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1
Denoncourt, Janice Ann. "Supporting Sustainable Development Goal 5 Gender Equality and Entrepreneurship in the Tanzanite Mine-to-Market." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074192.
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This article analyses how a strategy for Tanzania’s tanzanite gemstone mining sector could foster gender equality in the mine-to-market (M2M) supply chain, whilst enhancing opportunities for female entrepreneurship as part of the country’s sustainable economic development. In the mining industry, the contemporary concept of mapping artisanal and small-scale mining to the UN Sustainable Development Goals is a newer aspect of sustainability. SDG 5 aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. However, while there have been initiatives to support gemstone mining in Tanzania and East Africa, to date, the role of women in the lucrative tanzanite M2M supply chain has been less visible and a missed opportunity. This is a concern, as in 2019, pre-COVID-19 pandemic, gemstone and precious metals accounted for an incredible 33.2% of Tanzania’s total exports. In contrast, in leading mining countries such as Australia and Canada, the participation of women continues to steadily advance, economically empowering the women involved. This article contributes a critical review of Tanzanian mining regulation and licensing practice in a historical and gender equality context. A qualitative research case study showcases artisanal small-scale (ASM) tanzanite gemstone miner and entrepreneur Pili Hussein, with a view to support the formulation of a Tanzanian regional, female-oriented, M2M tanzanite strategy. The developed world experience of increasing levels of gender participation in mining provides evidence of a reduced gender pay gap and enhanced mine safety practice when women are involved. This research finds that increased investment in supporting women to participate in the tanzanite M2M gemstone supply chain positively impacts SDG 5 in the country. Furthermore, given Tanzania’s economic dependence on mining and the exceptional characteristics of rare, single-source tanzanite (a generational gemstones), we conclude that gender equality and female mine-to-market (M2M) entrepreneurship has an undervalued, yet important, role to play in Tanzania’s future socio-economic development.
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Mniwasa, Eugene E. "Money laundering control in Tanzania." Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 796–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2018-0064.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine how banks in Tanzania have been vulnerable to money laundering activities and how the banking institutions have been implicated in enabling or aiding the commission of money laundering offences, and highlights the banks’ failure or inability to prevent, detect and thwart money laundering committed through their financial systems. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores Tanzania’s anti-money laundering law and analyzes non-law factors that make the banks exposed to money laundering activities. It looks at law-related, political and economic circumstances that impinge on the banks’ efficacy to tackle money laundering offences committed through their systems. The data are sourced from policy documents, statutes, case law and literature from Tanzania and other jurisdictions. Findings Both law-related and non-law factors create an enabling environment for the commission of money laundering offences, and this exposes banks in Tanzania to money laundering activities. Some banks have been implicated in enabling or aiding money laundering offences. These banks have abdicated their obligations to fight against money laundering. This is attributed to the fact that the banks’ internal anti-money laundering policies, regulations and procedures are inefficient, and Tanzania’s legal framework is generally ineffective to tackle money laundering offences. Originality/value This paper uncovers a multi-faceted nature of money laundering affecting banks in Tanzania. It is recommended that Tanzania’s anti-money laundering policy should address law-related, political, economic and other factors that create an enabling environment for the commission of money laundering offences. Tanzania’s anti-money laundering law should be reformed to enhance its efficacy and, lastly, banks should reinforce their internal anti-money laundering policies and regulations and policies.
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Kaiser, Paul J., Mboya S. D. Bagachwa, and Ammon V. Y. Mebell. "Economic Policy under a Multiparty System in Tanzania." African Studies Review 39, no. 2 (September 1996): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525445.
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Nyerere, Julius. "Education in Tanzania." Harvard Educational Review 55, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.55.1.v6233663243g8343.
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Educational philosophy and policy in Tanzania have undergone a transformation since the country gained its independence from British colonial rule in 1961. President Julius Nyerere describes their accomplishments and presents the dilemmas currently facing the new socialist government. He describes the literacy and teacher training programs and discusses the relationship between the country's educational policy and international economic conditions.
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Hussein, Ramadhan Makame, and Zuhura Mohammed Abdallah. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND TAX REVENUE IN TANZANIA: ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DEPTH ON TAX REVENUE." ASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 4, no. 3 (2022): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/ajef.2022.v04i03.04.
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The purpose of this research was to consider the influence of financial development on Tanzania’s tax revenue. To accomplish the intent of this study, the main specific objective was concerned about the effect of financial depth on tax revenue in Tanzania. Design/methodology: This study adopted quantitative approach and time series as research design, this study was conducted in Tanzania. Because of the accessibility of the data for the time of 1996-2020.The annual time series data for the Tanzanian financial development and tax revenue were obtained from secondary sources which include the World Development Indicators (WDI) and Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA). The method was employed to make the estimation is the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). Findings: The financial characteristics were considered to be relevant tax revenue parameters based on the study’s aims. As a consequence, the examination of the estimation findings revealed that financial depth had a beneficial influence on increasing tax revenue in Tanzania. As a result, this paper recommends that the government place a greater emphasis on financial development, as it may be a vital instrument for increasing tax revenue for social welfare, poverty reduction, and macroeconomic stability. The Bank of Tanzania has maintained its monetary policy stance, which aims to increase lending to the private sector to encourage economic activity.
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VAVRUS, FRANCES. "Adjusting Inequality: Education and Structural Adjustment Policies in Tanzania." Harvard Educational Review 75, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 174–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.75.2.565v0213145413t5.
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International economic forces increasingly affect policy at multiple levels and in multiple domains. The interplay of three levels — international, national, and local — are underresearched in the social and educational policy fields, which includes educational policy studies. In this article, Frances Vavrus employs ethnography to investigate how these interactions play out in a Chagga community in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. She examines how the lives of secondary students in Tanzanian schools are affected by structural adjustment policies, adopted by Tanzania at the advice of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in three domains: access to schooling, opportunities for employment, and the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. She makes a convincing case for the importance of understanding the local setting in the development of international and national policy, and for investigating the impact policy change in noneducational sectors has on educational realities. Vavrus's research also provides a glimpse into the multiple local consequences of the policy of user fees for school access that were implemented over the last fifteen years in Tanzania and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. She concludes with a call for the research community to consider the benefits of ethnography in the development and evaluation of policy.
