Academic literature on the topic 'Tanzania, Theatre for Development'

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Journal articles on the topic "Tanzania, Theatre for Development"

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JOHANSSON, DR OLA. "The Lives and Deaths of Zakia: How AIDS Changed African Community Theatre and Vice Versa." Theatre Research International 32, no. 1 (March 2007): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883306002525.

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This article discusses the functions of African community theatre in general, and its preventive capacity in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in particular. By delineating the parallel developments of community theatre and HIV prevention, the reciprocal needs of the practices are assessed in light of certain cases in Tanzania. This country has taken a leading position in the implementation of sustainable and locally owned theatre projects, but the challenges of the AIDS epidemic have proven so vast that the previously assumed purposes of community theatre must be called into question. Rather than being viewed as a means in itself, or a means for rapid change, community theatre is viewed as a relational means in coordinated programmes against AIDS. However, in spite of functioning as an exceptional relational agency for the most exposed cohort in the epidemic (women aged between fifteen and twenty-four), the social, gender and epidemic predicaments will persist as long as policy-makers do not fully recognize the status of young people and the capacity of community theatre.
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Mlama, Penina. "Popular theatre and development‐challenges for the future: The Tanzanian experience." Contemporary Theatre Review 12, no. 1-2 (January 2002): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10486800208568651.

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Plastow. "Karibuni Wanachi: Theatre for Development in Tanzania, by Julie Koch, and Theatre for Development in Kenya: In Search of an Effective Procedure and Methodology, by Christopher J. Odhiambo." Research in African Literatures 41, no. 1 (2010): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.2010.41.1.182.

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White, Michael. "Resources for a Journey of Hope: the Work of Welfare State International." New Theatre Quarterly 4, no. 15 (August 1988): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00002748.

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Founded by John Fox in Bradford in 1968, Welfare State International – WSI for short – is a consortium of freelance associates, many of whom have a fine art background. Funded by the Arts Council to research prototype forms of visual, celebratory theatre and ceremonial art, the company has achieved an international reputation for its original and pioneering work, having worked for and with communities throughout Britain and Europe, and as far afield as Japan, Australia, the USA, Canada, and Tanzania. Handcrafted celebratory events may variously incorporate specially made pyrotechnic animations, iceworks, architectural lanterns, carnival orchestras, oratorios of popular song, clay grottoes, mobile tableaux of performance art, theatrical transformations, surreal films, and infernal sculptural machines. WSI has consistently explored the territory between theatrical product and applied anthropology. In the original series of Theatre Quarterly, a feature in TQ8 (1972), compiled by John Fox, described and illustrated the company's early years, and in 1983 Tony Coult and Baz Kershaw edited a ‘Welfare State Handbook’ for Methuen, entitled Engineers of the Imagination. As the company celebrates its twentieth anniversary, its Development Director, Michael White, looks at some current directions and preoccupations in WSI's work and thinking.
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Bertz, Ned. "INDIAN OCEAN WORLD CINEMA: VIEWING THE HISTORY OF RACE, DIASPORA AND NATIONALISM IN URBAN TANZANIA." Africa 81, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972010000045.

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ABSTRACTThis essay considers the role of Hindi films in urban Tanzania in writing new chronologies of Indian Ocean world history. Examining films and movie theatres through overlapping local, national and transnational lenses, the article contributes to our understandings of the encounter between the Indian diaspora and nationalism in East Africa, and extends the history of Indian Ocean world connections into the second half of the twentieth century. In order to escape the historiographical dialectic between nation and diaspora which splits scholarship on Hindi films overseas, cinema needs to be denationalized, and everyday social histories of urban cinema halls can then be framed within the Indian Ocean world. To do so successfully, however, we must challenge scholarship which asserts the collapse of this world in the early modern or colonial period (at the latest), in order to extend an Indian Ocean scale to capture the vibrant twentieth-century creation of a regional popular culture. The history of Bombay films in urban Tanzania thus enables a viewing of the transnational production of culture, and the ways in which cross-cultural flows are part of the construction of important categories like race and nationalism across the history of East Africa.
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Le Lay, Maëline. "Koch (Jule), Karibuni Wananchi. Theatre for Development in Tanzania. Variations and Tendencies. Bayreuth : Pia Thelmann & Eckhard Breitinger / University of Bayreuth, coll. Bayreuth African Studies n°85, 2008, 193 p., bibl., index – ISBN 978-3-939661-06-1." Études littéraires africaines, no. 26 (2008): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035148ar.

