Academic literature on the topic 'Tapi Basin'

Climate change information at the scale of basin is vital for planning, development and use of water. The Tapi basin is climatically responsive. Hydrological response of a basin is based mainly on rainfall and temperature. Variations in climate at regional scales impacts fundamental features of our life. Thus, in the present work, trend analyses of regional time series (1971-2004) of minimum, mean, maximum temperatures and rainfallis performed for monthly, annual and seasonal scales for the Tapi basin. Correlogram is utilized for evaluation of dependence of data. Mann-Kendall test and Mann-Kendall test with block bootstrapping are applied for the evaluation of trend significance. Sen’s slope test is applied for the evaluation of trend magnitude. Sequential Mann-Kendall test is applied for assessment of beginning and end of the trend. Statistically significant positive trends are detected in regional annual and winter Tmean time series with their beginning in years 1974 and 1972, respectively.

The study area Tapi River catchment covers 63,922.91 Sq.Km comprising of 5 five Sub-catchments: Purna river catchment (18,473.6 sq.km) Upper Tapi catchment (10,530.3 sq. km), Middle Tapi catchment (4,997.3 sq km), Girna river catchment (10,176.9 sq.km) and lower Tapi catchment (19,282.5 sq.km.). The drainage network of 5 Sub-catchments was delineated using remote sensing data. The morphometric analysis of 5 Sub-catchments has been carried out using GIS softwares – ArcMap. The drainage network showed that the terrain exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. Stream orders ranged from sixth to seventh order. Drainage density varied between 0.39 and 0.43km/ km2and had very coarse to coarse drainage texture. The relief ratio ranged from 0.003 to 0.007. The mean bifurcation ratio varied from 4.24 to 6.10 and falls under normal basin category. The elongation ratio showed that all catchment elongated pattern. Thus, the remote sensing techniques proved to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis.

Water related activity that takes place in one part of a river basin may have consequence in the other part. Any plan related to inter basin transfer of water from a water surplus basin to a deficit basin has to take into account the water availability and demands under the present and future scenarios of water use. Watershed is a hydrologic unit where all stream exit from the common outlet. In the present study, Tapi subcatchment area (Burhanpur watershed) located in inter-state basin of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, India, is selected for the estimation of surface runoff using SWAT model. The SWAT works in conjunction with Arc GIS 9.3. Various parameters Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope derived from DEM, Landuse/Landcover (LULC) and NBSSLUP soil data and temporal data for temperature and precipitation was used as input for the model to predict runoff at the catchment outlet. The model was run from the year 1992 to 1997. The performance of the model in terms of simulated runoff was evaluated using statistical method and compared simulated monthly flow with the observed monthly flow values from 1992 to 1996 to a significant extent. The coefficient of determination (R²) for the monthly runoff values for 1992 to 1996 was observed to be 0.82, 0.68, 0.92, 0.69.

Abstract In the present study, long-term spatio-temporal variability in runoff coefficient (C) for different drainage areas of Upper Tapi basin, India, is analysed. The Upper Tapi basin is divided into two sub-catchments, Burhanpur and Purna, which are contrasting in nature in terms of their physiographic and climatic characteristics. The digital filter algorithm has been used to separate the base flow from observed streamflow for respective drainage areas. The sensitivity of the parameters involved in base flow separation is assessed by incorporating the hydrological and hydrogeological properties of individual drainage areas. The C values are then computed at different temporal scales, namely, daily, monthly, seasonal and annual, for different drainage areas. The effects of physiographic features such as topography, geology, soil type, and land use; and climatic features such as rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration, on the variability of C values are further investigated. The analyses reveal that Burhanpur sub-catchment (C = 0.39) yields higher C value compared to Purna sub-catchment (C = 0.11) at annual time scale. The C values clearly highlight the diversity in response of both sub-catchments, due to their distinct physiographic and climatic characteristics, and enabled us to study the variability in annual water balance of the basin.

