Journal articles: 'Tanzania – Colonial influence – History'

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Sunseri, Thaddeus. "Majimaji and the Millennium: Abrahamic Sources and the Creation of a Tanzanian Resistance Tradition." History in Africa 26 (January 1999): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172146.

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Writing thirty years ago the historian of the Majimaji rebellion, Gilbert Gwassa, emphasized the purely Tanzanian nature of the uprising, as seen in the ideology which he believed was the inspiration for the widespread war against German colonialism. To Gwassa, southern Tanzanians created an innovative, secular ideology after the turn of the twentieth century which enabled Africans to resist German colonialism supra-ethnically rather than locally. Gwassa was adamant that the Majimaji ideology owed nothing to outside influences.Gwassa's contention has been largely unchallenged despite obvious paradoxes. Majimaji emerged in a region widely permeated with Islamic influences by 1905, the time of the rebellion. Moreover, the Christian colonial power structure had been present in the outbreak region for some twenty years by 1905, while Christian missionaries had been active in Tanzania for almost forty years. By the time the Majimaji historical tradition was being written in Tanzania in the 1960s, the nation included many Muslims and Christians, including many of Gwassa's research informants, who helped shape his interpretation of Majimaji. Aside from these circumstantial suggestions of the possibility of an externally-influenced Majimaji tradition, a close reading of archival sources from the German period, including several documents which have not been considered in the historiographical tradition, suggest that Christian and Islamic influences helped to shape the writing of Majimaji, if not the resistance movement itself. This paper will examine some of these “Abrahamic” sources of the Majimaji tradition, and consider how they might have been used to formulate a Majimaji epic which has become a standard icon of early African colonial history.

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Prah, Kwesi Dzapong Lwazi Sarkodee. "Historical Perspectives on Relations between Chama Cha Mapinduzi and the Communist Party of China (1965-1985)." African and Asian Studies 19, no. 1-2 (April 21, 2020): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341450.

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Abstract Between the respective anti-colonial movements in mainland China and Tanzania and the independence that followed, the political, economic and scientific development that ensued required systematic planning and implementation. The relationship that developed between Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) of Tanzania and the Communist Party of China (CPC) lay the foundation for what many regard as the proto-typical character and example of Chinese diplomacy and its influence in Africa, as well as how states and political parties interact with each other given certain global, geo-political challenges. This paper briefly outlines the main motivations, ideas, plans and implementation of the various exchanges and activities shared between the two political parties. It argues that the idea of party-to-party relations between China and Tanzania required a practical edge that prepared them for the global challenges they faced, and more importantly, prescribed the developmental nature of their relationship.

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Magoti, Iddy Ramadhani, Samuel Kochomay, and Jackson Akotir. "A Comparative Analysis of Age-Set and Generation Sets in East Africa: Lesson for the Teaching of History in Tanzania." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211223.

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The article addresses a practical problem in the teaching of a particular sub-theme in Tanzania’s secondary school History syllabus, namely age-set systems in pre-colonial Tanzania. Based on their reading of the school syllabus, textbooks and other reference materials, the authors submit that the contents of this sub-theme are sometimes wrongly perceived and presented. According to the authors, the problem partly arises from confusions arising from failure to distinguish age-set systems from generation-set systems. Hence, the authors set out to examine how age-sets and generation-sets were formed, how they worked, and the extent to which they influenced socio-economic and political developments in societies where these systems existed. Drawing examples from Kuria, Kipsigis, Maasai, Pokot and Karamajong communities of East Africa, the authors conclude that there are notable errors in textbook sections that present these systems, and that there is no standard definition that fits the characteristics of these systems across all the ethnic groups in which the systems existed. They also argue that, contrary to what the textbooks say, age-set and generation-set systems are not post-colonial phenomena only, as they continued to exist and function in post-colonial societies.

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Larson, Lorne. "Conversations along the Mbwemkuru: Foreign Itinerants and Local Agents in German East Africa." Itinerario 46, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511532100036x.

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The underlying theme of this essay is how intelligence was gathered and expertise dispersed in an emerging colonial environment in Africa, and how that knowledge was captured, credited and distributed between local Africans and (largely) itinerant Europeans. It sets that discussion within a more recent debate on the mechanics of European exploration during the wider nineteenth century. The expanded population of Europeans (officials, merchants, missionaries) that arrived in the later part of that century to consolidate the colonial enterprise in German East Africa often moved with initial uncertainty through the landscape, triggering a demand for topographical knowledge to become commodified and commercialised, to become less dependent on the knowledge of individuals. This demand fuelled the production of an innovative series of standardised grid maps. At a time when slavery was still legal, when the local workforce was increasingly discussed in colonial circles in terms of unskilled plantation labour, our essay explores two case studies that demonstrate how certain African experts came to exert key technical and management influence within long-term scientific and commercial projects unfolding in the southeast corner of what is today Tanzania. The matter of water flows through this essay, and does so with deliberate intent.

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Brainee, Hilda Jeyakumari. "Post-Colonial Experiences: Based on Abdulrazak Gurnah’s “Desertion” and Other Novels: Rewriting Cultural History." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.9.15.

