Academic literature on the topic 'Target Poisoning'
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Journal articles on the topic "Target Poisoning"
1
Nguyen, Quang Dinh, Quang Do Phan, Đuc Quy Tran, and Duc Cuong Pham. "Effects of Ti Target Poisoning to Titanium Nitride Coating Fabricated by a Physical Vapor Deposition Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.185.
Full textAbstract:
The DC magnetron sputtering is often used for fabricating thin hard coatings for a wide range of industrial applications. The technique allows using DC power for deposition low or non-conductive films from metal target without using expensive RF power for insulation target. However, the performance of DC reactive sputtering is affected significantly by a phenomenon namely target poisoning. When the target poisoning occurs, coating is formed not only on substrate surface but also on target surface, which results in the reduction of deposition rate and coating properties. This paper presents a study on poisoning of Ti target during TiN coating deposition in the Ar + N2atmosphere. Results showed that the target poisoning state is impressed dramatically by partial pressure and flow rate of nitrogen gas. In poisoning mode, the deposition rate was reduced significantly compared to that in the metal mode. In addition, the formed TiN coating exhibited a non-stoichiometric and low adhesion to the substrate.
2
Rathore, AK. "Influence of 1080 bait colour on acceptability by target species and removal by non-target animals." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 2 (1985): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850140.
Full textAbstract:
Baiting trials with meat and carrot baits poisoned with Compound 1080 were carried out on the periphery of three National Parks in New South Wales. The number of meat baits removed by birds was variable, but averaged 28% (+ 11). Colouring the meat baits green significantly reduced the number takenby birds, but did not affect their attractiveness to dogs and foxes. Poisoned carrot dyed green was as effectwe as undyed carrot in controlling rabbits. Reduction in rabbit populations using quarter concentration 1080 (0.083 mg 1080/ g of carrot) was comparable to that from usmg the standard concentration 1080 (0.333 mg 1080/ g of carrot). The use of lower concentration of 1080 in poisoning rabbits is more acceptable ecologically as it may reduce the risk of primary and secondary poisoning of non-target fauna.
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Rosén, D., I. Katardjiev, S. Berg, and W. Möller. "TRIDYN simulation of target poisoning in reactive sputtering." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 228, no. 1-4 (January 2005): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.10.044.
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Gooneratne, S. R., C. T. Eason, C. J. Dickson, H. Fitzgerald, and G. Wright. "Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in rabbits and risk to non-target species." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400210.
Full textAbstract:
1 Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), a vertebrate pesti cide used in New Zealand, was administered orally to rabbits at two dose levels (sub-lethal and lethal) to determine how long 1080 would persist in plasma, liver, kidney, and muscle so that the risk of consump tion of meat from lethally or sub-lethally poisoned rab bits by non-target species could be assessed. 2 The plasma elimination half-life in rabbits receiving a sub-lethal dose was 1.1 h. Retention of 1080 in tissue was greater in rabbits dosed with a lethal dose than in those that received a sub-lethal dose. Irrespective of the dose level, concentration of 1080 in muscle, kidney, and liver was substantially lower than in the plasma. 3 Poisoning of dogs is possible because of their extreme susceptibility to 1080. Poisoning of birds is less likely. The risk of secondary poisoning is reduced as the con centration of 1080 declines in putrefying carcasses.
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Güttler, D., R. Grötzschel, and W. Möller. "Lateral variation of target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 26 (June 25, 2007): 263502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2752019.
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Hajesmaeel Gohari, Sadrieh, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Shahrad Tajoddini, and Sharareh R Niakan Kalhori. "Drug poisoning management using smartphones: an apps review study based on use case classification model." BMJ Innovations 6, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000447.
Full textAbstract:
Drug poisoning is the most common form of poisoning in the world. Timely and efficient management of this form of poisoning may save the life of many patients. Today, smartphone apps are widely used for various utilisations, such as for medical purposes. This study aimed to review the crucial characteristics of Android and iOS apps for drug poisoning management and categorise them by the use case classification model. Google Play and App Store were searched in December 2018 for drug poisoning apps using the keywords toxicology, poisoning, drug poisoning and drug toxicities, and resulted in 551 smartphone apps. The 17 final apps were evaluated based on the following items: platform, cost, date of update, country, app target, target group, rating and developer. The results showed that 64.7% of apps were available on both platforms and 53% were free to download. Majority of the apps (53%) were designed for medical staff and 47% were developed in the USA. In 47% of the apps, users rated a score above 4 for apps evaluation, and in 47% the last update was 1 year ago. Nine distinct use cases from the published use case classification model were found in 17 apps. The results of this study can help users select and use a reliable app for management of drug poisoning. The results also showed that 22 use cases of the 31 introduced were not considered in the development of the apps. Application of these use cases may improve the quality of drug poisoning management apps.
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Giusti, Alice, Enrica Ricci, Laura Gasperetti, Marta Galgani, Luca Polidori, Francesco Verdigi, Roberto Narducci, and Andrea Armani. "Building of an Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Gene Dataset to Support the Italian Health Service in Mushroom Identification." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061193.
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This study aims at building an ITS gene dataset to support the Italian Health Service in mushroom identification. The target species were selected among those mostly involved in regional (Tuscany) poisoning cases. For each target species, all the ITS sequences already deposited in GenBank and BOLD databases were retrieved and accurately assessed for quality and reliability by a systematic filtering process. Wild specimens of target species were also collected to produce reference ITS sequences. These were used partly to set up and partly to validate the dataset by BLAST analysis. Overall, 7270 sequences were found in the two databases. After filtering, 1293 sequences (17.8%) were discarded, with a final retrieval of 5977 sequences. Ninety-seven ITS reference sequences were obtained from 76 collected mushroom specimens: 15 of them, obtained from 10 species with no sequences available after the filtering, were used to build the dataset, with a final taxonomic coverage of 96.7%. The other 82 sequences (66 species) were used for the dataset validation. In most of the cases (n = 71; 86.6%) they matched with identity values ≥ 97–100% with the corresponding species. The dataset was able to identify the species involved in regional poisoning incidents. As some of these species are also involved in poisonings at the national level, the dataset may be used for supporting the National Health Service throughout the Italian territory. Moreover, it can support the official control activities aimed at detecting frauds in commercial mushroom-based products and safeguarding consumers.
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Arif, Muhammad, and C. Eisenmenger-Sittner. "In situ assessment of target poisoning evolution in magnetron sputtering." Surface and Coatings Technology 324 (September 2017): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.047.
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Hernandez-Moreno, D., I. de la Casa-Resino, A. Lopez-Beceiro, LE Fidalgo, F. Soler, and M. Perez-Lopez. "Secondary poisoning of non-target animals in an Ornithological Zoo in Galicia (NW Spain) with anticoagulant rodenticides: a case report." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 10 (November 21, 2013): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7087-vetmed.
