Academic literature on the topic 'Tariff - Law'

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Journal articles on the topic "Tariff - Law"

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Bashlakov-Nikolaev, I. V. "Competition of Tariff Regulation Models: Results of a Critical Analysis of the Draft Federal Law “On the Foundations of State Regulation of Prices (Tariffs)”." Russian competition law and economy, no. 4 (January 11, 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47361/2542-0259-2021-4-28-34-45.

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The key aspects of the draft federal law “On the fundamentals of state regulation of prices (tariffs)” submitted by FAS Russia to the Government of the Russian Federation on June 8, 2021 following the discussion of this draft law by the working group on the implemen- tation of the “regulatory guillotine” mechanism were considered.This draft law is an attempt to form the general part of the tariff legislation of the Russian Federation.The article also discusses an alternative model for regulating issues related to the setting of prices (tariffs) — the codification of tariff legislation, which w
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Golomolzin, A. N. "Pro-competitive tariff regulation: experience and prospects." Russian competition law and economy, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2018-2-6-29.

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The article discusses the history, current experience and prospects of tariff regulation in Russia, the initiative of the FAS of Russia to develop and implement the Strategy of a new tariff policy, the adoption of the Federal law «On the basis of state regulation of prices (tariffs)»,the tasks of the tariff regulator for the development of the economy, arising from the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2017 № 618 and related problems of synergy of competencies, innovation of tariff policy 2015-2017, features and prospects of changes in the current models of tari
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Creskoff, Stephen, and Petrit Gashi. "Tariffs as an Instrument of Trade Policy: The Unique Case of Kosovo." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 5 (2013): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013018.

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Although all sovereign nations use import tariffs as an instrument of trade policy, most nations today are restricted by tariff bindings in trade agreements. Kosovo, a nation that has been independent for only five years, is an exception. Kosovo's only current restrictions regarding tariff increases are its tariff binding obligation in the eight nation Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA) agreement. This gives Kosovo unusual power to vary tariff levels to carry out its economic and trade policy objectives, power that it to date has not utilized. During Kosovo's administration by the United
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Nilsson, Lars. "Principles of EU Imports, Tariffs, and Tariff Regimes." Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 4 (2011): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011028.

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This paper provides an introduction to the basics of European Union (EU) imports, tariffs, and tariff regimes. Firstly, it describes the inherent complexities in the EU tariff schedule and outlines the approach taken for aggregating EU tariffs from the ten-digit level to a lower level of aggregation. Secondly, the paper presents the distribution of EU imports by main partners and broad product groups under the four different statistical import regimes and highlights the importance of which statistical regime a product is classified under. Thirdly, based on a simplified classification, the pape
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Shingal, Anirudh, and Olga Nartova. "The Potential of Tariff Policy for Climate Change Mitigation: Legal and Economic Analysis." Journal of World Trade 48, Issue 5 (2014): 1007–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2014035.

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This article addresses a potential role that tariff policy can play in encouraging countries to take part in a multilateral effort to mitigate climate change: it complements discussions on border tax adjustment which in law is limited to domestic taxation. It assesses whether increasing tariffs on products from polluting industries amounts to a violation of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and whether protectionism in this case can be differentiated from genuine environmental concerns. It argues that while lowering tariffs on environmental goods may serve as a carrot to promote disseminati
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Montolalu, Maya H., Mahjus Ekananda, Teguh Dartanto, Diah Widyawati, and Maddaremmeng Panennungi. "The Analysis of Trade Liberalization and Nutrition Intake for Improving Food Security across Districts in Indonesia." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (2022): 3291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063291.

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The debate on the effect of trade liberalization on food security poses solid arguments, both in favor as well as against the issue. This study aims to analyze the linkages between trade liberalization (measured using food import tariff exposure) and food security (measured using nutrition intake) in the case of Indonesia. The national food import tariff is decomposed into district-level import tariff exposure and is analyzed based on sectoral tariffs such as agriculture tariffs and food manufacture import tariffs. The analysis employs panel data of 496 Indonesian districts and postulates an a
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Conybeare, John A. C. "Voting for protection: an electoral model of tariff policy." International Organization 45, no. 1 (1991): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300001399.