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Shelley has once rightly stated that “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world”, establishing the concept of a pen being mightier than the sword. The evolution of literary works has transcended beyond ages and phases of political and social developments, marking the birth of concepts like colonialism, post-colonialism, and neo-colonialism; Each having its own perspective and impact on the readers and the societies, post-colonialism took its stand at the zenith during the late 1970s, foraying its way into the sublime identities and efficacies of influencing the minds of the society. The current study is conducted as a critical review of the novel, Desertion by Abdulrazak Gurnah, one of the most controversial yet admired novelists from Zanzibar, Tanzania. The novel essentially opens in the backdrop of 1899 along the East African coast, wherein the story’s protagonist is a white stranger, sick and wounded, staggering and deserted in a small East African town. Later the stranger is taken to home by a local shop owner Hassan Ali, to have him taken care of by his family. However, with the news of the stranger staying with the Hassan Ali family, the British Colonial officers arrive to claim him. Contradictorily, before he can surrender himself to the British colonial officers, Martin Pearce, the stranger, falls madly in love with Hassan Ali’s sister, Rehanah. This paper provides a critical review of the agreements and disagreements surrounding the colonial and post-colonial experiences, concept building, and its influence on human feelings and social existences. Through the character of Martin Pearce, Gurnah wishes to represent his belief in ideating human feelings to know no boundaries. Martin’s intense love for Rehanah is a way of portraying the dissuasion of the writer to break the “glass ceiling” of colonialism and post-colonialism and think beyond the social barriers and shackles.

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Banshchikova, Anastasia, and Oxana Ivanchenko. "Memory about the Arab Slave Trade in Modern-Day Tanzania: Between Family Trauma and State-Planted Tolerance." Antropologicheskij forum 16, no. 44 (2020): 83–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2020-16-44-83-113.

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The article discusses the results of field research conducted in Tanzania from August 24 to September 14, 2018, which focused on the historical memory of the Arab slave trade in East Africa and the Indian Ocean in the 19th century, as well as its influence on the interethnic relations in the country today. Structured and nonstructured interviews (mostly in-depth) were conducted in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo and Zanzibar. In general, opinions were almost equally divided: half of the respondents were convinced that the relations were good overall, while the other half believed that there are some tensions. Since both positions are well-argued and substantiated, it is possible to trace a number of patterns in the people’s perception. The history of the Arab slave trade lies between family trauma on the one hand, and tolerance, non-discrimination imposed by the state, on the other. Two ways of reproducing the historical memory largely oppose each other: the school system places the blame on Europeans, promoting peaceful interethnic relations, presenting the slave trade as an essential part of colonialism, and subsequently emphasizing the story of overcoming the colonial past; meanwhile, the oral tradition censors nothing and tells the history of the ancestors’ suffering in its entirety. Thus, bearers of the oral tradition with a low level of education turn to be the most vulnerable category; they become the least tolerant to the Arab-Tanzanian part of the country’s population.

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BURTON, ANDREW. "RAW YOUTH, SCHOOL-LEAVERS AND THE EMERGENCE OF STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT IN LATE-COLONIAL URBAN TANGANYIKA." Journal of African History 47, no. 3 (November 2006): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853706002052.

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This article examines the historical origins of one of urban Africa’s most visible contemporary problems, using Tanzania as a case study. The middle decades of the twentieth century are identified as a time when a pivotal shift occurred as labour scarcity gave way to over-supply, resulting in the emergence of enduring ‘structural’ unemployment. This was influenced by a combination of phenomena arising from the deepening impact of colonialism: including demographic growth leading to an increasingly youthful population, commoditisation and heightened African expectations influenced by socio-cultural and ideological factors. These were compounded by a shift in late-colonial labour policy towards stabilisation, which had the unintended effect of stymieing job creation. The latter part of the article describes the panicked response of the incoming African regime, faced with what they initially interpreted as a potentially insurrectionary class of urban unemployed. Closing remarks speculate on whether, in the longue durée, one may interpret unemployment in a more positive light as part of an ongoing wider historical transformation.

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Haji, Moh'd. "Power-sharing and Identity-Politics Transformation in Zanzibar, Tanzania." African Journal of Political Science 10, no. 2 (February 27, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/ajps.v10i2.1362.

