Journal articles: 'Target Poisoning'

1

Nguyen, Quang Dinh, Quang Do Phan, Đuc Quy Tran, and Duc Cuong Pham. "Effects of Ti Target Poisoning to Titanium Nitride Coating Fabricated by a Physical Vapor Deposition Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.185.

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The DC magnetron sputtering is often used for fabricating thin hard coatings for a wide range of industrial applications. The technique allows using DC power for deposition low or non-conductive films from metal target without using expensive RF power for insulation target. However, the performance of DC reactive sputtering is affected significantly by a phenomenon namely target poisoning. When the target poisoning occurs, coating is formed not only on substrate surface but also on target surface, which results in the reduction of deposition rate and coating properties. This paper presents a study on poisoning of Ti target during TiN coating deposition in the Ar + N2atmosphere. Results showed that the target poisoning state is impressed dramatically by partial pressure and flow rate of nitrogen gas. In poisoning mode, the deposition rate was reduced significantly compared to that in the metal mode. In addition, the formed TiN coating exhibited a non-stoichiometric and low adhesion to the substrate.

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Rathore, AK. "Influence of 1080 bait colour on acceptability by target species and removal by non-target animals." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 2 (1985): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850140.

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Baiting trials with meat and carrot baits poisoned with Compound 1080 were carried out on the periphery of three National Parks in New South Wales. The number of meat baits removed by birds was variable, but averaged 28% (+ 11). Colouring the meat baits green significantly reduced the number takenby birds, but did not affect their attractiveness to dogs and foxes. Poisoned carrot dyed green was as effectwe as undyed carrot in controlling rabbits. Reduction in rabbit populations using quarter concentration 1080 (0.083 mg 1080/ g of carrot) was comparable to that from usmg the standard concentration 1080 (0.333 mg 1080/ g of carrot). The use of lower concentration of 1080 in poisoning rabbits is more acceptable ecologically as it may reduce the risk of primary and secondary poisoning of non-target fauna.

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Rosén, D., I. Katardjiev, S. Berg, and W. Möller. "TRIDYN simulation of target poisoning in reactive sputtering." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 228, no. 1-4 (January 2005): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.10.044.

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Gooneratne, S. R., C. T. Eason, C. J. Dickson, H. Fitzgerald, and G. Wright. "Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in rabbits and risk to non-target species." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400210.

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1 Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), a vertebrate pesti cide used in New Zealand, was administered orally to rabbits at two dose levels (sub-lethal and lethal) to determine how long 1080 would persist in plasma, liver, kidney, and muscle so that the risk of consump tion of meat from lethally or sub-lethally poisoned rab bits by non-target species could be assessed. 2 The plasma elimination half-life in rabbits receiving a sub-lethal dose was 1.1 h. Retention of 1080 in tissue was greater in rabbits dosed with a lethal dose than in those that received a sub-lethal dose. Irrespective of the dose level, concentration of 1080 in muscle, kidney, and liver was substantially lower than in the plasma. 3 Poisoning of dogs is possible because of their extreme susceptibility to 1080. Poisoning of birds is less likely. The risk of secondary poisoning is reduced as the con centration of 1080 declines in putrefying carcasses.

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Güttler, D., R. Grötzschel, and W. Möller. "Lateral variation of target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 26 (June 25, 2007): 263502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2752019.

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Hajesmaeel Gohari, Sadrieh, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Shahrad Tajoddini, and Sharareh R Niakan Kalhori. "Drug poisoning management using smartphones: an apps review study based on use case classification model." BMJ Innovations 6, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000447.

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Drug poisoning is the most common form of poisoning in the world. Timely and efficient management of this form of poisoning may save the life of many patients. Today, smartphone apps are widely used for various utilisations, such as for medical purposes. This study aimed to review the crucial characteristics of Android and iOS apps for drug poisoning management and categorise them by the use case classification model. Google Play and App Store were searched in December 2018 for drug poisoning apps using the keywords toxicology, poisoning, drug poisoning and drug toxicities, and resulted in 551 smartphone apps. The 17 final apps were evaluated based on the following items: platform, cost, date of update, country, app target, target group, rating and developer. The results showed that 64.7% of apps were available on both platforms and 53% were free to download. Majority of the apps (53%) were designed for medical staff and 47% were developed in the USA. In 47% of the apps, users rated a score above 4 for apps evaluation, and in 47% the last update was 1 year ago. Nine distinct use cases from the published use case classification model were found in 17 apps. The results of this study can help users select and use a reliable app for management of drug poisoning. The results also showed that 22 use cases of the 31 introduced were not considered in the development of the apps. Application of these use cases may improve the quality of drug poisoning management apps.

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Giusti, Alice, Enrica Ricci, Laura Gasperetti, Marta Galgani, Luca Polidori, Francesco Verdigi, Roberto Narducci, and Andrea Armani. "Building of an Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Gene Dataset to Support the Italian Health Service in Mushroom Identification." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061193.

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This study aims at building an ITS gene dataset to support the Italian Health Service in mushroom identification. The target species were selected among those mostly involved in regional (Tuscany) poisoning cases. For each target species, all the ITS sequences already deposited in GenBank and BOLD databases were retrieved and accurately assessed for quality and reliability by a systematic filtering process. Wild specimens of target species were also collected to produce reference ITS sequences. These were used partly to set up and partly to validate the dataset by BLAST analysis. Overall, 7270 sequences were found in the two databases. After filtering, 1293 sequences (17.8%) were discarded, with a final retrieval of 5977 sequences. Ninety-seven ITS reference sequences were obtained from 76 collected mushroom specimens: 15 of them, obtained from 10 species with no sequences available after the filtering, were used to build the dataset, with a final taxonomic coverage of 96.7%. The other 82 sequences (66 species) were used for the dataset validation. In most of the cases (n = 71; 86.6%) they matched with identity values ≥ 97–100% with the corresponding species. The dataset was able to identify the species involved in regional poisoning incidents. As some of these species are also involved in poisonings at the national level, the dataset may be used for supporting the National Health Service throughout the Italian territory. Moreover, it can support the official control activities aimed at detecting frauds in commercial mushroom-based products and safeguarding consumers.