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Kibona, Cornel Anyisile, Zhang Yuejie, and Lu Tian. "Towards developing a beef meat export oriented policy in Tanzania: -Exploring the factors that influence beef meat exports-." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): e0270146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270146.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence beef meat exports in Tanzania, with a particular focus on the years 1985 to 2020, in enhancing the development of beef meat export-oriented policy in Tanzania, thereby enhancing beef exports in Tanzania. A time-series panel dataset was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analyses models. As per the descriptive analyses, beef meat exports reached the highest pick of 4,300 tons per year in 1990, whereas from 1991 to date, beef meat exportation in Tanzania has been in declining trends despite an increase in beef meat output and trade openness from 162,500 to 486,736 tons and 7.6 to 98.7%, respectively. Nevertheless, while the prospect of Tanzanian beef meat exports appears bright and promising, the industry will continue to encounter trade barriers and must stay competitive to produce enough volume and quality beef meat to meet the needs of its existing and expanding markets. This is because, Tanzanian beef meat competes for market share with beef meat from other countries in the global markets, where customers pay a premium for lines of beef meat that meet quality standards while discarding those that do not. This indicates that the quantity of beef meat produced has no relevance to its world market share, but its quality standards do. Furthermore, the econometric results revealed that the coefficients of the terms of trade, Tanzania GDP per capita, global beef meat consumption, trade openness, and beef meat outputs were found to be significantly positive (P < 0.05) influencing beef meat exports in Tanzania, whereas the trading partners’ GDP per capita and exchange rate were not. The findings have varying implications as to what factors need to be addressed to further improve beef meat exports. From the farmer’s perspective, better access to adequate funds as a result of increased income benefit from export will assist in improving beef cattle productivity and quality to compete effectively in the global markets. From the government’s perspective, because trade openness promotes economic growth through export benefits, the Tanzania government and policymakers need to establish balanced policies to strengthen bilateral trade relationships to generate more opportunities in global markets.
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Mbuya, Alphonce. "Adequacy of Legal and Policy Measures taken to Realise Older Persons’ Right to Healthcare in Tanzania." Journal of Legal Studies & Research 08, no. 04 (2022): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/jlsr.2022.8403.
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Global and regional human rights treaties require state parties, including Tanzania, to take constitutional, legislative, policy and other measures to give effect to the rights guaranteed in the treaties. This article seeks to answer the question of whether Tanzania has taken adequate constitutional, legislative, and policy measures toward realising older persons’ right to healthcare. Tanzania’s international human rights obligations to realise older persons’ right to healthcare stem from international and regional human rights treaties which include the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It is observed that, although Tanzania has recognised the need to ensure access to healthcare services by older persons, implementation of such policies remains a challenge as older persons continue to experience many challenges in accessing healthcare services. Moreover, the lack of constitutional protection of older persons’ rights and the right to healthcare and the absence of specific legislation on older persons render the legal framework on older persons’ right to healthcare extremely inadequate.
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Sodhi, Inderjeet Singh. "ICT Policy for Basic Education in Tanzania." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicthd.2013100103.
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In developing countries, ICT is playing an important role in economic growth and nation-building. New emerging technological changes have made services enabled by ICT a pre-requisite for development of the education sector because it enables teachers, students and administrators to share and exchange information and knowledge. ICT is vital for the sustainable development of education particularly in developing countries like Tanzania where awareness and development is taking place after independence. On the guidelines of World Bank and UNESCO, many developing countries have formulated and implemented ICT Policy for education. To this course, several initiatives have been designed, devised and developed by the Government of Tanzania. The ICT Policy for Basic Education (2007) is a set of guidelines desired to position Tanzania at the universal level for which education is being implemented with concerted efforts for pre-primary, primary, secondary and vocational education. One of the major motivations for drawing this policy has been the desire to transform Tanzania from a knowledge driven society to information and digital driven society. This article delves the role played by ICT in the education sector particularly at the primary level and brings out the objectives, issues, and challenges in basic education that have been done so far in Tanzania. Although significant improvements have taken place in Tanzania, a lot more has to be done in primary level of education if it needs to compete favourably at an African and international stage.
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Satta, Tadeo Andrew. "Exploring the Value of Factoring as a Finance Option for Small Enterprises in Emerging Economies." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, no. 4 (November 2006): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006779111576.
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Using Tanzania as a case study, this paper explores the value of factoring as a finance option for small enterprises in emerging economies. Based on identified challenges, the paper develops a policy framework that could facilitate the growth of the factoring industry in Tanzania. Within the boundaries of the developed framework, the paper concludes that there is a need for the Tanzanian government to create a favourable legal and regulatory environment, foster economic growth, support the formation of factoring associations, strengthen credit information infrastructure, and create an overall favourable tax structure that is supportive of the factoring industry. Furthermore, the paper argues that the ongoing global growth in factoring provides a unique opportunity for fostering the growth of factoring finance in emerging economies through cross-border factoring.
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Saxton, Anthony T., Manisha Bhattacharya, Nestory Masalu, Henry E. Rice, and Kristin Schroeder. "Cost-Effectiveness of Pediatric Cancer Treatment in Tanzania: An Economic Analysis." Journal of Global Oncology 3, no. 2_suppl (April 2017): 33s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2017.009480.
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Abstract 52 Background: Despite the high burden of pediatric cancer in low- and middle-income countries, the number of facilities at which children can obtain treatment remains distressingly low. Understanding the costs and economic value of pediatric cancer treatment may assist policy makers to maximize the value of investments in health with informed resource allocation decisions. We examined the direct and indirect costs, cost-effectiveness, and societal economic benefit of diagnosing and treating children with cancer in Tanzania at the Bugando Medical Center, one of only two hospitals in the country with a pediatric oncology unit. Methods: A retrospective chart review of hospital admissions and clinic visits from January 2010 to August 2014 was performed. Costs were recorded for all items that were billed to the patient for laboratory studies, medications, imaging, pathology, surgeries, and hospital stay. Travel costs were estimated for each patient on the basis of a self-reported home address. All costs were converted from Tanzanian shillings to 2016 US dollars. Health outcomes were measured as disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. We calculated the cost-effectiveness ratio of treatment versus performing no intervention as well as the societal economic benefit using a human capital approach and considering the per capita gross national product in Tanzania. Results: We identified costs for a subset of 127 patients, 64% of which were male (n = 81). Mean age at first clinical presentation was 6.9 years. Mean cost for treatment was $218 ± $145, with an average of 10.4 ± 8.9 DALYs averted per patient. Total cost-effectiveness ratio was $21/DALY, and the mean societal economic benefit was $27,118 ± $23,412. Conclusion: Our findings show that pediatric cancer treatment in Tanzania is cost-effective and offers substantial economic value. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.
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Shangwe, Muhidin J. "China’s Soft Power in Tanzania: Opportunities and Challenges." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 01 (January 2017): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500026.
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In recent years, China has embraced the idea of soft power with ever more keen interest. Today, soft power is Beijing’s key strategy in international politics, albeit not in the way the concept is understood and applied in the West. However, this strategy can hardly be said to have yielded fruit in Africa despite China’s growing visibility and presence over the last two decades. This article aims at probing this issue by examining how China’s soft power is manifested in Tanzania. In an attempt to show that soft power is not entirely a new practice in international politics, the article first applies a historical perspective to illustrate that it has been part and parcel of Chinese diplomacy, long before the term was coined by Joseph Nye in 1990. The article then analyzes Chinese activities in Tanzania and how they have shaped perceptions of Tanzanians of China in the era of globalization. These activities are structured in line with three traditional sources of soft power as postulated by Nye, namely culture, political values and foreign policy. As a supplement to Nye’s definition, however, elements of hard power are also included in the article, such as the use of economic inducements to produce, bolster and wield soft power. In general, China has made headway in its soft power ambitions by gaining positive reviews in Tanzania. While the current achievement is crucial as an initial step, there is still a long way to go for China in consolidating its soft power. Although China has earned admiration in some quarters of Tanzanian society, it is still premature to assume that in the long run Beijing will continue to enjoy increasing soft power in the country. Indeed, in some cases, such admiration only exists in verbal recognition. In the meantime, activities that damage China’s image have further complicated matters and undermined China’s soft power in Tanzania.
