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Journal articles on the topic 'Tariff, United States, 1921'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Pincus, Jonathan. "International Trade and Political Conflict: Commerce, Coalitions, and Mobility. By Michael J Hiscox. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp xiv, 209. $49.50, cloth; $18.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (2003): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703621807.

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This short book has a novel thesis, which is that the degree of factor mobility at the national level influenced the politics of foreign-trade policies. When factor mobility was high, tariff legislation was class legislation. When mobility was low, tariffs were decided by interest-group competition. Michael Hiscox brings data on mobility to bear on the history of foreign trade policies of the six countries—the United States, Britain, France, Sweden, Canada, and Australia—over the last one or two hundred years or so, devoting a chapter to each. He then tests his ideas quantitatively on U.S. con

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2

Beaulieu, Eugene, and J. C. Herbert Emery. "PORK PACKERS, RECIPROCITY, AND LAURIER'S DEFEAT IN THE 1911 CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTION." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (2001): 1083–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701042097.

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The 1911 Canada–United States Reciprocity Agreement had a central role in the campaigns of the Liberal and Conservative parties in the 1911 Canadian General Election. Consequently, Laurier's defeat in 1911 has been interpreted as Canada's rejection of reciprocity and her commitment to tariff protection. This analysis shows that reciprocity bolstered support for Laurier in 1911. In the absence of opposition from pork packers, particularly in Quebec, Laurier would have retained his majority mandate. Thus, Canada was not committing to a path of protectionism after 1911.

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SEYER, SEAN. "An Industry Worth Protecting? The Manufacturers Aircraft Association’s Struggle against the British Surplus, 1919–1922." Journal of Policy History 34, no. 3 (2022): 403–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030622000112.

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AbstractThe American aircraft industry’s important role in the economic, military, and cultural expansion of the United States over the past one hundred years has been well documented by historians. But America’s twentieth century aerial dominance was not preordained. After World War I, the nascent American aircraft industry faced a concerted British effort to dump thousands of war surplus machines on the U.S. market. With aircraft outside of the nation’s tariff regime, members of the Manufacturers Aircraft Association turned to Congress for emergency protections in the face of what they consi

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4

Rulli, Daniel. "Campaigning In 1928." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 31, no. 1 (2006): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.31.1.42-46.

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While the military and political accomplishments of World War I were clearly limited, the war, nonetheless, established a foundation for unparalleled economic growth in the United States during the 1920s. A significant consumer economy grew as many Americans worked fewer hours, earned higher salaries, invested in the stock market, and bought everything from washing machines to Model T Fords. This culture of consumerism in the 1920s changed the politics of American society and set the tone for American attitudes about economic political issues for decades to come. In the early 1920s, President

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Goldstein, Judith, and Robert Gulotty. "America and Trade Liberalization: The Limits of Institutional Reform." International Organization 68, no. 2 (2014): 263–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818313000490.

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AbstractAmong scholars, delegation of power to the US president in 1934 is widely believed to have been a necessary requisite for tariff reductions in ensuing years. According to conventional wisdom, delegation to the president sheltered Congress from constituent pressure thereby facilitating the opening of the US economy and the emergence of the United States as a world power. This article suggests a revision to our understanding of just how that occurred. Through a close study of the US tariff schedule between 1928 and 1964, focusing on highly protected products, we examine which products we

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6

POTTER, SIMON J. "THE IMPERIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CANADIAN–AMERICAN RECIPROCITY PROPOSALS OF 1911." Historical Journal 47, no. 1 (2004): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003522.

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This article builds on the recent willingness among British, Canadian, and imperial historians to question older national histories, and to re-examine how the divergent societies, economies, and polities of the empire once interacted in a wider ‘British world’. It argues that the press acted as a key mechanism for the transmission of political ideas through the permeable internal boundaries of empire. This is demonstrated through analysis of contemporary debate over the Canadian–American reciprocity proposals of 1911. This controversy provided an opportunity for political groups in Britain and

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Guifen, Pei, and Wang Xinying. "A Comparative Study of China and Japan’s Response to Section 301 Investigations of the United States." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.902800.