L’ouverture de l’Océan Néotéthys au nord du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara s’accompagne d’une phase d’extension. Ceci engendre une phase de subsidence qui se traduit par le dépôt des premières séries syn-rift d’âges Permien moyen à supérieur (formation El Watiah) et Trias inférieur à moyen (formations Bir el Jaja, Ouled Chebbi et Ras Hamia/Kirchaou). Cette étude propose la compréhension de l’architecture stratigraphique et séquentielle des formations triasiques détritiques, et de la partie supérieure clastique de la formation El Watiah. 221 puits et 18 coupes sédimentologiques de terrain (affleurements du Sud tunisien) ont été corrélées à travers l’ensemble du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara. Il est démontré que ces séries s’organisent en 11 séquences de 3ème ordre. 28 cartes d’isochores et de paléogéographie ont été réalisées. D’un point de vue tectonostratigraphique, un épaississement drastique des séquences a notamment été confirmé en direction du nord de la Jeffara, à la faveur d’une subsidence forte et très différentielle. Dans le sud du bassin, un domaine caractérisé par une subsidence faible et peu différentielle a aussi été reconnu. Par ailleurs, une réinterprétation sédimentologique de la formation du TAGI de la région d’El Borma (équivalent latéral de la formation ladinienne Ras Hamia) a été proposée
During the opening of the Neotethys Ocean north of the Ghadames and Jeffara basin, an extensional phase created subsidence. It resulted in the deposition of the first syn-rift strata aged Middle to Upper Permian (El Watiah formation) and Lower to Middle Triassic (Bir el Jaja, Ouled Chebbi and Ras Hamia / Kirchaou formations). This study provides details of the stratigraphic and sequential architecture of triassic siliciclastic series and the upper clastic part of the El Watiah formation. 221 wells and 18 sedimentological field sections (outcrops from south Tunisia) have been correlated across the entire Ghadames basin and Jeffara. An organization in 11 sequences has been highlighted. 28 isochores and paleogeographic maps have been drawn. In terms of tectonostratigraphy, a major thickening of sequences has been confirmed toward the North of Jeffara, resulting from a very strong and differential subsidence. Low and subtle differential subsidence has been demonstrated in the southern part of the basin. In addition, a new sedimentological interpretation of the TAGI formation (lateral equivalent of the ladinian Ras Hamia formation) has been considered in the El Borma area

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a metodologia do Yôga e do Tai Chi Chuan na composição da partitura cênica do ator, ao relatar a aplicação das duas técnicas orientais nos exercícios de improvisação. Desta forma, foi possível provar a qualidade cênica ao experimentar o método numa livre adaptação do texto Hamlet de Shakespeare. O método, resultado das improvisações com os ásanas do Yôga e os movimentos básicos do Tai Chi Chuan, levou à criação do espetáculo Agora já era...Hamlet!.
The aim of this work is to describe the methodology of Yoga and Tai Chi Chuan to build the actors theatrical piece while reporting the usage of these eastern techniques in exercises of improvisation. This way, it was possible to prove the theatrical quality when experimenting the method in a free adaptation of the text Hamlet by Shakespeare. This method resulted from improvisations with yoga positions (asanas) and basic Tai Chi Chuan movements, which led to the creation of the play Agora já era...Hamlet!.

Musculoskeletal disorders are common among musicians at all levels of performance. Since music teachers train our future musicians it is important to understand their work environment. By creating good examples of a healthy work environment, they can teach their students how to stay healthy and to prevent pain. The aim of this thesis was to study the work environment of music teachers at municipal music schools, with regard to physical and psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders with the focus on neck and shoulder disorders. An additional aim was to investigate the variability of the playing technique in string players and to investigate if they could play with greater variation in the trapezius muscle activity pattern after a training intervention program. In a cross-sectional study at 23 municipal music schools, 171 out of the 208 (82%) music teachers reported that they had experienced work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) during the previous year. Women reported significantly more symptoms in the neck, the shoulders and the upper back compared to men. Both physical and psychosocial work factors were associated with neck and shoulder disorders. For women “high mental work demands” and “teaching at many schools” could be seen as risk factors and for men “lifting”, “playing the guitar” and “low social support at work” were risk factors. The occurrence of WMSDs was also investigated, over an eight-year period, in music teachers at one music school. The result showed that neck, shoulder and lower back disorders were common and tended to be of long duration and to increase over the years. In an interview study, nine music teachers focused on what they perceived to be important for their health and well-being. Replenishing and using up energy was found to be the core category. Creativity in the music and working with other musicians were perceived as sources of energy, while the goals of the organisation were experienced as stressful and used up energy. Whether the work was regarded as pedagogical or musical could affect the perception of health and the strategies for dealing with the strains of work. In two studies using electromyography, the variation in the trapezius muscle activity pattern in string musicians was investigated. The results suggested that each musician could repeat their muscular activity pattern in a similar way between two playing sessions. No difference was found in the trapezius muscle activity between five violinists who trained basic Body Awareness Therapy (BAT), a technique having its roots in Tai Chi Chuan tradition, compared to a reference group of nine violinists who did not take part in any training. However, the training group perceived positive changes in breathing, muscular tension, postural control and concentration during practice sessions. Neck and shoulder disorders were associated with physical and psychosocial factors at work. A process of replenishing and using up energy was important for music teachers’ health. The playing technique in string musicians seemed to be repeatable but difficult to affect over a short-term period. For future musicians it is crucial to learn good working technique at an early age. In the learning process the music teacher is a vital role model.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2003, Härtill 5 uppsatser