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Zanzibar has had a long unsettled political history from its colonial era to radicalized post-colonial politics. The core source of such politics is the cosmopolitan nature of the isles whereby races and identities reside on the island for a long time. Such nature made the political and social groups categorized and differentiated from others through identity. As a result, the struggle for the owner and ruler of the island becomes a high concern among the groups in the society. This situation resulted in turbulent politics for many years with violence, killings, and hostility. In 2010, Zanzibar inters in the negotiation to solve the political problem that marred the island for a long time. The Government of National Unity (GNU) which involves the sharing of power between the first and second winners was agreed upon as the structure of the leadership style of Zanzibar. This was done through referendum and constitution amendment. As political identity theory reveals that; political elites use identity groups for their political benefits. They organized and influence their political activities through the identity they are familiar with. So, in solving such an identity politics problem, the identity tragedy must be transformed and accommodated the rational politics. This paper seeks to examine the extent to which power-sharing transforms identity-based politics and is accommodated in Zanzibar. The study was conducted in three districts to represent Zanzibar. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from five in-depth interviews and two hundreds and eight seven questionnaires respectively. The in-depth interviews involved the GNU's current and former top leaders, members of the Cabinets, and political activists. The questionnaire involves the citizens from districts Mjini, Micheweni, and Kusini. The study found that to some extent the power-sharing successes in reducing the exercises of identity politics in Zanzibar. Three angles have been justifying that reduction. First is the existence and increase of political trust in society to large extent. The second one is the equal treatment of all identity groups, races, and regions by government institutions and society. The Last one is the exercises of political activities without the influence of historical and identity political narrations. This study pinpoints two important aspects of transformational identity politics through power-sharing. The first one is the role of leadership in transforming the mindset and bringing people together. The second one is social change due to generations' natural changes and opportunities. The study concludes that power-sharing can be the source of identity transformation from worst uses to recognition in the society. This will happen only if the power-sharing institution is set to consider the potentiality of mutual recognition of self and respecting social, cultural, and ideological differences in society.

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Edward, Frank. "Book Review: Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20210926.

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Since the inception of the Historical Association of Tanzania (HAT) in the late 1960s, a significant body of historical literature on Tanzania has been produced. An overview of the produced knowledge reveals that there has been an accentuation temporally on the pre-colonial and post-colonial periods, and thematically on political, economic and social structures. A defining characteristic of almost all the literature published in that period is its theoretical and methodological subscription to grand narratives, particularly the nationalist and materialist narratives. Before its stasis in 2000, HAT had produced three big monographs, namely A History of Tanzania (1969), Tanzania under Colonial Rule (1981) and Zanzibar under Colonial Rule (1991). Its members had also published many individual works in the form of articles, book chapters and books. Invariably, the works focused on specific themes and areas. John Iliffe’s A Modern History of Tanganyika (1979), which followed the approach of P. H. Clarke’s A Short History of Tanganyika: Mainland of Tanzania (1966), is the only individual publication to have transcended the conspicuously thematic and areal limitations of the ranks and file of HAT. Iliffe’s work explored in detail the pre-colonial and colonial aspects, largely covering the whole of Mainland Tanzania.

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Maddox, Gregory H. "Networks and Frontiers in Colonial Tanzania." Environmental History 3, no. 4 (October 1998): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985206.

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Maddox, Gregory. "Mtunya: Famine in Central Tanzania, 1917–20." Journal of African History 31, no. 2 (July 1990): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024993.

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In the Dodoma Region of central Tanzania the people called Wagogo name a famine that struck between 1917 and 1920 the Mtunya—‘The Scramble’. This famine came after both German and British miliary requisitions had drained the arid region of men, cattle and food. The famine, which killed 30,000 of the region's 150,000 people, is more than just a good example of what John Iliffe has called ‘conjunctural poverty’. The Mtunya and the response to it by both the people of the region and the new colonial government also shaped the form of the interaction between local economy and society and the political economy of colonial Tanganyika. The Gogo, in their own interpretation of the famine, stress the ways in which this famine made them dependent on the colonial economy. For them, this famine represented a terrible loss of autonomy, a loss of the ability to control the reproduction of their own society.

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Lämmert, Stephanie. "Only a misunderstanding? Non-conformist rumours and petitions in late-colonial Tanzania." Journal of Modern European History 18, no. 2 (March 14, 2020): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894420910905.

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The rich and nuanced literature on African intermediaries has shed new light on the colonial encounter from the perspective of African interlocutors, but has often neglected to study failed acts of communication between colonial administrators and non-elite African intermediaries. This article fills in some gaps by focusing on non-successful communications. Analysing rumours and non-conformist modes of petitioning, the article explores misunderstandings between Tanzanians and representatives of the late-colonial state. While the British could afford to ignore idiosyncratic messages when they did not clash with their own operational interests, they had to act upon others, and their responses were not always those desired by the Tanzanian senders. Despite communicating in relative proximity, the close distance between Tanzanians who were not fluent in the bureaucratic idiom of the colonial state and British administrators could not always be bridged.

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Chuhila, Maxmillian Julius. "Whose History is our History? Six Decades of the Production of Historical Knowledge in Tanzania." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 2–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211322.

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This paper examines the historical significance of the histories we research, publish, and teach in Tanzania in the past six decades of active historical scholarship. By using a qualitative approach, it looks at curriculums and education policy documents to see what patterns were emerging in the teaching of history, with a particular focus on secondary schools and university histories. The main argument is that little progress has been made to teach our history in Tanzania at all levels. Schools and universities place greater emphasis on the colonial content than on the pre- and post-colonial contents, and on general African issues at the expense of issues particular to Tanzania. History instruction would be more significant if it demonstrated African-centred history rather than European-centred history or the impersonal impact of western capitalism. If this is not done adequately, Hugh Trevor-Roper's observations in the 1950s that Africa had no history will still be valid today. As we consider the topics and methodologies of historical scholarship in Tanzania during the last six decades, the question of whose history is ‘our history’ becomes crucial. As pacesetters, rather than passive victims of global trends and actions, we should write and teach our own history.