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Arif, Muhammad, and C. Eisenmenger-Sittner. "In situ assessment of target poisoning evolution in magnetron sputtering." Surface and Coatings Technology 324 (September 2017): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.047.

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9

Hernandez-Moreno, D., I. de la Casa-Resino, A. Lopez-Beceiro, LE Fidalgo, F. Soler, and M. Perez-Lopez. "Secondary poisoning of non-target animals in an Ornithological Zoo in Galicia (NW Spain) with anticoagulant rodenticides: a case report." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 10 (November 21, 2013): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7087-vetmed.

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The use of anticoagulants has increased in recent times as a method for controlling rodent populations. However, this increased use also provokes accidental and intentional ingestion for both animals and humans, triggering poisoning of non-target organisms. In the present report, a clinical case of secondary-poisoning of birds with anticoagulant rodenticides, which took place after a general rodenticide treatment in an Ornithological Zoological Park, is described. Three birds died as a result and samples were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital in Lugo (Galicia, NW Spain). After necropsy, samples of the birds, together with molluscs and faeces, were submitted to the Toxicology Unit of Caceres (Extremadura, W Spain) in order to detect possible chemicals. Results from HPLC analyses revealed the presence of the rodenticides difenacoum and brodifacoum. The present report shows that the risk of secondary exposure resulting from the scavenging of molluscs is likely to be significant. The potential routes of uptake by invertebrates include the consumption of rodent faeces, rodent carcases, the ingestion of soil-bound residues, and the direct consumption of poison baits.

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Waite, M. M., and S. Ismat Shah. "Target poisoning during reactive sputtering of silicon with oxygen and nitrogen." Materials Science and Engineering: B 140, no. 1-2 (May 2007): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2007.04.001.

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Kleinkauf, A., D. W. Macdonald, and F. H. Tattersall. "A bitter attempt to prevent non-target poisoning of small mammals." Mammal Review 29, no. 3 (September 1999): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00046.x.

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12

NAKAYAMA, Shouta M. M., Ayuko MORITA, Yoshinori IKENAKA, Hazuki MIZUKAWA, and Mayumi ISHIZUKA. "A review: poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target animals globally." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 81, no. 2 (2019): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0717.

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13

Nah, Sangun, Sungwoo Choi, Hyun Na, and Sangsoo Han. "Neurological symptoms improved by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a post-cardiac arrest patient due to carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report." Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 03, no. 01 (March 1, 2021): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/03.04.2021.8.

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Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and cardiac arrest can cause neurological complications such as mental deterioration and movement disorders through ischemic brain injury. We report a case in which neurological sequelae after cardiac arrest caused by CO poisoning improved after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. Case report: A 43-year-old male visited the hospital with cardiac arrest due to CO poisoning. He developed neurological sequelae including mental deterioration and myoclonus after recovering spontaneous circulation. Anticonvulsant therapy was used after target temperature management but did not have a positive effect on neurological symptoms. However, after HBO2 therapy the patient’s neurological symptoms improved, and he was discharged a month later. Conclusion: HBO2 therapy may be considered when neurological sequelae persist after cardiac arrest due to CO poisoning.

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Inderwildi, Eva, Werner Müller, Raffael Ayé, and Martin Sinniger. "A summary of intentional poisoning of Peregrine Falcons in Switzerland during the last decade." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0025.

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Abstract In May 2011, a webcam in Zurich, Switzerland, registered the sudden death of a Peregrine Falcon. Analyses revealed that poison had been applied to the nape feathers of the pigeon captured by the bird. This case really raised the awareness of Peregrine Falcon poisoning by pigeon fanciers in Switzerland. BirdLife Switzerland, with the help of numerous partners, started researches on the subject that pigeon fanciers began a “war” against Peregrine Falcons and other raptors. Between 2006 and 2017, BirdLife Switzerland listed 7 cases of proven intentional poisonings of birds of prey where analyses confirmed the use of poison; and 19 suspected cases with the presence of dead pigeons and birds of prey simultaneously or other suspicious deaths in Switzerland. Three decoy pigeons with poison on the neck could be secured before they were captured by the target species. Two pigeon fanciers who used poisoned pigeons were convicted in 2016 and 2017. Although the numbers of proven and suspected cases are still low, we believe that the phenomenon may be much more widespread. We think that the poisoning may have a negative effect on the population of the Peregrine Falcon in Switzerland.

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15

Vorob’eva, Viktoriya Vladimirovna, Irina Viktorovna Zarubina, Petr Dmitrievich Shabanov, and Sergei Nikolaevich Proshin. "Protective effects of antihypoxic substances of metaprot and etomerzol in model ethylene glycol intoxication." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped6259-65.

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The analysis of the reasons for the children to the intensive care unit indicates that the poisoning is one of the most important cause of life-threatening conditions in childhood. The poisoning by drugs and ethanol dominates among other poisoning factors. Multiple drug poisoning is not so rare case as well as intentional self-poisoning among teenagers. It is dangerous not only toxigenic phase of poisoning by various chemical compounds but also their long-term effects. The symptoms of cerebroasthenia, minimal dysfunction of brain, vascular disorders, violation of thermoregulation, convulsions, visual impairment, hepatopathy, nephropathy, adrenal dysfunction are discussed as the effects of acute poisoning in children. Above-mentioned facts indicate the need to improve the toxicological assistance not only during resuscitation but also in a phase of long-term effects. The as early as possible elimination of the effects of acute poisoning leaves the possibility of development of the child according to age. The study of the general laws of chemical and biological interaction of poison with organs and tissues of animals in the experiment can detect adaptive and compensatory mechanisms to ensure stability of the basic functions of the organism to the damaging effects of xenobiotics. The study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of exogenous chemical factors elucidates the target points to the impact of pharmacological agents. Taking into account that the mandatory pathogenetic component of the process of intoxication is hypoxia we used the ethylene glycol poisoning model to test direct antihypoxants 2 etiltiobenzimidazola hydrobromide (metaprot) and 5-ethoxy-2-etiltiobenzimidazol (etomerzol). Aim: to estimate antihypoxic and antioxidant effects of actoprotective substances as metaprot and etomerzol in the model of ethylene glycol poisoning.

