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1
Aryal, Ram Prasad. "Migration and HIV in Nepal." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5 (July 21, 2017): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v5i0.17843.
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Nepal has been experiencing an increasing volume of internal and international migration as well as an increasing incidence of the reported statistics of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV). There was a well established migration stream from western to eastern along the hills before 1950s.Thereafter, the migration stream changed from the highlands to the lowlands after 1950s with a success of malaria eradication programme in tarai (lowlands) region. In contrast, the recent migration stream seems a reverse direction from the lowlands to the highlands in accordance with the census figure of 2011. The flow of migration direction (south-north) is generally figured out to political disorder/strike in the tarai region, however, further research is needed to find out reasons of directional change in inter-regional migration. Likewise, proportion of people emigrating to India has remarkably declined to 37 percent in the 2011 census while comparing the former 2001 census in which more than 75 percent of emigrants had made their destination to India. Nepalese emigrants are more likely to have greater economic opportunities in other countries rather than in India these days. Prevalence of HIV and AIDS [Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome] has been increasing over the years, irrespective of migration direction and destination at both internal and international levels.Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page: 102-113
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Pathak, Bishnu. "Impacts of India’s Transit Warfare against Nepal." World Journal of Social Science Research 2, no. 2 (November 11, 2015): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v2n2p266.
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<p><em>Nepal promulgated the New Constitution with signatures of 90 percent of the Constituent Assembly (CA) II members on September 20, 2015</em><em>.</em><em> The world congratulated Nepal for its success, but Nepal’s roji-roti-beti closest neighbor India sent a cold-note and a mild-warning. India informally conveyed a proposed 7-point constitutional amendment the following day supporting 10 percent of Nepal’s CA II, which are agitating Madhesi groups. Such amendments interfere with landlocked Nepal’s sovereign and internal affairs, but Nepal was full of confusion in answering it. Moreover, India initiated an undeclared transit trade warfare, blocking Nepo-India borders. The blocking at borders is freezing the life of all Nepalis. Now Nepal suffers from an acute shortage of cooking and oxygen gas, gasoline, medicines and other daily humanitarian supplies. Hospitals have stopped normal operations in the lack of medicines and oxygen gas. No gasoline is being provided to public and private vehicles except security officials. Only emergency flights are operating. Worse still, India’s transit warfare was conducted in a period when Nepo-China borders were blocked by the post-Earthquake. India’s proposed Amendment in the Constitution for Madhesi groups is just a drama; clearly the myopic interest of India is to control Nepal’s natural resources and to restore the Hindu Kingdom. Ranjit Rae, India’s Ambassador to Kathmandu gathering agitating Tarai-Madhes leaders into the Embassy just before Prime Minister</em><em>’</em><em>s election said, “The winning of Oli as a Prime Minister of Nepal is a defeat of India”</em><em> </em><em>(Ratopati</em><em>,</em><em> 2015). Rae further hurts the Nepali as he followed Goebbels’ style of reporting to New Delhi. As a result, angry masses are displaying arson effigies of India and PM Modi across the country ranging in Tarai, Hill and Mountain. The 21st century’s great socialist leader Modi now becomes known as a bully leader in the eyes of Nepali and South Asian people. And his popularity is plummeting each and every day. If the talented and clever Modi does not abandon his ego and ambition, he might do suicide in the same way Nepal’s former King Mahendra did in 1972 when he honestly realized the error of his past mistakes and wrongdoings. Nepal now turns to United Nations against India’s shadow-boxing to achieve landlocked country’s sovereign rights and other concerned rights.</em></p>
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Shrestha, Surendra Lal, and Raj Lal Sah. "Evaluation of Tomato Cultivars for Central Tarai of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 14, 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i2.12105.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is an important winter vegetable crop in Central Tarai. As compared to India (25 t/ha), the productivity of this crop in this area is quite low (17 t/ha). One of the major contributing factors of low productivity of tomato is the lack of suitable high yielding varieties under rice based cropping system. Ten tomato cultivars, 3 released check cultivars (Pusa ruby and CL-1131 open pollinated and Srijana hybrid cultivar), 7 superior cultivars from Initial Evaluation Trial in the past were planted in November 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2010 at RARS Parwanipur in rice-based cropping system. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seedlings were transplanted on beds at 60x60 cm spacing fertilized with 120:100:60 NPK + 15 t compost per hectare. Results showed that cv. HRDTOM-005XHRDTOM-010 (30.64 t/ha) followed by Makis (28.90 t/ha) and cv. Srijana (28.87 t/ha) gave higher yield among the tested cultivars. These cultivars had given 47.0%, 38.7%, and 38.5% more yield as compared to commercial hybrid variety Manisha (20.84t/ha) whereas Bari-4 and CL-1131 had superior performance among the tested open pollinated cultivars. On the basis of overall performance, cultivars, HRDTOM-005XHRDTOM-010, Makis and Srijana hybrid cultivars, and Bari-4 and CL- 1131from open pollinated cultivars were selected and recommended for cultivation in central Tarai.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12105 Nepal Journal Of Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2014, 11-16
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Shrestha, Purna Man, Rupesh Tha, Dinesh Neupane, Kamal Adhikari, and Dinesh Raj Bhuju. "Tracking and time series scenario of coronavirus: Nepal case." Applied Science and Technology Annals 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/asta.v1i1.30271.
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The pandemic COVID-19 caused by novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious disease that has created an unprecedented global challenge affecting all the countries including Nepal. In Nepal, the first case of COVID-19 was reported on 24 January, 2020. The number of case increased to 1,798 by June 1, 2020. Most of these cases were recorded in the lowland Tarai districts of the country indicating that the major transmission slipped from the border between Nepal and India. Thousands of Nepali people go to India for work every year. This year, they returned en-masse to Nepal after India declared lockdown. However, the first case of COVID-19 was detected in a student who had returned from China and a few initial cases were from people who had returned from Europe via Middle East using international flights. As of June 1, 2020, the coronavirus has spread to 61 districts (out of 77) of Nepal as those home returning people, mostly the migrant workers made their destinations by roads using public vehicles. Reports are mounting that the infected cases are increasing in the rural mountains gradually. This study aims to prepare time series tracking map of the infection in Nepal. It is based on a total of 71,903 PCR tests that were conducted till June 1, 2020. There is a strong correlation between PCR tests and the identified case; however, the number of tests is much limited to develop a decision support scenario.
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KC, Dipesh Kumar. "Labeled or Learned? Youth in Indo-Nepal Cross-Border Crime." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 11 (December 31, 2017): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18829.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine that the youths learned crime and labeled as offenders in Nepal's Tarai, bordering Northern Indian States Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Various studies, Government and media reports have demonstrated the overwhelming involvement of Tarai-youths in Indo-Nepal cross-border crime as a threat to the security of the Border Society. However, youths learned crime and labeled as criminals in the Indo-Nepal border areas. Youths, especially from 'backward' social class and caste, have their limitation and their young age and suppression by the state and oligarch portray them as the vulnerable is crime. Regard to the Indo-Nepal cross-border crime, social and political factors contribute to the environment viable for learning crime.Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11, 2017; 164-183
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Subba, Bharat Raj. "Impact of climate change on food value of molluscs in Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 (January 24, 2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7496.