digitalisering@umu

In the present work, methodology of statistical analysis of change evolved by Kundzewicz and Robson (204) is revised to obtain a robust methodology named as “Comprehensive Aproach” which addresses research gaps of earlier method, as also those found by literature review. Main aspects of the revised method are: 1) importance of graphical representations as first step, in which, if line spectrum has constant spectral density function then time series is random and no need of further trend detection, 2) importance of computation of statistical parameters of data for deciding type of step change test to be used and for cross checking results of exploratory data analysis (EDA), 3) application of EDA, statistical parameters and checking assumption(s) about the data by statistical test(s) is suggested and also results of these steps can be used to cross check results of each other, 4) suggested basis for selection of step change test(s) i.e. evaluation of two aspects of step change viz. detection and location of step change, 5) suggested basis for selection of trend detection tests i.e. evaluation of all four aspects of trend viz. magnitude, statistical significance, beginning and end of trend and nature of trend, 6) evaluation of regional significance is suggested as essential wherever applicable. The revised method i.e. “Comprehensive Approach” is applied for the trend detection of rainfall of seven homogenous rainfall regions and al India at annual, monthly and seasonal temporal scales for three time periods 1901-203, 1948-203 and 1970-203. Between 100 N to 300 N, there was marked increase in precipitation from 190 to 1950s, but decrease after about 1970 (Trenberth et al., 207). Thus starting years of three time periods are selected as 1901, 1948 and 1970. To have similarity of end year, in analysis periods given in chapters 1, 2 and chapters 3, 4; their end years are kept close to each other i.e. end year of analysis periods is 203 in chapters 1, 2 and end year of analysis periods is 204 in chapters 3, 4. Thus 203 are considered as common end year of three time periods. Burn and Elnur (202) sugested that least number of years required for ensuring statistical validity of results of trend detection are 25 years. So in the third time period (1970-203), the duration is 34 years which is more than 25 years. Three time periods are having data of 103 years (1901-203), 56 years (1948-203) and 34 years (1970- 203) so effect of different time durations on trend detection analysis results is studied. Also temporal scales used in trend detection analysis are annual, monthly and seasonal (4 seasons) thus presence of trend is assessed in these main temporal scales. Results of the analysis showed that, statistically significant trends are found in: 1) winter rainfall time series of peninsular India (PENIN) region for the time period 1901-203, 2) pre-monsoon rainfall time series of north west India (NWIND) and central north east India (CNEIN) regions for the time period 1948-203, 3) monsoon rainfall time series of west central India (WCIND) region for the time period 1948-203, 4) August month rainfall time series of north east India (NEIND) region for the time period 1901-203, 5) June month rainfall time series of NEIND region for the time period 1948-203, 6) Also regionally significant trends are detected in pre- monsoon rainfall time series of five homogeneous regions for the time period 1948-203. Regionally significant trends are detected in pre-monsoon rainfall time series of five homogeneous regions for the time period 1948-203. But effect of cross correlation between rainfall time series of stations of subdivisions and between the sub-divisions in a region is not accounted in the field/regional significance evaluation and Hegel et al. (207) suggested that reactions to external forcing in trends of regional precipitation trends exhibit weak signal to noise ratios and likely to exhibit strong variations in space because of dependency of precipitation on geographic parameters like pornography and atmospheric circulation. Thus attribution of precipitation is more difficult. Also Saikranthi et al. (2013) suggested that homogeneity of rainfall zones may change in future. So, attribution of trends detected in pre-monsoon rainfall time series of five homogeneous regions was not possible. The results of statistically significant trends are confirmed by smoothing curves, innovative trend analysis plots and Sen.’s slope estimates. Contributions by present trend detection study on rainfall of homogenous regions by using “Comprehensive Approach” method are: 1) modification of guidelines of statistical analysis of change to evolve a robust method termed as “Comprehensive Approach”, 2) systematic trend detection analysis is performed pertaining to the rainfall of core monsoon India (CORIN) region and homogeneous India (HOMIN) region, which was not done earlier, 3) systematic trend detection analysis is performed on the rainfall of al India and seven homogenous regions concurrently for aforesaid temporal scales and time periods (except regional significance evaluation only for five homogeneous regions), which was not done earlier, 4) Man Kendal test with block bootstrapping approach (MKBBS) test (not effected by serial correlation) is used for trend detection of serially correlated data and Man Kendal (MK) test is used for trend detection of serially uncorrelated data. Sen.’s slope is used for evaluation of trend magnitude, 5) evaluation of field/regional significance of trends in rainfall over five homogenous regions is performed, which was not done earlier, 6) Location of beginning, end and progress of trend in rainfall of all India and seven homogenous regions concurrently is performed, which was not done earlier. As mentioned aforesaid, attribution of regionally significant trends detected in pre-monsoon rainfall time series of five homogeneous regions for the time period 1948-203 was not possible because of non-accounting of effects of cross correlation, attribution of rainfall is difficult and homogeneity of rainfall zones may change in future as discussed above in detail. So a thorough investigation about trends in rainfall, three temperatures (minimum, mean and maximum) and stream flow at regional (basin) scale was proposed to be ascertained. As Tapi basin is exposed to occurrence of heavy floods (Joshi and Shah, 2014) and it is climatically sensitive (Bhamare and Agone, 201; Gosain et al. 206; Deshpande et al., 2016), it is considered as study area. The trend detection analysis of gridded data (chapter 4) and regional time series (chapter 3) of rainfall and three temperatures data (1971-204) along with that for station data of stream flow (1979-204) of five gauging stations (chapter 4) is carried out using “Comprehensive Approach” for all temporal scales. Common available end year of data of rainfall, temperature and stream flow was 204 as data after 204 was not available for stream flow for all five gauging stations. Also data of rainfall (0.50 x 0.50) was available from year 1971, which was common starting year among data of rainfall and three temperatures. Also common starting year of stream flow data was 1979. Because of unavailability of rainfall data (0.50 x 0.50) before 1971, the three time periods used in chapters 1 and 2 are not used in chapters 3 and 4, thus only one time period is used for