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Liu, P., Y.-G. Liang, Q.-Y. Meng, C.-G. Zhang, H.-C. Wang, X.-G. Zhang, G. Li, Z.-Y. Liu, and Y.-Z. He. "Successful therapy with hemoperfusion and plasma exchange in acute 1,2,3-trichloropropane poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 31, no. 5 (November 2011): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111426586.

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1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP) is commonly used as an intermediate in pesticide and an industrial specialty solvent. Acute 1,2,3-TCP poisoning is rare but a medical emergency. Sporadic cases of toxic hepatic injury from 1,2,3-TCP in humans have been reported. Liver is a target organ for 1,2,3-TCP toxicity, which may ensue in a short period after ingestion. A specific antidote against 1,2,3-TCP is not available. So it is important to distinguish that a patient with 1,2,3-TCP poisoning constitutes a medical emergency. In this case study, the poisoned patient’s clinical condition and laboratory values improved gradually after she received hemoperfusion (HP) and plasma exchange, which indicated that the therapy with HP and plasma exchange were helpful in the treatment of 1,2,3-TCP poisoning.

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Alterio, N., and H. Moller. "Secondary poisoning of stoats (Mustela erminea) in a South Island podocarp forest, New Zealand: implications for conservation." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99042.

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This study tested the efficacy of secondary poisoning using Talon 20 P™ (20 ppm brodifacoum) in bait stations for killing predators in a New Zealand podocarp forest. Nine of 10 resident radio-tagged stoats (Mustela erminea) were killed after poisoning operations that killed mice (Mus musculus), ship rats (Rattus rattus) and brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Possums were an important source of the poison, with six stoats dying 1–2 weeks after scavenging on poisoned carcasses. New male stoats rapidly invaded the poisoned areas, but few were killed because poisoned carcasses were scarce. Most resident stoats died before possums were poisoned in other New Zealand trials when Talon 20 P was hand-broadcast. Prey abundance is potentially an important determinant of efficacy of the method, so pulse baiting is likely to be more successful than press (sustained) baiting operations for controlling stoats. Use of bait stations delayed indirect poisoning of stoats, but reduced risks to non-target native species compared with hand-broadcast operations. Talon 20 P poisoning operations using bait stations could be an especially useful way of restoring New Zealand’s mainland communities of native biota because several species of predators are killed in the same operation, but potential risks to non-target native wildlife and humans should be intensively researched before the method is routinely used. This research also demonstrates the potential hazards of the new anticoagulant poisons like brodifacoum to conservation of small native predators elsewhere.

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Kurdil, N. V. "Diagnosis of acute poisoning by addictive and psychotropic substances based on the toxidrome." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 17, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.17.3.2021.234804.

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Background. Poisoning by addictive and psychotropic substances is one of the main reasons for the admission of patients to emergency departments in most countries of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current structure of toxic syndromes in patients with acute poisoning and to analyze existing approaches to the diagnosis of addictive and psychotropic substance poisoning based on the syndromic approach. Materials and methods. Medical data of 2987 patients treated with the diagnosis: “Acute drug poisoning” (ICD-10: T40.0-T40.3) in the Kyiv Toxicological Center were studied. Laboratory studies of addictive and psychotropic substances in the biological environment were performed using immunochromatographic analysis (rapid tests) and chromate-mass spectrometry (device Aligent 6850/5973N, column HP-5MS). Statistical analysis was performed using the program Statistica 12.6 (Windows 10/7). Results. According to the Center for Mental Health and Monitoring of Drugs and Alcohol of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in 2018, the most common substances that result in abuse were: alcohol — 14.6 %, cannabis — 2.8 %, opioids — 2.1 %, sedative agents — 1.1 %, solvents — 0.9 %, amphetamine-type stimulants — 0.2 %, cocaine — 0.1 %, and hallucinogens — 0.1 %. The range of substances that caused severe poisoning in adults in 2016–2020 represented by: ethanol — 29.2 %, opioids — 42.3 %, cannabinoids — 8.4 %, sedative agents and hypnotics — 9.5 %, cocaine, and stimulants, inclu-ding caffeine — 7.4 %, hallucinogens — 5.5 %, solvents — 2.1 %. The following toxidromes were diagnosed: sedative in 46.3 % of patients, opioid — 37.6 %, sympathomimetic — 17.7 %, anticholinergic — 9.5 %, serotonin — 0.4 %, and syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) — 0.2 %. During the study period, the number of combined poisonings increased 1.8 times (from 20.5 to 37.1 %), and among the combinations of addictive and psychotropic substances, the most common are methadone + ethanol, methadone + benzodiazepines, methadone + amphetamine, opioids + cocaine + ethanol, opioids + cannabis, as well as other combinations involving methamphetamine, hallucinogens, analgesics. Clinical diagnosis of combined poisonings is difficult, miosis may be absent in tramadol and meperidine poisoning, in cases of combined use of opioids and stimulants, or extremely severe cases, when the patient shows signs of deep post-hypoxic encephalopathy. Modern synthetic opioids (fentanyl and buprenorphine analogues) significantly outweigh the toxic effects of heroin, so there is a fairly common approach to using higher initial doses of naloxone in the treatment of such overdoses. However, approaches to the use of naloxone differ in various scientific sources. The practical experience in the Kyiv Toxicological Center proves that treatment can be started with standard doses of naloxone and quickly increased in the absence of side effects (agitation, convulsions, pulmonary edema). Given the fact that modern test systems are aimed at finding a small range of narcotic and psychotropic substances and do not determine their concentration, considerable attention should be paid to clinical diagnosis based on the definition of pathological symptoms and syndromes. Since the main target for narcotic and psychotropic substances is the nervous system, the identification of biomarkers of its dysfunction at different levels is key in the diagnosis of poisoning. Based on certain biomarkers, an understanding of the existing toxic syndrome (toxidrome) is formed. Today, opioids play a key role in morbidity and mortality from drug poisoning in Ukraine. A threatening trend in recent years is the increase in the proportion of combined poisonings by opioids and other substances, which complicates the determination of the toxidrome. It is important to note that the “fashion” for the use of combinations of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances among drug users is constantly changing, so doctors try to regularly update information on available drugs and psychotropic substances in the region, which are popular among consumers and characteristic manifestations of poisoning. The universal approach ABCDE should be used in cases where there are no specific tests for toxic substances, and because more than a third of positive tests show the presence of two or more xenobiotics. Conclusions. Identification of toxidrome is important from the standpoint of diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning. Many researchers note that its importance exceeds the value of rapid tests to determine the toxic substance, and the patient’s vital signs and careful examination are the best clues for choosing treatment tactics. In cases of combined poisoning with drugs or psychotropic substances, or in situations where it is not possible to conduct rapid testing of the patient’s urine for toxic substances, it is necessary to approach the use of antidotes (naloxone) with caution. It is important to remember that the object of medical intervention in any poisoning is the patient, not the toxin or the results of laboratory tests, which do not always correctly indicate the poison. Pharmacological interventions in the treatment of a patient with acute addictive or psychotropic substance poisoning should be aimed at correcting the underlying pathological syndrome (if possible), taking into account not to exacerbate its manifestations, but rather to minimize its severity and duration.