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Japan is the country with the most Section 301 investigations initiated by the United States. Meanwhile, the ongoing Section 301 investigation case against China is the most complicated and tough case until now. The different responses of Japan and China will be the core theme of this paper. Originally, Japan, little by little, accepted all the demands of the United States under American pressure in the semiconductor conflict and then began to resist its unreasonable demands; eventually, Japan forced the United States to withdraw its excessive requirement in auto parts conflict. In the case of

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8

Joshi, Vivek. "Preferential Tariff Formation The Case of the United States." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 4 (2013): 835–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013028.

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In this article, we address the impact of multilateral trade liberalization (MTL) on the preferential tariffs granted by the United States, which is one of the largest traders and one of the biggest contributors to MTL. We empirically address two important questions. First, if the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff for a product is higher, does it lead to a higher or lower preferential tariff? Second, the US being a large trading partner in such agreements, does reciprocity matter for giving meaningful preferential access? For a given MFN tariff, we model the preferential tariff with a simple l

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9

Song, Jingyu. "Why Tariff and Trade War?" Finance and Market 5, no. 4 (2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/fm.v5i4.2693.

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<p>By see the tariffs and trade wars in different time periods, each countries’ aim to start the trade war and tariff are protecting themselves. Analyzing and comparing the tariff acts in the colonial and antebellum period, the trade conflicts between the United States and Japan in the 1980s, and 2019’s China-United States trade war, we can see how tariffs work the same but also different in different time periods. </p>

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10

Spreen, Thomas H., Charlene Brewster, and Mark G. Brown. "The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Market for Processed Orange Products." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 35, no. 1 (2003): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800005976.

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The proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas would join the world's two largest processed orange producing regions: Brazil and the United States. Because the United States currently imposes a sizeable tariff on imported processed orange products, there is concern by U.S. orange growers over possible adverse effects resulting from tariff elimination. A model of the world processed orange market is developed as a spatial equilibrium model with implicit supply functions based on the dynamic behavior of orange production. The model is used to estimate the impact of U.S. tariff elimination on U.S.

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11

Haggard, Stephan. "The institutional foundations of hegemony: explaining the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934." International Organization 42, no. 1 (1988): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300007141.

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In 1930, Congress approved the highly restrictive Smoot–Hawley tariff, the textbook case of pressure group politics run amok. Four years later, Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA), surrendering much of its tariff-making authority to a policy process in which internationalists had increasing influence. While the United States had used reciprocity to expand exports before, the stick of discriminatory treatment took precedence over the carrot of liberalizing concessions. With the transfer of tariff-making authority to the executive, the United States could make credible com

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12

Veroneau, John K., and Catherine H. Gibson. "Presidential Tariff Authority." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 4 (2017): 957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2017.69.

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As part of the “America First” agenda discussed in his inaugural address, President Donald J. Trump promised that “[e]very decision” on trade, among other areas, would be “made to benefit American workers and American families.” During its first months, the Trump Administration made a number of trade moves apparently in connection with this “America First” trade agenda, including initiating national security investigations into steel and aluminum imports under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and preparing an “omnibus” report on trade deficits. The Trump Administration also took

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de Melo, Jaime, and Céline Carrère. "The Doha Round and Market Access for LDCs: Scenarios for the EU and US Markets." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 1 (2010): 251–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010008.

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Least developed countries (LDCs) hoped that the DOHA round would bring them greater market access in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries than for non-LDCs. Using HS-6 tariff level data for the United States and the EU for 2004, this paper estimates that, once the erosion from preferential access into the EU to non-LDCs is taken into account, LDCs have about a 3% preferential margin in the EU market. In the US market, in spite of preferences under the African Growth and Opportunity Act(AGOA), on a trade-weighted basis, LDCs are discriminated against. Under variou

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14

Li, Ziyu. "Research on the Effect of Rise in US Tariff on Chinas Import and Export Trade." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 172, no. 1 (2025): 77–82. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2025.22185.