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Brennan, James R. "CONSTRUCTING ARGUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS OF ISLAMIC BELONGING: M. O. ABBASI, COLONIAL TANZANIA, AND THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN WORLD, 1925–61." Journal of African History 55, no. 2 (May 29, 2014): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853714000012.

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AbstractThis article explores the intellectual life and organizational work of an Indian Muslim activist and journalist, M. O. Abbasi, a largely forgotten figure who nonetheless stood at the center of colonial-era debates over the public role of Islam in mainland Tanzania. His greatest impact was made through the Anjuman Islamiyya, the territory's leading pan-Islamic organization that he co-founded and modeled on Indian modernist institutions. The successes and failures of Abbasi and the Anjuman Islamiyya demonstrate the vital role played by Western Indian Ocean intellectual networks, the adaptability of transoceanic, pan-Islamic organizational structures, and, ultimately, the limits imposed on pan-Islamic activism by racial politics in colonial Tanzania.

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SHERIDAN, MICHAEL J. "THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF INDEPENDENCE AND SOCIALISM IN NORTH PARE, TANZANIA, 1961–88." Journal of African History 45, no. 1 (March 2004): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703008521.

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This article draws on archival sources and oral histories to describe changing post-colonial land management in the North Pare Mountains of Tanzania. The independent state transformed colonial institutions but did not maintain colonial common property regimes for water source, irrigation and forest management. Farmers responded by encroaching upon and dividing the commons. After 1967, Tanzania's socialist policies affected environmental conditions in North Pare indirectly by increasing the ambiguity and negotiability of resource entitlements. The material, social and cultural legacies of these processes include environmental change, declining management capacity and persistent doubt about the value of ‘conservation’.

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ECKERT, ANDREAS. "REGULATING THE SOCIAL: SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL WELFARE AND THE STATE IN LATE COLONIAL TANZANIA." Journal of African History 45, no. 3 (November 2004): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853704009880.

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This essay discusses British discourses and efforts to regulate social policy in both urban and rural areas in late colonial Tanzania. It focuses mainly on questions of social security and especially on the vague concept of social welfare and development, which after the Second World War became a favoured means of expressing a new imperial commitment to colonial people. The British were very reluctant about implementing international standards of social security in Tanganyika, mainly due to the insight that the cost of providing European-scale benefits could not be borne by the colonial regime in such a poor territory. They were far more enthusiastic in pursuing a policy of social development, embodied in social welfare centres and various other schemes. It is argued that in Tanzania, this policy remained focused on peasantization rather than on proletarianization and was characterized by a disconnection between Colonial Office mandarins in London, attempting to create bourgeois, respectable African middle classes, and colonial officials in Tanganyika, seeking to maintain the political legitimacy of the chiefs and headmen. Most Africans ignored rather than challenged many of these state efforts. However, the nationalist party, the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) under Julius Nyerere believed in these programmes and continued such dirigiste and poorly financed improvement schemes after independence.

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Shule, Vicensia. "Navigating through German Colonial Past in Tanzania through Artistic Productions." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211025.

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There are various works of arts that represent German colonial history in Tanzania. Such artistic productions linked to cultural productions depict not only the history of Tanzania in relation to the colonial past but also reflect the current struggles to overcome the colonial legacy. This study is informed by qualitative research methods including observations, interviews and documentary review. The study is based on the interpretation of artistic productions and linkages to decoloniality discourse. Six artistic works were used as a case study. These were Nkhomanile (2006), Mkwawa (2011), MV Liemba (2015), Maji Maji Flava (2016), Skull X 2016) and Mangi Meli Remains (2018). The study argues that the artistic productions under review depict German colonial history in Tanzania. The depiction underscores the exploitative, violent and brutal nature of that history. Significantly, the colonised did not sit back and watch because they had resisted the German occupation of their land as most of the productions illustrate. However, such artistic productions are informed mostly by the funding agencies and audiences which appear predefined for such productions. Therefore, it is important to research further on the nature and behaviour of the audience of the artistic productions linked to the historical colonialism.

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Koponen, Juhani. "Maendeleo: From Colonial to Postcolonial Development in Tanzania." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 10, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211012.

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This article argues that the concept of maendeleo, which conflates development with progress, has served many contradictory purposes in Tanzania, and traces how it has worked its way through different phases of Tanzanian development history. The starting point is the recognition that the concept of development, and maendeleo even more so, has a great variety of meanings and it is not possible to pick up one as ‘correct’. Rather, the argument goes, it is this ambiguity where the concept derives its power from. While everybody can agree on its significance, many things can be accommodated under its umbrella. It has been made such a concept by its history which has allowed it to accumulate various meanings. The article maps the process of how this happened in Tanzania. The German colonialists introduced the notion in the guise of development of exploitable resources. The British followed the lead, formalizing the idea of mutual benefit as dual mandate and adding “native welfare” to it. A crucial shift occurred during the transition from the late colonial to early postcolonial development. As colonialism approached its end, the idea of development seemed to be in danger to outlive its political usefulness, but it was rescued by African nationalists as maendeleo. They appropriated the concept and made use of it in their independence campaign and later elevated it to a major prop for their rule. The article concludes that while maendeleo undoubtedly has been a politically successful concept, it has been much less effective as a guide for economic and social transformation. This raises the question whether the very concepts of development and maendeleo have become part of the problem rather than that of the solution.