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Man, Zhaodi, Xing Meng, Fengxia Sun, Yunqiu Pu, Kai Xu, Rongli Sun, Juan Zhang, Lihong Yin, and Yuepu Pu. "Global Identification of HIF-1α Target Genes in Benzene Poisoning Mouse Bone Marrow Cells." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112531.

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Benzene is a hematopoietic toxicant, and hematopoietic cells in bone marrow (BM) are one of the main targets for its action, especially hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is associated with the metabolism and physiological functions of HSCs. We previously found that the mechanism of regulation of HIF-1α is involved in benzene-induced hematopoietic toxicity. In this study, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) technologies were used to analyze the genome-wide binding spectrum of HIF-1α in mouse BM cells, and specific HIF-1α target genes and pathways associated with benzene toxicity were screened and validated. By application of the ChIP-Seq technique, we identified target genes HIF-1α directly binds to and regulates. Forty-two differentially down-regulated genes containing the HIF-1α specific binding site hypoxia response element (HRE) were found, of which 25 genes were with biological function. Moreover, the enrichment analysis of signal pathways indicated that these genes were significantly enriched in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, the Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, Pyrimidine metabolism, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, and Transcriptional misregulation in cancer. After verification, 11 genes involved in HSC self-renewal, cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis pathways were found to be significantly reduced, and may participate in benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Our study provides a new academic clue for the mechanism of benzene hematotoxicity.

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Zoppellari, R., L. Targa, P. Tonini, and R. Zatelli. "Acute Poisoning with Methidathion: A Case." Human & Experimental Toxicology 9, no. 6 (November 1990): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719000900610.

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An acute poisoning in a 50-year-old man who ingested approximately 6.2 g of the phosphorus ester methidathion is described. The patient was treated with three haemoperfusions 23, 44 and 115 h after ingestion, with continuous gastric lavage, atropine and pralidoxime administration and with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Haemoperfusion was an ineffective epuration technique since it removed only 0.22% of the ingested methidathion. The clinical course wavered because of a probable redistribution of phosphorus ester from fat to blood. A plasma level higher than 100 μg l-1 was associated with the most serious phases. Methidathion was present in the plasma until the sixth day, in the urine until the seventh and in the gastric juice until the eighth. Its absence in the fat biopsy made on the tenth day was an aid to therapy. The phosphorus ester did not inhibit lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase (NTE), neither did it induce development of delayed polyneuropathy.

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Depla, D., and R. De Gryse. "Target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering: Part I: the influence of ion implantation." Surface and Coatings Technology 183, no. 2-3 (May 2004): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.006.

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Ma, Yinghe, Jianguo Yang, Xiubo Tian, Chunzhi Gong, Wenjian Zheng, Yanming He, Zengliang Gao, Lianfeng Wei, Paul K. Chu, and Kexin Zhang. "Influence of Acetylene on Ti Target Poisoning During Pulse-Enhanced Vacuum Arc Evaporation." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48, no. 8 (August 2020): 2799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2020.3009155.

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Dvořák, P., and P. Vašina. "Monitoring of magnetron target poisoning by measurement of higher harmonics of discharge voltages." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 19, no. 5 (September 20, 2010): 055016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/19/5/055016.

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Sánchez-Barbudo, Inés S., Pablo R. Camarero, and Rafael Mateo. "Primary and secondary poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides of non-target animals in Spain." Science of The Total Environment 420 (March 2012): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.028.

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HUANG, LONG, JUN MA, JUN TANG, and FAN LI. "TRANSITION OF ORDERED WAVES IN NEURONAL NETWORK INDUCED BY DIFFUSIVE POISONING OF ION CHANNELS." Journal of Biological Systems 21, no. 01 (January 31, 2013): 1350002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339013500022.

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Normal physiological activities are often affected by some drugs, and some ion channels are blocked due to the katogene of drugs. This paper investigates the propagation of ordered waves in neuronal networks induced by diffusive poisoning, where the process is measured by increasing the number of neurons in the poisoned area of the networks. A coefficient of poisoning K is defined to measure the time units from one poisoned site to the adjacent site, a smaller K means that more neurons are poisoned in a certain period (a higher poisoning speed). A statistical factor of synchronization R in the two-dimensional array is defined to detect the transition of spiral waves induced by ion channel blocking. It is confirmed that the evolution of the spiral waves depends on the coefficient of poisoning K and number of poisoned neurons. Furthermore, breakup of the spirals is observed when weak channel noise is considered. Finally, the formation of the spiral wave induced by blocking the target wave with line defects is briefly discussed.

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Rothweiler, Anne M., Elena E. Cabb, and Shawn L. Gerstenberger. "The Status of Childhood Lead Poisoning and Prevention in Nevada, USA." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.95.