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The use of anticoagulants has increased in recent times as a method for controlling rodent populations. However, this increased use also provokes accidental and intentional ingestion for both animals and humans, triggering poisoning of non-target organisms. In the present report, a clinical case of secondary-poisoning of birds with anticoagulant rodenticides, which took place after a general rodenticide treatment in an Ornithological Zoological Park, is described. Three birds died as a result and samples were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital in Lugo (Galicia, NW Spain). After necropsy, samples of the birds, together with molluscs and faeces, were submitted to the Toxicology Unit of Caceres (Extremadura, W Spain) in order to detect possible chemicals. Results from HPLC analyses revealed the presence of the rodenticides difenacoum and brodifacoum. The present report shows that the risk of secondary exposure resulting from the scavenging of molluscs is likely to be significant. The potential routes of uptake by invertebrates include the consumption of rodent faeces, rodent carcases, the ingestion of soil-bound residues, and the direct consumption of poison baits.
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Waite, M. M., and S. Ismat Shah. "Target poisoning during reactive sputtering of silicon with oxygen and nitrogen." Materials Science and Engineering: B 140, no. 1-2 (May 2007): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2007.04.001.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Target Poisoning"
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Güttler, Dominik. "An Investigation of Target Poisoning during Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1240493527858-26662.
Full textAbstract:
Objective of the present work is a broad investigation of the so called "target poisoning" during magnetron deposition of TiN in an Ar/N2 atmosphere. Investigations include realtime in-situ ion beam analysis of nitrogen incorporation at the Ti sputter target during the deposition process and the analysis of particle uxes towards and from the target by means of energy resolved mass spectrometry. For experiments a planar, circular DC magnetron, equipped with a 2 inch titanium target was installed in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber which was attached to the beam line system of a 5 MV tandem accelerator. A manipulator allows to move the magnetron vertically and thereby the lateral investigation of the target surface. During magnetron operation the inert and reactive gas flow were adjusted using mass flow controllers resulting in an operating pressure of about 0.3 Pa. The argon flow was fixed, whereas the nitrogen flow was varied to realize different states of target poisoning. In a fi?rst step the mass spectrometer was used to verify and measure basic plasma properties e.g. the residual gas composition, the behavior of reactive gas partial pressure, the plasma potential and the dissociation degree of reactive gas molecules. Based on the non-uniform appearance of the magnetron discharge further measurements were performed in order to discuss the role of varying particle fluxes across the target during the poisoning process. Energy and yield of sputtered particles were analyzed laterally resolved, which allows to describe the surface composition of the target. The energy resolving mass spectrometer was placed at substrate position and the target surface was scanned by changing the magnetron position correspondingly. It was found, that the obtained energy distributions (EDF) of sputtered particles are influenced by their origin, showing signi?ficant differences between the center and the erosion zone of the target. These results are interpreted in terms of laterally different states of target poisoning, which results in a variation of the surface binding energy. Consequently the observed energy shift of the EDF indicates the metallic or already poisoned fraction on target surface. Furthermore the EDF's obtained in reactive sputtering mode are broadened. Thus a superposition of two components, which correspond to the metallic and compound fractions of the surface, is assumed. The conclusion of this treatment is an discrete variation of surface binding energy during the transition from metallic to compound target composition. The reactive gas target coverage as derived from the sputtered energy distributions is in reasonable agreement with predictions from model calculations. The target uptake of nitrogen was determined by means of ion beam analysis using the 14N(d, )12C nuclear reaction. Measurements at varying nitrogen gas flow directly demonstrate the poisoning eff?ect. The reactive gas uptake saturates at a maximum nitrogen areal density of about 1.1016 cm-2 which corresponds to the stoichiometric limit of a 3 nm TiN layer. At sufficiently low reactive gas flow a scan across the target surface discloses a pronounced lateral variation of target poisoning, with a lower areal density in the target race track compared to the target center and edge. Again the findings are reproduced by model calculations, which confirm that the balance of reactive gas injection and sputter erosion is shifted towards erosion in the race track. Accomplished computer simulations of the reactive sputtering process are similar to Berg's well known model. Though based on experimental findings the algorithm was extended to an analytical two layer model which includes the adsorption of reactive gas as well as its different kinds of implantation. A distribution of ion current density across the target diameter is introduced, which allows a more detailed characterization of the processes at the surface. Experimental results and computer simulation have shown that at sufficiently low reactive gas flow, metallic and compound fractions may exist together on the target surface, which is in contradiction to previous simulations, where a homogeneous reactive gas coverage is assumed. Based on the results the dominant mechanisms of nitrogen incorporation at different target locations and at varying reactive gas admixture were identifiedGegenstand der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Targetvergiftung beim reaktiven Magnetronsputtern von TiN in Argon-Sticksoff Atmosphäre. Die Untersuchungen beinhalten die Echtzeit in-situ Ionenstrahlanalyse des Stickstoffeinbaus in das Titantarget während des Depositionsprozesses sowie die Analyse der Teilchenflüsse vom – und hin zum Sputtertarget mittels energieaufgelöster Massenspektrometrie. Das Magnetron wurde in einer Vakuumkammer installiert, welche an die Beamline des 5 MV Tandembeschleunigers angeschlossen war. Die Position des Magnetrons konnte mittels eines Manipulator verändert werden, was die laterale Untersuchung der Targetoberfläche ermöglichte. Während des Magnetronbetriebes wurde der Argonfluss in die Kammer konstant gehalten, während der Stickstofffluss variiert wurde um verschiedene Ausprägungen der Targetvergiftung zu erreichen. In einem ersten Schritt wurden die Eigenschaften des Plasmas, z.B. die Zusammensetzung des Sputtergases, das Verhalten des Reaktivgaspartialdruckes, das Plasmapotenzial und der Dissoziationsgrad der Reaktivgasmoleküle im Plasma, mit dem Massenspektrometer ermittelt. Aufgrund der ungleichmäßigen Gasentladung vor dem Magnetrontarget, wurden auch lateral variierende Teilchenflüssen und eine ungleichmäßige Targetvergiftung angenommen. Die Energie und die Ausbeute von gesputterten Teilchen wurde deshalb lateral aufgelöst untersucht. Das Massenspektrometer wurde zu diesem Zweck am Ort des Substrates positioniert und die Targetoberfläche konnte gescannt werden indem die Magnetronposition verändert wurde. Die so aufgenommenen Energieverteilungen der gesputterten Teilchen zeigen eine räumliche Abhängigkeit. Teilchen die aus dem Targetzentrum stammen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Energie signifikant von den Teilchen die in der Target-Erosionszone gesputtert werden. Dieses Resultat zeigt die ungleichmäßige Targetvergiftung, wodurch es zu einer Veränderung der Oberflächenbindungsenergie kommt. Über die Verschiebung in der Energieverteilung lässt sich somit der Zustand der Targetoberfläche beschreiben. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen der Modellrechnungen. Der Stickstoffgehalt des Targets wurde weiterhin mittels Ionenstrahlanalyse (NRA) bestimmt. Messungen bei verschiedenen Stickstoffflüssen demonstrieren direkt die Vergiftung des Targets. Die maximale Stickstoffkonzentration sättigt bei einem Wert, der dem Stickstoffgehalt in einer ca. 3 nm dicken Titannitridschicht entspricht. Bei ausreichend niedrigem Stickstofffluss zeigt die Messung quer über den Targetdurchmesser eine Variation im Stickstoffgehalt. Die Stickstoffkonzentration in der Erosionszone ist deutlich geringer als im Targetzentrum oder am Targetrand. Die Resultate wurden wiederum durch Modellrechnungen bestätigt. Die durchgeführten Computersimulationen basieren auf Sören Bergs Modell des reaktiven Sputterprozesses. Der Algorithmus wurde jedoch auf der Basis der experimentellen Ergebnisse erweitert. Das Modell beinhaltet nun Mechanismen des Reaktivgaseinbaus in das Target, wie Adsorption, Implantation und Recoilimplantation. Des Weiteren wurde die Ionenstromverteilung als Funktion des Targetdurchmessers in das Modell aufgenommen, was eine detailliertere Beschreibung des Prozesses ermöglicht. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse und die Resultate der Computersimulation zeigen, dass bei niedrigen Reaktivgasflüssen metallische und vergiftete Bereiche auf der Targetoberfläche gemeinsam existieren. Das ist im Widerspruch zu älteren Simulationen, in denen von einer homogenen Targetbedeckung durch das Reaktivgas ausgegangen wird. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wurden die dominierenden Mechanismen des Reaktivgaseinbaus in das Sputtertarget, in Abhängigkeit von der Position und von der Sputtergaszusammensetzung, identifiziert
2
Güttler, Dominik. "An Investigation of Target Poisoning during Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-27841.