rainfall and three temperatures (1971-204) and stream flow (1979-204). The analysis has shown the presence of regionally significant rends in the gridded data of annual mean temperature (Tmean) and winter Tmean over Tapi basin apart from significant trends found in regional time series of annual Tmean and winter Tmean of Tapi basin. Monthly, winter and pre- monsoon stream flow volume time series have also shown regionally significant trends over five gauging stations of Tapi basin. Main contributions of the trend detection analysis of hydro- climatic variables of Tapi basin are: 1) grid wise, regional scale and station wise trend detection of three temperatures, rainfall and stream flow respectively is performed, which was not done earlier, 2) regional significance evaluation of gridded data (rainfall and three temperatures) and station data of stream flow (five stream flow gauging stations) is performed, which was not done earlier, 3) all four aspects of trend of hydro-climatic variables are evaluated, which was not done earlier, 4) systematic trend detection study of gridded, regional and station data of hydro-climatic variables is performed in present study which was not done earlier. After detection of regionally significant trends, next step is finding the causal factors through attribution study. Once causal factors of climate change observed in given variable are found, then remedial measures can be carried out for minimizing the effect of these factors on climate change observed in given variable. There are three main methods of attribution found in literature viz. finger printing, optimal finger printing and artificial neural network (ANN) model. In finger printing method only the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) is used, so this method is conservative. In optimal finger printing, multivariate regression is used, which has certain assumptions which are difficult to be fulfilled in the case of climate studies as climate is essentially a non-linear dynamic system. ANN being non-linear in nature provides the required solution for the attribution problem related to climate. Attribution of regionally significant trends detected in monthly, winter and pre-monsoon stream flow volume time series of five gauging stations of Tape basin is not performed because five gauging stations were not representative of entire Tapi basin and two out of the five gauging stations have missing data greater than 15%. Number of significant monotonically increasing trends are more in winter gridded Tmean data as compared to annual gridded Tmean data. Thus attribution analysis of winter gridded Tmean data has given first priority followed by attribution of annual gridded Tmean data. ANN model is developed for the attribution of climate change observed in gridded data of winter Tmean and annual Tmean in three steps: 1) input variable selection (IVS) based on partial mutual information (PMI), 2) data splitting using k-means clustering method and Neyman allocation, 3) ANN model formulation by using best training algorithm among Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm, scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) algorithm and Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb, and Shano (BFGS) algorithm and optimum number of hidden neurons (varying from 1 to 3) corresponding to performance in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and to use these in final ANN model formulation with computation of performance evaluation measures (PEMs). Aforesaid third step is repeated for 50 iterations for each input forcing and given target output to minimize any random variation due to reinitialization of training algorithms. Also random variations due to initialization of ANN model are minimized by keeping initial weights and biases equal to zero. Final PEMs evaluated were the averages of 50 iterations as mentioned aforesaid. Target outputs used in two ANN attribution models are time series of regional winter Tmean and regional annual Tmean. Also in some cases of ANN model formulations, network parameters are kept less than number of data points in the training set for minimizing overriding. Inputs for ANN model were circulation indices and regional, global and national scale input variables. The inputs selected by PMI based input selection (PMIS) algorithm in the step of IVS of both ANN attribution models are seen to be subjected to natural and anthropogenic forcing, which undisputedly shows significant role of anthropogenic activities in observed climate change in aforesaid two gridded temperature variables. Also ranking of input forcing is performed in both the ANN attribution models according to their final PEM values. In the case of ANN attribution model for regional winter Tmean time series, dominant role of natural (‘nat’) input forcing is found behind the given climate change as compared to anthropogenic (‘anth’) input forcing. Among ‘anth’ inputs, effect of land cover (‘Landcover’) input forcing is found to be dominant as compared to green house gases (‘GHgases’) input forcing. Among ‘Landcover’ inputs, urban landcover input was found to be one of the important inputs. In the case of ANN attribution model for regional annual Tmean time series, dominant role of ‘anth’ input forcing is found behind the given climate change as compared to ‘nat’ input forcing. Among ‘anth’ inputs, there is dominant role of ‘Landcover’ input forcing as compared to ‘GHgases’ input forcing. Among ‘Landcover’ inputs, urban landcover input was found to be one of the important inputs. Contributions of attribution study are: 1) checking of input independence and significance by using PMI IVS method, which was not performed earlier, 2) division of data in such a way that al patterns of whole data are present in training, testing and validation subsets and the statistical properties of these subsets are similar to each other and to whole data, which was not performed earlier, 3) using LM, SCG and BFGS algorithms which are converging fatly as compared to Windrow-Hof algorithm and gradient descent algorithm. Also these three algorithms are les liable to be get stuck in local minima, 4) using land cover data as input forcing to ANN model used for attribution of climate change, which was not done earlier.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
地理學系
84
Abstract The record of the development of a region is a changing history of ethnic groups that inhabit this region . The theme of the thesis is to treat a regional development as a change of its human ecological system . In addition , studying the history of different ethnic groups'' developing aei-yuan （泰源） Basin enables us to delineate the changes of the spatial relationship among ethnic groups in this living sphere , the features of different ethnic groups'' livelihood ,and above all , the overall changing history of this region . In a sense , the groundwork of this thesis is to unfold the interactive relationship among the progress of the horizontal elements including the distribution of ethnic groups , the cultivated areas , etc. and the vertical elements including ethnic groups'' living sphere , agricultural features , and the situation of population growth . Furthermore , the approach of the ethnic groups'' genre de vie , say , the contents of the livelihood and the role they play is applied to explicating the development of the region .