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Manyama, William, and Abu Mvungi. "Engagement of Social Workers in Policy Practice in Tanzania: A Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." International Journal of Social Work 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v5i1.12351.
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Social workers are potential change agents who can be used to transform the lives of the vulnerable populations in the world and Tanzania, in particular. This is achieved through actively and creatively participating in policy formulation and change (policy advocacy and change, analysis, launching campaigns and building coalitions). The powers social workers have are derived from the professional legality vested in them in making practice decisions. By utilizing their powers, skills and knowledge as change agents, they can considerably imbue social policies with pro-poor approach that puts social justice at the centre of development. Drawing from the findings of a study conducted in Dar es Salaam, this paper shows that social workers’ engagement in policy practice was low. The reasons ascribed to low policy practice engagement are lack of policy practice competencies/specialized training in policy practice, institutional/organizational interest/influence, lack of resources and fear. The paper shows that low engagement of policy practice has partly contributed to the low visibility, recognition of social work profession, practice and inefficient provision of welfare services in Tanzania. This article argues that it is very important for social workers to use their social policy skills and knowledge so as to bring positive social and economic outcomes to the lives of the vulnerable populations in Tanzania. This can be successfully done by using professional associations such as TASWO, establishing Social Work Council and forging cooperation with NGOs in advocating not only for policy implementation but also policy research and change.
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Satta, Tadeo Andrew. "Enterprise Characteristics and Constraints in Developing Countries." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4, no. 3 (August 2003): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003101299546.
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There is currently a general consensus that enterprise promotion and growth constitute one of the viable strategies for achieving national development goals such as economic development and poverty alleviation. With various forms of support, enterprises are likely to improve their productivity and competitiveness, make a greater contribution to generating wealth and alleviating poverty among families of owners and workers alike, and create more jobs. Using data from a survey of 136 micro and small-scale enterprises (MSEs) in Tanzania, this paper examines enterprise characteristics and identifies a number of external constraints that influence enterprise growth. Based on the identified constraints the paper highlights a number of policy measures that may be relevant to the formulation of supportive programmes for MSE growth in Tanzania, and indeed other developing countries. This contribution probably comes at a critical moment when the Tanzanian government is in the process of developing a number of programmes to promote the MSE sector.
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Oggier, Fernando. "The Effectiveness of Debt Relief: Assessing the Influence of the HIPC Initiative and MDRI on Tanzania’s Health Sector." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 16, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2019.021.
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Debt relief initiatives have been part of the international development sphere since the early 1990s. With the launch of the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative in 1996 and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in 2005 many countries have been able to successfully qualify for debt relief. Tanzania has been one of the primary beneficiaries of debt relief over the years. While empirical evidence demonstrates that the country’s economic growth has been positively impacted by debt relief initiatives, other aspects of human development need to be analyzed to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI. This study compiles Tanzania’s health data into a composite indicator to perform a graphical analysis to compare the trends between health outcomes and external debt. The graphical analysis is contextualized through a qualitative analysis of political, economic and health financing literature from the Bank of Tanzania, UNICEF and USAID. The results indicate that there health outcomes improved throughout the whole study’s time period particularly after the HIPC Initiative. The health financing literature also points to increased development expenditure during this period. Nonetheless, the effects of debt relief seem to diminish in the long-term due to fluctuations in external donors and logistical barriers to budget execution. Tanzania also continues to face socio-economic and geographic disparities in health outcomes and funding. Some of the literature also states that the country’s weak system of checks and balances and the lack of robust institutions could cause opportunistic policy preferences that might not necessarily improve Tanzania’s health outcomes. KEYWORDS: Child Mortality Rate; Debt Relief; External Debt; Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative; International Monetary Fund; Life Expectancy; Maternal Mortality Rate; Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative; Official Development Aid; Prevalence of Undernourishment
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Makulilo, Alexander, and Maulid Madeni. "Cultural Imperialism and the Struggle over Kiswahili as the Medium of Instruction in Tanzania." Utafiti 17, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-15020058.
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Abstract In 1997, Tanzania’s National Cultural Policy recommended Kiswahili to be used as the medium of instruction for the entire nation’s public education system. However, since then English language maintains a hegemonic position as the medium of instruction in post-primary education. Arguably, this demonstrates cultural imperialism as a factor in the non-implementation of the cultural policy. We examine whether the global politics of expansionism and domination is causally responsible for the non-adoption of Kiswahili as the medium of instruction by making English a precious product and decisive tool for managing international politics. Political, economic and cultural institutions established by imperial powers have directly and indirectly shaped the language policy and its implementation. Consequently, elites in Tanzania have supported approaches that maintain English as the medium of instruction. Breaking away from the imperial structures that resist the adoption of Kiswahili as medium of instruction is central to any possibility for changing the prevailing situation.
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Wetengere, Kitojo. "INDUSTRIALIZATION IN TANZANIA: THE NEED FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION." International Journal of Advanced Economics 2, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v2i3.183.
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The objective of this study was to examine industrialization in Tanzania and the need to include the disadvantaged people in the development process. This study used a documentary review methodology. The study found that although industrialization is key to economic growth, if not properly managed, it tends to marginalize the poor people. This calls for social inclusion policy measures. The study, therefore, recommends that, if industrialization is to benefit the disadvantaged, agriculture, which employs the majority of the people, should be industrialized. Further, since the benefits of industrialization may not necessarily accrue to the poor, the above need to be accompanied by conscious efforts of the government and the private sector to provide social and economic services to the disadvantaged poor.
Keywords: Industrialization; Social Inclusion; Butter & Bread vs. Yeast & Bread; Economic Growth vs. Economic Development
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Harris, Curt J., and Kishore G. Kulkarni. "The Role of International Trade Policy in Economic Growth: A Case of Tanzania." Global Business Review 5, no. 2 (August 2004): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097215090400500202.
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Mohammed Albiman, Masoud, Najat Nassor Suleiman, and Hamad Omar Baka. "The relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Tanzania." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 9, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-05-2014-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship that exists between energy consumption, environmental pollution and per capita economic growth in Tanzania. The energy consumption is represented by electricity usage in kilowatt hours (kWh) per capita, while environmental pollution is represented by carbon emission per metric tons and economic growth by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Design/methodology/approach This investigation is made based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve using time series annual data from 1975 to 2013 by applying the more robust causality technique of Toda and Yamamoto non-Causality test (1995), Impulse response and Variance Decomposition, Augumented and Dickey–Fueller test and Philips and Perron Test of unit root tests. Findings Economic growth rate (LGDP) and energy consumption per capita (LENGY), both being unidirectional, cause environmental pollution through carbon emission (LCO2) in Tanzania. Interestingly, after using impulse response, a significant and positive economic growth (GDP per capita) was found due to shocks from electricity per capita (energy consumption) and carbon emission (LCO2) with time. The Variance Decomposition suggested that the percentage of the variations due to shocks or innovations of economic growth (LGDP) and energy consumption (LENGY) to carbon emission is very high and significant, accounting to 46 and 41 per cent, respectively, in 10 years to come. Research limitations/implications The study recommends that, in the future, the relationship be examined using super-exogeneity causality tests that takes into consideration the changes in policy or regime in contrast to Toda and Yamamoto. Furthermore, the addition of other variables such as fixed capital formation and labor force, which were not considered in this study, may result in strong correlation. Practical implications The results imply that the government of Tanzania can adopt environment conservation and energy saving policies without affecting its economic growth. As a matter of fact, to put a stop to persistent environmental pollution in Tanzania, the energy saving policy should be put in place rather quickly. It is imperative that the government implements policies and strategies that ensure continuous economic growth without forsaking the environment. Originality/value Despite the increase in carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Tanzania since 2000, to date, no previous work has been done to investigate their multivariate relationship. This is the first study that uses the Toda and Yamamoto non-Causality test, Impulse Response and Variance Decomposition Analysis to investigate a trivariate relationship of the variables mentioned above.