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Willis, Roy, and Juhani Koponen. "People and Production in Late Pre-Colonial Tanzania: History and Structures." Man 25, no. 2 (June 1990): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804603.

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Hölzl, Richard. "Educating Missions. Teachers and Catechists in Southern Tanganyika, 1890s and 1940s." Itinerario 40, no. 3 (December 2016): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115316000632.

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This article concentrates on Catholic mission teachers in Southern Tanzania from the 1890s to the 1940s, their role and agency in founding and developing the early education system of Tanzania. African mission teachers are an underrated group of actors in colonial settings. Being placed between colonized and colonizers, between conversion and civilising mission, between colonial rule and African demands for emancipation, between church and government and at the heart of local society, their agency was crucial to forming African Christianity, to social change and to a newly emerging class of educated Africans. This liminal position also rendered them almost invisible for historiography, since the colonial archive rarely gave credit to their vital role and European missionary propaganda tended to present them as examples of successful mission work, rather than as self-reliant missionary activists. The article circumscribes the framework of colonial education policies and missionary strategies, it recovers the teachers’ active role in the colonial education system as well as in missionary evangelization. Finally, it contrasts teachers’ self-representation with the official image conveyed in missionary media.

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Jackson, Robert H., and Gregory Maddox. "The Creation of Identity: Colonial Society in Bolivia and Tanzania." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 2 (April 1993): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018375.

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Many colonial regimes appropriate traditional symbols of power to enhance authority. In many cases this appropriation results in the hardening of more transitory political divisions among subject people into ethnic, national, or tribal ones. Colonialism often, in essence, creates different identities for subject peoples. For example, the East India Company (E.I.C.) and royal colonial government in India manipulated caste and religion to carry out a policy of divide and rule. Moreover, the E.I.C. and later the Raj attempted to create a European-style landed elite that could promote development of agriculture, maintain social control in the countryside and, perhaps most important, collect taxes owed to the government. The Raj attempted to place the structures of power that evolved within the framework of the symbols of Moghul legitimacy, going so far as to create a hybrid traditional style of architecture used in many public buildings that mixed elements from both Hindu and Muslim buildings. In South Africa, colonial legislation, as seen in the process begun by the Glen Gray Act of 1894, resulted in the proletarianization of the African population by creating tribal reservations without enough resources to support all the people often arbitrarily defined as members of a particular tribe. And, as seen in studies of mine labor, coloniallegislation also defined a distinctive legal status for workers.

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Penn, Helen. "Memoir of Tanzania: Learning about early childhood projects in developing countries." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 18, no. 1 (March 2017): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949117692273.

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This article considers the contribution of memoir as a method for understanding complex early childhood issues. It recounts the author’s first visit to Tanzania, a low-income country with a chequered history of independence from colonial rule. The article uses memories from that initial visit to reflect on the changing interpretations of colonial history and early childhood interventions. Looking back, it also considers the impact of that visit on the author’s own work trajectory, as an epiphany which led to new areas of work and conceptualization.

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Kessy, Emanuel T. "The History of Cultural Heritage Research and Teaching in Tanzania." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 65–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211024.

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The history of heritage research in Tanzania can be traced back to the end of the 19th century. While researching on Tanzanian heritage was important because most of it was not preserved in literary form, nonetheless it was, in many ways, inappropriately represented. Sometimes it was done with a political inclination to support the colonial domination ideology whereby any form of social, political and economic achievement in Africa was unattainable in the absence of external intervention by races from outside the African continent. In order to maintain that, very limited initiative was taken by the colonialists to train local experts. To rectify this situation, the postcolonial government took initiatives to develop heritage training infrastructures in order to reconstruct the crooked history. While that has already taken shape with positive results, there are still several challenges to overcome. As practice of modern archaeology increasingly requires the use of advanced and expensive scientific equipment, facilities and associated techniques, a danger arises if a developing country like Tanzania won't match up the pace because the quality research products are subject to technological advancement of a particular era. Associated with this is a need to develop a national-based financial body for heritage research to free the country from donor funding dependency which, sometimes, do not align to national research agenda. This paper traces the history of cultural heritage research and training in Tanzania and highlights key factors that contributed to the present state in the country. A comparative overview of the respective aspects under review is made between colonial and postcolonial Tanzania.

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Spear, Thomas, and Juhani Koponen. "Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884-1914." American Historical Review 101, no. 5 (December 1996): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170290.

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HUNTER, EMMA. "DUTIFUL SUBJECTS, PATRIOTIC CITIZENS, AND THE CONCEPT OF ‘GOOD CITIZENSHIP’ IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY TANZANIA." Historical Journal 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000623.