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Schmidt, Nancy J., and Jane Plastow. "African Theatre and Politics: The Evolution of Theatre in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe." International Journal of African Historical Studies 32, no. 2/3 (1999): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220429.

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Coleman, Claire. "Applied theatre: development." Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance 21, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569783.2016.1159125.

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Young-Jahangeer, Miranda. "Applied theatre: development." South African Theatre Journal 29, no. 1-3 (September 2016): xiii—xvi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10137548.2016.1219529.

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Riccio, Thomas. "Tanzanian Theatre, From Marx to the Marketplace." TDR/The Drama Review 45, no. 1 (March 2001): 128–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420401300079095.

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This is one of two articles in this TDR about Tanzanian perfor-mance. Riccio asks, What has been the “journey of Tanzania” from tribalism through colonialism to Marxism, and then to capital-ism and globalization as represented in performance?
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tanzania, Theatre for Development"

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Shule, Vicensia. "Sanaa kwa maendeleo Tanzania: kati ya kujiweza na kuwezwa." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-162799.

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Theatre for Development (TfD) is a process whereby the community uses theatre, especially African traditional theatre forms, to address their development issues. In Tanzania, TfD came as a result of many factors; poor communication approaches used by the state in addressing development in the late 1970s, the economic crisis of the 1970s, the implementation of IMF and World Bank pressure to adopt Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) among others. Liberal policies imposed mostly from Euro-America proposed non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to replace the state in addressing development, as they were perceived to be more democratic and less authoritative. Most of the supported activities of NGOs became those linked to development or that are in the position to bring about development in the fields of health, sanitation, education, gender, and democracy. Therefore, even theatre that was supported by donors was linked to or addressed ‘development’. In most cases, funding institutions have their own objectives, missions, and goals to fulfil. This paper tries to question the role of TfD in present Tanzania. It argues that, since most of the TfD projects have been funded by foreign donors and communities have no economic control of their own development concerns, it is clear that TfD is playing a double deal, community empowerment on the one hand and disempowerment on the other.
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Sonderstrup, Soren. "Film for Change, Communication Rights and Social Change in Tanzania." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21495.

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The thesis presents a view of film for change set against the manifold approaches, practices or ideologies influencing it, and analysis it as a tool for the self-representation, self-determination and mediation of marginalised people in the face of globalization and the democratization of communication. It seeks to find an answer to the question of how film for change works as a method to empower the disadvantaged inhabitants of three villages in Tanzania, where fieldwork was carried out. The thesis tracks down core parameters that connect the visual communication experience to the social reality and bear the potential to change it. The use of visual communication technology, interactive and horizontal communication practices, fictionalizations and empowerment strategies enable processes among spectators and participants that permit them to reframe or reconsider representations that they witness. Film for change potentially reaches beyond the community and through convergence with Web 2.0 into the much larger public sphere, nationally as well as globally. The thesis suggests that film for change should be adapted to the present day media environment as citizens’ media, whereby media users also become media producers and start broadcasting self-communicated alternatives to the images and interpretations produced by established media corporations that dominate the global flows of information. In this way film for change connects to the right to communicate and becomes a tool for citizens to influence power relations and advocate social change.
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Edmondson, Laura. "Popular theatre in Tanzania : locating tradition, woman, nation /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Kigombe, Novetha [Verfasser]. "On the management of Theatre Groups in Urban Tanzania / Novetha Kigombe." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1117028410/34.

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Lihamba, Amandina. "Politics and theatre in Tanzania after the Arusha Declaration : 1967-1984." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289801.

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Sakamoto, Kumiko. "Social development, culture, and participation : toward theorizing endogenous development in Tanzania /." Electronic version of summary Electronic version of examination, 2003. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/3489.pdf.

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Boulay, Basile. "Essays on agricultural development in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52094/.