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
107
The adhesive tape industry is mainly made up of small and medium-sized enterprises. After decades of tremendous changes in the industrial environment, it can continue to maintain stable revenue and profit, and even continue to spread the branches and leaves. In addition to continuous expansion, there is also a full grasp of the factors that are in the key manufacturers of the industrial chain. However, in the face of a more dramatic change in the industrial environment, how can industrial companies understand the status of the industry and the competitive environment through the close cooperation between the upstream, midstream and downstream supply chains, and refer to the indicators used by domestic and foreign institutions to measure sustainable operations. The operation mode and strategic policy of the adhesive tape industry will be implemented. The empirical results show that tape industry experts and stakeholders have different levels of attention to the environment, employees, society, sustainable corporate governance and economic issues, and operators can adjust short-term long-term development goals based on the order of company resource allocation, and Invest in strategic activities to enhance future competitiveness and sustainable management. The adhesive tape industry is mostly unlisted cabinet companies. Through the market value method, with the historical financial data of the same industry comparable company, with reference to the domestic liquidity discount factor, the market price range of the research company can be calculated. This information is available for research. When the company''s operators internalize the sustainability measure into the strategic activities, there is an objective measurement range for the performance value. Keywords: Adhesive tape Industry; Sustainable management; Market value method; Stakeholder; Sustainable balance score card