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The questionnaires and interviews were taken randomly with ethnic people, the molluscs consumers of different districts of Tarai regions. Regarding other information about the impact of climate change in the context of Nepal, literature survey was done. Edible molluscs are cheap non-conventional source of protein for huge population of poor ethnic peoples (53 castes living in twenty districts of Tarai in Nepal), from time immemorial. Up to, nearly four and half decades back, there were virgin forests in Tarai region, water sources were in better condition but because of rapid population explosion, encroachment of wetlands and deforestation the water sources began to dry up early in the year. Gradual increase in atmospheric temperature due to imbalanced amount of CO2 and precipitation, is worsening the environment. The climate change is not only destroying the suitable aquatic environment of the molluscs habitats but their foods of plant and animal origins as well. Several changes in water chemistry might have taken place threatening aquatic lives including molluscs. As a result, annual production of mollusc also has decreased. The climate change is enforcing molluscs to change their original habitats and habits. While their production of molluscs is decreasing, demand is increasing due to rapid human population growth. The price of molluscs meat also has increased 100% as compared to one decade back (Bellamya Rs 20-25/kg with shell, Pila without shell Rs 48-60/kg, similarly bivalves (Lamellidens and Parreysia) Rs 20-30/kg with shell whereas Rs 50-60/kg without shell; Brotia Rs 10-12/kg with shell). Local production of Nepal covers hardly 30-40% demand of molluscs. The rest 60% demand is met imported from India. The only solution of the problem is to initiate molluscs culture which will also help conserve water sources and other aquatic organisms as well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7496 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 : 98-108 (2012)
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Thakur, S. B., and A. Bajagain. "MORINGA: ALTERNATIVE FOR THE FOOD SECURITY, CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT IN NEPAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.142.
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Moringa oleifera L. is indigenous to northern foothills which includes Northern India, Pakistan and Nepal and genetic diversity is especially available in the Tarai region of Nepal including northern India. It's well climate stress adaptive nature, easy propagation, less input and intercultural operation requirement has proven to be boon in many ways. As it is the economical and reliable alternative for good nutrition, medicinal use, animal feed and fodder, plant supplement and soil reclamation, it can be touted as a miracle plant. Diverse form and edible utility of Moringa, helps for food and nutritional security for present and future. Likewise, carbon sinking attribute of its soft wood can be pivotal for curbing global warming and climate change. Moringa can thus help to create a well-nourished, healthy individual with happy family engaged in agriculture and agro-forestry blessed with good return and livelihood improvement. This review provides a brief overview about multipurpose use of Moringa and its implication to curb impacts on climate change, ensure food and nutrition security and sustain livelihood.
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Pant, Gunanand, and Ram Kailash P. Yadav. "PLANT RESOURCE AND UTILIZATION: A CASE STUDY IN KANCHANPUR DISTRICT, FAR-WESTERN TARAI, NEPAL." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 20 (November 6, 2014): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11470.
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The present study aims to explore and document the plant resources used by different communities ofSuda and Daijee VDC of Kanchanpur district. A total of 151 plant species belonging to 58 familiesand 133 genera have been identified and documented. Most of them have medicinal properties intheir bark, root, and fruits. A large number of these identified species are used for gastro-intestinalproblems, rheumatism, chest infection, cut and wound and in fever. Elderly people and traditionalhealers of the areas have vast knowledge on ethanomedicinal practices along with various rituals incomparison to the young generation. The knowledge transformation system is quite restricted withinfamily. Mostly exploited plant species like Piper longum, Emblica officinalis, Asparagus racemosus,Terminallia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Acorus calamus, Azadirchta indica, Cordia vestita,Rauvolfia serpentina, Acacia catechu, Cinnamomum tamala, Zinziber officinalis, and Pterocarpusmarsupium are under threat of extinction due to growing human pressure as well as habitatdegradation impacted by anthropogenic activities such as grazing, expansion of agriculture land,forest fire, etc.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11470ECOPRINTAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 20, 2013page: 89-95
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Duvey, Dipak. "Comparison of Socio Economic Development of Tarai and Nepal." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v3i1.29653.
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The comparison of socio economic development of Tarai and Nepal is the comparison of development of total Nepal with its southern part Tarai. Socio economically southern belt of Nepal, Tarai is leading whole Nepal in development. There are not any significant impacts of conflicts of Tarai in one and half decade, in socio economic development of rural development of Tarai. The comparative study has selected timeline of 2004, 2011 and 2019 to collect and analyze the socioeconomic indicators based on data of Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS Data). It is the study of literacy rate, access to electricity, GDP Growth rate and Per capita income of Nepal and Tarai region in different point of time of conflicts and resiliencies. The literacy rate was 55%, 65%, and72% in Tarai and 49%, 60% and 69% in Nepal; access to electricity were 40%, 78% and 95% in Tarai and 37%, 65% and 96% in Nepal. Similarly, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate was 5%, 5% and 7.2% in Tarai and 4.7 %, 3.4%, and 7.1% in Nepal; Per capita income in USD was 300, 629 and 1100 in Tarai and 286, 610, and 1034 in Nepal from 2004, 2011, and 2019respectively. Therefore, Tarai is leading Nepal in socio economic development.
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Ghimire, Ram Kumar. "Abolition of 'Kipat' Land Tenure System: The Context and Consequences." Tribhuvan University Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2010): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v27i1-2.26394.
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'Kipat' was tenure of land existing mainly in Eastern part of Nepal. Thiswas a communal land holding by the Kirats of the then Majh and Pallo Kiratarea. After the unification of the modern Nepal, late king Prithivi Narayan Shah also established the type of tenure in the same manner as it was in the control of the Kirat tiny state. The land tenure system of Kirat was communal. The land wasnot saleable to other persons who were not the progeny of the first user andmaker of the Pakho-Banjo to arable land. It might be given as Dan; theJ immawala might give it by Pajani. The land ultimately was the property of King,and King could make and change on the holding for social use. Kirat area was not the conquered part of Nepal but it was annexed in Nepal by negotiation between the Kirata and the ruler of Nepal. Limbu, Rai and Khumbu devoted land to the king to win mercy and obtain the ranks like Subba, Majhiya, Jimi etc. Mahesh Chandra Regmi claims that Tamang, Sherpa, Kumhal and Lepcha had also this form of tenure. Similarly, Tamang of East No. 1 and 2and Majhi-Bote of Palpa and Achham had tiny Kipat land. But Sherpas of eastern Nepal had no such tenural land. The Rana rulers had also continued the Kipatland tenure system. After the dawn of democracy, the overall pattern of governance changed. In this context, different segments of people raised issues of political and social change. The change of land tenure system was also one among them. The UN agency FAO started to lead for positive changes on land issues. In the 60s, like most of others LDCs, Nepal had adopted the state-led land reform program. In this context, the Land Reforms Act, 1964 was proclaimed. The Land Act was amended many times; Kipat was abolished by the 2ndamendment of the Land Act. The consequences of the Kipat abolition did not show greater influence in social setting, national polity and economy. Some minor effects were shown in this context. Kipatias were from ethnic group. Their main occupation was traditional but after the first and second War, they joined British army in a large number. Some of the Kirat started to go to the India for extra earning. When the income rose, they started to migrate to Tarai. Kipatias could sell their parental land as they need not tie up with the parental land. The abolition of this tenure did not create any kind of problem in social setting. The political power was not centered on some handful persons due to the' Kipat' system. 'Kipat' was not like the Jimindari system, and there was no master servant relationship between peasants and Jimmawals. Generally, the decision wasmade in Kipatia society by social consensus, but not by any order of Jimmawal.
