the use of sodium chloride, acid and chromium is one of the main origins of
salt and chromium pollution. In this study, a non-pickling, low-chrome tanning technology was developed. The novel Chrome-free agent SL can be directly employed to tan bated cattle pelts and the wet white was obtained. Then the shaved wet white was pre-treated by Poly-carboxylate auxiliary agent and tanned by chrome powder. It was tested that the shrinkage temperature of the wet white, the initial pH of
chrome tanning, the consumption of chrome powder, the shrinkage temperature of the chrome-tanned leather, the content of Cr2O3 in effluent, the absorption of chromium and the other properties of the
chrome-tanned leather. It was found that the shrinkage temperature of the wet white tanned by SL reached over 80oC, the optimal consumption of Poly-carboxylate auxiliary agent was 2wt% based on the
weight of the shaved wet white, the better low-chrome tanning conditions were that the wet white was tanned by 4wt% chromium powder for 150～180min at room temperature when the initial pH value was 3.5. The next processes were same as traditional chrome tannage. Meanwhile, the shrinkage temperature of the leather tanned by the low-chrome tannage reached more than 95oC, the absorption of chromium was 96%, the content of Cr2O3 in the effluent was under 200mg/L. For the low-chrome tanned leather, the absorption of dyestuff, fat-liquor reached 99.5%, 82.5% respectively. Compared with the traditional chrome tanned process, not only the conventional pickling process was eliminated, the process was been shorten and reduce the pollution of sodium chloride, but it can reduce 50% of the consumption of Chrome powder, improve the absorption of chromium and can reduce content of Cr2O3 in effluent.
Take-Away:
1. LUO JIAN-XUN, LI JING, LIAO XUE-PIN,etc.Cleaner Chrome Tanning – A Non-Pickling Process Using an Aliphatic Aldehyde as Pre-tanning Agent. J. Soc. Leather. Technol.Chem. 2012,96 (1):21-26.
2.LUO JIAN-XUN,FENG YANJUAN.Cleaner Processing of Bovine Wet-white: Synthesis and Application of a Novel Chrome-free Tanning Agent Based on an Amphoteric Organic Compound. J. Soc. Leather.
Technol.Chem. 2015,99 (4):190-195.
3.XU JIA-LI, LUO JIAN-XUN.Synthesis and application of a polycarboxylate auxiliary agent. China Leather.2017,46(3):35-41.
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Lan, Ping. "Condensed tannins extraction from grape pomace : characterization and utilization as wood adhesives for wood particleboard." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0242/document.
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Les marcs de raisin issus de la viniculture constituent un gisement de ressource naturelle abondant, sous valorisé et riche en polyphénols. Une méthode d?extraction de ces tannins condensés a été développée et optimisée en vue d'une application en adhésif pour les produits dérivés du bois. Les tannins ont été caractérisés par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, spectroscopie Infra Rouge (FTIR), spectrométrie de masse (MALDI TOF) et Analyse Thermomécanique (TMA). Des panneaux de particules ont été fabriqués à l'aide des colles élaborées en laboratoire et testés suivant les normes françaises en vigueur, plusieurs dépassent largement les valeurs seuilsThe extraction of condensed tannins from grape pomace was examined using water medium in the presence of different bases as catalyst (NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and Na2SO3). Two different extraction processes and the influence of 4 parameters (i.e., temperature, reaction time, chemical reagents and concentration of the chemical reagents) on the tannin extracts yields and properties were studied. The tannin fractions were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry ( MALDI-TOF ). It was demonstrated that it is possible to extract reactive tannins from grape pomace in basic medium. The tannin extracts obtained by precipitation in acidic conditions display a high phenolic content (Stiasny number higher 95%) but low water solubility and low reactivity toward formaldehyde because of the formation of catechinic acid phlobatannins during the acidification step. The tannins extracts obtained by lyophilization of the liquid, despite of their lower phenolic contents, displayed promising properties for adhesive applications. The optimum temperature of the extraction process was 100 °C, reaction time was 120 min; the best concentration of reagent was 10% (w/w). It was also shown that addition of sulphite ions during the extraction step improved the process :y the introduction of a sulfonic group through sulfitation increased both tannin solubility and reactivity as a result from the opening of the heterocyclic ring during extraction The structure of grape pomace sulfited tannin extracts did not present noticeable discrepancy exception of the ratio of the opening pyran ring which was different as a function of the catalyst used. The opening of pyran ring during the tannins extraction seem to be more important by using Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 than when using NaOH. The FT-IR bands assigned to aromatic ring vibration and carbonyl groups were stronger and no bands attributed to sulfited groups were tested detected in acidified tannins