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Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph. "Leveraging the Roles and Constraints of Think Tanks in Enhancing Industrialization in Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Development Studies 19, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279//kvsd5151.
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In order to maintain the recent attained low middle-income status, Tanzania needs to invest heavily in the industrialized economy so as to spur multiple economic growths. While some efforts have been made to facilitate industrialisation, think tanks have not been given the desired attention notwithstanding their critical roles in increasing the pace of industrialization. By using critical integrative literature review method, this paper posits that, in Tanzania, think tanks have lightly partaken in the industrialization process in areas like; forging better industrial policy, undertaking a niche in research for industrial development, collaborating with other think tanks from global North to elevate industrialisation and giving technical expertise through consultancy for industrial development. While think tanks have played the role of pushing for Tanzania’s industrial path, their scope is hampered by several setbacks including their nascent stature, unqualified personnel, funding as well as poor political support. This article holds the view that think tanks have the capacity to facilitate sustainable industrial development having increased their capacity to conduct large scale industrial research capable of influencing policy change at the national level. In this regard, the government should increase the level of commissioning local think tanks to conduct several policy related tasks that influence industrial development. This will be possible if the government will honour setting aside 1% of its GDP to research and development to ensure the sustainability of TTs.
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Surgey, Gavin, Kalipso Chalkidou, William Reuben, Fatima Suleman, Jacqui Miot, and Karen Hofman. "Introducing health technology assessment in Tanzania." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, no. 2 (August 12, 2019): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319000588.
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AbstractObjectivesHealth technology assessment (HTA) is a cost-effective resource allocation tool in healthcare decision-making processes; however, its use is limited in low-income settings where countries fall short on both absorptive and technical capacity. This paper describes the journey of the introduction of HTA into decision-making processes through a case study revising the National Essential Medicines List (NEMLIT) in Tanzania. It draws lessons on establishing and strengthening transparent priority-setting processes, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsThe concept of HTA was introduced in Tanzania through revision of the NEMLIT by identifying a process for using HTA criteria and evidence-informed decision making. Training was given on using economic evidence for decision making, which was then put into practice for medicine selection for the NEMLIT. During the revision process, capacity-building workshops were held with reinforcing messages on HTA.ResultsBetween the period 2014 and 2018, HTA was introduced in Tanzania with a formal HTA committee being established and inaugurated followed by the successful completion and adoption of HTA into the NEMLIT revision process by the end of 2017. Consequently, the country is in the process of institutionalizing HTA for decision making and priority setting.ConclusionWhile the introduction of HTA process is country-specific, key lessons emerge that can provide an example to stakeholders in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) wishing to introduce priority-setting processes into health decision making.
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Mwigeka, Samwel. "Do Budget Deficit Crowds Out Private Investment: A Case of Tanzanian Economy." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n6p183.
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The existing high budget deficit in Tanzanian economy has created an immense concern among economic policy analysts. The study inspects whether budget deficits crowd out or crowd in private investment in Tanzania, using annual data for the period from 1970 to 2012. Using the Johansen cointegration test advocates there is at least one cointegration vector among these variables. Given such condition, the application vector error correction model (VEC) became inevitable as it presents additional and superior information in relation to other data production processes. The results indicate a close long–term connection between private investment, and other variables included in the study. Results suggest that budget deficits considerably crowds out private investment. The study advocates that government should readdress its fiscal policy that would support the private investors. The government should discourage high government expenditures and maintaining a low fiscal deficit also capital market should be used to finance budget deficit.
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Gamba, Freddy Jirabi. "SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda: comparability of policy presentation on focus, significance, challenges and participation." Journal of Development and Communication Studies 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jdcs.v6i1.1.
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The world’s new ideologies of regionalisationism and globalizationism anchor on the role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for promotion of a healthy business climate for upgrading the private sector and engineering for economic efficiency and development. SMEs have been a mechanism of inclusion and equity for economic empowerment and deepening of economic and business services especially in developing countries. The SMEs‘cultural and socio-economic importance has driven the initiation of national SME development in many countries. SMEs have gained elevating importance in developed and developing economies, have the capability of quick adaptation, low cost of management, less capital and sometimes labor intensive for enabling cheap production. Despite their size related weaknesses, SMEs are less affected by economic crises due to their inherent flexibility and adaptability characteristics. SMEs are vital actors for enhancing entrepreneurial innovation and innovation system as well as competitiveness in economies. National SME development policies, being high level political intent, directives and guidelines are critical for development, coordination and deployment of potential and available resources and capabilities. The paper, therefore, aims at analyzing and comparing the presentations of SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda based on policy framework options namely, focus, significance, challenges and participation. The findings show elevating differences in various spheres of the policy processes including the SME definition, vision, mission and objectives in terms of activeness in presentation, political flavour, sharpness of intent and sense of anticipated commitment. This implies a continued gap of SME development between countries under review and other East African Community (EAC) member countries until policies affecting SMEs are harmonized.Keywords: SMEs, Policy Presentation, Policy Framework, Entrepreneurship, BDS, Tanzania, Rwanda
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Odionye, Joseph, and Jude Chukwu. "The asymmetric effects of currency devaluation in selected sub-Saharan Africa." Ekonomski anali 66, no. 230 (2021): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2130135o.
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Economic activities in many sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have weakened markedly in the last few years, with deterioration in trade balances, increasing foreign reserve depletion, and exchange rate depreciation. This situation has led to a call by the International Monetary Fund for more flexible exchange rate adjustment and even currency devaluation to reverse the economic downturn. This call for devaluation has generated controversy among economists and policymakers in these countries and has revived the need to study the effects of devaluation on economic output in SSA countries. This study therefore examines the asymmetric effects of currency devaluation as a policy shift on economic output between 1980 and 2019 in six selected SSA countries, namely Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Malawi. The study employs the smooth transition regression (STR) model to determine the relative asymmetric responses of economic output to devaluation and nondevaluation regimes. The results of STR are mixed, as devaluation asymmetrically impacts positively and significantly on economic output in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique, but is insignificant in the case of Nigeria and Malawi. This mixed result suggests that the impact of currency devaluation on economic output differs across countries depending on the structure and size of the economy, the nature of goods produced, and the supportive policies in place, among other things. The policy implication of the findings is that policymakers in various countries should understand the peculiarity of core macroeconomic variables in order to design and implement robust policies.