The land-holding pattern was not in big scale in 'Kipat' tenure, so there was less room for the distributional effect. The data were not proper so how muchland was changed to Raikar after the abolition of 'Kipat' is some how unknown. The overall effect was not substantially shown due to the abolition of 'Kipat' tenure. So, it can be said that due to the abolition of 'Kipat' tenure administrative reform was made but not economic reform. After the abolition of 'Kipat', land was not distributed or consolidated. Holding pattern was not changed. 'Kipat' land was not so highly productive land. Mostly 'Kipat' was in hilly region and the quality of the land was not so good. By this, it can be projected that extra revenue from 'Kipat' abolition is not significant.
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Siwakoti, Mohan, and Jhamak B. Karki. "Conservation status of Ramsar sites of Nepal Tarai: an overview." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2914.
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Nepal houses only inland freshwater wetlands, ranging from floodplains of snow-melt-fed cold Himalayan rivers, warm rivers originating in the mid hills, high altitudinal glacial lakes to hot springs, ponds, ox-bow lakes, marshes and swamps. These wetlands support several endemic and globally threatened species of flora and fauna. Besides, wetland sites have significant recreational, religio-cultural and spiritual values. There are over 240 wetland sites in Nepal, of which 163 are in the Terai (plain lowland). Wetlands found in Tarai are comparatively more inventoried than the wetlands of mountains and the Himalayan regions of the country. The Terai region (below 300 m) covers about 14% of the country's total area, where half of Nepal's total populations exist. About 11% population of the country is wetland dependent; majority of them are living in the Terai region. The country has nine Ramsar sites, of which, four are in the Tarai region. Among them, two sites (Koshi Tappu wetland, and Beeshazar and associated lakes) lie inside the protected areas and two sites (Ghodaghodi Lake area and Jagadishpur Reservoir) are distributed outside the protected areas. The Koshi Tappu wetland lies along the floodplains of the Sapta Koshi River in the eastern Tarai within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. It is the first Ramsar site in Nepal. Beeshazar and associated lakes lies in the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park along the inner Tarai of Central Nepal. The Ghodaghodi Lake Area (2500 ha) lies in the far western Nepal, and comprises about 14 large and small ox-bow lakes/ponds with associated marshes, swamps, river/streams, springs, seasonal marshy grasslands and human made wetlands, out of them, Ghodaghodi Lake (138 ha) is the largest natural lake in the Nepal's Tarai. The lake system falls between the Bardia National Park and the Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve of the country and the surrounding forest functions as an important corridor for the movement of wildlife between these as well as the Tarai and the northern Siwalik hills. Similarly, the Jagadishpur Reservoir (225 ha) which lies in Central Nepal's Tarai is the largest man-made wetland in Nepal for irrigation purpose. It is an important site for migratory and resident birds. In this paper we highlight the status, threats, conservation issues and management practices of these Ramsar sites lying in Nepal Tarai. Key-words: Ghodaghodi Lake; Jagdishpur Reservoir; Nepal Tarai; outside protected area; wetlands.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2914 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 76-84
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Clement, Floriane, and Fraser Sugden. "Unheard vulnerability discourses from Tarai-Madhesh, Nepal." Geoforum 126 (November 2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.07.016.
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Rai, Janak. "Malaria, Tarai Adivasi and the Landlord State in the 19th century Nepal: A Historical-Ethnographic Analysis." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 7 (May 17, 2014): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v7i0.10438.
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This paper examines the interplay between malaria, the Tarai Adivasi and the extractive landlord state in the 19th century Nepal by focusing on Dhimal, one indigenous community from the easternmost lowlands. Throughout the 19th century, the Nepali state and its rulers treated the Tarai as a state geography of extraction for land, labor, revenue and political control. The malarial environment of the Tarai, which led to the shortage people (labor force), posed a major challenge to the 19th century extractive landlord state and the landowning elites to materialize the colonizing project in the Tarai. The shortage of labor added pressure on the malaria resistant Tarai Adivasi to reclaim and cultivate land for the state. The paper highlights the need for ethnographically informed social history of malaria in studying the changing relations between the state and the ?div?si communities in the Tarai DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v7i0.10438 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 7, 2013; 87-112
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Gairhe, Samaya, Devendra Gauchan, and Krishna Timsina. "Adoption of Improved Potato Varieties in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 3 (May 8, 2017): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v3i1.17274.
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Nepal is one of the top twenty countries where potato contributes substantially for the human diet. Enhancing adoption of improved potato varieties could impact on farmer’s income, household food and nutritional security. As such, using a multistage sampling procedure, a study was conducted to assess the determinants of improved potato varieties adoption in Nepal covering 180 samples in four districts, two in hills and two in Tarai region. The study revealed that; Kavre and Bardiya districts in the hills and Tarai, respectively, were dominated by improved potato varieties adoption. On the other hand, Dhankuta and Jhapa in the hills and Tarai, respectively, were dominated by local potato varieties adoption. The informal seed sources followed by agro-vet and market were the major sources for improved varietal adoption. Farmers’ accesses to training and formal seed sources were important factor determining improved potato varietal adoption. However, households with larger farm size were less likely to allocate more area for improved potato varieties as many of farmers were reluctant to take potato cultivation as agri-business and still follow subsistence farming. Potato R&D programs, therefore, need to strengthen formal seed system to enhance access to quality potato seeds and build producer’s capacity through regular training and exposer visits in order to improve adoption of improved potato varieties in Nepal.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.3 2017: 38-44
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Engelbrektsson, Ulla-Britt, and Madhusudan Subedi. "Experiences of Tuberculosis in a Tarai Village, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 13 (December 29, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v13i0.25890.
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In focus is the experience of being a Tuberculosis (TB) patient in the mid-west Tarai of rural Nepal. The information derives from a longitudinal qualitative study between 2005 to 2017 in one and the same community. The findings show few changes in the experience of being a TB patient. The availability of anti-TB medicine free of cost within the government health services was greatly appreciated. The cause of TB, ways and means of transmissions, and the need for preventive measures, however, were not well understood. In the case of Child-TB, the expectation of numerous visits to the government treatment centre for the picking up of medicines was a strong deterrant. In consequence, most child-TB cases were diagnosed and treated within the private sector. The distribution system of the medicines, particularly within the government system, clearly added to the burden of being a TB patient and much would have been gained had the arrangement been more patient-friendly, a difference which most likely had also resulted in more children being treated within the public services rather than within the money-geared private sector. Various misunderstandings about the cause/s of the disease need to be addressed. And, much would be gained was the central directive of “patient support”, truly implemented and was a true “two-way communication” to take place.