compared to lyophilized tannins. The TG2 results showed that the weight lost of these tannin extracts mainly composed of two steps. The first step starts from room temperature to 200 °C. It is attributed to the mass lost of water and some easy-degraded small low molecules. The secondly steps which is the mainly degradation step of tannin extract samples from 200 to 400 °C. The results from 13C-NMR showed that condensed tannin extracts from grape pomace were consistent with dominant procyanidin units with a minor amount of prodelphinidin units that are linked together by a C4-C8 bond. Relatively low carbonhydrate and high catechinc acid content was observed in acidified tannins compared to lyophilized tannins. It was shown by MADI-TOF experiments that grape pomace tannin extracts are mainly composed of flavoinoid oligomers up to 6 repeating units in lyophilized tannins and 10 repeating units in acidified tannins respectively, with dominant procyanidin units. A small proportion of substitution with glucose and gallic acid was detected in procyanidin units of polyflavonoid oligomers. The degree of polymerization of acidified tannins is higher than lyophilized tannins. Two different formulations (nonfortified tannin adhesive and fortified with addition of 20% of polymeric 4, 4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (p-MDI)) were used to press one layer wood particle board. It was shown that the nature of the extraction reagent (NaOH, Na2CO3 or NaHCO3) greatly impacts the properties of the resins and the mechanical properties of the panel internal bonding strengths. The particleboards bonded by the tannins extracted using Na2CO3 as catalyst give the best performance and were good enough to pass relevant international standard specifications for interior grade panels. Formaldehyde emission of these panels was below the European Norm requirements (<= 6.5 mg/ 100g panel)
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Lampard, Graham S. "Mineral tanning mechanisms : a fundamental study." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2000. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2676/.
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A review across the periodic table of tanning effects of simple inorganic compounds reveals that many elements are capable of being used to make leather. But, if the practical criteria of effectiveness, availability, toxicity and cost are applied, the useflul options reduce to chromium (III) the benchmark orto titanium (IV) zucomum (V) iron (II/III) and aluminium (II) For mainly environmental reasons, alternative tanning agents to chromium are needed, However. none so far investigated match the all round properties achieved with chromium (III) salts. In tanning terms, the chemistry of titanium (IV) is dominated by the titanyl ion, TiO2, limiting its reactivity with collagen. An alternative approach to titanium tanning, using metastable titanium (III) salts as possible tanning agents, was investigated in this study. A method to determine the titanium content in leathers was developed. Complexes of Ti (III) were investigated using various spectroscopic techniques, including uv/vis spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, electron nuclear double resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion spectroscopies. The complexes used in subsequent tanning studies were based on titanium (III) citrate, gluconate and tartrate. However, in comparative trials with chromium (III) salts, the study highlighted that titanium (III) salts were not suitable for tanning collagen. Titanium (III) saks were found to be useflul in the production of semi- metal tamlages. The research was extended to investigate the hydrothermal shrinking of tanned collagen. Techniques such as extended x-ray absorption — fine structure and x-ray absorption near structure were used to investigate the interaction of chromium (III) tanning salts and titanium (III) complexes with collagen. The research demonstrated that the shrinking reaction is independent of the tannage. It involves instead the breaking of hydrogen bonds, rather than the breakdown of the tannin-collagen molecule. From this work, and a reappraisal of older work on the shrinking reaction, a new theory of tanning has been formulated based on co-operating units and the role of crystallinity in stabilising the collagen structure. The influence of the solvent is also discussed
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Radebe, Nonhlanhla Mtandi. "Multidimensional fractionation of wood-based tannins." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6621.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High molar mass tannin extracts are complex mixtures which are distributed in both molar mass and chemical composition. Condensed tannins from quebracho and mimosa and hydrolysable tannins of tara, chestnut wood and turkey gall were studied. Application of a single analytical technique is not sufficient to elucidate the complete structures present in the extracts. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were applied in order to determine the chemical composition and molar mass, respectively. A new mass spectrometric method that can uniquely determine the oligomer microstructure was developed using Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments. Bulk analysis only showed the average composition of the extracts, in order to obtain specific information on the molar mass and chemical composition distributions. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) was used for analysis of the condensed tannins and for the hydrolysable tannins Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (NP-LC) was utilised. The HILIC separation was up-scaled and the fractions were collected and analysed by MALDI-TOF, and this coupling revealed that separation occurs by molar and chemical composition. For separation of the molecules only by size, Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) analyses were carried out; this allowed for relative comparison of the tannin molecules. In conclusion, for characterisation of high molar mass tannins a multi-dimensional approach was necessary since the various distributions present in these extracts are superimposed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë molekulêre massa tannienekstrakte is komplekse mengsels, in terme van beide molekulêre massa en chemiese samestelling. Gekondenseerde tanniene vanaf quebracho en mimosa, en hidroliseerbare tanniene vanaf tara, kastaaiinghout en Turksegal is bestudeer. Die gebruik van ‘n enkele analitiese tegniek is nie voldoende om die volledige struktuur van komponente teenwoordig in die ekstrakte te analiseer nie. 13C KMR-spektroskopie en MALDI-TOF-massaspektroskopie is gebruik om die chemiese samestelling en molekulêre massa, onderskeidelik, te bepaal. ‘n Nuwe metode is ontwikkel vir die bepaling van die oligomeer-mikrostruktuur deur gebruik te maak van botsings-geïnduseerde dissosiasie eksperimente. Grootmaat analise het net die gemiddelde samestelling van die ekstrak bepaal. Hidrofiliese-interaksie-vloeistofchromatografie (HILIC) is gebruik vir die analise van gekondenseerde tanniene en gewone fase-vloeistofchromatografie is gebruik vir die hidroliseerbare tanniene. Die HILIC-skeiding is op groter skaal uitgevoer en die fraksies is versamel en gebruik vir MALDI-TOF analise. Hierdie koppeling het getoon dat skeiding plaasvind op grond van molekulêre massa en chemiese samestelling. Grootte-uitsluitingschromatografie is gebruik vir die skeiding van molekules alleenlik op grootte. Hierdeur kon ‘n relatiewe vergelyking van die tannienmolekules gemaak word. Vir die karakterisering van hoë molekulêre massa tanniene is ‘n multi-dimensionele benadering nodig aangesien die verskeie verspreidings teenwoording in hierdie ekstrakte supergeponeerd is.
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Hillhouse, Joel J., and Rob Turrisi. "Motivations for Indoor Tanning: Theoretical Models." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/63.
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This chapter reviews the literature applying health behavior theories to indoor tanning. Few studies have tried to fit full versions of health behavior models to indoor tanning. Theoretical models from the family of theories referred to as the reasoned action approach (e.g., theory of planned behavior, behavioral alternative model, prototype willingness model, etc.) have been most commonly used to study indoor tanning. Results indicate that these models fit indoor tanning data moderately to extremely well. Two lesser known models, problem behavior theory and the terror management health model, have also demonstrated a reasonable fit. Two other common models, the health belief model and social cognitive theory, have never been fully tested with indoor tanning. However, key constructs from these models (e.g., perceived susceptibility and threat, modeling) have been used to understand indoor tanning. Empirical research conducted represents a solid start toward developing strong, comprehensive models of indoor tanning that can guide intervention efforts. This initial work needs to be expanded by conducting longitudinal studies and by including a broader age range in studies because the majority of existing work has focused on young adults. Incorporating findings related to tanning dependency, peer group affiliation, media influences and other constructs into these foundational models will also improve our understanding and ability to develop efficacious interventions to reduce engagement in this health risk behavior.
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Stapleton, Jerod L., and Joel J. Hillhouse. "Industry Influence in Indoor Tanning Research." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m345.
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Studies linking exposure to indoor tanning beds that emit ultraviolet radiation with melanoma and other skin cancers began to emerge as early as the 1980s, and a compelling body of evidence now exists to support the carcinogenic effect of indoor tanning. Incidence rates for melanoma have increased among populations with high use of indoor tanning beds, including young women, mirroring increasing rates of use.1 These persuasive data have led to increased attention on the dangers of indoor tanning, along with warnings from the world’s leading public health and medical organizations. Regulatory efforts including restricting access for minors have followed throughout the UK and globally.