Full textAbstract:
Objective of the present work is a broad investigation of the so called target poisoning during magnetron deposition of TiN in an Ar/N2 atmosphere. Investigations include realtime in-situ ion beam analysis of nitrogen incorporation at the Ti sputter target during the deposition process and the analysis of particle uxes towards and from the target by means of energy resolved mass spectrometry. For experiments a planar, circular DC magnetron, equipped with a 2 inch titanium target was installed in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber which was attached to the beam line system of a 5 MV tandem accelerator. A manipulator allows to move the magnetron vertically and thereby the lateral investigation of the target surface. During magnetron operation the inert and reactive gas flow were adjusted using mass flow controllers resulting in an operating pressure of about 0.3 Pa. The argon flow was fixed, whereas the nitrogen flow was varied to realize different states of target poisoning. In a fi?rst step the mass spectrometer was used to verify and measure basic plasma properties e.g. the residual gas composition, the behavior of reactive gas partial pressure, the plasma potential and the dissociation degree of reactive gas molecules. Based on the non-uniform appearance of the magnetron discharge further measurements were performed in order to discuss the role of varying particle fluxes across the target during the poisoning process. Energy and yield of sputtered particles were analyzed laterally resolved, which allows to describe the surface composition of the target. The energy resolving mass spectrometer was placed at substrate position and the target surface was scanned by changing the magnetron position correspondingly. It was found, that the obtained energy distributions (EDF) of sputtered particles are influenced by their origin, showing signi?ficant differences between the center and the erosion zone of the target. These results are interpreted in terms of laterally different states of target poisoning, which results in a variation of the surface binding energy. Consequently the observed energy shift of the EDF indicates the metallic or already poisoned fraction on target surface. Furthermore the EDF's obtained in reactive sputtering mode are broadened. Thus a superposition of two components, which correspond to the metallic and compound fractions of the surface, is assumed. The conclusion of this treatment is an discrete variation of surface binding energy during the transition from metallic to compound target composition. The reactive gas target coverage as derived from the sputtered energy distributions is in reasonable agreement with predictions from model calculations. The target uptake of nitrogen was determined by means of ion beam analysis using the 14N(d, )12C nuclear reaction. Measurements at varying nitrogen gas flow directly demonstrate the poisoning eff?ect. The reactive gas uptake saturates at a maximum nitrogen areal density of about 1.1016 cm-2 which corresponds to the stoichiometric limit of a 3 nm TiN layer. At sufficiently low reactive gas flow a scan across the target surface discloses a pronounced lateral variation of target poisoning, with a lower areal density in the target race track compared to the target center and edge. Again the findings are reproduced by model calculations, which confirm that the balance of reactive gas injection and sputter erosion is shifted towards erosion in the race track. Accomplished computer simulations of the reactive sputtering process are similar to Berg's well known model. Though based on experimental findings the algorithm was extended to an analytical two layer model which includes the adsorption of reactive gas as well as its different kinds of implantation. A distribution of ion current density across the target diameter is introduced, which allows a more detailed characterization of the processes at the surface. Experimental results and computer simulation have shown that at sufficiently low reactive gas flow, metallic and compound fractions may exist together on the target surface, which is in contradiction to previous simulations, where a homogeneous reactive gas coverage is assumed. Based on the results the dominant mechanisms of nitrogen incorporation at different target locations and at varying reactive gas admixture were identified.
3
Güttler, Dominik. "An Investigation of Target Poisoning during Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23651.
Full textAbstract:
Objective of the present work is a broad investigation of the so called "target poisoning" during magnetron deposition of TiN in an Ar/N2 atmosphere. Investigations include realtime in-situ ion beam analysis of nitrogen incorporation at the Ti sputter target during the deposition process and the analysis of particle uxes towards and from the target by means of energy resolved mass spectrometry. For experiments a planar, circular DC magnetron, equipped with a 2 inch titanium target was installed in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber which was attached to the beam line system of a 5 MV tandem accelerator. A manipulator allows to move the magnetron vertically and thereby the lateral investigation of the target surface. During magnetron operation the inert and reactive gas flow were adjusted using mass flow controllers resulting in an operating pressure of about 0.3 Pa. The argon flow was fixed, whereas the nitrogen flow was varied to realize different states of target poisoning. In a fi?rst step the mass spectrometer was used to verify and measure basic plasma properties e.g. the residual gas composition, the behavior of reactive gas partial pressure, the plasma potential and the dissociation degree of reactive gas molecules. Based on the non-uniform appearance of the magnetron discharge further measurements were performed in order to discuss the role of varying particle fluxes across the target during the poisoning process. Energy and yield of sputtered particles were analyzed laterally resolved, which allows to describe the surface composition of the target. The energy resolving mass spectrometer was placed at substrate position and the target surface was scanned by changing the magnetron position correspondingly. It was found, that the obtained energy distributions (EDF) of sputtered particles are influenced by their origin, showing signi?ficant differences between the center and the erosion zone of the target. These results are interpreted in terms of laterally different states of target poisoning, which results in a variation of the surface binding energy. Consequently the observed energy shift of the EDF indicates the metallic or already poisoned fraction on target surface. Furthermore the EDF's obtained in reactive sputtering mode are broadened. Thus a superposition of two components, which correspond to the metallic and compound fractions of the surface, is assumed. The conclusion of this treatment is an discrete variation of surface binding energy during the transition from metallic to compound target composition. The reactive gas target coverage as derived from the sputtered energy distributions is in reasonable agreement with predictions from model calculations. The target uptake of nitrogen was determined by means of ion beam analysis using the 14N(d, )12C nuclear reaction. Measurements at varying nitrogen gas flow directly demonstrate the poisoning eff?ect. The reactive gas uptake saturates at a maximum nitrogen areal density of about 1.1016 cm-2 which corresponds to the stoichiometric limit of a 3 nm TiN layer. At sufficiently low reactive gas flow a scan across the target surface discloses a pronounced lateral variation of target poisoning, with a lower areal density in the target race track compared to the target center and edge. Again the findings are reproduced by model calculations, which confirm that the balance of reactive gas injection and sputter erosion is shifted towards erosion in the race track. Accomplished computer simulations of the reactive sputtering process are similar to Berg's well known model. Though based on experimental findings the algorithm was extended to an analytical two layer model which includes the adsorption of reactive gas as well as its different kinds of implantation. A distribution of ion current density across the target diameter is introduced, which allows a more detailed characterization of the processes at the surface. Experimental results and computer simulation have shown that at sufficiently low reactive gas flow, metallic and compound fractions may exist together on the target surface, which is in contradiction to previous simulations, where a homogeneous reactive gas coverage is assumed. Based on the results the dominant mechanisms of nitrogen incorporation at different target locations and at varying reactive gas admixture were identified.Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Targetvergiftung beim reaktiven Magnetronsputtern von TiN in Argon-Sticksoff Atmosphäre. Die Untersuchungen beinhalten die Echtzeit in-situ Ionenstrahlanalyse des Stickstoffeinbaus in das Titantarget während des Depositionsprozesses sowie die Analyse der Teilchenflüsse vom – und hin zum Sputtertarget mittels energieaufgelöster Massenspektrometrie. Das Magnetron wurde in einer Vakuumkammer installiert, welche an die Beamline des 5 MV Tandembeschleunigers angeschlossen war. Die Position des Magnetrons konnte mittels eines Manipulator verändert werden, was die laterale Untersuchung der Targetoberfläche ermöglichte. Während des Magnetronbetriebes wurde der Argonfluss in die Kammer konstant gehalten, während der Stickstofffluss variiert wurde um verschiedene Ausprägungen der Targetvergiftung zu erreichen. In einem ersten Schritt wurden die Eigenschaften des Plasmas, z.B. die Zusammensetzung des Sputtergases, das Verhalten des Reaktivgaspartialdruckes, das Plasmapotenzial und der Dissoziationsgrad der Reaktivgasmoleküle im Plasma, mit dem Massenspektrometer ermittelt. Aufgrund der ungleichmäßigen Gasentladung vor dem Magnetrontarget, wurden auch lateral variierende Teilchenflüssen und eine ungleichmäßige Targetvergiftung angenommen. Die Energie und die Ausbeute von gesputterten Teilchen wurde deshalb lateral aufgelöst untersucht. Das Massenspektrometer wurde zu diesem Zweck am Ort des Substrates positioniert und die Targetoberfläche konnte gescannt werden indem die Magnetronposition verändert wurde. Die so aufgenommenen Energieverteilungen der gesputterten Teilchen zeigen eine räumliche Abhängigkeit. Teilchen die aus dem Targetzentrum stammen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Energie signifikant von den Teilchen die in der Target-Erosionszone gesputtert werden. Dieses Resultat zeigt die ungleichmäßige Targetvergiftung, wodurch es zu einer Veränderung der Oberflächenbindungsenergie kommt. Über die Verschiebung in der Energieverteilung lässt sich somit der Zustand der Targetoberfläche beschreiben. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen der Modellrechnungen. Der Stickstoffgehalt des Targets wurde weiterhin mittels Ionenstrahlanalyse (NRA) bestimmt. Messungen bei verschiedenen Stickstoffflüssen demonstrieren direkt die Vergiftung des Targets. Die maximale Stickstoffkonzentration sättigt bei einem Wert, der dem Stickstoffgehalt in einer ca. 3 nm dicken Titannitridschicht entspricht. Bei ausreichend niedrigem Stickstofffluss zeigt die Messung quer über den Targetdurchmesser eine Variation im Stickstoffgehalt. Die Stickstoffkonzentration in der Erosionszone ist deutlich geringer als im Targetzentrum oder am Targetrand. Die Resultate wurden wiederum durch Modellrechnungen bestätigt. Die durchgeführten Computersimulationen basieren auf Sören Bergs Modell des reaktiven Sputterprozesses. Der Algorithmus wurde jedoch auf der Basis der experimentellen Ergebnisse erweitert. Das Modell beinhaltet nun Mechanismen des Reaktivgaseinbaus in das Target, wie Adsorption, Implantation und Recoilimplantation. Des Weiteren wurde die Ionenstromverteilung als Funktion des Targetdurchmessers in das Modell aufgenommen, was eine detailliertere Beschreibung des Prozesses ermöglicht. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse und die Resultate der Computersimulation zeigen, dass bei niedrigen Reaktivgasflüssen metallische und vergiftete Bereiche auf der Targetoberfläche gemeinsam existieren. Das ist im Widerspruch zu älteren Simulationen, in denen von einer homogenen Targetbedeckung durch das Reaktivgas ausgegangen wird. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wurden die dominierenden Mechanismen des Reaktivgaseinbaus in das Sputtertarget, in Abhängigkeit von der Position und von der Sputtergaszusammensetzung, identifiziert.
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Zoubian, Fadi. "Couches minces d’oxynitrure de tantale déposées par pulvérisation réactive. Étude du système Ta-Ar-O2-N2 et caractérisation des films." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22367/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le but de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier les propriétés d’un plasma réactif ainsi que les caractéristiques structurales, optiques et électriques de couches minces d’oxynitrure de tantale (TaOxNy) élaborées par pulvérisation cathodique radiofréquence. L’élaboration de ce matériau ternaire par pulvérisation d’une cible de tantale au moyen d’un plasma contenant à la fois de l’argon, de l’oxygène et de l’azote est complexe en raison de phénomènes d’empoisonnement de la cible. L’analyse de la composition du plasma par spectroscopie d’émission optique et le suivi de l’évolution de certaines raies représentatives d’espèces excitées dans le milieu, nous ont permis de déterminer les conditions optimales au dépôt de films de types TaOxNy sur une large gamme de compositions. Grâce à une étude par diffraction des rayons X et spectroscopie de photoélectrons X, nous avons suivi les évolutions structurales de couches ayant subi ou non un recuit thermique. Nous avons montré de quoi étaient constituées les parties amorphes et cristallisées de ces films et déterminé la taille des domaines de cohérence. Enfin, les propriétés optiques (indice de réfraction, gap optique, paramètre d’Urbach) et diélectriques ont été corrélées à la structure des matériauxThe aim of this thesis is to study the properties of a reactive plasma as well as the structural, optical and electrical properties of tantalum oxynitride thin films (TaOxNy) prepared by radiofrequency sputtering. The elaboration of this ternary material by sputtering a pure tantalum target using plasma containing both of argon, oxygen and nitrogen is complex due to the target-poisoning phenomenon. The analysis of the composition of the plasma by optical emission spectroscopy and monitoring the evolution of some representative line of excited species in this environment, allow us to determine the optimal conditions to deposit TaOxNy films over a wide range of composition. Thanks to a study by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we followed the structural evolution of the films subjected or not to a rapid thermal annealing. We showed by what were constituted the amorphous and crystalline parts of the films and determined the size of the crystalline domains. Finally, the optical properties (refractive index, optical gap, Urbach parameter) and dielectric behavior have been correlated with the structure of materials
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Bishop, Simon Shurene Patrice. "Characterisation of Listeria monocytogenes using targeted proteomic analysis." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8666.