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Bhattarai, Sushma, Basant Pant, Hari Krishna Laudari, Rajesh Kumar Rai, and Sharif A. Mukul. "Strategic Pathways to Scale Up Forest and Landscape Restoration: Insights from Nepal’s Tarai." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095237.
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Deforestation and forest degradation mostly caused by human interventions affect the capacity of the forest ecosystem to provide ecosystem services and livelihood benefits. Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is an emerging concept that focuses on the improvement of the ecosystem as well as the livelihood of the people at the landscape level. Nepal has successfully recovered degraded forest land mainly from the hilly region through forest restoration initiatives, especially community-based forestry. However, the Tarai region is still experiencing deforestation and forest degradation. This study navigated the gaps related to forest restoration in the existing policies and practices and revealed that the persistence of deforestation and forest degradation in Tarai is a result of a complex socioeconomic structure, the limitations of the government in implementing appropriate management modality, unplanned infrastructure, and urban development. We suggest that forest restoration should focus on ecological and social wellbeing pathways at the landscape level to reverse the trend of deforestation and forest degradation in the Tarai regions of Nepal. The study provides critical insight to the policymakers and practitioners of Nepal and other countries (with similar context) who are engaged in forest/ecosystem restoration enterprise.
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Chalise, Mukesh Kumar. "Primate Census in Kathmandu and West Parts of Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 23 (June 4, 2009): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1840.
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Nepal consists of three major monkey species in different phytoecological zones from Tarai plain to the valleys of high mountains. This paper includes the census data, available for three species of monkeys of Nepal obtained from different research activities.Key words: Census; distribution; Nepal monkey; populationJournal of Natural History Museum Vol. 23, 2008 Page 60-64
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Subedi, Madhusudan, and Tika Ram Gautam. "How Homogenous are the Madhesis? Implications for Inclusive and Affirmative Agendas." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 24, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2018): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v24i1-2.19665.
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Ethnicity, social inclusion/exclusion and inequality have been much more important and also equally debatable issues in contemporary Nepal. Some scholars (Bhattachan, 2009, 1995; Gurung, 1997; Gurung, 2012; Lawoti, 2005, 2012; Mabuhang, 2012) argue Bahuns, particularly hill Bahuns is the most privileged group with highest access to resources and opportunities and all other non-Brahmans such as Janajatis, Dalits, Madheshi, Muslims, and so on are the most deprived/excluded groups with least access to resources and opportunities. This paper, in contrast, based on NSII(2014) data, argues that Madhesis is neither a single nor a homogeneous group rather it is a broader caste/ethnic category which includes a number of Tarai/Madhesh caste/ethnic groups distinctly different from each other in terms of education, health, economy and politics. Some caste/ethnic groups, within Tarai/Madhesh groups or Madhesis, have better access to resources and opportunities and other Tarai/Madhesh groups have poor access to resources and opportunities. This kind of intra-group inequality can also be observed within all caste/ethnic groups of Tarai/Madhesh; Tarai Brahman/Chhetri, Tarai Dalit, Tarai Janajati, other Tarai Castes, and Muslims including heterogeneous Bahuns (Gautam, 2015). Therefore, Madhesis, as broader Tarai/Madhesh caste/ethnic group, is neither a single nor a homogeneous group rather it is a heterogeneous category with wider inter-group inequality in terms of access to resources and opportunities. The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS), Vol. 24 (1-2), pp. 25-38
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Yadav, B. R., I. C. Dutta, M. K. Chilese, Christy Williums, and B. K. Sharma. "HABITAT UTILIZATION BY ASIATIC WILD ELEPHANT (ELEPHUS MAXIMUS) IN PARSA WILDLIFE RESERVE, NEPAL." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 20 (November 5, 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11440.
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During the habitat survey, elephants foot prints, dungs and dirct observations were performed alongeach sampling grid. GPS points of elephant's presence were recorded. Aiming to provide quantitativeanalysis of habitats, circular quadrats of 10 m, 2 m and 1m radius were used to collect informationabout trees, shrubs and herbs. Importance values of each species of trees were analyzed by addingrelative frequency, relative density and relative dominance. Name of each forest type was determinedfrom the sequencial order of the large Importance Values (IV) of tree species. Prominance valueswere calculated for shrubs and ground flora and were used for classification of the shrub and groundvegetation type. Higher area of the reserve was covered by the forest (85.9%) followed by agricultureand buildup land (5.1%), grassland (3%), water body (3%), riverbed (2%) and shrub land (1%),respectively. Based on the phyto-sociological combination, forests of this reserve incorporated fourtypes namely Sal with Tarai Mixed Hardwood, Sal, Tarai Mixed Hardwood and Riverine.Ample ofevidence found inside lowler part (Tarai, Bhabar and the base of Churia) of Parsa Wildlife Reserve. Asuitable habitat with palatable forages (eg, Mallotus philippinnesis, Bananas, bamboos and climbers)for wild elephants were found inside the reserve. These forests were used as prime habitat by theAsiatic wild elephant.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11440ECOPRINTAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 20, 2013Page 41-52
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Shrestha, Buddhi Raj. "An Assessment of Disaster Loss and Damage in Nepal." Geographic Base 6 (October 27, 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v6i0.26166.
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A disaster is a natural or manmade hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or drastic change to the environment. Due to diverse geographical coverage, Nepal is prone to various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards. This paper tries to show the types of disaster, losses and damages induced by disaster and analyze the trend and geographical distribution of disaster in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary data sources. Disaste r events data were collected from NSET and other government research papers, library etc. 26,665 events were reported during a 45 year and 43,868 people were died, 2,828 people were missing by disaster. Fire, flood landslide, accident and thunderstorms are major disasters in terms of occurrences and Earthquake, flood, and landslide are the major disasters in terms of damages and losses. The trend of disaster events is gradually increasing from the 1971 to 2000 but after 2000 the trend of disaster is drastically increasing to 2016. Annually 593 disaster events have occurred in Nepal. The data of impacts caused by the disasters also reveal that the estimated annual economic loss is increasing with the increasing frequency of disasters. The number of natural disasters as well as the number of corresponding casualties, injured and affected people, and economic loss is steadily on the rise. Tarai and Hilly districts are highly vulnerable than Mountain districts and Hill and Tarai region are most affected than Mountain region due different disaster in Nepal. The Tarai and some central hill districts are most vulnerable in terms of disasters occurrences. Among the seven provinces, province no 3 recorded the highest number of human deaths and disasters occurrences.