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Jha, Srijna, Harald Kaechele, and Stefan Sieber. "Factors Influencing the Adoption of Water Conservation Technologies by Smallholder Farmer Households in Tanzania." Water 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122640.
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In Tanzania, the increasing population coupled with climate change amplifies issues of food insecurity and negatively impacts the livelihoods of smallholder farmer households. To address these issues a range of water conservation techniques (WCTs) have been useful. However, the adoption of these WCTs in Tanzania has been limited due to many reasons. With the objective to better understand and identify the factors that significantly influence the adoption of WCTs in Tanzania, the study uses survey data from 701 smallholder farmer households and a bivariate logistic regression, to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive model for the adoption of WCTs in Tanzania that includes a range of individual, household, socio-economic, and farmer perception related variables (factors). The evaluation shows that 120 farmers (17.12%) adopted WCTs and finds the farmer perceptions of rainfall instability, household wealth, and food security to be crucial. The results suggest that policy interventions should encourage conservation behavior (especially when the rainfall is perceived to be uncertain), emphasize the economic and food security-related benefits of adopting WCTs, include strategies that make adoption of WCTs attractive to female-led households, attempt to reach greater number of farmers via social networks and provide better access to public funds for farmers.
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Kichonge, Baraka, Geoffrey R. John, and Iddi S. N. Mkilaha. "Modelling energy supply options for electricity generations in Tanzania." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 3 (September 23, 2015): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i3a2128.
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The current study applies an energy-system model to explore energy supply options in meeting Tanzania’s electricity demands projection from 2010 to 2040. Three economic scenarios namely; business as usual (BAU), low economic consumption scenario (LEC) and high economic growth scenario (HEC) were developed for modelling purposes. Moreover, the study develops a dry weather scenario to explore how the country’s electricity system would behave under dry weather conditions. The model results suggests: If projected final electricity demand increases as anticipated in BAU, LEC and HEC scenarios, the total installed capacity will expand at 9.05%, 8.46% and 9.8% respectively from the base value of 804.2MW. Correspondingly, the model results depict dominance of hydro, coal, natural gas and geothermal as least-cost energy supply options for electricity generation in all scenarios. The alternative dry weather scenario formulated to study electricity system behaviour under uncertain weather conditions suggested a shift of energy supply option to coal and natural gas (NG) dominance replacing hydro energy. The least cost optimization results further depict an insignificant contribution of renewable energy technologies in terms of solar thermal, wind and solar PV into the total generation shares. With that regard, the renewable energy penetration policy option (REPP), as an alternative scenario suggests the importance of policy options that favour renewable energy technologies inclusion in electricity generation. Sensitivity analysis on the discount rate to approximate the influence of discount rate on the future pattern of electricity generation capacity demonstrated that lower values favour wind and coal fired power plants, while higher values favour the NG technologies. Finally, the modelling results conclude the self-sufficiency of the country in generating future electricity using its own energy resources.
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Philemon,, John R., and Dev Jani. "RESEARCH NOTE: Tour Guides’ Perception for Sustainable Tourism." Tanzania Journal of Development Studies 19, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279//gkfw6661.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate tour guides’ perception of tourism sustainability using triple bottom line dimensions of economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects as informed by Social Exchange Theory. A structured questionnaire was self-administered to tour guides around Mikumi National Park in Tanzania. Descriptive and mean comparison tests were performed with results indicating that tour guides perceive tourism to have positive economic and environmental impacts. However, surveyed tour guides thought that tourism in the area stimulated prevalence of bad behaviours like prostitution, alcoholism, and gambling. Furthermore, the results indicate that tour guides perceive tourism to increase imbalance and inequality in economic benefits. The results complement previous studies by capturing tour guides’ views as well as testing the Social Exchange Theory. Furthermore, the results offer insights to destination managers and policy makers on possible interventions in furthering holistic and sustainable destination management. Keywords: Tourism, Culture, Tour Guides, Tanzania, Perception, Impacts
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Diao, Xinshen, Josaphat Kweka, Margaret McMillan, and Zara Qureshi. "Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: New Evidence from Tanzania." World Bank Economic Review 34, Supplement_1 (December 24, 2019): S58—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz035.
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Abstract Tanzania's rapid labor productivity growth has been accompanied by a proliferation of small, largely informal firms. Using Tanzania's first nationally representative survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—this paper explores the nature of these businesses. It finds that these firms are located in both rural and urban areas and that they operate primarily in trade services and manufacturing. Roughly half of all business owners say they would not leave their job for a full-time salaried position. Fifteen percent of these small businesses contribute significantly to economy-wide labor productivity. The most important policy implication of the evidence presented in this paper is that if the goal is to grow MSMEs with the potential to contribute to productive employment, policies must be targeted at the most promising firms.
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Landau, Loren B. "Challenge without transformation: refugees, aid and trade in western Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 1 (March 2004): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0300449x.
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Through a comparison of two rural Tanzanian districts, this paper traces the effects of a humanitarian influx – the arrival of refugees and international relief – on the economic practices of the host population in one western Tanzanian district (Kasulu). It argues that, despite popular and Government claims to the contrary, there is little evidence that the influx has effected a transformation of citizens' economic lives. While changes in exchange and resource use patterns have occurred in the five years since the influx began, they are not fundamental and many are better attributed to shifts in macro-economic policy than to the refugees, the presence of the relief agencies or the distribution of humanitarian aid. The fact that the influx has not induced a shift towards increased market activity and capitalist modes of production not only challenges government and popular pronouncements, but also reaffirms the resilience of localised modes of production against external market pressures.
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Kihiyo, Vincent B. M. S. "Economic Evaluation of Rural Woodlots in a Developing Country: Tanzania." Journal of Environmental Management 46, no. 3 (March 1996): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1996.0021.
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Mwigeka, Samwel. "Do Budget Deficit Crowds out Private Investment: A Case of Tanzanian Economy." American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i1.378.
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The existing high budget deficit in Tanzanian economy has created an immense concern among economic policy analysts. The study investigates whether budget deficits crowd out or crowd in private investment in Tanzania, using annual data covering the period from 1970 to 2012. Using the Johansen cointegration test suggests there is at least one cointegration vector among these variables. Under such circumstances, we employed a vector error correction model (VEC), since it offers more and better information compared to other data generation processes. The results point to a close long–term relationship between private investment, and other variables included in the study. Results suggest that budget deficits significantly crowds out private investment. These results substantiate the theoretical predictions and are also supported by previous studies. The paper recommends that government should redirect it fiscal policy that would favor the private investor by discouraging high government expenditure and maintaining a low fiscal deficit. Also, to avoid crowding out effect, capital market should be used to finance budget deficit.
JEL Classifications Code: H6
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Marijani, Ramadhani. "BOOK REVIEW." Journal of African Politics 2, no. 1&2 (December 29, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58548/2022jap212.131137.