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This essay researches the impact of the rise in US-China tariff the trade of Chinese imports and exports, using different methodologies or equations from different researchers. After 2018, the United States began to impose increasing amounts of tariffs on imported commodities from China with approximately 10% and 25% on different volumes of products, which indeed affects the Chinese trade market status and GDP. This paper will not only discuss the implications, but also discuss the results of future trends and relationships between the United States and China after the release of the tariff po

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Fajgelbaum, Pablo, Pinelopi Goldberg, Patrick Kennedy, Amit Khandelwal, and Daria Taglioni. "The US-China Trade War and Global Reallocations." American Economic Review: Insights 6, no. 2 (2024): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20230094.

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The US-China trade war created net export opportunities rather than simply shifting trade across destinations. Many “bystander” countries grew their exports of taxed products into the rest of the world (excluding the United States and China). Country-specific components of tariff elasticities, rather than specialization patterns, drove large cross-country variation in export growth of tariff-exposed products. The elasticities of exports to US-Chinese tariffs identify whether a country’s exports complement or substitute the United States or China and its supply curve’s slope. Countries that ope

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16

Gardner, Grant W., and Kent P. Kimbrough. "Tax smoothing and tariff behavior in the United States." Journal of Macroeconomics 14, no. 4 (1992): 711–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-0704(92)90007-u.

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17

LUCKSTEAD, JEFF, STEPHEN DEVADOSS, and MAHALINGAM DHAMODHARAN. "STRATEGIC TRADE ANALYSIS OF U.S. AND CHINESE APPLE JUICE MARKET." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 2 (2015): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.4.

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AbstractBecause of high competition from Chinese apple juice processors, the United States imposed an antidumping duty on apple juice imports from China to protect the domestic processors. This trade policy benefited U.S. processors but negatively impacted Chinese processors as well as consumers in the United States. Because of the economic reforms, foreign direct investment, and technological spillover, Chinese apple processors have increased their productivity. Under oligopolistic competition with endogenous firm entry and exit, this article analyzes how the changes in U.S. tariff policy and

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18

Luan, Bowen. "Macroeconomic Effect of The U.S. Tariff on Steel and Aluminum." BCP Business & Management 23 (August 4, 2022): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v23i.1469.

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In the context of deglobalization, the United States proposed a trade policy of imposing tariffs on steel and aluminum in March 2018. This paper first discusses the possible motivations behind the tariff levitation by the United States. It also analyzes the impact of US tariffs on its trading partners and itself under the unilateral tariff model and the bilateral tariff model. The conclusion of the analysis is that the impact of this US trade policy on the economy of steel and aluminum importing countries, especially in the long run, is not as pessimistic as imagined. And considering the impac

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19

Remy, Steven P., and Michael Behnen. "Die USA und Italien, 1921-1933 (The United States and Italy, 1921-1933)." Journal of American History 87, no. 3 (2000): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675375.

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20

Andriani, Sri. "Indonesian Stock Market Reactions During and After the United States-China Tariff War." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia 10, no. 1 (2025): 108–12. https://doi.org/10.37673/jebi.v10i1.6249.

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The uncertainty surrounding tariff policies imposed by US President Donald Trump has prompted other countries, such as China, to retaliate by raising tariffs on US goods. Investors, particularly those in the capital market, have responded, as they seek to secure their funds. This study aims to determine the stock market reaction to companies included in the LQ45 index. The event study method used analyzes the stock market reaction during and after the tariff war between the US and China. Data analysis techniques used the independent sample t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The study fo

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21

Schropp, Simon, Olim Latipov, Christian Lau, and Kornel Mahlstein. "Quantifying the Impact of the Latest US Tariff Sanctions on Russia: A Sectoral Analysis." Journal of World Trade 57, Issue 1 (2023): 55–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2023003.