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ABSTRACTThe growing interest in citizenship among political theorists over the last two decades has encouraged historians of twentieth-century Africa to ask new questions of the colonial and early post-colonial period. These questions have, however, often focused on differential access to the rights associated with the legal status of citizenship, paying less attention to the ways in which conceptions of citizenship were developed, debated, and employed. This article proposes that tracing the entangled intellectual history of the concept of ‘good citizenship’ in twentieth-century Tanzania, in a British imperial context, has the potential to provide new insights into the development of one national political culture, while also offering wider lessons for our understanding of the global history of political society.

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Monson, Jamie, and Thaddeus Sunseri. "Vilimani: Labor Migration and Rural Change in Early Colonial Tanzania." International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, no. 1 (2002): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097371.

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Greiner, Andreas. "Revisiting a colonial landmark: caravanserais as tools of urban transformation in early colonial Tanzania." Journal of Eastern African Studies 15, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 685–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2021.1992173.

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BECKER, FELICITAS. "TRADERS, ‘BIG MEN’ AND PROPHETS: POLITICAL CONTINUITY AND CRISIS IN THE MAJI MAJI REBELLION IN SOUTHEAST TANZANIA." Journal of African History 45, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703008545.

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This article places the origins of the Maji Maji rebellion in Southeast Tanzania within the context of tensions between coast and interior, and between ‘big man’ leaders and their followers, which grew out of the expansion of trade and warfare in the second half of the nineteenth century. Without discounting its importance as a reaction against colonial rule, the paper argues that the rebellion was driven also by the ambitions of local leaders and by opposition to the expansion of indigenous coastal elites. The crucial role of the ‘Maji’ medicine as a means of mobilization indicates the vitality of local politics among the ‘stateless’ people of Southeast Tanzania.

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Lawi, Yusufu. "Editorial Notes." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): i—xi. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211221.

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Our esteemed readers will recall that, in recent years, successive issues of this journal have typically featured four articles per issue. However, in a recent routine review the journal stakeholders recommended that the minimum number of articles per issue be increased to five. We are glad to report that we have taken that recommendation on board with immediate effect. The current issue therefore consists of five articles and a book review. The articles are notably diverse both thematically and in spatial scope. Readers will especially note that one of the articles included in this issue focuses on Mozambique, which is obviously outside of the journal’s geographical scope. The decision to include this article was based on its unambiguous relevance to the history of Tanzania, given that the theme it covers, that is, a cholera pandemic in northern colonial Mozambique, has historically been matter of public concern in colonial and post-colonial Tanzania. In addition, northern Mozambique as an ecological and cultural zone can hardly be distinguished from southern Tanzania.

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Seimu, Somo M. L., and Marco Zoppi. "The Influence of Settlers' Community in Shaping the Colonial Agricultural Marketing Policies in Tanzania." African Economic History 49, no. 2 (2021): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0012.

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31

Giblin, James L., and Juhani Koponen. "Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884-1914." International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 3 (1997): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220631.

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Sunseri, Thaddeus. "“Every African a Nationalist”: Scientific Forestry and Forest Nationalism in Colonial Tanzania." Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, no. 4 (October 2007): 883–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000795.

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Haller, Tobias. "From commons to resilience grabbing: Insights from historically-oriented social anthropological research on African peasants." Continuity and Change 37, no. 1 (May 2022): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841602200011x.

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AbstractThis paper aims to show the relevance that institutions governing common-pool resources (CPRs) play in peasant resilience. It outlines nine variables for resilience taken from socio-economic and ecological anthropological theories focusing on subsistence and minimax strategies and used for the comparative historical analysis of African case studies. These include drylands (Morocco, Ghana), semi-arid areas (Sierra Leone, Malawi, Tanzania) and wetlands (Cameroon, Kenya, Zambia). The variables could be found under pre-colonial common property but were no longer operating during colonial and postcolonial institutional change from common to state property and privatisation via land grabbing, leading to commons and resilience grabbing.

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34

Ludwig, Jörg. "New Sources for German Colonial History in Dresden." History in Africa 27 (January 2000): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172129.

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The Central state Archive in Dresden has recently acquired new archival material relating to Africa. Although of modest proportions, this material would certainly be of interest for specialized studies. It consists of two parts: records of the firm Hermann Schubert, and the papers of the German colonial politician Oskar Wilhelmn Stübel.Hermann Schubert's firm was established in 1862 as a small textile factory in Zittau. It grew rapidly and in the first third of the twentieth century assumed a leading role in the world market for sewing thread. In 1907, in collaboration with the colonial authorities of the German Reich, it established a cotton plantation in the Rufiji District of German East Africa (today southern Tanzania) known as Schuberthof. Partly due to a lack of experience in growing cotton, the plantation sustained considerable losses and was abandoned after World War I.Records concerning Schuberthof form part of the papers of the firm Hermann Schubert/VEB Textilwerke Zittau. They are of a fragmentary nature; all that has survived are reports of the plantation to the firm's headquarters for 1909, and documents relating to a visit of the firm's head to German East Africa in 1907. The latter includes travel notes, reports on conversations with Walter Rathenau and the secretary of State for Colonies, as well as glass plates with snapshots of a tourist nature.Oskar Wilhelm Stübel was born in Dresden in 1846. He studied at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin, and Heidelberg, obtained his doctorate in Leipzig, and entered the Saxon civil service.