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This thesis is made of three self-contained essays on the agricultural sector of Tanzania, each of them focusing on an aspect of direct policy relevance. In the first essay, I study whether an inverse relationship exists between cultivated area and physical productivity (yield per acre) for a set of important annual crops. I define size as the area of a plot on which a crop is grown, thus introducing a more disaggregated level of analysis than the common plot or crop levels of analysis. I control for the existing hypotheses in the literature potentially explaining this inverse relationship and propose to control for two new hypotheses which are only testable at this level of analysis. In the second essay, I look at output marketing for a set of important crops. I stress the links between the market failure theoretical narrative and empirical applications, and argue this has resulted in less attention being paid to the reasons why farmers may enter -or not- the market for a particular crop. I estimate participation and supply equations for a set of important crops and show that the rationale for entry differs across crops. This calls for a more flexible conception of `the market'. The first two essays use the Tanzanian National Panel Surveys to conduct econometric analysis. The third essay is based on primary data collected in 2016 in order to carry analysis of the Bambara nut, an underutilised crop. Because underutilised crops hardly feature in national datasets, primary data is needed to understand their socio-economic dynamics. Focusing on the Mtwara region of Tanzania, I study the importance of Bambara for local livelihoods using a mixed-methods study based on both quantitative and qualitative data. This study contributes to the growing interest on underutilised crops and their importance in designing more sustainable agricultural strategies.
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Lazimah, John E. "Energy development strategies for sustainability and development in Tanzania." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ42315.pdf.

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Maghimbi, Samuel Joseph. "Rural development policy and planning in Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495951.

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The thesis examin~ rural development in Tanzania from the precolonial period to~present time. The work is a historical study. It is shown that the pre-colonial rural economies were prosperous in crops and animals. Disruption and decline of these economies commenced towards the end of the last century. Depopulation, war and disease contributed to the decline. Colonial agricultural, trading and trades licensing policies are shown to have contributed to the process of creating rural backwardness. Rural backwardness manifests itself basically as rural poverty. Colonial marketing policies which helped to marginalize the peasant economy are analysed. A description of land alienation policies and their consequences on the rural economy is made. Measures by the authorities to stimulate rapid economic change in rural areas by bypassing the peasants are investigated. The crisis of large scale mechanized farming is outlined. Attempts by the policy makers and planners to rediscover the peasant in the transformation approach to rural planning are examined. The attempts by the peasants to organize themselves to promote rural development and the problems associated with this organization are critically explored in relationship to the policy maker~ attempts to control and patronize the peasant economy. Government policies and plans including grand plans aimed at the peasant to bring rapid economic and social development in the countryside are critically evaluated. The level of development of the peasant economy is elaborated empirically. The theory is advanced that the backwardness of the peasant economy is a result of bad policies and plans and exploitation and misunderstanding of the peasant by other agencies like the state and marketing institutions. The family farm is investigated in comparison to the large scale mechanized state farm. The superiority of the family farm in organization and capacity to survive harsh market and technical conditions and to create jobs is demonstrated. A theory on peasant farming in Tanzania is constructed and a theory on the causes of rural backwardness is tested. The nature of the Tanzanian state and its relevance to rural development are investigated. The failure by the state to formulate and execute sound policies and plans on rural development is demonstrated. The conclusion is reached that in rural development the work of actual production at the farm level should be left to the peasant himself because he can do the job best and at lower costs and that the government should only concern itself with improving rural transport and marketing.
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Rukuni, Samuel. "Theatre-for-development in Zimbabwe : the Ziya Theatre Company production of Sunrise." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27465.