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Bäckström, Daniel. "Katjoniserade tanniner som retentionsmedel för cellulosafibrer." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-139119.
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Cationized tannins as a retention aid for cellulose fibre Daniel Bäckström Abstract The purpose of this study was to try cationized tannins as a potential retention aid for cellulose fibres in papermaking and to compare their potential with starch which already is commonly used. The study also tried to find other advantages with using tannins as a retention aid. Synthetic retention aids like polyacrylamide is also commonly used in papermaking, with good results. Synthetic retention aids are long-lived and their long-term effect on the environment is unkown. Therefore the demands are growing for more bio-degradable products. Measure glass, turbidity removal and COD was used in this study to analyse tannins as a retention aid on cellulose fibres. The results showed very clear water and a higher flocculation compared to the glass without tannins. 500 ppm tannins added to recycled fibres showed the best results for both flocculation and clear water as well as the highest turbidity removal, from 85 to 24 FTU. Different tannins was used in this study, and Tanfloc from the bark of the Acacia tree showed the best results. In the comparison between cationized starch and Tanfloc, Tanfloc showed better results for both flocculation and clearer water. Tannins shows potential as a retention aid for cellulose fibres, but clearer water and higher flocculation is not enough to determine tannins as a retention aid. They also show potential to solve the problem with bacteria in paper making because of their antibacterial effect. However, more tests and other methods needs to be done to show tannins potential as a retention aid.
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Giovando, Samuele. "Modification et stabilisation de la réactivité de tanins traités chimiquement : applications à la préparation de résines adhésives et de mousses écosoutenables." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0227/document.
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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de produire des matériaux expansés à partir de produits d'origine naturelle, en particulier à partir de tanins. Au moment où cette thèse a débuté, des études étaient publiées sur la possibilité d'élaborer ce type de matériaux avec des formulations qui comportaient du formaldéhyde. Cela allait à l'encontre du caractère naturel recherché puisqu'en fait, on utilisait des produits naturels et les faisait réagir avec un produit cancérogène. Il n'était donc pas possible de les présenter comme des matériaux « verts ». Aussi, nous avons voulu au cours de ce travail, élaborer des matériaux expansés uniquement à partir de produits naturels ou en découlant. Les tanins sont des substances naturelles chimiquement actives qui peuvent être utilisées afin de remplacer des produits homologues dérivés du pétrole comme le phénol par exemple qui présente des caractéristiques de réactivité chimique très similaires à celles des tanins condensés. Des formulations comportant des tanins condensés ont d'ailleurs déjà été étudiées pour élaborer des matériaux expansés. En considérant cela, ce travail de thèse s'est déroulé sous la forme de différents projets convergents vers un objectif commun: la production de mousses aux tanins plus naturelles et plus intéressantes pour l'industrie. Cinq projets ont ainsi été menés : 1. analyses de différents tanins, condensés, hydrolysables et synthétiques ; 2. production de mousses aux tanins sans utilisation de formaldéhyde ; 3. production de mousses aux tanins sans solvants ; 4. production de mousses aux tanins rigides ou élastiques ; 5. production de mousses aux tanins, sans acides, mais avec une catalyse alcalineThe aim of this thesis was to produce foamed materials from natural products, especially from tannins. At the time this thesis began, studies were published on the possibility of doing this type of materials with formaldehyde containing formulations. This was contrary to the desired natural character because in fact, were used natural products reacted with carcinogenic product. It was not possible to present them as "green" materials. During this thesis our aim was to develop expanded materials only from natural or bio-derived raw materials. Tannins are chemically active natural substances that can be used to replace homologous oil derivatives such as phenol which has characteristics of chemical reactivity very similar to those of condensed tannins. Formulations containing condensed tannins have already been studied to develop expanded materials. Considering this argument, this thesis takes place in the form of various projects converging towards a common goal: production of foams with more natural impact and interesting for tannins industry. Five projects have been completed: 1. analysis of various tannins, condensed, hydrolysable and synthetic ; 2. tannin foams production without the use of formaldehyde ; 3. tannin foams production without solvents ; 4. tannin foams production with rigid or elastic behavior ; 5. tannin foams production without acids, but with an alkaline catalysis
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Quinn, Megan, Arsham Alamian, Joel J. Hillhouse, Colleen Scott, Rob Turrisi, and Katie Baker. "Prevalence and Correlates of Indoor Tanning and Sunless Tanning Product Use Among Female Teens in the United States." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/136.