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One of the first steps in addressing the problem of childhood lead poisoning is to identify the possible sources of exposure in specific communities and target high-risk populations with appropriate interventions. Due to several factors, such as lack of funding and lack of blood lead reporting, little information exists regarding the occurrence of childhood lead poisoning and the prevalence of potential exposure sources in the state of Nevada. Following the recent establishment of a Nevada-based Lead Poisoning Program, we compiled the most current information available on Nevadans, and use this knowledge to suggest future research objectives and outreach activities for the state. Accordingly, we identify the characteristics of the vulnerable Nevada populations, explore possible sources of lead exposure unique to Nevada, and summarize the existing data on childhood lead poisoning. Emerging data indicates that Nevada is an area of rapid population growth, characterized by increasing immigration from Latin America, increasing numbers of children from low-income families with no health insurance. Also, childhood lead poisoning may arise from exposure to non-paint sources of lead. After presenting the Nevada statistics, we propose and recommend a set of research and outreach strategies that best suit the needs of Nevada residents.

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Aoyama, H., M. Yoshida, and Y. Yamamura. "Acute Poisoning by Intentional Ingestion of Thallous Malonate." Human Toxicology 5, no. 6 (December 1986): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718600500612.

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1 A 26-year-old man who ingested 10 g of thallous malonate was treated by gastric lavage and combined haemodialysis and haemoperfusion. 2 At a blood flow of 100 ml/min, the average of thallium clearance values obtained by combined haemoperfusion and haemodialysis at two different times were 50.2 and 60.4 ml/min. 3 Forty hours after ingestion, he died of cardiac failure. A higher concentration of thallium was found in the heart than in other organs, suggesting that the heart is the main target of thallium in the early stage of acute poisoning.

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PEREIRA, G. A. M., L. H. BARCELLOS JR, D. V. SILVA, R. R. BRAGA, M. M. TEIXEIRA, A. A. SILVA, and J. I. RIBEIRO JR. "APPLICATION HEIGHT IN HERBICIDES EFFICIENCY IN BEAN CROPS." Planta Daninha 33, no. 3 (September 2015): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582015000300023.

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ABSTRACTInadequate herbicide application can result in failures in weed control and/or poisoning of the crops, resulting in yield losses. In this research were assessed the effects of the sprayer nozzle boom height in the distribution of the spray solution for weed control, influencing intoxication of beans and crop yield. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory, the performance of flat spray tip TT 11002 was assessed at heights 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 meters with respect to the target surface. In the field the same heights were assessed in applications of herbicides fomesafen, fluazifop-P-butyl and fomesafen + fluazifop-P-butyl. There was an inverse relationship between the height of the spray boom and the coefficients of variation of the patterns. The mixture better efficiency in a tank of fluazifop-P-butyl + fomesafen was obtained with the height of 0.50 m from the target. This treatment resulted in better weed control, lower poisoning of the bean plants and better crop yield rates.

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Mcilroy, JC. "The Sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 Poison .9. Comparisons Between the Major Groups of Animals, and the Potential Danger Nontarget Species Face From 1080 Poisoning Campaigns." Wildlife Research 13, no. 1 (1986): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860039.

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The sensitivity of a species to 1080 poison is difficult to predict from toxicity data for other, closely related species. LD*50s of practical use for evaluating the risk species might face from 1080-poisoning campaigns can be obtained for untested members of some groups by the use of either values for similar species, regression equations involving body weight, or the lower 95% confidence limits of the distribution of LD*50S of members in each group. Among the 171 species for which there are data there was considerable variability in the time until signs of poisoning became apparent (0.1 h- >7 days), the time to death (0.1 h- >21 days) and the time until animals began to show signs of recovery (2 h-18 days). Marsupial carnivores generally showed signs earlier and died or recovered quicker than eutherian carnivores, eutherian herbivores and the marsupial herbivores of eastern Australia, even though the last three groups have lower LD*5OS. Reptiles and amphibians generally were the slowest to show signs of poisoning, to die or to recover, and had the highest LD50s . All species in Australia for which toxicity data are available were ranked according to the percentage of their body weight they would have to eat of various poison baits to receive an LD*5O. Many non-target species require lower percentages than the target animals but the actual consumption of lethal bait may be affected by various factors. Finally, an evaluation is given of the major groups of animals potentially most at risk in 1080-poisoning campaigns in Australia, based on their susceptibility to 1080.

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Chapuis, J. L., V. Le Roux, J. Asseline, L. Lefèvre, and F. Kerleau. "Eradication of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by poisoning on three islands of the subantarctic Kerguelen Archipelago." Wildlife Research 28, no. 3 (2001): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00042.

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In order to rehabilitate islands of the Kerguelen Archipelago degraded by the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a program of eradication by poisoning was implemented from 1992 onwards on three islands: Verte Island (148 ha), Guillou Island (145 ha) and Cochons Island (165 ha). The poison used was a first-generation anticoagulant, chlorophacinone (0.05 g kg –1 ) on wheat bait treated to prevent germination. Bait was applied during the winter (July) in 1992 on Verte Island, in 1994 on Guillou Island and in 1997 on Cochons Island. Before poisoning, there were about 1250–1300 rabbits on Verte and Guillou Islands (9 rabbits per hectare) and 2600 rabbits on Cochons Island (16 rabbits per hectare). In total, about 1200, 1300 and 1600 kg of bait were distributed respectively on each island. Fifteen days after poisoning commenced 90% of the rabbits had died on Verte and Guillou Islands and 80% on Cochons Island. Two months later, only a small number of individuals survived; these were eliminated by shooting or poisoning, except on Cochons Island where a second bait application was necessary in the winter of 1999. No rabbits or tracks have been observed since 1994 on Verte Island, and since 1996 on Guillou Island, and the elimination of the last individuals is under way on Cochons Island. Inadvertent poisoning of non-target species by primary poisoning mainly involved two species of native birds (Larus dominicanus, Anas eatoni) and the mouse (Mus musculus) on Guillou and Cochons Islands. The cat (Feliss catus) on Guillou Island was the only species killed by secondary poisoning. The results are compared with other rabbit-eradication operations using a second-generation anticoagulant.