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Shrestha, Nanda R. "Frontier Settlement and Landlessness among Hill Migrants in Nepal Tarai." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 79, no. 3 (September 1989): 370–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1989.tb00268.x.
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Rimal, Bhagawat, Sean Sloan, Hamidreza Keshtkar, Roshan Sharma, Sushila Rijal, and Uttam Babu Shrestha. "Patterns of Historical and Future Urban Expansion in Nepal." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040628.
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Globally, urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate at the cost of agricultural and forested lands in peri-urban areas fringing larger cities. Such land-cover change generally entails negative implications for societal and environmental sustainability, particularly in South Asia, where high demographic growth and poor land-use planning combine. Analyzing historical land-use change and predicting the future trends concerning urban expansion may support more effective land-use planning and sustainable outcomes. For Nepal’s Tarai region—a populous area experiencing land-use change due to urbanization and other factors—we draw on Landsat satellite imagery to analyze historical land-use change focusing on urban expansion during 1989–2016 and predict urban expansion by 2026 and 2036 using artificial neural network (ANN) and Markov chain (MC) spatial models based on historical trends. Urban cover quadrupled since 1989, expanding by 256 km2 (460%), largely as small scattered settlements. This expansion was almost entirely at the expense of agricultural conversion (249 km2). After 2016, urban expansion is predicted to increase linearly by a further 199 km2 by 2026 and by another 165 km2 by 2036, almost all at the expense of agricultural cover. Such unplanned loss of prime agricultural lands in Nepal’s fertile Tarai region is of serious concern for food-insecure countries like Nepal.
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Sapkota, Ramesh P., Peter D. Stahl, and Kedar Rijal. "Physicochemical characteristics of forest soils in Tarai and Siwalik regions of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 5 (December 4, 2017): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v5i0.22712.
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Soils are important components of every terrestrial ecosystem. In Nepal, terrestrial ecosystems of Tarai and Siwalik regions are highly vulnerable due to intense anthropogenic disturbances. Forest depletion and land degradation have posed substantial impacts on soil quality. This review paper focuses on identifying the status of physical and chemical characteristics of forest soils in Tarai and Siwalik regions. For the purpose, published articles from various sources, as well as publications of Government of Nepal were reviewed. The study showed variation in physicochemical characteristics of soils in different regions. The land areas covered with vegetation were found effective in controlling erosion and consequently retention of important chemical properties of soils. The scientific studies on soil physical, chemical and biological quality seem inadequate. Standard research framework and sampling designs are required in future studies, so that comparisons on soil properties across different degraded and/or other land-use categories can be made. There is need of development of scientific database on soil quality for supporting future ecosystem management and restoration programs.
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Dahal, Dibya, Sanjan Thapa, and Khadga Basnet. "First record of Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 8365. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2164.8.1.8365-8368.
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<p>Occurrence of <em>Scotophilus kuhlii</em> was speculated throughout the southern plain (Tarai) of Nepal. However, there was no record of voucher specimen of the species from Nepal. We collected a specimen from the Tikulia tole, Pakali Village Development Committee, Sunsari District of southeastern Nepal and deposited at Central Department of Zoology (CDZ) Museum, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. The specimen was identified as <em>S. kuhlii </em>based on measurement of external body, cranial, dental parts and detail description of the species. This is the first specific locality record of the species from Nepal that confirms its presence in the country.</p><div> </div>
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Whelpton, John. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2007: Seeking an Elusive Consensus." Asian Survey 48, no. 1 (January 2008): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.1.184.
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Amid continuing unrest in Nepal's Tarai (Lowlands) region and elsewhere, eventual abolition of the monarchy looks certain. But implementation of the country's peace process remains stalled with postponement of the Constituent Assembly elections originally scheduled for June 2007 and disagreement between the Nepali Congress Party and leftist parties over the electoral system to be adopted for these polls. In Bhutan, the process of democratization appears to be deepening and the economy is growing, but the issue of Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal continues to be an irritant both domestically and in terms of intra-state relations.
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Prasad Khanal, Narayan, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Technical Efficiency of Rice Seed Growers in the Tarai Region of Nepal." Journal of Rural Problems 49, no. 1 (2013): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe.49.27.
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Dhakal, M., Shrawan K. Sah, Andrew McDonald, and Anant P. Regmi. "Perception and economics of dry direct seeded rice in tarai of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (June 1, 2015): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19843.
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Transplanting is widely practiced methods of rice establishment in puddled soils require large amount of labor and water, which are becoming scarce and expensive in Nepal. A field survey was carried out in six districts of terai region of Nepal during 2010. Sixty farmers, ten from each district were randomly selected. They were interviewed using face-to-face method based on semi-structured questionnaires to know their perception towards constraints, and economics of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR). Farmers were mostly using transplanted rice (TPR) because of less weed infestation and better crop establishment, but they were concerned with high cost of cultivation, higher water requirement and deterioration of soil after puddling operation. Farmers perceived DDSR as a cost reducing and less water requiring technology whereas severe weed infestation, poor crop establishment and reduced grain and straw yield were the major nuisance. Nevertheless, the B:C ratio of DDSR (2.0) was found higher than TPR (1.63). Therefore, DDSR could be an alternative to TPR in reducing cost of cultivation; however weeds are serious problems.
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Pandey, Ruchi, Pushpa Joshi, Alka Adhikari, and S. P. S. Mehta. "The Macronutrients Status of Tarai Soils in Uttarakhand, India." Canadian Journal of Clinical Nutrition 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14206/canad.j.clin.nutr.2019.02.03.
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Koirala, Saroj, Yiping Fang, Nirmal Mani Dahal, Chenjia Zhang, Bikram Pandey, and Sabita Shrestha. "Application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) in Spatial Analysis of Water Stress in Koshi River Basin, Nepal." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020727.
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Water and poverty interface is strongly interconnected and a robust assessment of water stress is crucial to identify needy areas and develop appropriate intervention for poverty reduction. Water Poverty Index (WPI) provides an interdisciplinary tool to assess water stress by linking physical estimates of water availability with socio-economic drivers of poverty. This study presents an application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) to estimate and compare the level of water stress in 27 districts of Koshi River Basin in Nepal. Based on data availability, relevance to the study area and review of literatures, 12 indicators were selected under five key components outlined by WPI. The study result shows medium-low degree (WPI = 54.4) of water poverty in the Koshi River Basin in Nepal. The WPI score varies widely (from 49.75 to 69.29) along the districts and it was found that districts in Tarai regions and urban areas were more water stressed compared to the districts in mid-hill and high-hill regions. Priorities for intervention must be given to the districts in Tarai regions and urban areas with a low WPI score, explicitly on the sector regarding access to water and sanitation to address water poverty in the basin.
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Das, Basudevlal. "Maithili in Medieval Nepal : A Historical Apprisal." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 3 (March 9, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9704.