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A decade ago, one of the foremost public management scholars Donald Kettl, remarked that the government failed to meet public expectations because many of the current problems we face do not match the institutions we have created to govern them (Kettl,2008). How do we then construct institutions and maintain better regulations? Do we have the capacity to design a better regulatory policy which would embrace a wide array of diversified interests in Tanzania? The Committee for Economic Development (2017) have proposed the following guidelines for countries to design and execute rational regulations policies and avoid cronyism: (i) Better information, that is, the data and economic analysis, the "tools" in the regulatory armamentarium, used in the planning and evaluation of regulations; (ii) Better oversight and monitoring of the regulatory policy process, institutions and people involved—the regulators, or "the carpenters" who build and maintain the regulations; and (iii) Better collaboration between input from regulators and all stakeholders (including businesses and the general public). Mark. J. Mwandosya's Regulatory Challenges in Africa: An Empirical Analysis is a stunning book. The author's rich experience as a seasoned scholar and practitioner accords him with the imprimatur needed to address the regulatory challenges in Africa. His choice of Public and economic utilities is even more timely as Africa and Tanzania particularly struggle with regulatory and governance challenges.
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SULEIMAN, AMRAN SAID, and Sahim Abdalla Juma. "An assessment on how China Foreign Direct Investment Policy (FDI) Stimulate Development in African Countries: the case of Tanzania." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 2763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v11i3.5113.
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In this paper we have reviewed a case study which assess how China Foreign Direct Investment Policy (FDI) Stimulate Development in African Countries: The Case of Tanzania. FDI significantly increase the domestic in Africa both in monetary terms and also increase the gross of domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, FDI is an approach of changes the experiences and skills in different sectors like technology, market, infrastructures, education etc. African countries remain as recipient of the FDI inflows but still the out flows are very low especially in East African countries (Tanzania is one among the East African Countries). Also suggest that it is the time now African leaders to rethink again about their investment strategy to ensure other sectors like education, technology and infrastructures. Thus, provides more room for investors in those particular areas. In addition to that, the leaders must change their economic policy to attract more investors to invest in different sectors.
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Churk, J. P. "Digital Communication for Civic Engagement Opportunity in Urban Tanzania." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH 8, no. 2 (November 14, 2022): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26437/ajar.31.10.2022.26.
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Purpose: This study examined the use of digital smartphone interaction for civic and public communication in the public sphere. It focuses on how policymakers perceive digital public communication among youths who constitute the majority of smartphone users in Tanzania.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: It is designed as a case study involving a qualitative data collection method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with policy experts in Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania.
Findings: Outcomes show that policy experts mainly focus on digital economic capacity building and less on the opportunities for developing civic and public communication as an important component of societal development.
Research Limitation: The study is designed as a case study thus limiting the generalisation of findings.
Practical implications: The study suggests policy guidelines for facilitating youths’ participation in the public sphere as a strategy to guide the utilisation of smartphones to promote engagement in civic and public life specifically for youths as a trajectory towards societal development.
Social implications: The study creates awareness among youths to use smartphone interaction to participate in civic and public communication as an emerging crucial aspect of societal development in the digital era.
Originality/ Value: The study will contribute to improving citizens’ knowledge of civic and public engagement via new media for achieving development.
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Rupia, Clara. "Provision of Quality Art Education in Tanzania: Opportunities and Challenges." East African Journal of Education Studies 5, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.5.2.811.
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Quality education is of paramount importance to social-economic development. It avails the requisite human capital for production, and nationwide strength and competitiveness. Arts education entails knowledge, training, and formation founded on all arts. Quality arts education promotes emotional development, cognitive achievement, knowledge, skills, and competence of learners. Tanzania realized the importance of arts education mainly after Arusha Declaration of 1967 where the philosophy of Education for Self-Reliance (ESR) monopolized the education policy of the country. Such move was in line with Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which stipulates the right for individuals to enjoy arts. Progressively in 1997, the government introduced Tanzania Cultural Policy (TCP) where arts education was the hub and in 2008 the government introduced arts subjects in the secondary school curriculum as examinable subjects. Tanzania has continued to promote arts education in various ways and currently the government is focusing on cultural and arts small sectors as possible contributors to economic progress and employment. However, Arts education in Tanzania is facing numerous challenges such as; most curriculum developers do not place a great value on arts education, educational and cultural policies are not totally associated with one another, teachers’ colleges have few arts education programmes. Moreover, some societies do not recognize the discipline’s importance, which has breached its social identity and position in education. Thus, it is recommended in this paper that in order to achieve quality arts education, the government and other stakeholders should jointly work to provide the required support to secure enhanced standards in arts education provision. For instance, the state should avail and retain effective trained arts education instructors at all levels and arts education programmes should be reviewed to respond to the global needs. Conclusively, quality arts training is a critical aspect of holistic education and it promotes self-concept, identity, oneness, and diversity in society. Thus, arts education should be given the same priority like other academic disciplines in the curriculum.
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Makoto, Richard, Takawira Mumvuma, and Phineas G. Kadenge. "Public Debt Composition, Debt Policy Rules and Growth in Selected SADC Countries." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 1063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i3.1165.
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Purpose: This study examined the relative effect of debt composition and debt reduction policy rule on economic growth in selected SADC countries which are Mauritius, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Design/Methodology/Approach The Markov-switching method was used to estimate the debt growth model for the period 1990Q1-2016Q4
Findings:. The effects of debt proved to be regime dependent which supports the time effects of debt in all countries. High external debt relative to domestic debt had positive effect on growth in Tanzania which is a good reforming country and had negative effects in the case of Zimbabwe which is a debt distressed country. In comparison to Mauritius, a domestic debt dependent country, high domestic debt relative to external debt had negative impact on growth. The effects tend to rise with market pressure and government consumption behaviour. A negative real effect of debt reduction policy rule was confirmed for Zimbabwe and irrelevance in countries with less threat of debt distress.
Implications/Originality/Value Therefore the study found support to the quantity-effect rather than type-effect of debt on growth. We recommended that countries should consider both time and quantity effects of debt in debt management; adopt explicit debt reduction rules which constrain fiscal behaviour and force policy commitment towards debt stabilization.
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Magolanga, Elisha. "Development Journalism Practices on Tanzania’s Social Media: An Analysis of YouTube Online TV." Umma: The Journal of Contemporary Literature and Creative Art 9, no. 1 (2022): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ummaj.v9i1.6.
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Ineffective media engagement of ordinary people in development processes has emerged to be one of the reasons behind slow socio-economic progress in Tanzania. This paper assesses the practice of Development Journalism (DJ) as a tool for mobilising the participation of ordinary people in development programmes. Specifically, the study targets emerging social media platforms, which facilitates the sharing of user-generated content to be shared online. It explores the extent to which YouTube online TV in Tanzania practices development journalism. The fast penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) evolves a media convergence that provides golden opportunities for fostering development journalism through social media (SM) platforms. It addresses one question: To what extent do SM support the growth of DJ in Tanzania? Using quantitative research methods, the study collected data from study a sample of 270 published stories over three months from three YouTube online TV; Mwananchi Digital, Ayo TV and Azam TV. The stories from the online SM platforms associated with the YouTube were measured using Development Journalism principles and indicators as developed by internationally-renowned media academics to determine their DJ status. Historical and political factors affecting DJ have been reviewed and analysed. Key finding reveals low rate of Development Journalism practice through ICTs-powered social media platforms. In fact, the overall number of stories with Development Journalism status is fewer than those with non-Development Journalism status was. Economic, technology and policy actions must complement DJ efforts including training to support the growth of DJ in Tanzania.