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This dissertation for the M.A. in Creative Writing consists of a full-length play, titled Last Laugh and a mini-dissertation. The mini-dissertation explores the phenomenon of Theatre-for-Development, which differs significantly from the performance tradition of classical African drama. The study identifies ways in which Theatre-for-Development practitioners, animators or catalysts, (interchangeable names given to agents who teach target community members theatre-for-development skills) abandon the conventions of classical African drama performances, in terms of the form of plays, stage management and costumes. They find different and less formal ways to tackle the social problems which the target communities experience. The origins of Classical African drama are traced from the western tradition, from which it borrows heavily, and there is some discussion of the socio-historical conditions that prevailed during the time when African playwrights performed those plays, and the rise of nationalism in colonised African states, which in part influenced their production. This study then examines how the socio-political dynamics in the Zimbabwean post-farm-invasions era gave rise to Theatre-for-Development projects in the newly resettled farming communities that faced social development challenges. Despite the land gains peasants enjoyed, the resettled communities found themselves in places far away from schools, hospitals, shops and social service centres. That was the source of their problems. It will be shown how government sponsored Theatre-for-Development groups to mobilise the people, through theatre, to initiate home-groomed solutions to their social and economic problems during a time when the government was bankrupt and the country’s economy was shattered by the destruction of the agricultural and mining sectors, triggered by the invasions of the white commercial farms. The Ziya Community Theatre’s production of Sunrise is analysed in the light of these considerations.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
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Books on the topic "Tanzania, Theatre for Development"

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Karibuni Wananchi: Theatre for development in Tanzania : variations and tendencies. Eckersdorf: P. Thielmann & E. Breitinger, 2008.

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Embassy, of the Federal Republic of Germany Dar es Salaam. Tanzania-German development cooperation. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2006.

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Ahlbäck, Arnold J. Forestry for development in Tanzania. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, 1988.

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Third World development experience: Tanzania. Delhi: Daya Pub. House, 1990.

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Opportunities for mineral resource development , Tanzania. 4th ed. [Dar es Salaam]: Ministry of Energy and Minerals, United Republic of Tanzania, 2005.

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Serkkola, Ari. Rural development in Tanzania: A bibliography. Helsinki: Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki, 1987.

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Banham, Martin, Femi Osofisan, Jane Plastow, and James Gibbs. African theatre in development. Edited by Banham Martin, Gibbs James, Osofisan Femi, and Plastow Jane. Oxford: James Curry, 1999.

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Flynn, Alex, and Jonas Tinius, eds. Anthropology, Theatre, and Development. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137350602.

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Mukangara, Fenella. Women in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Tanzania Gender Networking Programme, 1997.

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Hoseah, Edward. Corruption and struggle for development in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tanzania, Theatre for Development"

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Flinn, Kevin. "Forum theatre." In Leadership Development, 104–24. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315678269-6.

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Mohamed, Sarah, Gavin Fraser, and Estomih N. Sawe. "Biofuel Policies in Tanzania." In Bioenergy for Sustainable Development in Africa, 183–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2181-4_15.

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Tague, Joanna T. "Displaced agents of development." In Displaced Mozambicans in Postcolonial Tanzania, 160–90. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in the modern history of Africa: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429461293-5.

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Depetris Chauvin, Nicolas, Guido Porto, and Francis Mulangu. "The Case of Tanzania." In Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, 25–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53858-6_3.

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Armstrong, Allen. "Refugees and Agricultural Development in Tanzania." In Migrants in Agricultural Development, 206–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11830-4_13.

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Gibson, Alan, and Leon Tomesen. "19. AMKA, Tanzania: Export marketing development services." In Business Development Services, 253–66. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442808.019.

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Henson, David, and Kenneth Pickering. "The Origins and Development of Musical Theatre." In Musical Theatre, 85–106. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-33163-2_7.

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Jagire, Jennifer M. "Indigenous Women Science Teachers of Tanzania." In Indigenist African Development and Related Issues, 163–80. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-659-2_11.

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Constantino, Renato. "Synthetic culture and development." In The Applied Theatre Reader, 268–71. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429355363-51.

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Flynn, Alex, and Jonas Tinius. "Reflecting on Political Performance: Introducing Critical Perspectives." In Anthropology, Theatre, and Development, 1–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137350602_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tanzania, Theatre for Development"

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Abdulkadir, K. A. "Theatre audience crisis and suitable solutions." In First International Symposium on Urban Development. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/isud130261.

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John, T., S. Solymar, and L. Jetlund Hansen. "Tanzania Block 2: From Discovery to Development." In First EAGE Eastern Africa Petroleum Geoscience Forum. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414460.

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Hallissey, Helen. "READERS' THEATRE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: SOME PRACTICALITIES." In 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1778.