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The political economy of trade policy has largely neglected popular elections. When legislatures determine protection, politicians supply tariffs that are demanded by their constituents. A model of this political market is specified and tested with data related to the McKinley Tariff of 1890. An index of the extent to which tariff protection accrued to individual congressional districts is applied, along with demand and supply variables, to three questions: Did representatives supply tariffs to their districts as the model predicts? Did they vote in accordance with the district tariff interest
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Thibault, Johanna. "Implementing an Effective Renewable Energy Policy in the United States: Can Feed-In Tariff Policies Be Successful for Advancing Renewable Energy Development?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 23, Issue 6 (2014): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2014021.

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This article explores the nuances of Feed-in Tariff policies as they are used to accelerate the development of renewable energy sources. Specifically, this article considers whether the United States (US) could successfully implement Feed-in Tariffs to advance renewable energy resource development. Although both popular and successfully used worldwide for this purpose, the US has been slow to adopt such policies. The success of a Feed-in Tariff program is dependent on the goals set forth by each jurisdiction; however, the two most important factors are setting the tariff at a premium rate, and
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Sandjoyo, Kandha Aditya, and Yos Sunitiyoso. "Impact Analysis of Law No. 9 of 2018 in Administration of Tariff Service Non-Tax Revenue in Indonesia." JURNAL MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN PUBLIK 7, no. 2 (2023): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31092/jmkp.v7i2.2504.

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The enactment of Law 9 of 2018 marked a significant shift in the management of non-tax revenue in Indonesia, replacing a two-decade-old law. This study delves into the implications of this legal transformation on non-tax revenue tariffs, focusing on the effects of tariff simplification and process enhancements. Employing a qualitative method, the research draws on archival records from periods before and after the law's implementation. The findings underscore the pivotal role of Law 9 of 2018 in structuring regulations, streamlining tariff administration, and enhancing revenue management pract
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Litke, Polina V., and Vitaliy E. Morozov. "NON-TARIFF REGULATION MEASURES IN CUSTOMS LAW." Russian Studies in Law and Politics 6, no. 3-4 (2022): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2576-9634-2022-3-4-32-52.

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Necessary to point out that the current system of tariff regulation is a prerequisite for the implementation of an effective customs policy and the implementation by customs authorities of the tasks of ensuring the economic security of the country. However, most countries don’t currently have the ability to actively respond to changes in the terms of trade by reducing or increasing tariff rates. Therefore, against the backdrop of a decrease in the customs and tariff protection of national markets, the role of non-tariff means of foreign trade policy is growing. It is non-tariff measures that a
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tariff - Law"

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Irish, Maureen 1949. "The harmonized system and tariff classification in Canada /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70330.

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This thesis examines the principles of tariff classification in Canadian customs law. Tariff appeals prior to implementation of the Harmonized System in January 1988 are analyzed. The General Rules for Interpretation of the Harmonized System are then discussed. The thesis throughout is that interpretation should not be limited to physical characteristics such as material composition. The naming of goods requires a contextual approach to interpretation which also takes into account their use in application.
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Chimeri, Vongai. "The WTO agreement on technical barriers to trade : a critical appraisal of its implementation within the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2855.

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The World Trade Organisation Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) was crafted with the aim of ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedure do not constitute unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have since ratified this Agreement and took a step further to incorporate its principles into the Technical Barriers to Trade Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade. Despite this effort, SADC countries are still grappling with implementing the TBT Agreement in their domestic frameworks
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Bakhtiari, Babak. "The Challenges of Feed-in Tariff Law as a Policy Instrument to Promote Wind Power in Iran." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23068.

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This study was carried out with the aim of finding out the challenges towards Feed-in Tariff law instrument in order to promote renewable energy in Iran. The targets of the study were chosen among authorities and investors in the field of wind energy. Wind power was selected as the case study because of its more popularity among investors. Qualitative research design was used to conduct the study and semi-structured interviews served as the method. Although there were a few studies done with the focus on renewable energy challenges in Iran, however, none of them focused on the challenges throu
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Zheng, Linlin, and 鄭霖霖. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework: an analysis of its terms andapplication." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290501.

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Williams, Brett Gerard. "The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.

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Magezi, Tom Samuel. "The WTO dispute settlement system and African countries :a prolonged slumber?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This thesis seeks to investigate the lack of participation by African countries in the WTO Dispute Settlement System by first providing an overview of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) system and, secondly by explaining the reasons that forestall the participation of African countries.
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Jovanovich, Juan Martʹin. "Customs valuation and transfer pricing : is it possible to harmonize customs and tax rules?" Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31165.