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Rama Koteswara Rao, Ganga, and Dr R.Satya Prasad. "Shielding The Networks Depending On Linux Servers Against Arp Spoofing." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.32 (May 31, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.32.13531.

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Escalating Internet-dependent business is giving rise to a corresponding growth to the threats on servers catering to this growing Internet usage. There is a need for research to secure the servers from attackers. Today, the most dangerous attack that can be performed inside the network is ARP Poisoning, which can provide fake identity to steal the authentic network traffic or modify the authenticated network traffic. In the present scenario, any network can become an easy target of ARP spoofing which is highly difficult to detect and prevent. The aim of the research paper is to focus on detecting and preventing the ARP Poisoning attack, by using open source technologies.

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Chowdhury, MSJH, M. Baque, MTI Islam, H. Ahmed, MA Faiz, and ASMN Islam. "Clinico - epidemiological study of corrosive poisoning by different agents in Dhaka Medical College Hospital." Bangladesh Medical Journal 42, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19000.

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Acute poisoning is a serious threat to society and one of the commonest causes of mortality and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to have an idea about the pattern of corrosive poisoning and their socio-demographic background. This study was conducted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital over a period of six months from January to June, 2008. The total respondents were 126 in number. All patients, aged 13 years and above with acute corrosive poisoning were included. The results revealed that 23% were male and 77% female. Male, female ratio was 1: 3.34. Age between (13-30) years (88.09%) was the most vulnerable. Most of the patients (45.25%) had a background of secondary education. Students (43.7%) were the dominant group followed by housewives (30.2%). Most of the patients (80.2%) came from urban area. 88.9% attempted to commit suicide. Familial disharmony (75.4%) was the leading motive of poisoning. Twenty five types of corrosive agents were identified; out of which 83.34% cases took either Savlon (51.59%) or Harpic (31.75%). Female is the most vulnerable target who attempted to commit suicide. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19000 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 78-81

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Leslie, Stephen J., Lynn Greig, Rhona Mackie, Michael Gotz, and Douglas Morrison. "A survey of admissions following self-poisoning." Psychiatric Bulletin 29, no. 8 (August 2005): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.29.8.305.

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Aims and MethodPatients who self-poison are at increased risk of future self-poisoning and early death. Admission patterns and effective treatment strategies are unclear although psychosocial assessment may reduce readmissions. This study aimed to determine admission patterns and the proportion of patients receiving a psychiatric assessment in 4220 consecutive admissions.ResultsThe average age was 34 years (s.d.=13, range 13–94); most were female (56 v. 44%, P<50.001). Twelve per cent of patients were aged 13–18 years, again the majority were female (70 v. 30%, P<50.001). Twenty per cent of patients had multiple admissions, accounting for 42% of the total admissions. There were slightly more admissions per day at the weekend (Friday, Saturday and Sunday; P<0.002). As many as 245 patients were either not referred or ‘self-discharged’ before they were assessed by the liaison psychiatry service.Clinical ImplicationsThese findings may help target medical resources, suggesting that consistent numbers of staff are required during all days of the week.

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Dietrich, Richard, Nadja Jessberger, Monika Ehling-Schulz, Erwin Märtlbauer, and Per Einar Granum. "The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus." Toxins 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020098.

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Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.

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Fouad, O. A., Abdul K. Rumaiz, and S. Ismat Shah. "Reactive sputtering of titanium in Ar/CH4 gas mixture: Target poisoning and film characteristics." Thin Solid Films 517, no. 19 (August 2009): 5689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.02.119.

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Depla, D., and R. De Gryse. "Target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering: Part II: the influence of chemisorption and gettering." Surface and Coatings Technology 183, no. 2-3 (May 2004): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.007.

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Dutta, Pinaki, ShruthiS Kamath, Ashish Bhalla, VN Shah, Anand Srinivasan, Prakamya Gupta, and Surjit Singh. "Effects of acute organophosphate poisoning on pituitary target gland hormones at admission, discharge and three months after poisoning: A hospital based pilot study." Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 19, no. 1 (2015): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.131771.

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Shanak, Hussein. "Influence of Aging, Poisoning and Residual Charges on the Gasochromic Behavior of WO3 Thin Films." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2013): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v1i1.11.

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Thin films of WO3 were deposited in a mixed atmosphere of O2 and Ar gas from a high purity target of 99.99 % tungsten using reactive DC-sputtering technique. Pt catalyst was sputtered on top of the WO3 films from a high purity target of 99.99 % platinum in Ar atmosphere. Coloration takes place in hydrogen gas and bleaching in oxygen gas. During the Coloration/bleaching process several optical and electrical parameters were determined. The influence of the aging time and poisoning in air was investigated, and the residual charges resulting from the coloring/bleaching processes were discussed. It was found that gasochromic coloration velocity decreases with increasing aging time.

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Shanak, Hussein. "Influence of Aging, Poisoning and Residual Charges on the Gasochromic Behavior of WO3 Thin Films." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2013): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v1i1.11.

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Thin films of WO3 were deposited in a mixed atmosphere of O2 and Ar gas from a high purity target of 99.99 % tungsten using reactive DC-sputtering technique. Pt catalyst was sputtered on top of the WO3 films from a high purity target of 99.99 % platinum in Ar atmosphere. Coloration takes place in hydrogen gas and bleaching in oxygen gas. During the Coloration/bleaching process several optical and electrical parameters were determined. The influence of the aging time and poisoning in air was investigated, and the residual charges resulting from the coloring/bleaching processes were discussed. It was found that gasochromic coloration velocity decreases with increasing aging time.

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SHIN, HYEWON, MINHWAN KIM, EUNJU YOON, GYOUNGWON KANG, SEUNGYU KIM, AELEE SONG, and JEONGSOON KIM. "Isothermal Target and Probe Amplification Assay for the Real-Time Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-193.