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Lovett, Margot. "On Power and Powerlessness: Marriage and Political Metaphor in Colonial Western Tanzania." International Journal of African Historical Studies 27, no. 2 (1994): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221026.

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Wright, Marcia. "Reviews of Books:Vilimani: Labor Migration and Rural Change in Early Colonial Tanzania Thaddeus Sunseri." American Historical Review 109, no. 2 (April 2004): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/530545.

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Geissler, P. Wenzel, and Ann H. Kelly. "Field station as stage: Re-enacting scientific work and life in Amani, Tanzania." Social Studies of Science 46, no. 6 (July 7, 2016): 912–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716650045.

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Located high in Tanzania’s Usambara Mountains, Amani Hill Station has been a site of progressive scientific endeavours for over a century, pushing the boundaries of botanical, zoological and medical knowledge, and providing expertise for imperial expansion, colonial welfare, national progress and international development efforts. The station’s heyday was from the 1950s to the 1970s, a period of global disease eradication campaigns and the ‘Africanization’ of science. Today, Amani lies in a state of suspended motion. Officially part of a national network of medical research stations, its buildings and vegetation are only minimally maintained, and although some staff report for duty, scientific work has ceased. Neither ruin nor time capsule, Amani has become a quiet site of remains and material traces. This article examines the methodological potentials of re-enactment – on-site performances of past research practices – to engage ethnographically with the distinct temporalities and affective registers of life at the station. The heuristic power of re-enactment resides in its anachronicity, the tensions it introduces between immediacy and theatricality, authenticity and artifice, fidelity and futility. We suggest that re-enacting early post-colonial science as events unfolding in the present disrupts straightforward narratives about the promises and shortfalls of scientific progress, raising provocative questions about the sentiments and stakes of research in ‘the tropics’.

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Cortez, Jonathan. "1898 and Its Aftermath: America’s Imperial Influence." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 20, no. 4 (October 2021): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781421000438.

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Throughout the late nineteenth century, Cubans and Filipinos led calls for independence against Spanish colonial rule. In 1898 the United States entered the conflict under the guise of supporting liberty and democracy abroad, declaring war on Spain. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, which ended the war as well as Spanish colonial rule, resulted in the U.S. acquisition of territories off its coasts. This microsyllabus, 1898 and Its Aftermath: America’s Imperial Influence, collects articles that use the 1898 Spanish-Cuban-American War as a jumping-off point to understand how issues such as labor, citizenship, weather, and sports were impacted by America’s racism and white supremacy across the globe.

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Bjerk, Paul. "'Building A New Eden': Lutheran Church Youth Choir Performances in Tanzania." Journal of Religion in Africa 35, no. 3 (2005): 324–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570066054782351.

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AbstractA study of three songs by a Tanzanian youth choir reveals a synthesis of historical and intellectual sources ranging from pre-colonial social philosophy to Lutheran theology to Nyerere's Ujamaa socialism. The songs show how the choir performances break down the barrier between Bourdieu's realms of the disputed and undisputed. In appropriating an active role in shaping Christian ideology, the choir members reinterpret its theology into something wholly new and uniquely Tanzanian. Thus they appropriate an authoritative voice that shapes the basic societal concepts about the nature of life and society. They envision themselves as essential workers in an ongoing sacred task of building a modern Tanzanian nation in the image of a new Eden.

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Biginagwa, Thomas J. "Development of Cultural Heritage Registration in Post-Colonial Tanzania." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 98–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211214.

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Although Tanzania is endowed with a significant amount of nationally and internationally renowned cultural heritage resources that span about 3.6 million years to the present, very few of them feature in the national heritage register. The government has only proclaimed and registered fifty-five heritage assets deemed to be of national significance since independence, almost six decades ago. Most of the registered heritage resources are built heritage with colonial ties, at the expense of traditional African ones. Spatially, heritage properties in regions along the Indian Ocean coast dominate the proclaimed heritage properties. This paper investigates the reasons for these trends, by tracing the roots of the heritage registration system in the country to the colonial period and by uncovering the shortcomings in the creation and maintenance of the heritage register, and proposes solutions and strategies for addressing the challenges. The paper cites examples from African countries and beyond to illustrate how comprehensive heritage registers are created and maintained.

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Feruzi, Sadiki Moshi, and Japhari Salum. "An overview of Historical Development of Swahili Translation in Tanzania." Premise: Journal of English Education 11, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/pj.v11i1.4498.

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This paper aims at giving an overview of the historical development of Swahili translation in Tanzania. Currently, the available books and other publications have a little information on the history of Swahili translation. The data of this study was drawn through documentary review where books related to translation in Tanzania, dissertations and journal articles mostly published by reputable journals and indexed with world top data bases were thoroughly analysed. The findings demonstrate that before and during colonial period translation works were practiced informally and focused on serving one-time communication purpose. During post-colonial period translations by many writers occupied a large portion in the Tanzanian literary polysystem and in the 21st century translations have focused on economic, political and social cultural development of the country. The current trend in publications show that Swahili translation has increased and many scholars are attracted in the field. The study recommends further studies to be carried out in thematic focus of Swahili translations in pre-colonialism, during colonialism and post-colonialism as well.