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Nepal is a multi-linguistic nation. Maithili is one of the major languages of Nepal. This is spoken as a mother-tongue in eastern Tarai of Nepal. Historically speaking, the development of Maithili language took place in medieval period, where the two dynasties i.e. the Karnatas of Mithila and the Senas of Makawanpur had played major roles. Maithili expanded towards Kathmandu valley also. There are many manuscripts written in Maithili preserved in National Archive, Kathmandu. Even now, in the devotional songs sang by the aged persons in Kathmandu valley, there are many Maithili words found. Describing the importance of Maithili language in medieval period, this article may be a historical background for the people engaged in policy making and the language movement. Academic Voices, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, Pages 1-3 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9704
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Pandey, Nirodh. "Madhesis’ Consciousness of Geopolitics of the Tarai: A Resource for the Collective Identity Assertion." Patan Pragya 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v7i1.35201.
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This article examines the broader political and economic historical contexts within which the centralTarai was incorporated into the Nepali state since the so called national unification in the second half of the eighteenth century and subsequently how the relationship between the successive rulers and the Madhesi people has been remaining confrontational. Based on the data drawn from the historiography of Nepal vis-à-vis the central Tarai and the perceptions and experiences of Madhesi people regarding their identity issues, it is argued that historically evolving geopolitics of the centralTarai and the contingent Madhesis’ self-consciousness have provided the cause and context for organizing and mobilizing them for the assertion of distinct collective identity. The strategic geopolitical location and significant cultural distinction and economic strength of the central Tarai provided Madhesi people a leverage in the struggle for the recognition of their distinct identity.
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Pokharel, R. K., and K. R. Tiwari. "Locally identified criteria, indicators and verifiers for evaluating sustainable community based forestry: a case from Nepal." Banko Janakari 28, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v28i1.21455.
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Community based forestry is seen in many countries as a way to enhance sustainable forest management through close involvement of local people. This paper aims to develop understanding of local perspectives on criteria, indicators and verifiers for evaluating sustainable community based forest management practices. This study includes ten different forest user groups ranging from full autonomy to semi-autonomy in making decisions regarding forest management practices covering three districts from three physiographic (mid-hill, inner-tarai and tarai) regions of Nepal. A village to village approach was used to acquire the perspectives from male, female and different castes. The findings show that local people identified four criteria, 26 indicators and 60 verifiers for evaluating sustainable community based forest management practices. Three locally identified criteria were found to be identical with the institutional topdown criteria. The paper concludes that understanding local knowledge, local practice and associated institutions are important to manage forest resources in a sustainable manner. There is also a need to have continuous collaborative works between forest professionals and local people to enhance sustainable forest management. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 28, No. 1, 2018, page: 37-47
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Gairhe, Samaya, Hari Krishna Shrestha, and Krishna Timsina. "Dynamics of Major Cereals Productivity in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 4 (May 6, 2018): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v4i1.19691.
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Cereal crops have played major roles in addressing food security issues in Nepal. In recent years there have been fluctuations in crop production and demands situations due to various reasons. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the dynamics of major cereals productivity in Nepal from 1995 to 2014. Focus group discussions were done in mid-hills and tarai of Nepal in 2015. Percentage change, compound growth rate, annual rate of change, coefficient of variation, instability index were calculated to analyze results. The result shows that the area, production and productivity of major cereals had an increasing trend over the study period. The major factors contributing on productivity increase in cereal crops were irrigation facilities, use of improved and hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizer and better technical knowhow among the farmers. For effective adoption of research outputs to improve the productivity emphasis should also be given on promotion of public private partnership (PPP) in research and development.
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Chaurasia, Prem C. P., Jang B. Prasad, and Aanandi Mandal. "Management of Leaf Blight of Garlic with Fungicides in Central Tarai of Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 8 (November 20, 2014): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11582.
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Management of purple blotch in garlic was carried out in 2005/06 and 2006/07 at horticultural farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur in Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. First year’s results indicated insignificant effect of fungicides on Percentage Disease Intensity (PDI) of purple blotch disease of garlic as number of sprays used seemed to be inadequate. Second year’s result revealed that two sprays of Bavistin @ 0.2% had lowest PDI value but at par to other different number of sprays of different fungicides except no spray of fungicide. Bulb yield was highest in two sprays of Dithane M-45 @ 0.3% followed by two sprays of Krinoxyl @ 0.15%, three sprays of Blitox-50 @ 0.3%. Plant height was insignificant and highest bulb weight was found with three sprays of Blitox-50 followed by two sprays of Bavistin. Two year’s combined results indicated that two sprays of Bavistin @ 0.2% had lowest PDI value and all others PDI values were at par except control. The highest bulb yield was given by two sprays of Dithane M-45 followed by three sprays of Bavistin. Plant height and bulb weight were insignificant. It can be recommended that purple blotch disease can be managed by spraying Bavistin @ 0.2% thrice at 15 days interval or any other tested fungicides to have less disease, higher bulb yield and more economic return.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 63-66DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11582
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Neupane, Saraswati, Subash Subedi, and Rajendra Darai. "Field Screening of Lentil Genotypes against Aphid Infestation in Inner Tarai of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 6 (March 17, 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v6i0.28118.
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Twenty lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes received from Grain Legumes Research Program, Khajura, Banke were screened for relative tolerance against aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.) at the research field of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan during winter seasons of two consecutive years 2016 and 2017. The design of the experiment was Randomized Complete Block having three replications. The unit plot size was 4m × 1 m with 25cm row to row spacing and continue plant to plant spacing was maintained and net harvested plot was 4 square meters. The recommended dose of fertilizer was 20:40:20 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha and seed rate 30 kg/ha. Insect data were collected based on aphid population found at apical twigs (10 cm) per plant and scoring was done during flowering and pod formation stage. The grain yield was recorded. All screened genotypes differed significantly (p<0.05) on aphid population and grain yield. Genotypes, ILL 9924, RL 83, ILL 10856, ILL 6458 and RL 67 were less susceptible with higher grain yield. These results have important implications for the development of aphid tolerant high yielding lentil variety in inner Tarai of Nepal.
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PRADHAN, Bandana, Shailendra SHRESTHA, Ranjana SHRESTHA, Sadhana PRADHANANG, Birendra KAYASTHA, and Pushkar PRADHAN. "Assessing Climate Change and Heat Stress Responses in the Tarai Region of Nepal." Industrial Health 51, no. 1 (2013): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2012-0166.
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Bhattarai, Krishna Prasad, and Tej Narayan Mandal. "Variation in carbon stock in litterfall, fine root and soil in Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests of eastern Nepal." Our Nature 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v16i1.22124.