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Staphylococcus aureus, the species most commonly associated with staphylococcal food poisoning, is one of the most prevalent causes of foodborne disease in Korea and other parts of the world, with much damage inflicted to the health of individuals and economic losses estimated at $120 million. To reduce food poisoning outbreaks by implementing prevention methods, rapid detection of S. aureus in foods is essential. Various types of detection methods for S. aureus are available. Although each method has advantages and disadvantages, high levels of sensitivity and specificity are key aspects of a robust detection method. Here, we describe a novel real-time isothermal target and probe amplification (iTPA) method that allows the rapid and simultaneous amplification of target DNA (the S. aureus nuc gene) and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer–based signal probe under isothermal conditions at 61°C or detection of S. aureus in real time. The assay was able to specifically detect all 91 S. aureus strains tested without nonspecific detection of 51 non–S. aureus strains. The real-time iTPA assay detected S. aureus at an initial level of 101 CFU in overnight cultures of preenriched food samples (kiwi dressing, soybean milk, and custard cream). The advantage of this detection system is that it does not require a thermal cycler, reducing the cost of the real-time PCR and its footprint. Combined with a miniaturized fluorescence detector, this system can be developed into a simplified quantitative hand-held real-time device, which is often required. The iTPA assay was highly reliable and therefore may be used as a rapid and sensitive means of identifying S. aureus in foods.

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Ganesan, R., B. J. Murdoch, B. Treverrow, A. E. Ross, I. S. Falconer, A. Kondyurin, D. G. McCulloch, J. G. Partridge, D. R. McKenzie, and M. M. M. Bilek. "The role of pulse length in target poisoning during reactive HiPIMS: application to amorphous HfO2." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 24, no. 3 (May 26, 2015): 035015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/24/3/035015.

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Algar, D., and R. I. Brazell. "A bait-suspension device for the control of feral cats." Wildlife Research 35, no. 5 (2008): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07167.

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The use of poison baits is an effective method for controlling feral cats. However, take of baits by non-target animals may place those animals at risk of poisoning and also reduces the availability of baits to the target animal, feral cats. Therefore, techniques that reduce non-target take of baits are desirable. Earlier trials have suggested that suspending baits might prevent most non-target animals from removing the baits while maintaining their attractiveness and availability to feral cats. This paper assesses the efficacy of a bait-suspension device to provide a relatively simple means of controlling feral cats (across age and sex classes). In addition, it confirms the high target specificity of the bait-delivery mechanism on Australia’s Christmas Island, where non-target species would have posed a problem with baits laid on the ground. The technique may have potential application on other islands where similar non-target species are threatened by baiting programs or at specific sites on the mainland where aerial or on-track deployment of feral cat baits may pose an unacceptable risk to non-target species.

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Wang, Shui, Chang Sheng Qu, Bing Li, Hai Suo Wu, and An Juan Cai. "The Development of Risk-Based Remediation Target Value for Lead Contaminated Soils." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.767.

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With the rapid economic development, China is experiencing increased land contamination and lead poisoning problem in recent years, which is no longer restricted to isolated incidents and locations. There is an urgent need to remediate the lead contaminated soils to protect the publics health. However, contaminated land remediation and determination of remediation target value has been neglected for years. In order to accommodate uncertainties within the conservative point estimation of remediation target value for lead contaminated soils, Monte Carlo simulation technique is integrated into the traditional calculation model from a probabilistic perspective. Risk-based remediation target values for lead contaminated soils of different land use types (including school/hospital, residential, business and industrial use) are developed preliminarily. Furthermore, this study highlights the necessity to determine the remediation target value on the basis of actual (i.e. site-specific) risks to humans and, besides, actual risks due to contaminant migration.

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Santos, Francielli Weber, and Cristina Wayne Nogueira. "Agentes quelantes sulfidrílicos: uma revisão." Ciência e Natura 25, no. 25 (December 9, 2003): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x27243.

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The increase industrial use of metais such as berilium, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium and nickel results inevitably on a more contaminated environment. For this reason, environmental chronic poisonings with these metais have not been unusual and is a serious human health concern. Chelation therapy has been the basis for the medical treatment of metal poisoning for the past 4 decades. Chelating agents have been used clinically as antidotes for acute and chronic metal intoxications. These compounds enhance the excretion of toxic elements such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, or mercury, which are also well-known developmental toxicants. Moreover, they also decrease the metal's toxicity by preventing it from binding to cellular target molecules. However, there are many questions concerning the use of these compounds, including a wide range of overt and hidden undesirable side effects caused by these therapeutic dithiol chelating agents. The aspects pointed out above clearly indicate that more detailed experimental and clinical experiments are required to better establish the toxicological properties of BAL, DMPS and DMSA.

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FRIEDMAN, MELISSA A., and BONNIE E. LEVIN. "Neurobehavioral effects of harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins: A critical review." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11, no. 3 (May 2005): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050381.

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Human exposure to naturally occurring marine toxins has been associated with a range of neurobehavioral abnormalities. The toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) and are typically contracted through seafood consumption. The primary target of many of the HAB toxins is the neurologic system, and the neurobehavioral symptoms associated with the HAB illnesses have influenced public health policy. The HAB-related illnesses most frequently linked to neuropsychological disturbance are Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, and Possible Estuarine Associated Syndrome, which is associated with exposure to thePfiesteria piscicidaorganism. Although the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying many of the HAB illnesses have been well delineated, the literature examining the neuropsychological impairments is unclear and needs to be defined. This review is intended to introduce an emerging area of study linking HAB illnesses with neuropsychological changes. (JINS, 2005,11, 331–338.)

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Kintziger, Kristina W., Prakash Mulay, Sharon Watkins, Jay Schauben, Richard Weisman, Cynthia Lewis-Younger, and Carina Blackmore. "Wild Mushroom Exposures in Florida, 2003–2007." Public Health Reports 126, no. 6 (November 2011): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600610.