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In addition to the existing import ban on energy products (oil, gas, coal), the United States recently announced a new sanction package that imposes significantly higher import tariffs on 570 product groups from Russia. These tariff increases affect more than USD 2 billion in US imports from Russia. Using a sector-specific partial-equilibrium (PE) model, we quantify the impact of these US tariff increases. We find that the new tariffs affect 8.7% of total US imports from Russia and may decrease Russian welfare by USD 181 million per year, while imposing annual costs of USD 90 million on US con

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22

Peterson, John M. "Totes-Isotoner v. United States: Tariffs and Civil Rights Intersect, Uncomfortably." Global Trade and Customs Journal 5, Issue 5 (2010): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2010020.

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Taxes that discriminate based on gender and age have come under Constitutional attack in recent decades and today are relatively rare. Defying this trend, however, the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) still contains dozens of provisions that discriminate in the taxation of imported merchandise based on the gender or age of the intended user. In Totes-Isotoner Corp. v. United States and more than 150 pending lawsuits, importers have challenged these discriminatory rates, contending that no sufficient justification exists for Congress? disparate treatment of similar goods. T

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23

Kidd, Laura K., and Jane Farrell-Beck. "Menstrual Products Patented in the United States, 1854–1921." Dress 24, no. 1 (1997): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/036121197805298017.

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24

Becerril Torres, Osvaldo, Gabriela Munguía Vázquez, and Justyna Wieloch. "The effects of US import tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from Mexico." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 4 (2022): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/10.

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To this end, mathematical and statistical methods are used to model the effect of tariffs, ex-ante and ex-post, after implementing this trade policy, on exports of aluminum and steel from Mexico to the United States, versus US imports of these metals from the ROW. The results show that the protectionist tariff policy had a structural effect on US imports; likewise, the tariff shock implemented by the United States in June 2018 adversely affected its imports of these goods, both in terms of volume and value. This suggests that bilateral trade may be affected, but the effect is differentiated. T

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25

Abbott, Kenneth W. "United States—Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930." American Journal of International Law 84, no. 1 (1990): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203030.

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26

Clark, Don P. "Non-tariff measure use in Japan and the United States." Japan and the World Economy 6, no. 1 (1994): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-1425(94)90037-x.

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27

Ortiz Velásquez, Samuel. "EFECTOS POTENCIALES EN COMERCIO Y COMPETITIVIDAD DE UN ARANCEL A LAS EXPORTACIONES MEXICANAS EN ESTADOS UNIDOS." Investigación Económica 84, no. 332 (2025): 5–34. https://doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2025.332.91060.

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RESUMEN El artículo analiza los efectos económicos en México de la política arancelaria de Donald Trump en Estados Unidos. Se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura teórica y empírica sobre el impacto de los aranceles en una economía globalizada. Además, se realiza un ejercicio estadístico para estimar los efectos inmediatos de un arancel ad valorem del 25% sobre las exportaciones producto por producto de México a Estados Unidos, evaluando su impacto en valor unitario de exportación (con y sin arancel) y competitividad internacional. El análisis se complementó con una discusión de

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28

Hutchinson, William K. "Import Substitution, Structural Change, and Regional Economic Growth in the United States: The Northeast, 1870–1910." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (1985): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070003401x.

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This article uses data on regional output and imports to examine the relationship between imports and regional growth in the Northeast. The tariff rates, both nominal and effective, are considered as evidence of national policy that may have benefited this particular region. The findings are that particular industries do benefit from tariff protection, but their location is due to regional resource advantages.

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29

SULISTYAWATI, Rr Laeny. "United States Protectionism Through Import Tariffs for Canada and Reciprocity." Journal of Political And Legal Sovereignty 2, no. 4 (2024): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.38142/jpls.v2i4.242.