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Bannò, Mariasole, and Giorgia Maria D'Allura. "Art-based methods: Theatre Teaches and Business Theatre." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9249.

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The paper aims to investigate the use of arts in teaching, specifically the art of theater, to provide the new skills searched from the job market. Our work compares the two experiences of the Theatre Teaches performed at University of Brescia and of Business Theatre at University of Catania. The idea of the paper is based on the scientific collaboration among the two co-authors involved, during the last 10 years, on the development of innovative method of teaching focused on non- technical skills. After depicting the incumbent needs of non-technical skills searched from the job market, the comparison on the use of theatre in the two Universities highlighted how both methods support the development of relational, cognitive and managerial soft skills, even if in a different way: when using Theatre Teaches the major skills concern the cognitive ones, while when using Business Theatre the major skills concern the relational ones. Furthermore, it emerges that Theatre Teaches is more effective with cognitive engagement while Business Theatre with emotional engagement. Both are effective in the behavioral engagement (i.e. physical participation in an activity), which emerges as the distinctive characteristic of theatre art-based method.
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Beliaeva, Vera. "LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE THROUGH THEATRE: SECONDARY SCHOOL EXPERIENCE." In 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.1223.

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Loo, Fung Ying, and Fung Chiat Loo. "MUSICAL THEATRE AS A LEARNING TOOL: DAMA ORCHESTRA’S DOCUTAINMENT." In 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.0448.

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Nigro, Libero. "Model-driven development of cyber-physical systems using Theatre." In 2019 IEEE/ACM 23rd International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications (DS-RT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ds-rt47707.2019.8958650.

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Yaroslavova, Elena, and Elena Shraiber. "DRAMA AND THEATRE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2016.1300.

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Carpintero, E., C. Perez, R. Morales, N. Garcia, A. Candela, and JM Azorin. "Development of a robotic scrub nurse for the operating theatre." In 2010 3rd IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biorob.2010.5626941.

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Patturi, Ya V. "Russia And Tanzania: Bilateral Trade Relation Analysis." In CIEDR 2018 - The International Scientific and Practical Conference "Contemporary Issues of Economic Development of Russia: Challenges and Opportunities". Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.04.61.

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Reports on the topic "Tanzania, Theatre for Development"

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Cohen, Marc J., and Tigist Mekuria. Tracing Swedish Development Flows: A study of the traceability of Swedish aid to Tanzania. Development Initiatives; Oxfam, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.3026.

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Vyas, Seema, Jessie Mbwambo, and Charlotte Watts. Contested development? Women’s economic empowerment and intimate partner violence in urban and rural Tanzania. Unknown, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii159.

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Field, Erica, Omar Robles, and Máximo Torero. The Cognitive Link Between Geography and Development: Iodine Deficiency and Schooling Attainment in Tanzania. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13838.

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Livingston, Roderick. Ruminant methane reduction through livestock development in Tanzania. Final report for US Department of Energy and US Initiative on Joint Implementation--Activities Implemented Jointly. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808113.

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Clark, Louise. The Diamond of Influence: A Model For Exploring Behaviour in Research to Policy Linkages. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.011.

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This learning paper presents an initial analysis of the emerging research to policy linkages within the Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA) programme of the Future Agricultures Consortium, which is funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). APRA has an innovative monitoring, evaluation and learning approach known as the ‘Accompanied Learning on Relevance and Effectiveness’ (ALRE), which is being delivered by a small team of embedded evaluation specialists. This paper discusses how ALRE has applied the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour) (Mayne 2018; Mayne 2016; Michie, van Stralen and West 2011) model of behaviour change to explore the interactions and influencing strategies between researchers and policymakers in the context of agricultural policy research in Africa. These insights have produced the Diamond of Influence, a new ALRE-adapted model, which applies each of the COM-B elements to discuss the different aspects of research to policy processes, drawing on examples of how researchers in each of the APRA focus countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe) are engaging in policy spaces.
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Development of a cassava seed certification system in Tanzania: Evaluation of CGIAR contributions to a policy outcome trajectory. International Potato Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4160/9789290605560.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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Abstract:
This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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