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Objective. Exposure to wild mushrooms can lead to serious illness and death. However, there is little information on the epidemiology of mushroom exposures nationwide, as there is no specific surveillance for this outcome. We described mushroom exposures in Florida using available data sources. Methods. We performed a population-based study of mushroom exposure calls to the Florida Poison Information Center Network (FPICN) and cases of mushroom poisoning reported in hospital inpatient and emergency department (ED) data from 2003 through 2007. Results. There were 1,538 unduplicated mushroom exposures reported during this period, including 1,355 exposure calls and 428 poisoning cases. Most exposures reported to FPICN occurred in children ≤6 years of age (45%) and males (64%), and most were unintentional ingestions (60%). Many exposures resulted in no effect (35%), although 21% reported mild symptoms that resolved rapidly, 23% reported prolonged/systemic (moderate) symptoms, and 1% reported life-threatening effects. Most calls occurred when in or en route to a health-care facility (43%). More than 71% of poisonings identified in hospital records were managed in an ED, and most occurred in young adults 16–25 years of age (49%), children ≤6 years of age (21%), adults >25 years of age (21%), and males (70%). No deaths were reported. Conclusions. Combined, these data were useful for describing mushroom exposures. Most exposures occurred in males and in young children (≤6 years of age) and young adults (16–25 years of age), with 78% resulting in contact with a health-care facility. Education should target parents of young children—especially during summer, when mushrooms are more abundant—and young adults who are likely experimenting with mushrooms for their potential hallucinogenic properties.

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Dabbs, D. W., K. Dong, K. Lavergne, H. Brooks, and E. Hyshka. "LO18: Access to take home naloxone in the Royal Alexandra Hospitals emergency department for patients at risk of an opioid overdose." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S12—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.80.

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Introduction: Take Home Naloxone (THN) programs prevent death from opioid poisoning by training laypersons to recognize an overdose and administer naloxone. Dispensing THN through the emergency department (ED) is particularly critical because an ED visit for opioid poisoning strongly predicts future mortality. Many EDs have implemented THN programs, yet almost no literature examines the reach of such initiatives. To address this gap, we conducted a chart review of all patients presenting for opioid poisoning to an urban tertiary hospital, with a large ED-based THN program. This exploratory study hypothesized that more than 50% of ED patients presenting for opioid poisoning would be offered a THN kit. Methods: Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and THN kit dispensing were extracted and analyzed from the charts of all ED patients presenting with a primary diagnosis of opioid poisoning between April 1 2016 and April 30 2017. Logistic regression analyzed predictors of being offered a THN kit. Results: A total of 347 ED visits for 301 unique patients occurred during the study period. The mean age ± SD of patients was 38 ± 14 years, and 69% were male. In 49% of ED visits, a THN kit was offered; 73% of these episodes had a THN kit dispensation. Patients who were male (AOR=1.94; 95% CI 1.11 - 3.40), and reported that their overdose was unintentional (AOR=2.95; 95% CI 1.04 8.35) and caused by illegal opioids (AOR=4.73; 95% CI 2.63 8.52) were significantly more likely to be offered a THN kit. Conclusion: ED-based THN programs have the potential to reach significant proportions of patients at high risk of mortality. However, these programs may have differential reach within the target population. Further research is needed to examine barriers and facilitators to offering all eligible ED patients a THN kit.

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MCWILLIAM, ANDREW N., and ROBERT A. CHEKE. "A review of the impacts of control operations against the red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea) on non-target organisms." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 2 (June 2004): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001213.

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Spraying with the organophosphate fenthion has been the predominant means to control the red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), a major bird pest throughout semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, for more than forty years. A review of known effects of fenthion and other control measures used against Q. quelea on non-target organisms, provides a basis for comparisons with any alternative chemical control agents. Birds of prey, owls and passerines have been commonly reported casualties of spraying with fenthion over land. Moreover, fenthion is known to have negative effects on aquatic invertebrates, in particular on populations of crustacea, which predicates against its use near water bodies. Non-target species may be affected directly by spraying, but predatory birds, scavenging birds and even mammals can be contaminated by secondary poisoning when they eat Quelea carcasses found up to 20 km or more from the primary control site. To avoid secondary poisoning, where possible quelea carcasses should be removed from a site after spraying. The use of explosions to kill roosting quelea birds has similar effects to those of fenthion in terrestrial habitats, killing non-target species including birds of prey and owls. Another control method, harvesting quelea as a source of protein, is benign and could contribute to local nutritional and economic needs. However harvesting is unlikely to reduce quelea populations substantially. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches are recommended to minimize environmental damage, but until these are successfully adopted, standardized procedures for comparative assessments of the effects of quelea control are required.

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Swift, Steven M., Kevin P. Reid, David M. Donovan, and Timothy G. Ramsay. "Thermophile Lytic Enzyme Fusion Proteins that Target Clostridium perfringens." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040214.

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Clostridium perfringens is a bacterial pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis in poultry and livestock, and is a source of food poisoning and gas gangrene in humans. As the agriculture industry eliminates the use of antibiotics in animal feed, alternatives to antibiotics will be needed. Bacteriophage endolysins are enzymes used by the virus to burst their bacterial host, releasing bacteriophage particles. This type of enzyme represents a potential replacement for antibiotics controlling C. perfringens. As animal feed is often heat-treated during production of feed pellets, thermostable enzymes would be preferred for use in feed. To create thermostable endolysins that target C. perfringens, thermophile endolysin catalytic domains were fused to cell wall binding domains from different C. perfringens prophage endolysins. Three thermostable catalytic domains were used, two from prophage endolysins from two Geobacillus strains, and a third endolysin from the deep-sea thermophilic bacteriophage Geobacillus virus E2 (GVE2). These domains harbor predicted L-alanine-amidase, glucosaminidase, and L-alanine-amidase activities, respectively and degrade the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall. The cell wall binding domains were from C. perfringens prophage endolysins (Phage LYtic enzymes; Ply): PlyCP18, PlyCP10, PlyCP33, PlyCP41, and PlyCP26F. The resulting fifteen chimeric proteins were more thermostable than the native C. perfringens endolysins, and killed swine and poultry disease-associated strains of C. perfringens.

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Layes, Vincent, Carles Corbella, Sascha Monjé, Volker Schulz-von der Gathen, Achim von Keudell, and Teresa de los Arcos. "Connection between target poisoning and current waveforms in reactive high-power impulse magnetron sputtering of chromium." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 27, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 084004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aad0e2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Target Poisoning'

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