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Purpose:This paper explores the changing foreign policy of the United States (US) after Donald Trump took office as president for the second time, namely through the America First policy. The America First policy includes protectionist measures such as import tariffs on Canadian products of 25 percent on March 4, 2025.Methodology:The research method uses qualitative descriptive analysis. Data were collected through data collection techniques based on internet-based studies, digital books, previous research, journals and relevant sources.Findings:Canada is one of the largest exporting countries

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30

McDonald, Judith A., Anthony Patrick O'Brien, and Colleen M. Callahan. "Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 4 (1997): 802–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019549.

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Strange as it seems, the infamous Smoot-Hawley Tariff might have had an expansionary effect on the U.S. economy. Basic macroeconomic principles indicate that the direct effect of a tariff increase is expansionary. This expansionary effect might be offset by retaliatory increases in foreign tariffs. Barry Eichengreen has recently questioned whether significant retaliation to Smoot-Hawley occurred. This article demonstrates that the tariff increases enacted during 1930 in Canada—the largest trading partner of the United States—were in direct response to Smoot-Hawley. The conventional wisdom that

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31

Gabriella, Andrea Gladys, Shanti Darmastuti, and Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi Astuti. "U.S. Economic Diplomacy towards Japan in Resolving Beef Tariff Barriers." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 10, no. 1 (2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2023.10.1.6852.

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The United States (US) is one of beef exporting countries in Japan. The high level of demand for beef in Japan was followed by a decrease in the volume of US beef from Japan during 2017-2020 period caused by import barriers in the form of tariffs faced by US beef. These tariff barriers arise because the US does not have a trade agreement with Japan. This study aims to discuss the efforts made by the US through negotiating tariff barriers with Japan regarding beef exports. This study uses the concepts of economic diplomacy and trade theory as the basis for research analysis. The research method

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32

Knopf, Alison. "Brookings: Tariffs more likely to increase illicit fentanyl supply." Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 37, no. 12 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/adaw.34460.

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Last week the Brookings Institution released a report with an astounding – and convincing – conclusion: President Trump's tariff plans are likely to make it more difficult to keep illicit fentanyl off the streets of the United States.

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Zaye, Ejiro. "The Role of Trade Tariff Policy on US Supply Chain Imbalance and Trade Deficits Reduction: Evidence from Trend and Univariate Analyses." International Journal of Supply Chain and Logistics 9, no. 5 (2025): 55–73. https://doi.org/10.47941/ijscl.2860.

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Purpose: Despite the free and lower trade tariff policy, the United States (US) has recorded a persistent trade deficit and trade imbalances in the last four decades ago, therefore, this study empirically investigates the role of trade tariff policy on US supply chain imbalance and trade deficits reduction. Methodology: The study employs simple random and stratified sampling techniques to analyses the trend and univariate. Secondary data from US Census Bureau of Economic Analysis Department of Commerce on US international trade in goods and services from 1852 to 2024 were analysed to drawn inf

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Mba, Ejiro Zaye. "The Role of Trade Tariff Policy on US Supply Chain Imbalance and Trade Deficits Reduction: Evidence from Trend and Univariate Analyses." Journal of Business and Strategic Management 10, no. 8 (2025): 71–89. https://doi.org/10.47941/jbsm.2813.

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Purpose: Despite the free and lower trade tariff policy, the United States (US) has recorded a persistent trade deficit and trade imbalances in the last four decades ago, therefore, this study empirically investigates the role of trade tariff policy on US supply chain imbalance and trade deficits reduction. Methodology: The study employs simple random and stratified sampling techniques to analyses the trend and univariate. Secondary data from US Census Bureau of Economic Analysis Department of Commerce on US international trade in goods and services from 1852 to 2024 were analysed to drawn inf

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35

Wade, Rex A., and Norman E. Saul. "War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1917-1921." Journal of Military History 66, no. 1 (2002): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677375.

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Rosenberg, Victor. "War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914–1921." History: Reviews of New Books 29, no. 4 (2001): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2001.10527845.

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McFadden, David W., and Norman E. Saul. "War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914-1921." Journal of American History 89, no. 2 (2002): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092260.