Full textAbstract:
Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe foodborne infection that is increasing significantly in Europe and North America. A correlating factor contributing to the resurgence of listeriosis is the rise in consumption of cold-stored ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. The steady upsurge in disease requires more focused research to control the pathogen, L. monocytogenes. Currently, there is a plethora of diagnostic methods for the causative agent, however, each has limitations, one of which is the inability to correlate results across laboratories. This is a particular hindrance to an outbreak investigation in an age when food is transported widely across the globe. In this study, proteomic approaches were used to search for biomarkers that facilitate rapid characterisation of isolates against a background of differentially expressed proteins. A preamble to this investigation necessitated incorporation of an efficient lysis procedure to release maximum proteins. This was eventually achieved using a Listeria specific enzyme, endolysin, and a disruptive mechanical method. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data showed that bead beating and enzymatic lysis were the most efficient methods for analysis of the proteome. Dendrogram lineages, derived from MALD-TOF-MS spectra, strongly correlated with 16S rRNA analyses. Selective protein capture and analysis by MALD-TOF-MS (designated SELDI-TOF-MS) demonstrated considerable intraspecies diversity as revealed by dendrograms which were also visualised by „Heat Maps‟. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS analysis of seven L. monocytogenes isolates, led to the successful identification of two proteins; a hypothetical protein, designated lwe06778 and a phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase which were uniquely present at 4°C. This finding suggests that L. monocytogenes depends on the histidine biosynthesis pathway in order to survive at cold temperatures. It is hypothesised that the addition of inhibitors, specific to both proteins in RTE cold foods may be a useful means for controlling outbreaks of listeriosis in the future.
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Fisher, P. M. "Residual concentrations and persistence of the anticoagulant rodenticides brodifacoum and diphacinone in fauna." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/930.
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Brodifacoum is a highly effective anticoagulant rodenticide that presents a secondary hazard to some non-target wildlife. The high acute toxicity of brodifacoum to mammals and birds, and its prolonged persistence in liver predicates secondary risk to predators and scavengers of poisoned rodents. Hence there is a need to improve ability to monitor and predict hazards of brodifacoum to non-targets, and optimise use patterns accordingly. Use of a less persistent anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone, is an alternative approach currently under investigation in New Zealand. This thesis describes a series of laboratory and pen studies that address information gaps relevant to the assessment of non-target hazards in continued use of brodifacoum, and of using diphacinone as an alternative. Non-lethal techniques for determining sublethal brodifacoum exposure in birds was investigated in chickens. Elevation of prothrombin time was a less reliable index than residual concentrations in tissues. Samples requiring less invasive procedures, such as dried blood spots or faeces, have potential to detect recent sublethal brodifacoum exposure and refinement of these indices could be useful in proactive monitoring of avian wildlife. Residual brodifacoum in eggs of sublethally-exposed hens raised further questions regarding wider non-target hazard and adverse effects on development of fertile eggs or chicks. A laboratory trial with rats found a positive correlation between residual brodifacoum concentrations in liver and the amount of brodifacoum ingested as bait. An estimated 14-22% of ingested brodifacoum was excreted in rat faeces in the period between ingestion of a lethal dose and death, indicating another potentially significant environmental pathway for brodifacoum transfer. In considering diphacinone as a less persistent alternative rodenticide to brodifacoum, evaluation of residual concentrations and persistence in pig tissues was required to estimate secondary hazard to human consumers and adequate with-holding periods for hunting feral pigs in areas where diphacinone was applied. A pen trial showed that domestic pigs were more susceptible to diphacinone toxicity, and thus primary poisoning risk, than previously estimated. Hepatic half-life of diphacinone in pigs was approximately 14 days, indicating reduced persistence in comparison to brodifacoum and enabling estimates of with-holding periods for hunting feral pigs from areas where diphacinone baits were applied. To investigate potential hazards of diphacinone use to invertebrates a trial using tree weta, a native New Zealand invertebrate, was undertaken. Weta readily ate diphacinone wax block baits with no mortality or weight loss evident, indicating low susceptibility. Residual whole-body diphacinone concentrations did not increase with the amount of diphacinone bait eaten. A simple, deterministic risk assessment suggested that, as a single secondary exposure, the maximum diphacinone concentration measured in weta would present a low risk to non-target birds. Given international recognition of the high secondary hazard and corresponding restrictions on use of brodifacoum, continued availability of brodifacoum to non-licensed users and sustained field applications for possum and rodent control in New Zealand is an exceptional use pattern. New data in this thesis suggest that baiting strategies that minimise the amount of brodifacoum available in the environment are important and regulatory review of some New Zealand brodifacoum applications should address this. In parallel, development of diphacinone as an alternative to brodifacoum should continue, as new data here confirms lower persistence in mammalian liver than brodifacoum, and also indicates low toxicity to invertebrates. However further investigation of multiple-exposure hazard and potential sublethal effects of diphacinone on non-target mammals and birds is warranted before extensive and sustained field applications of diphacinone are undertaken.
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Güttler, Dominik [Verfasser]. "An investigation of target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering / vorgelegt von Dominik Güttler." 2008. http://d-nb.info/994437404/34.
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SU, YU-WEN, and 蘇郁雯. "Fabrication of TiN, CrTiCN and TiCrCN Coatings Using Superimposed HiPIMS and MF: Target Poisoning Effect." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fx36qe.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明志科技大學
材料工程系碩士班
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Target poisoning is one of the most frequent problems occurred in the reactive magnetron sputtering processes, which was caused by the formation of a compound layer on the target surface due to excessive reactive gas. Such phenomena will reduce the deposition rate, change the chemical composition and relevant properties of thin film. Therefore, a proper control of the target poisoning ratio is required to obtain a thin film with good quality. The high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) technique has been widely studied due to its ability to generate high density plasma and high ionization rate (~70%), that can deposit thin films with denser microstructure and good mechanical properties. However, the low duty cycle of HiPIMS leads to lower deposition rate, which limits its application in industry. In this study, a superimposed HiPIMS and medium frequency (MF) power supply coating system was used to deposit the TiN, CrTiCN and TiCrCN coatings under different target poisoning status. Through a plasma emission monitoring (PEM) system to monitoring the hysteresis of target poison during reactive sputtering processes, the target surface transformed from metal to transition states by different PEM set points. The corresponding deposition rate, microstructure, mechanical properties and adhesion of thin film were investigated. Furthermore, the ratios of MF/HiPIMS on-time was adjusted to deposit TiN films under the optimized target poisoning status and the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN films were thus compared. In addition, the third and fourth elements were further added into the TiN coating for better performance. The effect of acetylene gas flow rate on the target poison status, film composition, microstructure and hardness during the deposition of CrTiCN and TiCrCN thin films were investigated. When the carbon content of CrTiCN thin film was 8.8 at.%, the smaller grain size of 10.64 nm, the highest hardness of 23.6 GPa, elastic modulus of 328 GPa, a high upper critical load of 28.4 N, and a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.46 were obtained. When the carbon content of TiCrCN coating was16.3 at.%, the highest hardness of 14.2 GPa, the elastic modulus of 198 GPa, and a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.4 were obtained. Both the CrTiCN and TiCrCN thin films had good corrosion resistance. We found that the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of CrTiCN and TiCrCN coatings can be enhanced by adding small amount of carbon.