Full textAbstract:
Background
Indoor tanning (IT) before the age of 35 increases melanoma risk by 75%. Nevertheless, IT and sunless tanning product (STP) use have gained popularity among youth. However, there are limited data on the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of both IT and STP use in a representative sample of American teens.
Methods
Teenage females (N = 778) aged 12–18 years were recruited as part of an on-going longitudinal study conducted between May 2011 and May 2013. Descriptive statistics explored IT and STP usage in teen females at baseline. Logistic regression was used to determine sociodemographic correlates of IT and STP use.
Results
Approximately 16% of female teens engaged in IT behavior and 25% engaged in using STPs. Female teens living in non-metropolitan areas were 82% more likely to indoor tan compared to those in metropolitan areas (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.07–3.10). Age, geographic regions, and race increased the likelihood of IT and STP use.
Conclusions
Results indicate a significant proportion of teen females engage in IT and STP use. There was evidence that in teens that have never used IT before, STP use precedes IT initiation. Given the evidence for increased IT in rural populations, research focused on rural tanning bed use is needed.
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Suparno, Ono. "Phenolic reactions for leather tanning and dyeing." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27868.
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Kraft lignin degradation by a biomimetic system was investigated, using haemin and hydrogen peroxide, which mimics the catalytic mechanism of lignin peroxidase to produce phenolic compounds. The degradation products were identified using spectroscopic methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 2-methoxyphenol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and vanillic acid were produced and their formaldehyde polymerisation products were used for tanning collagen. The denaturation (shrinkage) temperature of collagen was raised to 80°C through hydrogen bonding interactions between the polymers and the protein. For dyeing of hide powder, the lignin degradation products were reacted with laccase (a polyphenol oxidase); 2-methoxyphenol gave the darkest colour. These products have potential to be used as raw materials for tanning and dyeing of animal skins. Therefore, this can add value to the industrial byproduct (Kraft lignin) and reduce its environmental impact. Polyphenols are the basic building blocks of natural skin and hair pigments: they can be polymerised to create versions of natural black, brown and orange melanins. These reactions can be catalysed by laccase; not only do they create colour, but also if they are conducted in the presence of collagen, the resulting pigment is bound to the leather in a covalent tanning manner. Therefore, the leather becomes coloured by a lightfast pigment, which is firmly fixed. It appears to be a feature of this type of stabilising mechanism for collagen, the creation of a polyphenol matrix around the triple helix, that it has the added benefit of actually strengthening the leather. Since every traditional process step effectively weakens collagen, especially tanning, this is the first chemical reaction that has been shown to reverse that effect. Leather tanning reactions between collagen and dihydroxynaphthalenes (DHNs) and oxazolidine have been investigated, using hide powder and sheepskin pickled pelt. This investigation showed that some DHNs have a tanning effect on collagen. The measurement of combined and cross-linked DHNs on collagen showed that 30-40% of 1,6- and 2,6-DHNs were fixed through covalent bonding. Shrinkage temperature of the leather changed little after the non combined DHNs had been removed from the leather, indicating that the high stability of the combination tanned leather comes from the covalent bonding formed between DHNs and collagen through oxazolidine.
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Mitchell, Lindsay. "Phenols and tannins of apples and ciders." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322461.
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Benvenuti, Jaqueline, S. Griebeler, Santos J. H. Z. Dos, and M. Gutterres. "Application of silanes in leather tanning - 251." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34200.
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Content:
In order to develop a sustainable and low-cost route for tanning, the stabilization of the collagen fibers of the hides with silica compounds has been investigated for many years. In this context, silica nanoparticles have been studied for application in tanning due to their small size and ability to combine with polymeric substrates. This work investigates the potentialities and limitations of the use of alkoxysilanes in leather tanning, introducing silica nanoparticles in the hides, aim for process and product innovation in leather industry. The synthesis of silica nanoparticles was carried out by a typical sol-gel Stöber process. From the silica precursor tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), ammonium hydroxide as catalyst, ethanol and water, the formation of nanoparticles dispersion takes place. Vegetable tanning process was explored by introducing the silica nanoparticles in this stage starting from pickled cattle hide. Shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, softness and color fastness to light were evaluated in the leather samples. The results achieved show that the tanning experiment with only silica, without other tanning agent, did not reach the minimum shrinkage temperature required to be labeled as tanned leather. Conversely, in the presence of vegetable tannin, the shrinkage temperature reached 80°C. The physical-mechanical properties indicated that the enhanced on the tensile strength of vegetable leathers with nanosilica was about 50% and their softness was not affected by the introduction of silica. A lighter colored leather was generated with silica but less stable to light. The tanning chemistry involving silica nanoparticles and collagen is complex, therefore, more studies are needed to explore the influence of silanes on hide stabilization.