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Global climate change is a major problem generated by increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Forests and their soils are major sink of carbon and thus constitute an effective role in the global carbon cycle. Present study was conducted to quantify and compare the amount of carbon stock in litterfall, fine root and soil between Tarai Sal forest and Hill Sal forest of eastern Nepal. Carbon stock in litter and fine root was estimated by ash content method and in soil by multiplying the value of soil organic carbon, bulk density and soil depth. Carbon stock in litterfall was higher (3.94 Mg ha-1) in TSF than HSF (3.26 Mg ha-1) and in fine root (0-5 mm size) in 0-30 cm soil depth it was higher in HSF (2.76 Mg ha-1) than TSF (2.19 Mg ha-1). In soil (0-30 cm depth) the value was higher in HSF (58.23 Mg ha-1) than TSF (50.81Mg ha-1). Tarai Sal forest accumulated higher carbon stock in the litterfall and lower in fine root than Hill Sal forest which was mainly attributed to the amount of litterfall and fine root biomass rather than organic carbon concentration. In Tarai Sal forest the carbon stock in soil was relatively low than Hill Sal forest that may be due to the higher net uptake and mineralization of carbon in the situation of higher growth rate of plant. These outcomes verified that the forest plays important role for mitigation of global warming by storing the atmospheric carbon dioxide in plant parts and the soil. So, it concludes that conserving the considerable quantity of carbon in forests is inevitable for proper forest management.
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Sah, Ramesh Prasad, Hari Kumar Prasai, Jiban Shrestha, Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder, AKM Anisur Rahman, and Ram Bali Sah. "Seasonal and Altitudinal Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Buffalo in Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 4 (May 6, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v4i1.19689.
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Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter) and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankuta and 277 from Madhesha. The samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Fasciola eggs using sedimentation technique. Results showed that overall prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was 39.9% (319/798), ranging highest 42.6%in Madhesha followed by 39.7% in Murtidhunga and 37.2% in Dhankuta, respectively. The prevalence of fascioliasis was found to be significantly (p <0.05) high in winter (44.9%) comparing to rainy season (34.4%). The prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was relatively higher in low altitude than high altitude, although it was not statistically significant (p <0.05). In our findings the female buffaloes showed higher prevalence for fascioliasis than in male. Since the fascioliasis in buffaloes is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with buffalo feces.
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Ranjit, JD, RR Bellinder, P. Hobbs, NK Rajbhandari, and P. Kataki. "Mapping Phalaris minor under the Rice-Wheat Cropping System in different Agro-Ecological Regions of Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 7 (May 22, 2009): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v7i0.1869.
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A survey was conducted in order to map the spread of Phalaris minor in wheat in nine districtsin the mid-hill, Terai and inner Terai areas of the rice-wheat cropping system in Nepal during1998/99. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 540 farmers and P. minorwas recorded in all of the nine surveyed districts. Percent summed dominance ratio (SDR) andaverage number per unit area (m2) of P. minor was compared to different districts of mid-hills,inner Tarai, and Tarai belts along with other weeds in the wheat crop. P. minor ranked as thefirst and second important weed of wheat that reduced the wheat yield from 10 to 50 percent. Itspopulations varied from district to district. However, the infestation appeared to be in increasingtrend. Future strategies need to consider in increasing growers' abilities to identify P. minor atearly growth stages when it is particularly difficult to differentiate from wheat seedlings. It issuggested that frequent monitoring of weeds in different tillage and weed management practicesshould be initiated. Besides farmers' training in the future there needs to be emphasis placed onincreasing farmer's awareness on the serious negative impact of P. minor on wheat yield andquality.Key words: Agro-ecology; Phalaris minor; survey; weeds; wheatDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1869Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.54-63
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Nainwal, Deepa, and Karuna Vishunavat. "Management of purple blotch and Stemphylium blight of onion in Tarai and Bhabar regions of Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.765.
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Purple blotch [Alternaria porri] (Ellis) Cif.) and Stemphylium blight [Stemphylium vesicarium] (Wallr.) E. Simmons) of onion cause serious problems in onion seed crop in Tarai and Bhabar region of Uttarakhand. In present study different bio agents and fungicides have been evaluated in vivo against both the diseases. The severity of both purple blotch and Stemphylium blight varied in both Tarai and Bhabar region and even more pronounced in Tarai region than in Bhabar region. A correlation was observed in between the severity of both the diseases with the yield in seed crop. The minimum disease severity of purple blotch and stemphylium blight with the foliar spray of mancozeb (@ 0.3%) + monochrotophos (@ 0.05%) were observed 2.67% and 2.57% respectively with the total yield of seed was1844.44 kg/ha over check 893.33 kg/ha in 2011. While with the foliar spray of neembicidine (@ 0.3%) disease severity of both the diseases were 5.57% and 4.78% respectively providing a yield of 1827.78kg/ha in seed crop of onion in 2011. Amongst the applied bio-agents, the foliar spray of Trichoderma harzianum (@ 1%) the disease severity of purple blotch and stemphylium blight were recorded 15.44% and 13.11% respectively which was found to be most effective in delaying the disease appearance and providing a yield of 1134.44kg/ha in 2011. However, all the treatments helped to reduce both the diseases in comparison with check.
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Kumar, Rajeev. "India–Nepal Open Border." International Studies 50, no. 1-2 (January 2013): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881716654406.
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Taneja, Nisha, Subhanil Chowdhury, and Shravani Prakash. "India–Nepal Economic Cooperation." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 67, no. 2 (June 2011): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492841006700203.
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Bhujel, Ram B., Ram N. Jha, and Bindeshwar Yadav. "An Empirical Analysis of Resource Productivity of Wheat in Eastern Tarai Region of Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 9 (December 1, 2014): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11647.
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Different types of resource conservation technology (RCT) in wheat cultivation have been recently introduced and use of seed cum fertilizer zero till drill machine is one of them which was used in eastern terai region in wheat season of 2006/2007. A survey was carried out to study the productivity of wheat and compare the production between traditional and RCT method of cultivation. Altogether 31 farmers were interviewed with semi-structured questionnaires. Model used to estimate the productivity for both the methods was significant (p < 0.01) which explained 96 and 97 per cent variation due to independent variables under study in wheat production of traditional and RCT method, respectively. Farmers used 160 kg seed/ha in traditional method while in RCT method it was 122 kg/ha. Similarly, they applied 148 and 137 kg nutrients as a total of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash in traditional and RCT method, respectively. Average production of wheat grain in traditional and RCT method was 2456 and 2714 kg/ha giving average gross margin of Rs 16750.00 and Rs 23301.00/ha, respectively. This revealed 10 per cent reduction in total costs and 29 per cent increase in return by RCT method.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 9, 2009, pp. 99-108DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11647
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Mandal, Umesh K. "Logit Analysis of Violence Against Women in Marginalized Communities, Eastern Tarai Region of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2010): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v27i1-2.26401.
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Violence against women is the foremost concern of local- international communities at present. Despite formulating several legal provisions, laws, acts and rules, various forms of violence as physical, sexual and psychological were yet not reduced substantially from parochial value based society. Such violence reduction strategy must be based on proper understanding about responsible factors and their nature, intensity and strength. Thus, it is desirable to identify each individual factor/cause and measure their strengths and make prediction so that they would signify some guidelines for formulation of eradication strategy and welfare development program. With this in mind, present paper examines nineteen individual variables associated with demographic, economic and socio cultural, based on hundred households sampled from study area. Maximum likelihood log it analysis tool was used. Difference at age of marriage, size of cultivated land, occupation of husband and wife, food sufficiency, economic dependency of female, educational status of woman, and marriage frequency of a husband were identified as determining factors contributing to the incidence of violence. Amongst, illiteracy, economic dependency, food deficiency and primary occupation of husband are identified as prime determinants based on measured strength in descending order respectively. The study shows the husbands of illiterate women involve in remarriage and such illiterate women suffer the incidence of violence. The following are ensuring education, providing income-generative employment, making food sufficiency, re-orientation of husband for women’s right, main streaming of single woman, awareness of employment providers, strengthening foreign migration policy recommendations for eliminating the violence against women.