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Howald, Gregory Robert. "The risk of non-target species poisoning from brodifacoum used to eradicate rats from Langara Island, British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/6509.
Full textAbstract:
In 1995, the Canadian Wildlife Service attempted to eradicate introduced
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Langara Island and adjacent Cox and Lucy
Islands with the application of the second generation anticoagulant rodenticide
brodifacoum. However, anticoagulant rodenticides are non-species specific
pesticides and pose a poisoning risk to non-target species. This thesis addresses
the short term poisoning impacts to non-target species from brodifacoum used to
eradicate the rats from Langara and Lucy Island.
In 1994, during testing of the baiting protocol on Lucy Island, the native dusky
shrew (Sorex monticolus elassodon) population size fell from an estimated 25
unique shrews/ha before the baiting to four unique shrews/ha after the baiting. This
prompted a monitoring program in three regions on Langara Island in 1995. While
shrews were attracted to bait in stations, the decline in their population was non-significant.
Shrews in breeding condition were at greater risk of poisoning likely due
to their ability to range widely. Shrews entered and chewed on bait blocks in up to
80% of bait stations.
The risk of secondary poisoning to avian scavengers from poisoned toxic rat
carcasses was investigated. In 1994, common ravens (Corvus corax) were
identified as the most significant scavenger of rat carcasses. In 1995, two of 15
radio-collared Norway rats poisoned with brodifacoum died above ground and one
was scavenged. Whole body brodifacoum residues from other rats found dead
above ground ranged from 2.40-16.51 mg/kg. Between 1995 and 1996, 20 raven
remains were found or reported. In 1995, 13 raven livers tested positive for
brodifacoum. Ravens were secondarily poisoned from scavenging rat carcasses
and primarily from raiding bait stations. Brodifacoum was detected in Northwestern
crows (Corvus caurinus) 9 months after the cessation of baiting on Lucy Island in
1994, but before the baiting on Langara Island. Brodifacoum residues were
detected in the plasma of 15% of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) sampled
(0.037-1.74 ppm).
The invertebrates as a source of brodifacoum to non-target species was
investigated. Snails (Vespericola sp. and Haplotrema sp.) and banana slugs
(Ariolimax sp.) were common and abundant invertebrates found feeding on bait in
stations. The blue coloured bait could be seen through the translucent bodies and
the molluscs tested positive for brodifacoum. Carrion insects readily consumed rat
carcasses containing brodifacoum. Blowfly larva (Calliphora sp.) tested positive for
brodifacoum residues. The invertebrates found feeding on the bait and carrion
insects were a secondary and tertiary poisoning risk to non-target species such as
the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia).
Books on the topic "Target Poisoning"
1
Lu, Frank C. Lu's basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs, and risk assessment. 5th ed. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2009.
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Basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs, and risk assessment. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1996.
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Basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs, and risk assessment. Washington: Hemisphere, 1985.
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Lu, Frank C. Basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs and risk assessment. 2nd ed. USA: Hemisphere, 1991.
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Basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs, and risk assessment. 2nd ed. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1991.
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Lu, Frank C. Lu's basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs, and risk assessment. 4th ed. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003.
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1931-, Chambers P. L., Chambers C. M, and Dirheimer Guy 1931-, eds. The target organ and the toxic process: Proceedings of the European Society of Toxicology Meeting held in Strasbourg, September 17-19, 1987. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
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Kacew, Sam, and Frank C. Lu. Lu's Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs, and Risk Assessment. CRC Press, 2010.
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Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs, & Risk Assessment. Hemisphere, 1986.
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Lu, Frank C. Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs, and Risk Assessment, 2nd Edition. 2nd ed. Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Target Poisoning"
1
Chen, Jinyin, Haibin Zheng, Mengmeng Su, Tianyu Du, Changting Lin, and Shouling Ji. "Invisible Poisoning: Highly Stealthy Targeted Poisoning Attack." In Information Security and Cryptology, 173–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42921-8_10.
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Narisada, Shintaro, Shoichiro Sasaki, Seira Hidano, Toshihiro Uchibayashi, Takuo Suganuma, Masahiro Hiji, and Shinsaku Kiyomoto. "Stronger Targeted Poisoning Attacks Against Malware Detection." In Cryptology and Network Security, 65–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65411-5_4.
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Manna, Arpan, Harsh Kasyap, and Somanath Tripathy. "Moat: Model Agnostic Defense against Targeted Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learning." In Information and Communications Security, 38–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86890-1_3.
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Varfolomeev, Sergey, Bella Grigorenko, Sofya Lushchekina, Patrick Masson, Galina Mahaeva, Dana Novichkova, and Alexander Nemuchin. "Study and modeling of mechanisms of cholinesterasis reactions in order to improve their catalytic properties in the neutralization reactions of organophosphorus compounds." In ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NEUROTOXINS, 140–80. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/23_140-180.
Full textAbstract:
“Biocleaners” or “bioscavengers” are biological objects (enzymes, catalytic antibodies) that are capable of binding and/or hydrolyzing organophosphorus compounds (OPC). Their use seems to be the most effective alternative to traditional antidotes to neutralize or detoxify OPC. The introduction of bioscavengers allows neutralizing toxicant molecules in the bloodstream before they reach their biological targets, thereby providing protection against poisoning. Bioscavengers of the first-generation neutralized OPC molecules by stoichiometrically binding to them. The safety and efficacy of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) for protecting against OPC poisoning has been shown. However, the stoichiometric neutralization of OPC requires the introduction of a huge amount of expensive biopharmaceuticals. Catalytic bioscavengers that hydrolytically neutralize OPC were introduced at a much lower dose to achieve the same degree of effectiveness. The most effective catalytic bioscavengers are enzymes. The most promising enzymes are artificial mammalian paraoxonase mutants and bacterial phosphotriesterases. However, studies of other enzymes, such as prolidases, oxidases, artificial mutants of cholinesterases and carboxyl esterases and catalytic antibodies are actively ongoing. Since OPC are pseudosubstrates of cholinesterases (ChEs), a detailed description of the mechanisms of inhibition, dealkylation, and spontaneous reactivation of phosphorylated ChEs is critical for the development of ChEs mutants with a high rate of hydrolysis of OPC. The review presents an analysis of different views on the mechanisms of interaction of ChEs with OPC, discusses the possible directions of creating effective catalytic biological traps based on BChE and changes in their mechanism of action as compared to the native enzyme. A separate section is devoted to the effect of mutations, both polymorphic and artificial, on the stability of the protein molecule of BChE.