Take-Away:
The physical-mechanical properties indicated an increase on the tensile strength of vegetable leather.
Silica did not affected the softness of the leather.
A lighter colored leather was generated with the addition of the silica nanoparticles in vegetable tanning.
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Daniels, Richard, Jiasheng Su, Falei Zhang, and Zhuangdou Zhang. "Closed-Loop Liming and Tanning Systems - 57." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34409.
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Content:
To reduce the environmental impact of tanneries at source for all types of leather, a series of investigations started at laboratory, then large pilot scale, to rationalise liming and tanning processes. This included the elimination of washes at the end of these processes, with retention of residual processing floats at maximum concentration as a chemical resource for reuse in subsequent processing.
Adopted by four tanneries manufacturing more than 70,000 hides per week to the chromium tanned state, analysis detailing the equalisation of ions and solubles within these closed-loops was possible, and the subsequent release mechanisms.
Large scale wet blue units specifically built to match the technology are now in the final stages of construction. From foundation level these differ from normal design, also uses of equipment, management of discharges, and plant operation. Low-impact chemical processing is locked into the fabric of these new tanneries.
The technology has also spread to large scale nappa sheepskin production. And at cottage scale, thirty small tanneries in a tanning cluster processing sheep, goat, and bovine leathers to the wet blue are already changed their processing to meet a policy of no chromium discharges from their tanning areas by June 2019.
The aims of low-impact manufacture, where the use of active chemicals is complete, quality fully maintained, and waste minimised are being met. This new approach to leather making offers considerable benefits at both large and small scale for wet blue manufacture.
Take-Away:
Closed loop systems for liming and tanning are highly effective in leather manufacture.
Hight quality leathers can result fron this technology.
There are considerable savings in chemical use and minimisation of waste water treatment.
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Nahar, V. K., J. L. Oleski, A. R. Choquette, Joel J. Hillhouse, and Sherry L. Pagoto. "Perspectives of Sunless-Only Tanning Business Owners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17461.
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Menderes, Özlem. "Fundamental aspects of the chrome tanning reaction." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30258.
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Fundamental elements of chrome-collagen interactions and the crosslinking mechanism at the molecular level have been investigated to gain detailed understanding that can be translated into improvements in the commercial process. Amide group hydrolysis during conventional liming proceeds by two mechanisms: direct hydrolysis with hydroxyl catalysis or intramolecular catalysed hydrolysis that can be measured by the degree of racemisation at L- asparagine. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of limed collagen demonstrated that there was no initial rise in the amount of D-aspartic acid during the first 24 hours of liming, indicating that, within the conventional period of liming, collagen remained intact. Circular dichroism has demonstrated that beamhouse processing has dispersive and relaxing effects on the collagen triple helices, but without disruption. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis provided information regarding changes in the secondary structure of collagen during tanning. Complete breakdown of chrome tanned collagen was achieved by the use of a cocktail of proteolytic enzymes: this allowed an analysis of the isolated crosslinks, which indicated preferred reaction at aspartate sidechain carboxyls. This is supported by chrome tanning studies following treatment of collagen by amidase enzymes. Geometric details of chromium(lll) species involved in the tanning reaction were elucidated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. Linear tetrameric chromium species were found to be predominant in the tanning process. Direct measurements of the mechanism were made using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. A two-stage reaction mechanism is postulated: physical interaction and chemical complexation, affected by reaction conditions such as pH, temperature and the presence of neutral salts. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion measurements confirmed changes in the speciation of chromium(lll) under tanning conditions.
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Navarrete, Fuentes Paola Jeannette. "Adhésifs naturels à base de tannin, tannin/lignine et lignine/gluten pour la fabrication de panneaux de bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10089/document.