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There is an overlap between the transfer pricing concepts that apply under tax and under customs regimes. This thesis aims to demonstrate (i) that customs and tax laws often share common principles in respect of related-party transactions; (ii) that transfer pricing as agreed to under one discipline should be recognized under the other; (iii) that the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines constitute a body of rules that is appropriate to supplement the related party provisions of the GATT/WTO Valuation Code ("GVC"); and (iv) that such guidelines are generally in accordance with the provisions of th
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Harrod, Pamela A. "The general agreement on tariffs and trade and non-tariff barriers impact on international law and on trade in general and on import and export trade in Canada in particular." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5598.

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Soto, Carrillo Gerardo, and Villarreal Renzo Grández. "Regulatory contribution, tariff for radio spectrum And fee for commercial exploitation: tax aspects Of telecommunications." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109538.

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The Peruvian government has stablished mandatory payments that telecom companies have to make: the regulatory contribution, the tariff for radio spectrum and the fee for commercial exploitation.In this article, the authors examine what tax nature and what validity basis those impositions have.<br>El Estado peruano ha establecido pagos obligatorios que deben realizar las empresas operadoras de telecomunicaciones: el aporte por regulación pagado, el canon por el uso del espectro radioeléctrico y la tasa por explotación comercial. En el presente artículo, los autores examinan qué naturaleza tribu
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Grimett, Leticia Anthea. "Protectionism and compliance with the GATT article XXIV in selected regional trade arrangements." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003188.

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 has resulted in the GATT Contracting States making a renewed commitment to freer global trade and trade liberalisation. These Contracting States signalled their commitment to GATT policies and principles by undertaking to abolish all those non-tariff barriers which were not converted to tariffs and to decrease all tariffs applied by their domestic economies. The movement away from protectionism is intended to bring contracting states in line with the GATT most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles. The only exceptions to these
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Books on the topic "Tariff - Law"

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Canada. Customs tariff: Schedule = Tarif des douanes : annexe. s.n., 1998.

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Mongolia. Customs tariff law of Mongolia. Ministry of Justice of Mongolia, Legal Information Center, 1998.

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Slovenia. Nomenklatura carinske tarife: Z zakonom o carinski tarifi. Center Marketing International, 1998.

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Cyprus. Customs & excise tariff. Republic of Cyprus, 1988.

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Canada. Customs tariff : schedule =: Tarif des douanes : annexe. Dept. of Finance = Ministère des finances, 1997.

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Organization, World Trade, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development., and International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO, eds. World tariff profiles, 2006. World Trade Organization], 2007.

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Samoa, Western. Customs Tariff Amendment Act. Printed under the authority of the Legislative Assembly, by the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, 1997], 1997.

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Sen, U. K. Customs tariff and administration. Vikas Pub. House, 1992.

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Excise, Canada Customs and. Customs tariff: Departmental consolidation. Customs and Excise], 1988.

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Philippines. Tariff and Customs Code annotated. Central Professional Books, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tariff - Law"

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Sundaram, Jae. "Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers." In WTO Law and Policy. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367028183-9.

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Xalabarder, Raquel. "Simplification of Tariff Structures." In MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53809-8_3.

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Shaw, Josephine. "Non-tariff Barriers to Trade in Goods." In European Community Law. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13078-8_14.

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Shaw, Jo, Jo Hunt, and Chloë Wallace. "Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade in Goods." In Economic and Social Law of the European Union. Macmillan Education UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08070-7_5.

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QC, Timothy Lyons. "The Interaction of Customs and Non-tariff Barriers." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2015. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46748-0_2.

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Mayoraz, Jean-François. "Renewable Energy and WTO Subsidy Rules: The Feed-In Tariff Scheme of Switzerland." In International Economic Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44645-5_10.

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Mizulin, Nikolay, and Huijian Zhu. "Non-tariff Barriers and Private Conduct: The Case of Labelling." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2015. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46748-0_6.

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Kurakawa, Yukihide. "Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_5.

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Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.
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Lomagin, Nikita. "Non-tariff Barriers to Trade: Quality and Quantity from an Economic Perspective." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2015. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46748-0_3.