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Wade, Larry L., and John B. Gates. "A new tariff map of the United States (House of Representatives)." Political Geography Quarterly 9, no. 3 (1990): 284–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-9827(90)90028-9.

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Clark, Don P., and Simonetta Zarrilli. "Non‐tariff measures and United States' imports of CBERA‐eligible products." Journal of Development Studies 31, no. 1 (1994): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389408422355.

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40

Teixeira, Natália. "Tariffs as an Economic Strategy: A Critical Evaluation of the Recent Us Approach." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 09, no. 05 (2025): 258–65. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2025.9517.

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In the context of global economic integration, tariff policies are commonly regarded as relics of the protectionist past, particularly inadequate for advanced economies. Nevertheless, the recent adoption of broad tariff measures by the United States under the Trump administration reignited debates about the strategic use of tariffs in open markets. This opinion article critically examines the economic and geopolitical implications of tariff imposition in a mature economy. Drawing on empirical studies and trade policy analyses, the paper identifies exceptional contexts where tariffs may be just

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Lee, Hongshik, and Backhoon Song. "Quantitative Estimates of the Economic Impacts of a Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement." Asian Economic Papers 7, no. 2 (2008): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2008.7.2.52.

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This paper investigates the bilateral trade pattern between South Korea and the United States and examines the economic impact of a Korea–United States (KORUS) free trade agreement (FTA). Three related general equilibrium approaches were used to investigate the effects of a KORUS FTA. The static general equilibrium model estimates the efficiency gains from resource allocation. The capital accumulation general equilibrium model includes the growth bonus from the increased incentives for savings and investment created by the static efficiency gains. The productivity enhancement general equilibri

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Barus, Adhi Pradana, Suhaidi, Sutiarnoto, and Jelly Leviza. "Sengketa Penerapan Tariff Impor Dan Hambatan Dagang Antara Amerika Serikat Dan Negara China Dalam Perspektif Kerangka WTO." Locus: Jurnal Konsep Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 1 (2022): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56128/jkih.v2i1.21.

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Hubungan dagang antara Amerika Serikat dan China menjadi perhatian dunia terutama karena sengketa dagang yang terjadi antara kedua negara.Amerika Serikat membuat kebijakan untuk menaikkan tariff bea masuk yang tinggi untuk barang impor dari negara China. Kebijakan ini bertentangan dengan GATT khususnya Pasal I dan Pasal II yang menyatakan tidak boleh ada diskriminasi antara negara anggota WTO. Sengketa ini diawali dengan adanya kebijakan tariff bea masuk impor yang hanya ditujukan kepada Negara China, Amerika mengaku ini dilakukan demi melindungi pekerja domestik dan produk domestik, dan ini s

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Chudinova, K. O. "The Influence of D. Trump’s Policy on International Trade." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-3-65-82.

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The increasing level of tension in the trade relations between the United States and other countries, especially China; the potential escalation of trade wars, when countries take more and more explicit retaliatory protectionist measures, becomes a sustainability risk to development of international trade. The US actions taken in 2018–2019 to protect the internal market turned into into a full-fledged trade war, directed primarily against China - the country the United States has the largest trade deficit with. The introduction of the US tariff restrictions on imports from China and several ot

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Spearot, Alan. "Unpacking the Long-Run Effects of Tariff Shocks: New Structural Implications from Firm Heterogeneity Models." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 2 (2016): 128–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140015.

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I derive a novel solution for the general equilibrium effects of tariffs that is robust to heterogeneity across industries and countries, and is a function of only aggregate trade data and country-by-industry Pareto shape parameters. Using the model to evaluate tariff shocks, I show that while most countries lose by removing observed tariffs unilaterally, India, Japan, Korea, and the United States gain by doing so, which suggests inefficient tariff discrimination. In evaluating multilateral shocks, observed tariff cuts over 1994 –2000 benefit 69 percent of countries, with these benefits skewed

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ZHANG, Mei. "Interpretation of WTO's Panel Report on United States — Tariff Measures on Certain Goods from China and Its Enlightenment to China." Theory and Practice of Social Science 3, no. 3 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/tpss.202108_3(3).0001.