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Todd, Gemma, Ibrahim Msuya, Francis Levira, and Irene Moshi. "City Profile: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10, no. 2 (August 22, 2019): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425319859175.
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Cities in Africa are experiencing fast urbanization with growing demand for basic services. The city of Dar es Salam, one of the fastest growing cities in the region and the world, is likely to guide the urban future in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam is the former capital city of Tanzania and retains its importance as most of the government offices were located. However, the whole process of complete relocation of government offices to the present capital city of Dodoma might affect the dynamics in Dar es Salaam in the near future. Nevertheless, it is the leading commercial centre and economic hub in Tanzania and is expected to be a mega city by 2030. The growth of the city is construed by both natural increase and high rate of migration. However, the city’s organic growth was affected by racial-based residential segregation under the colonial regime, whose imprints are evident to date. In this profile, an overview of Dar es Salaam’s colonial, post-colonial, social, economic and location factors that led to urbanization is provided. This profile highlights the previous, current and future challenges, and explores the pathways to enhance sustainability and transformation of Dar es Salaam to be a smart city. Poor implementation of master plans led to minimal guidance of city growth, but the current land and and human settlement policy emphasizes on sustainable approach in urban planning including low costs but sustainable settlements even for the urban poor. Such transformation requires government and city management to invest in better planning implementation, creation of database that will inform future planning, improvement in social services such as infrastructure, access to quality and affordable housing, water and electricity supply. This paper contributes to the existing literature on nature of cities in developing countries, which had been affected by colonialism and poor implementation of policies, and suggest ways in which cities can to become smarter and sustainable.
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Mwase, Ngila. "The Collapse of the National Road Haulage Company in Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 4 (December 1985): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00055038.
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The post-colonial evolution of the Tanzanian economy has been strongly influenced by public policy, notably since the adoption of the Arusha Declaration in 1967,1 which established the following guidelines:1. Self-reliance, albeit not self-sufficiency or autarky, since, at least in theory, selected foreign assistance may be the catalyst rather than the basis of development.2. General social equality, aimed at regional, inter-personal, and rural—urban equity.3. Socialist and co-operative economic activities, emphasising priority for rural development per se, with a bias towards co-operative work through communal ujamaa villages.4. Public ownership and control of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy.
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Chile, Love M., and Dayal Talukder. "The Paradox of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh and Tanzania." American Journal of Trade and Policy 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v1i1.358.
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This paper examines some of the contradictions and theoretical ambiguities of agricultural trade liberalizationon the welfare of smallholder farmers. Using production, consumption and price data for pre-and post-liberalization periods for two main agricultural crops from Bangladesh (rice) and Tanzania (maize) we critically analyse the correlation between domestic and international prices of rice in Bangladesh and maize in Tanzania to estimate impact of agricultural trade liberalization on price stability/volatility and food security to measure economic benefits of trade liberalization on smallholder farmers. Using coefficient of variation of the level of prices (CV) and corrected coefficient of variation (CCV) as measured by Huchet-Bourdon (2011) we found that the values of both CV and CCV for consumer price in the post-liberalisation were quite large suggesting greater volatility of consumer price of rice in Bangladesh and maize in Tanzania in the post-liberalization period. We conclude that price volatility diminishes the potential benefits of agricultural trade liberalization forsmallholder farmers who are net-deficit producers, net-deficit sellers and recommend supplementary policy interventions to achieve enhanced welfare from trade liberalization.
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Kapaya, Saganga Mussa. "Stock market development and economic growth in Tanzania: an ARDL and bound testing approach." Review of Economics and Political Science 5, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-11-2019-0150.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to empirical evidence by recognizing the importance of stock markets in the financial system and consequently its causality to economic growth and vice versa. Design/methodology/approach The study used the autoregressive distribute lag model (ARDL) with bound testing procedures, the sample covered quarterly time-series data from 2001q1 to 2019q2 in Tanzania. Findings The results suggest that stock market development have both negative and positive causality for both short-run dynamics and long-run relationship with economic growth. Economic growth is found to only cause and relate negatively to liquidity both in the short-run and in the long-run. The results show predominantly a unidirectional causality flow from stock market development to economic growth and finds partial causality flow from economic growth to stock market development, as represented by stock market turnover which proxied liquidity. Originality/value The use of quarterly data to reflect more realistically the dynamics of the variables because yearly data may sometimes cover-up specific dynamics that may be useful for prediction and policy planning. The study uses indices to capture general aspects within the stock market against economic growth as an intuitive way to aggregate the stock market development effects.
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Bundala, Ntogwa N. "Hidden Demographics Barriers of the Economic Growth: A Psychometric Approach." International Journal of Business, Management and Economics 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 24–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijbme.v3i1.471.
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This paper examined the hidden demographic barriers of economic growth. The study used a cross-sectional survey researches design. The primary data were collected by using a psychometric scale from 211 individuals who were randomly sampled from the Mwanza and Kagera regions in Tanzania. The data were linearly analysed by the weighted least squares (WLS) and Analysis weighted- automatic linear modelling (AW-ALM), and non-linearly analysed by Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and neural network analysis (NNA). The study found that the main hidden demographic barrier to economic growth is the negative subjective well-being of an individual’s current age and education level. Moreover, the GMM revealed that there is no significant data or regional clusters or classes in the study population. Furthermore, NNA evidenced the most effective predictor of economic growth is age, followed by education. The study concluded that the most hidden demographic factors that hinder economic growth are negative perceptions of an individual on his/her current age and level of education, not the age maturity, and education level. Operationally or practically, the paper implicates several socio-economical policies, mostly the national aging policy (NAP), the National Education and Training policy (NETP), the National Employment Policy (NEP), and regulations /laws on national social security funds schemes at national, regional and global levels. Therefore, the paper recommended that government and other education stakeholders increase the policy commitment on the mathematics, science, and technology subjects to be compulsory for primary and secondary schools, and the extension of the retirement age from 60 years (voluntary) to 65 years (compulsory)
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Sumbai, Gasiano G. N. "Revival of the New East African Community: A New Era of Economic Integration or Re-division among African Regional Powers?" Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211114.
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This paper examines the forces behind the revival of the East African Community in 1999 and its impact on the structural economic relations in East African countries. It uses political economy as a guiding theory in the analysis. Drawing on a range of written sources ranging from documents of the East Africa Community itself and Southern Africa Development Community such as declarations, protocols, policy statements, trade statistics and parliamentary speeches and secondary sources such as books and newspapers, this paper demonstrates that the interface between the global and regional forces relating to the demise of the Cold War and an effort to create new regional and global structural relations in the post-Cold War caused East African states to revive the defunct East African Community as part of the post-Cold War realignment. Kenya as a regional economic powerhouse driven by agricultural, manufacturing, financial and tourism sectors struggled to protect her national economic interests through regional integration that would limit the growing influence of the post-Apartheid South Africa in eastern Africa. Despite the revival of the Community, the integration did not facilitate Tanzania and Uganda to address the colonial structural economic imbalances, some of which were economic legacies and others emerged during the post-colonial period. Therefore, Tanzania and Uganda continued to depend on Western Europe, North America, Japan and China as their major trading partners, source of capital and technology while Kenya continued to be a regional economic powerhouse.