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Prieß, Hans-Joachim, and Katrin Arend. "Transatlantic Disputes on Non-tariff Barriers to Trade: From Asbestos to the EU Fuel Quality Directive." In Trade Policy between Law, Diplomacy and Scholarship. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15690-3_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tariff - Law"

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Tobing, Yosua, and Evita Israhadi. "Tariff Setting as Investment Guarantee on Public to Private Cooperation in Infrastructure Development." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2021, March 6th 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-3-2021.2305978.

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Kuanyshbayev, Zhaken. "Methodologies For Determining Tariffs For Intermodal Cargo Transportation." In 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004105.

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The article presents an analysis of tariffs for international freight traffic along the route Nur-Sultan station (Republic of Kazakhstan) - Mazare-Sharif station (Republic of Afghanistan). The freight charge is determined according to three existing methods for determining the freight charge: based on the Rail-Atlas and Rail-Tarif software package; Uniform Transit Tariff (UTT); International Transit Tariff (ITT). Calculations convincingly show the lowest tariffs for freight transportation, their availability for a wide range of railway customers. Moreover, the advantages of low-price tariffs a
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Tone, Yoichi, and Kunihiko Mouri. "A Concept of Energy Network Combined With Distributed Power Generation and Internet Systems." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26130.

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For the near future business application, the new idea of the distributed energy network system is proposed to secure lower cost and highly reliable power and heat supply system for the limited local area such as high energy density urban area. In Japan, tariff of the electric power is same for urban consumers and rural consumers under the present power law. However the wave of the power deregulation may affect to small business users and home users and the free-market of power purchase may emerge in public domain. Towards the realization of the future active power market, the new idea is crea
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Eichkoff, Henrique S., Daniel P. Bernardon, Vinicius J. Garcia, et al. "An Alternative Pricing Of Regulatory Components Based On Adjustments In The Relationship Between Peak And Off-Peak Tariffs In Brazil." In 37th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2023-0242.

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This paper presents a proposed tariff methodology for regulatory components of the distribution system use (TUSD) based on adjusting the ratio of peak to off-peak tariffs (POPR) in Brazil. The main objective of this study is to provide the TUSD component (and energy consumption terms) with lower prices for customers that use electricity for irrigation activities, called "irrigator customers" in southern Brazil. The respective paper is motivated by the relevance of this type of consumer in these regions, and also by the low number of methodologies present in the literature related to this theme
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Rigodanzo, Jonas, Alzenira da Rosa Abaide, Vinicius Jacques Garcia, Leonardo Nogueira Fontoura da Silva, Bruno Knevitz Hammerschmitt, and Leonardo Moreira Bibiano. "Residential Consumer Satisfaction Considering Tariff Variation Based on a Fuzzy Model." In 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-la.2019.8895392.

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Uturbey, Wadaed, Aurelio P. P. Duarte, Irving M. Coura, and Thais F. Araujo. "An optimization framework to assess TOU tariffs." In 2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-la.2015.7381210.

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Valim Xavier de Souza, Rafael, and Thales Sousa. "Impacts of white tariff on spot price in the Brazilian electricity market." In 2014 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2014.6955213.

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de Brito Garcia, Claudio, and Leandro Bastos Machado. "Decision Making Under Uncertainty in Pipeline Projects Using Monte Carlo Simulation." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0241.

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Uncertainty about a situation can often indicate risk, which is the possibility of loss, damage, or any other undesirable event. Most people and organization desire low or minimized risk, which would translate to stand to a scenario of high probability of success, profit, or some form of gain. This work shows the importance of risk analysis when it comes to compare two capital investment projects in the natural gas transmission business. A transmission company needs to choose between two alternatives for capacity expansion of a pipeline, with a maximum value for the transmission tariff previou
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Stankiewicz, D. F., G. Bordin, L. T. R. Loureiro, and R. P. Homrich. "Financial Impact of the Binomial Tariff in the Investment in Residential Photovoltaic Systems." In 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-la.2019.8895371.

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Bueno, Eduardo A. B., Wadaed Utubey, and Rodrigo R. Hostt. "Evaluating the effect of the white tariff on a distribution expansion project in Brazil." In 2013 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Latin America). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-la.2013.6554479.

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Reports on the topic "Tariff - Law"

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Gupta, Sourabh. Trump’s tariff overreach jeopardises international law. East Asia Forum, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1531778428.

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Pérez Urdiales, María, and Jesse Madden Libra. FS 3.4 Pricing Determinants in the Water and Sanitation Sector: A Quick View of Heterogeneity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004972.