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Shrestha, Nanda R., and Dennis Conway. "Ecopolitical Battles at the Tarai Frontier of Nepal: An Emerging Human and Environmental Crisis." International Journal of Population Geography 2, no. 4 (December 1996): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1220(199612)2:4<313::aid-ijpg40>3.0.co;2-k.
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Subedi, Subash, Sarasawati Neupane, Sukbahadur Gurung, Arjun Raymajhi, and Lokendra Oli. "Evaluation of Barley Genotypes against Spot Blotch Disease in Inner Tarai Region of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 6 (March 17, 2020): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v6i0.28117.
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Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem. is an important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A total of 126 barley genotypes received from Hill Crops Research Program, Kabre, Dolakha having SoluUwa as a susceptible check and Bonus as a resistant check were evaluated as barley disease screening nursery (BDSN) under natural epiphytotic condition at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan during winter seasons of 2017 and 2018. The nursery was planted in augmented design. The resistant and susceptible checks were repeated and planted after each 10 tested entries. The unit plot size was 2 rows of one meter length for each genotype planted continuously with 25cm row to row spacing. The seed rate was 100 kg/ha. The recommended fertilizer dose of 23:30:0 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha was applied. The double digit scale (00 to 99) was used to measure overall foliar infection on the whole plant during flowering, soft dough and hard dough stages. Other agronomic practices were followed as per recommendation. Genotypes B86019-1K-3K-0K3, ACC 2087, ACC 2441, ACC GHv-06816, ACC 1597, ACC 1612, ACC 2059 and ACC 2032 were resistant against spot blotch disease. Similarly, 32 barley genotypes were moderately resistant and rest of the tested genotypes were susceptible to the disease. The selected resistant barley genotypes can be used in crossing program and/or promoted for further testing to develop spot blotch resistant varieties for inner Tarai region of Nepal.
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Pradhan, N., and S. D. Joshi. "Notes on Heteroscyphus (Tayl.) Schiffn.(Geocalycaceae: Jungermanniales) of the Lowland Tarai, Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 24 (October 9, 2009): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v24i1.2284.
Full textAbstract:
Heteroscyphus (Tayl.) Schiffin. of Geocalycaceae of the order Jungermannials (Hepaticae: Bryophytes) was explored entirely in the low land areas where two species were resulted, of them Heteroscyphus planus (Mitt.) Schiffn. is a new record for the country. Five species of Heteroscyphus including two lowland species are presented here. Key Words: Bryophyta; Lowland; species; New record; Jungermanniales. Journal of Natural History MuseumVol. 24, 2009Page : 113-120
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Poudyal, Bishnu Hari, Tek Narayan Maraseni, and Geoff Cockfield. "Implications of Selective Harvesting of Natural Forests for Forest Product Recovery and Forest Carbon Emissions: Cases from Tarai Nepal and Queensland Australia." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080693.
Full textAbstract:
Selective logging is one of the main natural forest harvesting approaches worldwide and contributes nearly 15% of global timber needs. However, there are increasing concerns that ongoing selective logging practices have led to decreased forest product supply, increased forest degradation, and contributed to forest based carbon emissions. Taking cases of natural forest harvesting practices from the Tarai region of Nepal and Queensland Australia, this study assesses forest product recovery and associated carbon emissions along the timber production chain. Field measurements and product flow analysis of 127 commercially harvested trees up to the exit gate of sawmills and interaction with sawmill owners and forest managers reveal that: (1) Queensland selective logging has less volume recovery (52.8%) compared to Nepal (94.5%) leaving significant utilizable volume in the forest, (2) Stump volume represents 5.5% of total timber volume in Nepal and 3.9% in Queensland with an average stump height of 43.3 cm and 40.1 cm in Nepal and Queensland respectively, (3) Average sawn timber output from the harvested logs is 36.3% in Queensland against 61% in Nepal, (4) Nepal and Queensland leave 0.186 Mg C m−3 and 0.718 Mg C m−3 on the forest floor respectively, (5) Each harvested tree damages an average of five plant species in Nepal and four in Queensland predominantly seedlings in both sites, and (6) Overall logging related total emissions in Queensland are more than double (1.099 Mg C m−3) those in Nepal (0.488 Mg C m−3). We compared these results with past studies and speculated on possible reasons for and potential implications of these results for sustainable forest management and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
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Khadka, Dipak, Ankita Chaudhary, Rubina Karki, Bishal Sharma, and Sijar Bhatta. "Ecotourism in Ghoda Ghodi Wetland Sukhad, Kailali, Nepal." Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education 11 (July 4, 2021): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jthe.v11i0.38237.
Full textAbstract:
Tourism is the act of spending time away from home. Nepal has remained an exotic tourist location for several decades, and wetlands are among the major areas of tourism in Nepal. Located in the far-western Tarai of Nepal, Ghoda Ghodi Lake is among the major wetlands in terms of both biodiversity and tourism. This study has assessed the ecotourism status in Ghoda Ghodi Lake of Nepal and to understand the current condition and possible inferences. A total of 40 households were surveyed, and 80 visitors were interviewed for collecting primary data. Most of the respondent visitors have visited wetlands more than five times. It is important to point out that fifty percent of the respondent visitors have visited the wetland for natural purposes indicating that the naturalness of the wetland has more capacity to attract tourists. Visitors perceived to enhance economic activities and increase employment opportunities to attract locals to promote ecotourism. The local people were engaged in homestay earning around NRs 2 to 4 lakh per year as well most of the local respondents (50%) were participating in tourism promotion activities.
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Mistry, Asis. "Quest for Identity: Re-Examining the Process of Federal Restructuring of the Nepali State." Social Inquiry: Journal of Social Science Research 2, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sijssr.v2i2.33043.
Full textAbstract:
The agenda of restructuring the state has been the most deliberated issue for all intellectuals, political leaders and civil society activists in Nepal. The restructuring of Nepali state became a central component of the 2006 peace deal. Federalism was, however, included in the interim constitution as a binding principle for the Constituent Assembly on the verge of violent protests in the Tarai in 2007. The fundamental question during the Maoist insurgency remained whether federalism based on ethnic affiliation will be materialized. But after the Madhesh mutiny, the question that dominated the public discourse was whether “ethnic federalism” can be materialized as a mean to achieve more inclusive, institutionalized and sustainable democratic polity in Nepal. This article re-examines the process of federal restructuring of Nepali State on the backdrop of contemporary politics of identity.