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Lors de cette étude, différentes recherches ont été effectuées sur l'utilisation de divers matériaux naturels comme source de matière premières pour la fabrication de colles vertes pour l'industrie de panneau. Dans ce contexte, le travail a consisté à : (i) Evaluer le potentiel de différents tannins en provenance de déchets d'écorces et développer des colles à base de tanins avec différents durcisseurs.(ii) Evaluer le potentiel de lignines de différentes origines et développer des colles à base de tannin de mimosa et de lignine. (iii) Développer des colles à base de tannin et de protéine de gluten.(iv) Evaluer les émissions de formaldéhyde et d'autres composés organiques volatiles (COV) à partir de panneaux de particules fabriqués avec les colles naturelles mises au point précédemment.Les techniques d'analyses thermomécaniques, de spectroscopie CP-MAS 13C NMR, de matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) et de temps de gel ont été utilisées comme méthodes de travail pour l'évaluation et la caractérisation de ces colles. Les essais de cohésion interne pour l'évaluation de la résistance mécanique de la colle selon la norme EN -312 ont également été effectués.En ce qui concerne les émissions de formaldéhyde et des autres COV à partir de panneaux contentant des colles vertes, le recours à des techniques normalisées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse associée à un spectromètre de masse (GC-MS) et par chromatographie en phase liquide (HPLC) ont été privilégiéesThis study deals with some researches carried out about the use of various natural materials as a source of raw material for the manufacturing of green adhesives for the industry of panel. In this context, work consisted in:(i) Evaluation of the potential of various tannins coming from barks wastes and development of adhesives containing tannins and various hardeners.(ii) Evaluation of the lignin potential from various origins and development of adhesives containing tannin from mimosa and lignin.(iii) Development of adhesives containing tannin and gluten protein.(iv) Evaluation of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOC) from particleboards manufactures with the natural adhesives previously developed.Thermomechanical analyses, spectroscopy CP-MAS 13C NRM, matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscometry (MALDI-TOF) and gelling time techniques were performed for evaluation and characterization of these adhesives. Internal bond test for the evaluation of adhesives mechanical resistance according to the standard EN-312 were also carried out.Concerning formaldehyde and other VOC emissions from panels with green adhesives, the recourse to standardized techniques which are gas chromatography associated with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were privileged
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Glyphis, John Paul. "Herbivory and tannin polyphenols in mediterranean ecosystems." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23167.
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Albertz, Megan Lee. "Isolation and Characterization of Protein-Tannin Complexes." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1209128363.
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Isenburg, Jason C. "Stabilization of vascular elastin by treatment with tannins." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1171041760/.
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O'Donovan, Lisa Anne. "Mechanisms of defence against tannins by Streptococcus caprinus /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09NP/09anpo26.pdf.
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Gobius, Niilo Risto. "Ameliorating the influence of condensed tannins in ruminants /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16706.pdf.
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Pagoto, Sherry L., Stephenie C. Lemon, Jessica L. Oleski, Jonathan M. Scully, Gin-Fei Olendzki, Martinus M. Evans, Wenjun Li, L. Carter Florence, Brittany Kirkland, and Joel J. Hillhouse. "Availability of Tanning Beds on US College Campuses." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/34.
Full textAbstract:
Importance: Indoor tanning is widespread among young adults in the United States despite evidence establishing it as a risk factor for skin cancer. The availability of tanning salons on or near college campuses has not been formally evaluated.
Objective: To evaluate the availability of indoor tanning facilities on US college and university campuses (colleges) and in off-campus housing surrounding but not owned by the college.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational study sampled the top 125 US colleges and universities listed in US News and World Report. Investigators searched websites of the colleges and nearby housing and contacted them by telephone inquiring about tanning services.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Frequency of indoor tanning facilities on college campus and in off-campus housing facilities, as well as payment options for tanning.