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Water tariffs are used as a tool to balance objectives such as efficiency, accessibility, cost recovery, and environmental preservation. These competing objectives imply that water tariff structures must be adapted to local contexts and priorities to be effective, a reality that is especially relevant for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to its great geographical and temporal variability in water availability and demand. There are multiple factors that influence tariff structures in the water sector, but they can be categorized into four main groups: (1) environmental factors, (2) urb
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Blyde, Juan S., Gonzalo Iberti, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Integration, Resources Reallocation and Productivity: The cases of Brazil and Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011077.

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Most microeconometric studies available for LAC have focused on measuring the direct impact of trade on plant productivity leaving aside other effects that arise through the market selection process. Additionally, most studies have focused on tariff barriers as the only obstacle to international trade and integration. In this paper we use data from Brazil and Chile to analyze how trade affects aggregate productivity through the process of resource reallocation and to explore not only the role of tariffs but also the role of transport costs. We find that trade costs affect the reallocative proc
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Pérez Urdiales, María, Analía Gómez Vidal, and Jesse Madden Libra. Pricing Determinants in the Water and Sanitation Sector: A Quick View of Heterogeneity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004796.

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The dual nature of water as a finite resource and as a basic human right creates a tension that presents important implications for water pricing. Water tariffs are a key tool used by policymakers to create incentive structures that promote efficient use; at the same time, they can create barriers to access and ignore waters socio-cultural value if not calibrated properly. This conflict between pricing as to reduce over-consumption and to guarantee accessibility exposes the difficulty of optimizing residential water pricing, and the importance of progressive tariff structures in building more
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Carroll, Daniel R., and Sewon Hur. On the Distributional Effects of International Tariffs. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202018r2.

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We provide a quantitative analysis of the distributional effects of the 2018 increase in tariffs by the US and its major trading partners. We build a trade model with incomplete asset markets and households that are heterogeneous in their age, income, wealth, and labor skill. When tariff revenues are used to reduce distortionary taxes on consumption, labor, and capital income, the average welfare loss from the trade war is equivalent to a permanent 0.1 percent reduction in consumption. Much larger welfare losses are concentrated among retirees and low-wealth households, while only wealthy hous
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Haddad, J., L. A. Horta Nogueira, Germano Lambert-Torres, and L. E. Borges da Silva. Energy Efficiency and Smart Grids for Low Carbon and Green Growth in Brazil: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007001.

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The Brazilian continental dimensions and diversified natural resources are proportional to the challenges to develop its infrastructure sustainably and supply proper public services to more than 200 million inhabitants. Energy consumption has doubled since 1990, fostered by economic growth and the expansion of middle class. In this context, promote energy efficiency, in a broad sense, is urgent and rational. Brazil has a relatively long history in promoting energy efficiency at final user level. A landmark of this process is the Brazilian Labeling Program, launched in 1984, as direct consequen
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Caliendo, Lorenzo, Robert Feenstra, John Romalis, and Alan Taylor. A Second-best Argument for Low Optimal Tariffs. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28380.

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Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio. Trade and Integration Sector Note: Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008758.

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This Trade and Integration Sector Note addresses a few different factors for trade in Chile: export diversification, trade and regional disparities, preferential agreements, trade and transport costs. The final section looks beyond the conventional tariff and non tariff-barriers to trade, and focuses on the role of transport costs. Given Chile's low tariff and non-tariff barriers and its network of trade agreements, the reduction of non-conventional trade costs are bound to offer the best returns in terms of promoting trade and integration.
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Aguiar, Angel, Erwin Corong, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. Detailed Trade Policy Simulations Using a Global General Equilibrium Model. GTAP Working Paper, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp89.

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For the majority of studies using global general equilibrium models, the sectoral detail provided by the GTAP Data Base would be sufficient. However, analyses aimed at supporting trade negotiations or detailed trade policy regulations often require modeling at the tariff linear Harmonized System (HS) level. We bridge this gap by providing an automated data and model workflow that allows GTAP-based analyses at the HS level. In this paper, we illustrate and explain the use of this workflow by first carrying out a data procedure where we redefine GTAP sectors related to the auto industry — though
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Hempling, Scott, Carolyn Elefant, Karlynn Cory, and Kevin Porter. Renewable Energy Prices in State-Level Feed-in Tariffs. Federal Law Constraints and Possible Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219253.

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