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Throup, David W. "Joel Barkan and Kenya." African Studies Review 59, no. 3 (December 2016): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.82.
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Abstract:Joel Barkan’s interest in Kenya as a high school student inspired a lifetime’s commitment to the country and wider East African region, reflected in his three edited volumes comparing political, economic, and policy developments in Kenya and Tanzania, his work as USAID’s Regional Democracy and Governance Advisor in the early 1990s, and his continuing engagement with the country’s political development through his work at CSIS and his role as founder and chair of the Kenya Working Group, the Washington, D.C.–based lobbying group.
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Byaro, Mwoya, Abeli Kinyondo, and Patrick Musonda. "Economic growth and under-five malaria mortality in Tanzania mainland: from correlation analysis to causality." International Journal of Health 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v5i1.7533.
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This paper establishes empirical evidence related with correlation and causality between economic growth (as measured by GDP per capita) and under-five malaria mortality in Tanzania Mainland. The goal is to contribute knowledge on the existing relationship between economic growth and under-five malaria mortality. Correlation and scatter regression analysis plot were employed to find out the relationship among the (GDP per Capita), Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) distributed, Human Resources (physicians and nurses) and under-five malaria mortality from the year 2004 to 2015. Moreover, Granger Causality test was applied to test the causal link between the economic growth and under-five malaria Mortality. The economic growth (as measured by GDP per Capita) and number of ITNs distributed under various malaria campaigns have significant unidirectional causality to under-five malaria mortality while there is no causality evidence between human resource for health (physicians and nurses) and under-five malaria mortality despite the observed correlation relationship. Since economic growth and ITNs have unidirectional causal link with under-five malaria mortality, it implies that any changes in GDP per Capita and ITNs will change under-five malaria mortality. The researchers and policy makers need to gather more evidence on ITNs and economic growth to assess the risk of under-five malaria mortality to inform decision making.
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Lwesya, Francis. "SMEs’ competitiveness and international trade in the era of Global Value Chains (GVCs) in Tanzania: An assessment and future challenges." Small Business International Review 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): e325. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/sbir.v5i1.325.
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International trade continues to play a crucial role in economic transformation in African countries. The rise of Global Value Chains (GVCs) presents opportunities through which international trade can be effectively conducted. GVCs facilitate organization of trade, international production and investment by locating different stages of production process across varied countries. This presents opportunities to integrate Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) into global trading systems but also may generate challenges particularly to resource constrained SMEs. Reviewing the challenges for the participation in international trade and possible integration into GVCs by Tanzania’s SMEs, the results show that the major challenges for SMEs internationalization are international marketing related constraints and global competition (69%), supply side constraints (56%), unfriendly investment climate (50%) and financial constraints (37.5%). As such, the role of trade policies remains critical in mitigating some of these challenges through formulating friendly legal and regulatory frameworks, enhancing SMEs productivity by building their managerial and technical capacities, minimizing trade costs, and increasing trade openness. However, given the current global, regional and domestic developments in Tanzania, trade policies need review so as to respond to the changing global trade landscape but also promote policy harmony, coherence and complementarities among varying implementing institutions, deficiency of which is debilitating policy implementation at present
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Wasim, Syeda Zuimah, Khurram Iftikhar, and Syed Zia Abbas Rizvi. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL INCLUSION, TRADE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.757.
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This study inspects relation between financial inclusion, trade, and economic growth in twenty-four developing countries namely Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Kuwait, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Moldova, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia from period 2004-2020(both inclusive) by scrutinizing effect of financial inclusion and trade on economic growth with an emphasis on whether financial inclusion catalyzes ‘the influence of trade on economic growth by employing Newey West standard approach, Feasible Generalized Least Square, Pooled Ordinary Least Square regression, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model. Results found a strong, significant, and positive association linking financial inclusion and trade with economic growth. Policy implications are developing countries should frame and execute pro-growth policies to enhance financial inclusion which will boost the impact of trade on growth. Moreover, developing economies should establish more multilateral trade agreements, diversify their export baskets and ensure that trade happens through formal financial institutions Keywords: Financial inclusion index, Trade, Economic growth, FGLS. JEL Codes: E01, F1, G53
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Laramee, Jeannette, and Jennifer Davis. "Economic and environmental impacts of domestic bio-digesters: Evidence from Arusha, Tanzania." Energy for Sustainable Development 17, no. 3 (June 2013): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.02.001.
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Luhunga, Philbert Modest. "Projection of extreme climatic events related to frequency over different regions of Tanzania." Journal of Water and Climate Change 13, no. 3 (February 9, 2022): 1297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2022.357.
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Abstract In recent years, extreme climatic events such as heavy rainfall and droughts are common and have contributed to the loss of lives, damage of properties, destruction of the environment and socio-economic livelihood of people predominantly in many developing countries. Characterizing these events to understand their temporal and spatial evolution is of great considerable benefit to different sectors; for instance, energy, agriculture, health and water resource sectors. In this study, we use the outputs of regional climate models to characterize the temporal and spatial evolution of extreme climatic events over Tanzania. Results reveal that all regions across Tanzania are projected to experience a statistically significant increased frequency of extreme climatic events related to temperatures. However, the frequency of extreme climatic events related to rainfall is projected to increase at a non-significant level across most regions. The presented increase in extreme climatic events is likely to pose significant damage to the agriculture sector, water sector and other socio-economic livelihoods of people over many regions in Tanzania. It is therefore recommended that appropriate policies should be put in place to help different sectors and communities at large to adapt to the projected increase in extreme climatic events, especially on the projected warming of near-surface temperatures.
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Oreku, G. S. "Application of digital technology in enhancing tax revenue collection: the case of micro businesses in Tanzania." Journal of Tax Reform 7, no. 2 (2021): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.2.097.
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In spite of the importance of Micro Businesses (MBs) in forming a wide tax base, there isn’t a clear practical approach to tax administration of MBs in many developing countries. Specifically, there is limited information on how digital technology can address tax administration challenges for MBs. This paper explores the potentials of digital technology to enhance tax revenue collection and its administration to Micro Businesses in the Tanzanian context. The data on tax administration, challenges impeding tax administration to MBs, and the potential of digital technology used in tax administration were collected by questionnaire and interview. Interviews were conducted with 24 informants from Tanzania Revenue Authority, and 137 Micro Business candidates from various business sectors were provided with a questionnaire in Dar es Salaam, which is the head office of tax administration and the economic hub of Tanzania. Thematic approach was used to analyse the qualitative data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data through SPPS. The findings revealed that the current tax practices to MBs do not comply with tax theories of low administration cost, wide tax base, and simple-to-administer tax procedure. The findings revealed that the challenges like lack of record keeping, lack of knowledge on tax payment procedures, unknown tax collection channels, and multiple taxes can be tackled by establishing strong relationship mechanisms between TRA and MBs and using digital technology solutions to tackle challenges. The study suggests some digital technology solutions to address the challenges. Leading to that practical aspect of tax administration that can guide policy makers and tax administrators was introduced.