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The United States imposed a high tariff on importing goods from China which valued USD 34 billion and USD 200 billion respectively in 2018 and 2019. This measurement not only violated the most favored nation treatment principle, but also violated the tariff concession commitment which the US offered to China. With respect to the United States’ defence under Article XX(a) of the GATT 1994, the Panel adopted a holistic approach to determining whether the measures at issue were “necessary to protect public morals” and found that there were no relationship. The ruling has the following enlightenme

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Clarke, Andrew J., Jeffery A. Jenkins, and Kenneth S. Lowande. "Tariff politics and congressional elections: exploring the Cannon Thesis." Journal of Theoretical Politics 29, no. 3 (2016): 382–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629816647801.

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While a number of studies have examined the politics of tariff decision-making in the United States, little work has examined the subsequent political effects of tariff policy. We help fill this gap in the literature by analyzing—both theoretically and empirically—the electoral implications of tariff revision. Specifically, we investigate the veracity of the Cannon Thesis—the proposition advanced by Speaker Joe Cannon in 1910 that the majority party in the U.S. House was punished when it made major revisions to the tariff. We find that from 1877 to 1934 major tariff revisions were, on average,

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Grossman, Gene M., and Petros C. Mavroidis. "US – Lead and Bismuth II: United States – Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Privatization and the Injury Caused by Non-Recurring Subsidies." World Trade Review 2, S1 (2003): 170–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001113.

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In 1993, the US Department of Commerce began to levy countervailing duties on imports of certain leaded bars from the United Kingdom. The United States applied tariffs to goods imported from British Steel Engineering Steels, a subsidiary of British Steel plc. Following investigations by the US Department of Commerce and the United States International Trade Commission, the US authorities held that the imposition of duties was both required by Section 701 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (as amended) and not in violation of any of the country’s obligations as a member of the World Trade Organization.

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Rees, Anne. "‘Treated like Chinamen’: United States immigration restriction and white British subjects." Journal of Global History 14, no. 2 (2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022819000056.

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AbstractIn 1921, the United States introduced national immigration quotas. Although designed to curb the arrival of ‘undesirables’ from south-east Europe, this quota system also applied to Britain and its white Dominions. By 1929, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were each allocated 100 quota places per annum. The British quota was far greater, but still struggled to meet demand. Through a focus on the Australian example, this article investigates how an immigration regime intended to bolster America’s ‘Anglo-Saxon’ identity also exposed the limits of Anglospheric kinship by closing th

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Irwin, Douglas A. "Tariff Incidence in America's Gilded Age." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 3 (2007): 582–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000241.

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In the late nineteenth century, the United States imposed high tariffs to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. This article examines the magnitude of protection given to import-competing producers and the costs imposed on export-oriented producers by focusing on changes in the domestic prices of traded goods relative to nontraded goods. The results suggest that the 30 percent average import tariff gave about a 17 percent implicit subsidy to import-competing producers and effectively taxed exporters at about 10 percent. Tariffs redistributed large amounts of income (about 8

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Guo, Meixin, Lin Lu, Liugang Sheng, and Miaojie Yu. "The Day After Tomorrow: Evaluating the Burden of Trump's Trade War." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 1 (2018): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00592.

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During his U.S. presidential campaign Donald Trump threatened China with the imposition of high import tariffs on its exports to the United States. To evaluate the repercussions of such an action, this paper uses Eaton and Kortum's 2002 multi-sector, multi-country general equilibrium model with intersectional linkages to forecast how exports, imports, output, and real wages would change if Trump's threat of 45 percent tariffs is carried out. To view plausible scenarios, we evaluate the case of a unilateral action on the part of the United States, as well as a scenario where China retaliates by

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