Service failures in the welded connections of heavy-walled fittings attached to thin-walled line pipe were found to have been caused in part by inadequate attention to the critical need for dimensional balance in the attachment details associated with such components. The basis for present ASME Code specifications for end bevel and fillet weld dimensions of attached reinforcements was reviewed and evaluated. Nominal stresses in hot tap and stopple tee end fillet weld details were evaluated. Revisions to the ASME Code specifications for hot taps, stopples, and saddle-type branch reinforcements are proposed that are intended to prevent similar service failures.

A transversal filter is the most basic optical signal processing device that can be built from a fiber optic tapped delay line. If x(t) represents the lightwave signal in the fiber, the output of the transversal filter is given by where {hn} = tap weights determined by a spatial light modulator and dn = time delay for the (n + 1)th tap. Selecting values of the impulse response terms {hn} and the tap delays we can design low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and bandstop filters, arithmetic Fourier transform calculators, equalizers, etc. The characteristics of analog fiber optic processors are affected by the optical error sources: spatial errors in tap weights, attenuation and position errors in taps, detector noise, and dispersion in fiber. The total effect of these error sources produces a new transfer function, H′(ω) = H(ω) + D(ω) − jωT[H(ω) ∗ S(ω)] + E(ω), where D(ω), S(ω), and E(ω) are Fourier transforms of the spatial errors, the time delay errors, and the detector noise, T = sampling time and ∗ represents a convolution. From this theory upper bounds on the deviations in the performance measures of a transversal filter have been determined. We found that low-pass transversal filters are robust with respect to optical roundoff errors. We observed that the use of Hamming and Hann windows can make fiber optic transversal filters more robust.

Microgreen basil memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi serta menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengurangi adanya gizi buruk dan obesitas di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pegaruh pemberian jarak lampu LED dan jeis media tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil produksi microgreen basil. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Maret-Juli 2019 di Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) DKI Jakarta. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan yaitu Rancangan Petak Terbagi (split plot) yang terdiri dari dua faktor, faktor pertama yaitu jarak lampu LED terdiri dari 3 taraf dan faktor kedua yaitu media tanam yang terdiri dari 4 taraf sehingga terdapat 12 satuan percobaan dengan 6 kali ulangan. Faktor pertama yaitu J1(20 cm), J2 (40 cm), J3 (60 cm). Faktor kedua yaitu M1 (media tanam zeolit), M2 (media tanam rockwool), M3 (media tanam vermikulit), dan M4 (media tanam arang sekam). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jarak lampu yang semakin dekat memberikan intensitas cahaya yang lebih tinggi, namun suhu dan kelembaban udara pada iklim mikro penelitian tidak jauh berbeda. Perlakuan jarak lampu LED berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peubah bobot segar dan kandungan klorofil pada microgreen. Sementara itu, perlakuan media tanam memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap peubah tinggi tanaman, berat segar, dan klorofil daun, sementara itu perlakuan jarak lampu LED dan interaksi antar kedua perlakuan member pengaruh nyata hanya pada peubah bobot segar dan kandungan klorofil microgreen. Jarak lampu yang direkomendasikan berdasar penelitian ini adalah 20 cm (J1); media tanam yang memberikan hasil terbaik adalah rockwool dan vermikulit.