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Varfolomeev, Sergey, Bella Grigorenko, Sofya Lushchekina, Patrick Masson, Galina Mahaeva, Dana Novichkova, and Alexander Nemuchin. "Study and modeling of mechanisms of cholinesterasis reactions in order to improve their catalytic properties in the neutralization reactions of organophosphorous compounds." In Organophosphorous Neurotoxins, 134–74. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/chapter_5e4132b603bfc4.70818543.
Full textAbstract:
“Biocleaners” or “bioscavengers” are biological objects (enzymes, catalytic antibodies) that are capable of binding and/or hydrolyzing organophosphorus compounds (OPC). Their use seems to be the most effective alternative to traditional antidotes to neutralize or detoxify OPC. The introduction of bioscavengers allows neutralizing toxicant molecules in the bloodstream before they reach their biological targets, thereby providing protection against poisoning. Bioscavengers of the first-generation neutralized OPC molecules by stoichiometrically binding to them. The safety and efficacy of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) for protecting against OPC poisoning has been shown. However, the stoichiometric neutralization of OPC requires the introduction of a huge amount of expensive biopharmaceuticals. Catalytic bioscavengers that hydrolytically neutralize OPC were introduced at a much lower dose to achieve the same degree of effectiveness. The most effective catalytic bioscavengers are enzymes. The most promising enzymes are artificial mammalian paraoxonase mutants and bacterial phosphotriesterases. However, studies of other enzymes, such as prolidases, oxidases, artificial mutants of cholinesterases and carboxyl esterases and catalytic antibodies are actively ongoing. Since OPC are pseudosubstrates of cholinesterases (ChEs), a detailed description of the mechanisms of inhibition, dealkylation, and spontaneous reactivation of phosphorylated ChEs is critical for the development of ChEs mutants with a high rate of hydrolysis of OPC. The review presents an analysis of different views on the mechanisms of interaction of ChEs with OPC, discusses the possible directions of creating effective catalytic biological traps based on BChE and changes in their mechanism of action as compared to the native enzyme. A separate section is devoted to the effect of mutations, both polymorphic and artificial, on the stability of the protein molecule of BChE.
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Hunter, K. "The Poisoning of Non-target Animals." In Pesticides, 74–86. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845693183.74.
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Beatriz Martínez, Adriana, Carola Bettina Bozal, Nadia Soledad Orona, Deborah Ruth Tasat, and Angela Matilde Ubios. "Bisphosphonates as Chelating Agents in Uranium Poisoning." In Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92220.
Full textAbstract:
The study of uranium toxicity is very important for public health in general and especially for workers involved in the processes of uranium mining and milling because of the immediate and/or mediate risks of exposure. Most available studies show unsuccessful attempts to eliminate uranium from target organs once the poisoning has occurred. Our group has managed to avoid damage to target organs (short-term kidney and long-term bone damage) in a high percentage of animals treated with lethal doses of uranyl nitrate through the effective chelating action of a single dose of bisodic etidronate. In this context, the contributions of our team and other groups working on chelating therapies provide a starting point for progress in the search for agents for preventing and/or reducing the toxic effects of uranium.
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Manzoor, Farkhanda, and Mahnoor Pervez. "Pesticide Impact on Honeybees Declines and Emerging Food Security Crisis." In Global Decline of Insects [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98871.
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Bee crisis is threatening worldwide food security. Pesticides are extensively used in the agricultural zone. Unfortunately, these pesticides cause severe toxicity toward pollinators than the target pests such as honeybees. This review summarizes the different studies related to pesticide hazards of bees. This paper reported risks of pesticides neurological and physiological poisoning toward honeybees. Pesticides act as poison and ruin vital functions involved in leaning and cognition, behavior and, the body physiological mechanisms. Many laboratory and field research data evaluated the lethal and sub-lethal poisoning on bee foraging dance, learning, and memory abilities of honeybees. Insecticide residues are detected in bee bodies and LD50 and LC50 values evaluated. It is also studied that in honeybees systemic insecticide residues and, its metabolite adulterated in their body during foraging activities. Similarly, pesticide-contaminated food stored in a hive consumed continuously by honeybees may cause sub-lethal toxicity effects. Which causes anomalous bee social behavior and ultimately leads to colony collapse disorder. If population of pollinator decline it will disturb the food chain and leads to food crisis. This review emphasized causes of bee decline with the emergence of pesticides in agricultural domains.
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Kinch, Michael. "Why Regulate Medicines?" In Prescription for Change. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630625.003.0002.
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The prehistory of the modern pharmaceutical era is recounted, with emphasis upon the products, including the emergence of snake oil remedies, tapeworm diets and dangerous yet contemporary quack medicines such as Laetrile. As the magnitude of public outrage increased at the turn of the last century, the rise of yellow journalism highlighted spectacles that revealed further abuses and propelled high profile muckrakers to target adulterated products, including an emerging product known as Coca-Cola. As scientific understanding of infection grew, so did the potential for abuse, which culminated in a life-saving and revolutionary pre-antibiotic sulfa drug. However, the adulteratoin of this new breakthrough medicine resulted in the poisoning of more than 100 children in 1938. The disaster arose when a form of the drug was targeted at young by using a sweet elixir, which gained its taste by dissolving the medicine in radiator fluid. The resulting tragedy ushered in the era of the modern Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
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Bhat, Firdous Ahmad, Balakrishnan S, and Arunakaran J. "Applications of Nanotechnology in Cancer." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 184–217. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6304-6.ch007.
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This chapter examines the importance of nanotechnology in cancer prevention, cure, and diagnosis. This chapter deals with the applications of nanomedicine in cancer and various strategies to target cancer cells by using nanotechnology such as gold nanoparticles, liposomes, nanodots, nanorods, etc. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary area with potential applications in fighting many diseases including cancer. Conventional drugs have poor cell specificity, solubility, and high toxicity. The continued development of cancer nanotechnology holds the promise for personalized oncology. For accurate and self-confirming cancer diagnosis, it is essential to combine dual-mode and multi-mode imaging functionalities within one nanoparticle system. Nanoparticles improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs and prolong the half-life of drugs. Disadvantages of nanotechnology include the potential for mass poisoning. Understanding how nano-materials affect live cell functions, controlling such effects, and using them for disease therapeutics are now the principal aims and most challenging aspects of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine.
Conference papers on the topic "Target Poisoning"
1
Macwan, Saumil, and Chung-Horng Lung. "Investigation of Moving Target Defense Technique to Prevent Poisoning Attacks in SDN." In 2019 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/services.2019.00050.
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Lee, Jin Young, Woo Seok Kang, Min Hur, Jae-Ok Lee, and Young-Hoon Song. "Effct of target poisoning on the growth of interfacial layer during the initial stage of DC magnetron sputtering deposition." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2016.7534214.