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42

Sunseri, Thaddeus. ""Dispersing the Fields": Railway Labor and Rural Change in Early Colonial Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies 32, no. 3 (1998): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/486328.

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43

Sunseri, Thaddeus. "“Dispersing the Fields”: Railway Labor and Rural Change in Early Colonial Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 32, no. 3 (January 1998): 558–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1998.10751150.

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44

Bluwstein, Jevgeniy. "From colonial fortresses to neoliberal landscapes in Northern Tanzania: a biopolitical ecology of wildlife conservation." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22865.

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Drawing on critical debates in political ecology and biopolitics, the article develops a "biopolitical ecology of conservation" to study historical shifts in how human and nonhuman lives come to be valued in an asymmetric way. Tanzania and the so-called Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem illustrate how these biopolitical shifts became entangled with conservation interventions and broader visions of development throughout colonial and post-colonial history. Colonial efforts to balance seemingly competing domains of human and nonhuman species through spatial separation gave way to the development of the post-colonial nation through the nurturing of its wildlife population. This shift from human-nonhuman incompatibility towards human dependency on wildlife and biodiversity conservation culminated in the contemporary biopolitical ecology and geography of landscape conservation. Landscape conservation seeks to entangle human and nonhuman species. Through conservation, human populations are rearranged and fixed in time and space to allow wildlife to roam free across unbounded spaces. This conservation governmentality is tied to global environmentalist concerns and political economies of neoliberal conservation, as well as to a domestic agenda of tourism-based economic growth. It secures land tenure for some, while imposing a biopolitical sacrifice on the rural population as a whole. This forecloses alternative rural futures for a land-dependent and increasingly land-deprived population.

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Streit, Katie Valliere. "South Asian entrepreneurs in the automotive age: negotiating a place of belonging in colonial and post-colonial Tanzania." Journal of Eastern African Studies 13, no. 3 (June 11, 2019): 525–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2019.1628163.

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46

Hunter, Emma. "RevisitingUjamaa: Political Legitimacy and the Construction of Community in Post-Colonial Tanzania." Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 3 (November 2008): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531050802401858.

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Stoner-Eby, Anne Marie. "African Clergy, Bishop Lucas and the Christianizing of Local Initiation Rites: Revisiting 'The Masasi Case'." Journal of Religion in Africa 38, no. 2 (2008): 171–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006608x289675.

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AbstractOne of the most famous instances of missionary 'adaptation' was the Christianizing of initiation rites in the Anglican Diocese of Masasi in what is now southeastern Tanzania. This was long assumed to be the work of Bishop Vincent Lucas, who from the 1920s became widely known in mission, colonial and anthropological circles for his advocacy of missions that sought 'not to destroy, but to fulfill' African culture. Terence Ranger in his groundbreaking 1972 article on Lucas and Masasi was the first to point out the crucial role of the African clergy. In reexamining the creation of Christian initiation in Masasi, this article reveals that Lucas's promotion of Christianized initiation was actually based on the vision and efforts of the African clergy, an indication that mission Christianity in the colonial period cannot be assumed to reflect European initiative and African compliance.

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Giblin, James. "Famine and Social Change during the Transition to Colonial Rule in Northeastern Tanzania, 1880-1896." African Economic History, no. 15 (1986): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601541.

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Schler, Lynn. "Writing African Women's History with Male Sources: Possibilities and Limitations." History in Africa 31 (2004): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036154130000351x.

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Colonial sources can provide historians with a wealth of information about African lives during the colonial period, but they must be read against the grain, filtering out valuable information from the biases and prejudices of European officials. The task of studying African women's history using colonial sources is even more complicated, as women were not often the focus of the colonial agenda, and contact between colonial officials and African women was relatively limited, and often indirect. Particularly in those arenas of African social, cultural, and political life deemed as women's spheres, colonial officials had little incentive to intervene. As a result, historians of later generations are faced with relatively sparse documentation of women-centered social activity during the colonial era. For their part, African women guarded cultural and political spheres under their influence from outside intervention, thus making it difficult for Europeans, and particularly European men, to gain a full and accurate understanding of women's individual and collective experiences under colonial rule.This paper will examine colonial research and documentation of African women's birthing practices.to illustrate both the potential for using these sources to understand some basic elements of women's experiences, and the limitations of this source material in providing deep and accurate insights into African women's history. Using an example from colonial Cameroon, we will see how European interest in women's birthing practices was motivated by colonial economic and scientific agendas steeped in racism and sexism, preventing European researchers from obtaining a balanced and accurate understanding of this women's sphere of social life. On the other hand, the documents reveal efforts of African women to prevent the colonial infiltration into women's arenas of influence.

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White, Luise, and Birgitta Larsson. "Conversion to Greater Freedom? Women, Church and Social Change in North- Western Tanzania under Colonial Rule." American Historical Review 98, no. 1 (February 1993): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166493.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tanzania – Colonial influence – History'

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