In-service welding is a common industrial practice for both maintenance and repair purpose. Its applications include, but not limited to repair of pipeline damages caused by construction or corrosion, and hot tap welding used to add branch connections to existing pipelines. In-service welding enables maintaining and repairing pipelines without removing them from service. Such welding operations generate significant economic and environmental benefits, for example, no interruption of pipeline operations and no venting of pipeline contents. One of the common problems associated with in-service welding is hydrogen cracking. Pipeline operating conditions combined with unscrupulous welding procedures could lead to high heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness values and this, in turn, could cause hydrogen cracking. The risk of hydrogen cracking is particularly high for older pipeline materials with high carbon equivalent. The objective of the project was to produce a significantly improved HAZ hardness prediction procedure over the procedure in the current PRCI thermal analysis software by utilizing state-of-the-art phase transformation models for steels. Systematic validation of the prediction algorithms was conducted using extensive experimental data of actual welds. The hardness prediction model is expected to become the basis on which the hardness prediction module of the PRCI thermal analysis software will be upgraded and improved.

The Promotion and Practice Handwashing Kit (PPHWK), a robust, user-friendly handwashing station, and Mum’s Magic Hands (MMH), a creative hygiene promotion strategy, were evaluated in a clustered randomized controlled trial in Kyaka II refugee settlement in Uganda. The trial evaluated whether their provision increased handwashing with soap practice among residents, with a focus on three community intervention arms and two school-based intervention arms. The findings outlined in this report suggest that exposure to both the PPHWK and MMH increased hygiene knowledge and handwashing behaviour with soap, and improved health outcomes. Intervention households also preferred the PPHWK over existing handwashing stations, typically a basic bucket with a tap.

CFD simulations of pump suction piping coupled to a double suction volute pump were performed with oil at a viscosity of ~90 cSt. Two variants of the suction piping were modeled in order to investigate their effect on the pump performance. Measurement data obtained during PRCI project CPR-15A were used to validate the CFD setup. The CFD results were mostly in line with the measurements, in particular performance and pressure tap values in the suction piping. The pump rotor forces predicted by CFD however showed significant differences to the measured values. The CFD setup presented in this report provides a basis framework for further CFD investigations. This work will benefit the liquids pipeline station designers and operators and also CFD analysts by providing CFD comparisons to benchmark measurements.

Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.

The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.

Welds made onto in-service pipelines tend to cool at an accelerated rate as the result of the flowing content"s ability to remove heat from the pipe wall. These welds are therefore likely to have high heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness values and to be susceptible to hydrogen cracking. The use of thermal analysis modeling allows welding parameters (i.e., required heat input levels) to be selected based on anticipated weld cooling rates. Both the Battelle model and the recently developed PRCI Thermal Analysis Model for Hot Tap Welding assume that the pipe material is the most susceptible material being welded. Some attachments (e.g., hot formed fittings, etc.) have a significantly less favorable chemical composition (i.e., higher carbon equivalent level) than the pipe material. As a result, for some in-service welding applications, the attachment material may be more susceptible to cracking than the pipe material. Modifications were made to the finite-element solver of the PRCI model to enable hardness prediction in both the pipe and attachment material. The source code for the modified finite-element solver was provided to Technical Toolboxes - PRCI"s commercial partner for software marketing and distribution. The required modifications to the user interface were also developed. In addition, user interface modifications required to rectify a number of faults that were identified and to improve the user interface were also developed. The incorporation of these enhancements and improvements, which are described herein, will require modification by Technical Toolboxes of the Visual Basic-based version of the software that is currently being marketed (V4.2.1). Following the incorporation of these enhancements and improvements, validation trials should be carried out.

During the installation of a gas main line, tap valve assemblies can be provided at strategic locations along the pipeline to allow lateral lines to be tied-in. In existing main lines that do not have a tap valve assembly, a lateral tie-in can be made with a hot tap to the main line. The underwater branch connection then consists of the tee or hot tap fitting on the main line plus valves and other fittings as required. The design of underwater branch connections for gas transmission pipelines must comply with the requirements set out in the applicable design codes and regulations. This information can be obtained from the design basis relevant to the main line and the lateral line. The design guidelines presented in this report cover the physical connection of a branch line to a main line. It is assumed that the branch line itself has already been designed. Branch pipelines can feed from or to a main line, but in this study the trunk line is considered to be a part of a gas gathering system which is fed by lateral lines. The maximum lateral line size considered in this report is 12 inch nominal pipe diameter, but much of the material presented here can be applied to larger diameter lateral lines. The design guidelines provided in this report are applicable to diver accessible water depths, which presently exceed 1000 feet.