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Xuedong, Chen, Cui Jun, Lu Yunrong, and Fan Zhichao. "Structural Design, Manufacturing and Maintenance Technology of Flange Seal for Pressure Equipment Based on Leak Rate Control." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45352.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, Chinese petrochemical plants have been continuously developing towards the direction of extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, aggressive medium, large scale, etc. Once the seal structure of the pressure equipments for petrochemical plants leaks, it will not only cause material loss and nonscheduled shutdown, but also may cause disastrous accidents such as fire, poisoning, environment pollution, personal casualties, etc. This paper focuses on the flange seal structure of pressure equipment for petrochemical plants, makes comparison analysis of the standards/codes of different countries, points out the deficiency of Chinese current standards/codes and gives the advice that controlling leak rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to 2×10−5mg/s • mm as the target to conduct relevant research on design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of flange seal that satisfies leakage rate control requirement and improvement of design standard.
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Hu, Rui, Yuanxiong Guo, Miao Pan, and Yanmin Gong. "Targeted Poisoning Attacks on Social Recommender Systems." In GLOBECOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013539.
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Banerjee, Prithu, Lingyang Chu, Yong Zhang, Laks V. S. Lakshmanan, and Lanjun Wang. "Stealthy Targeted Data Poisoning Attack on Knowledge Graphs." In 2021 IEEE 37th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde51399.2021.00202.
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Zhang, Hengtong, Tianhang Zheng, Jing Gao, Chenglin Miao, Lu Su, Yaliang Li, and Kui Ren. "Data Poisoning Attack against Knowledge Graph Embedding." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/674.
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Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) is a technique for learning continuous embeddings for entities and relations in the knowledge graph. Due to its benefit to a variety of downstream tasks such as knowledge graph completion, question answering and recommendation, KGE has gained significant attention recently. Despite its effectiveness in a benign environment, KGE's robustness to adversarial attacks is not well-studied. Existing attack methods on graph data cannot be directly applied to attack the embeddings of knowledge graph due to its heterogeneity. To fill this gap, we propose a collection of data poisoning attack strategies, which can effectively manipulate the plausibility of arbitrary targeted facts in a knowledge graph by adding or deleting facts on the graph. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed attack strategies are verified by extensive evaluations on two widely-used benchmarks.
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Weerasinghe, Sandamal, Tamas Abraham, Tansu Alpcan, Sarah M. Erfani, Christopher Leckie, and Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein. "Closing the BIG-LID: An Effective Local Intrinsic Dimensionality Defense for Nonlinear Regression Poisoning." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/437.
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Nonlinear regression, although widely used in engineering, financial and security applications for automated decision making, is known to be vulnerable to training data poisoning. Targeted poisoning attacks may cause learning algorithms to fit decision functions with poor predictive performance. This paper presents a new analysis of local intrinsic dimensionality (LID) of nonlinear regression under such poisoning attacks within a Stackelberg game, leading to a practical defense. After adapting a gradient-based attack on linear regression that significantly impairs prediction capabilities to nonlinear settings, we consider a multi-step unsupervised black-box defense. The first step identifies samples that have the greatest influence on the learner's validation error; we then use the theory of local intrinsic dimensionality, which reveals the degree of being an outlier of data samples, to iteratively identify poisoned samples via a generative probabilistic model, and suppress their influence on the prediction function. Empirical validation demonstrates superior performance compared to a range of recent defenses.
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Soudarev, A. V., A. A. Souryaninov, V. G. Konakov, and A. S. Molchanov. "Independent Hybrid Power Plant “PEMFC+MEMS” With Use of Molecular Ceramic Membranes to Separate CO and H2." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72243.
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As analysis of thermal-technical parameters of the existing polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) indicated, their electrical efficiency is not above 32–37% which is due to relatively high (10–15%) electric power consumption to cover own needs. Its major percentage falls on pump and compressor drive (air, fuel, water supply) using the AC electric engines connected via converter to FC. A real alternative allowing the efficiency increase up to 45% and higher is to apply hybrid plants when an AC turboelectric generator (TEG) is built into the thermodynamic cycle, the latter operating at the expense of utilization of the FC reagent stream power. TEG is a micro turbocompressor with incorporated turbo generator manufactured on the basis of the micro electric-mechanical system (MEMS) technology. The numerical study over the hybrid cycle effectiveness revealed that the optimum efficiency is ensured provided the TEG power does not exceed 12–15% of the total hybrid power plant power. Considering a value of the PEMFC mean power of around 8, a need arises in TEG of 500 to 1500W power to operate as a part of hybrid engine. Among various auxiliaries involved into the PEMFC, there should be devices that ensure getting target values in terms of hydrogen purity, a dominant synthetic gas fraction, at the FC inlet. A need to get and maintain hydrogen purity on the level of 99.99% is related with that if CO content in mixture is higher 0.01%, then a normal operation of FC fails due to “poisoning” effect of the platinum-containing catalysts of the FC electrodes. To forestall this, the palladium molecular membranes are now typically applied which causes the filtered flow temperature limitations within values not exceeding 500–550°C. At the same time, PEMFC in most cases must operate on air and syngas produced by reforming, with their temperature amounting to 800–900°C. To provide this, we need to have ceramic molecular membranes (CMM) made of a ceramic support in which macropores nano pores are formed (characteristic size of less 0.3nm), the latter achieved through application of a complex of various chemical and physical processes. In the paper presented, findings of numerical studies over a hybrid engine plant are provided, this hybrid plant (PEMFC + MEMS) as compared with alternatives to existing and offered schemes, and, also, test data on the zeolite-based support CMM are demonstrated.
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Goenawan, Isna Y., Linjie (Robin) Hu, and Shazam Williams. "Exhaust Conditioning Technology to Prevent Sulfur Poisoning on Methane Oxidation Catalyst." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1118.
Full textAbstract:
In some regions of the world, emissions of total organic carbon (TOC), including methane and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), from the tail pipe of natural gas or biogas fuelled combustion equipments are strictly regulated (e.g. 150 mg/Nm3 of exhaust gas in Italy). Post combustor has been widely chosen in response to the TOC emission targets. TOC typically consists of >90% methane — a strong greenhouse gas and the most challenging compound to remove due to its highly stable form. Thus, more gas is being consumed to burn the TOC present in the exhaust, resulting in higher operating (or power production) costs. A passive catalytic approach is an alternative to post combustor. Palladium based oxidation catalyst is known to actively remove TOC, providing no sulfur compounds present. Sulfur poisons and deactivates the catalyst in a short time. This paper presents a concept to extend the life of the oxidation catalyst by using an exhaust post conditioning system. The system is designed to eliminate and withstand contaminants, yielding a protection to the catalyst. Consequently, the catalyst life is prolonged by about 50 times.
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Xu, Chang, Jun Wang, Yuqing Tang, Francisco Guzmán, Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein, and Trevor Cohn. "A Targeted Attack on Black-Box Neural Machine Translation with Parallel Data Poisoning." In WWW '21: The Web Conference 2021. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3450034.
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