Results: Of the 125 colleges, 48.0% had indoor tanning facilities either on campus or in off-campus housing, and 14.4% of colleges allow campus cash cards to be used to pay for tanning. Indoor tanning was available on campus in 12.0% of colleges and in off-campus housing in 42.4% of colleges. Most off-campus housing facilities with indoor tanning (96%) provide it free to tenants. Midwestern colleges had the highest prevalence of indoor tanning on campus (26.9%), whereas Southern colleges had the highest prevalence of indoor tanning in off-campus housing facilities (67.7%). Presence of on-campus tanning facilities was significantly associated with enrollment (P=.01), region (P=.02), and presence of a school of public health (P=.01) but not private vs public status (P=.18) or presence of a tobacco policy (P=.16). Presence of tanning facilities in off-campus housing was significantly associated with region (P=.002) and private vs public status (P=.01) but not enrollment (P=.38), tobacco policy (P=.80), or presence of a school of public health (P=.69).
Conclusions and Relevance: Reducing the availability of indoor tanning on and around college campuses is an important public health target.
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Hillhouse, Joel J., Katie Baker, Robert Turrisi, Alan Shields, Jerod L. Stapleton, Shashank Jain, and Ian Longacre. "Evaluating a Measure of Tanning Abuse and Dependence." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/137.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To evaluate the Structured Interview for Tanning Abuse and Dependence (SITAD).
Design Longitudinal survey.
Setting College campus.
Participants A total of 296 adults.
Main Outcome Measures The SITAD modified items from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders that focus on opiate abuse and dependence. Indoor tanning (IT) behavioral patterns and opiate-like reactions to tanning were measured, and IT behavior was measured 6 months later.
Results Of 296 participants, 32 (10.8%) met the SITAD criteria for tanning abuse (maladaptive pattern of tanning as manifested by failure to fulfill role obligations, physically hazardous tanning, legal problems, or persistent social or interpersonal problems) and 16 (5.4%) for tanning dependence as defined by 3 or more of the following: loss of control, cut down, time, social problems, physical or psychological problems, tolerance, and withdrawal. The IT frequency in dependent tanners was more than 10 times the rate in participants who do not meet the SITAD criteria for tanning abuse or dependence. Tanning-dependent participants were more likely to report being regular tanners (75%; odds ratio, 7.0). Dependent tanners scored higher on the opiate-like reactions to tanning scale than did abuse tanners, who scored higher than those with no diagnosis.
Conclusions The SITAD demonstrated some evidence of validity, with tanning-dependent participants reporting regular IT, higher IT frequency, and higher scores on an opiate-like reactions to tanning scale. A valid tanning dependence screening tool is essential for researchers and physicians as a tanning-dependent diagnosis may facilitate a better understanding of tanning motivations and aid in the development of efficacious intervention programs.
Recent research has explored the idea that some patterns of tanning behavior may be dependent1- 7 by using a common alcohol screening questionnaire, the CAGE,8 or, alternatively, by adapting criteria for substance-related disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR)9 modified to reflect UV light tanning (ie, sunbathing or indoor tanning [IT]).1,4,6,7Whereas data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse10 report prevalence rates for alcohol and any illicit drug combined as 2.6% to 9.3%, the modified CAGE and modified DSM report tanning dependence rates ranging from 12% to 55%.1,4,6,7,11Prevalence rates for dependence on alcohol and various drugs do differ. However, even in settings enriched for dependent behavior, such as bars,12 prevalence rates are not nearly as high as the tanning dependence rates reported. The high prevalence rates reported suggest that the current assessments tend to overidentify tanning dependence.
Feldman and others suggest that the mechanism for tanning dependence is most likely the release of endogenous opioids when the skin is exposed to UV radiation (see Nolan and Feldman5 for a review). It is probable that exploring tanning behavior by following the approach used in the DSM-IV-TR to categorize opioid use behaviors will lead to improved accuracy in the categorization of tanning dependence.
The Structured Interview for Tanning Abuse and Dependence (SITAD) is a tanning dependence assessment based on opioid use items adapted from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID).13 The use of modified opioid SCID items was chosen specifically for good content and face validity in the measure. The self-administered structured interview format was chosen because this format has been demonstrated to achieve valid psychiatric categorization for opioid dependence in a previous study.14
Evaluation of the SITAD involved exploring differences in variables (ie, IT frequency, IT behavioral patterns, and scores on a scale measuring opiate-like reactions to tanning) that would theoretically be expected to differ among individuals exhibiting tanning abuse, those with tanning dependence, and those who do not meet the SITAD criteria for tanning abuse or dependence. We also expect that use of the SITAD will result in lower prevalence rates for tanning dependence than have been reported in previous studies.1,6,7