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Journal articles on the topic 'Tariff water'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Lee, Frederick, Veena Aggarwal, and James Nickum. "Urban domestic water pricing in India and China." Water Policy 18, S1 (2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.205.

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Despite significant differences in political and administrative structures, recent reforms in urban domestic water tariff regimes in India and China have had similar trajectories with important but sometimes nuanced differences. In both countries, there has been a devolution of operational authority to municipal governments and acceptance of greater reliance on cost recovery through user fees. Reflecting this, there is considerable variation within each country in water tariffs, with cities in more water-short areas charging more than those with relatively abundant and accessible water resourc

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Suwal, Bhim Raj, Jane Zhao, Aditi Raina, et al. "Households' preferences for water tariff structures in Kathmandu, Nepal." Water Policy 21, S1 (2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.079.

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Abstract Despite being politically sensitive, water tariffs are frequently administered without information about households' preferences for tariff structures. In this paper we examine the tariff preferences of 1,500 households in Kathmandu, Nepal. We first use a bivariate probit model to examine stated preferences for (1) an increasing block tariff (IBT) and (2) a positive fixed charge. We find that household preferences for IBTs and fixed charges are not easily explained by household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. Second, we ask respondents what they think a fair water bill wo

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Coulson, Andrea B., Michael O. Rivett, Robert M. Kalin, et al. "The Cost of a Sustainable Water Supply at Network Kiosks in Peri-Urban Blantyre, Malawi." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094685.

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Empirical insights were made into the challenges of supplying water to communities within low-income areas of peri-urban Blantyre, Malawi. A networked public water supply is provided to those without a domestic tap via communal water kiosks managed by community-based Water User Associations (WUAs) under a government mandate. There has been considerable debate surrounding the tariff charged for water supplied to such vulnerable communities. However, research has largely failed to consider the costs of WUAs operating the kiosks and the impact on the kiosk tariff. The determination of kiosk tarif

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Monteiro, Lorena Soares, David Araujo Borges, Ticiana Marinho de Carvalho Studart, José Nilson Bezerra Campos, and Francisco Suetônio Bastos Mota. "Calculation method for charging water on shrimp farming." RBRH 21, no. 4 (2016): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.011615006.

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ABSTRACT The increase of global water demand has stimulated the application of water charging to seek its rational use. However, the establishment of the water tariff for a certain use is not an easy task, given that this tariff must have an elevated value, sufficient to encourage the rational use, but not so elevated, in a manner that compromises or prevents the development of production activities. The present study aimed to evaluate different water tariff values proposed and applied to the shrimp farming industry in Ceará, from 2003 to 2016, and analyze the sensitivity of the industry to th

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Smith, M., and H. Al-Maskati. "The effect of tariff on water demand management: implications for Bahrain." Water Supply 7, no. 4 (2007): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.101.

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Water is now considered a scarce but essential resource that should be managed in an integrated manner. The traditional approaches of resource development are now considered as unsustainable. Water demand management (WDM) is a new approach that aims at influencing demand & thus improving distribution efficiency. Economic measure through water tariff is one of the WDM tools. Water tariffs are recognized to be one way of curbing growth in water demand, and encouraging more efficient use of water. It is essential for the effective and equitable allocation of water resources. This paper invest

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Olivier, Anne. "Water tariffs and consumption drop: an evaluation of households' response to a water tariff increase in Manaus, Brazil." Water Policy 12, no. 4 (2010): 564–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.045.

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Increasing block tariffs seek a cross-subsidy mechanism between the water network users, based on the common assumption of a low water price elasticity. In Manaus, the capital city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas, where most of the 1.6 million dwellers are supplied through a municipal water network, a substantial consumption drop followed the tariff increase of 2004. This drop questions the cross-subsidy capacity of the current structure. We see this 31.51% tariff increase as a natural experiment applied to the whole network user population of Manaus, and this allows us to measure the impac

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Chatila, Jean G. "Water tariffs in Lebanon: a review and perspective." Water Policy 7, no. 2 (2005): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0014.

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Lebanon is increasingly suffering from shortage and mismanagement of water, which is becoming a commodity of considerable value owing to the inadequacy of supply to meet the needs of potential users. Water authorities and establishments fix tariffs that users have to pay to obtain water. In fact, these tariffs should represent the total costs of providing good quality water in adequate quantities. However, currently domestic water tariffs in Lebanon are mostly flat and not enough to cover the salaries of the employees and the charges of minor maintenance works. Domestic water is sold at a nomi

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Reyes, Maria F. "Implications of Water Tariff Structures on Water Demand in Santa Cruz Island (Galapagos Archipelago)." International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, no. 73 (September 18, 2021): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijefr.73.132.142.

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The island of Santa Cruz, located in the Galápagos Archipelago has experienced a significant increase in tourism with consequent growth of the local population over the past two decades. The rapid increase in the number of hotels and restaurants raised pressure on the water demand needed to satisfy the customers’ needs. The municipality of Santa Cruz has not been capable of coping with current expansion rates in order to provide good quality water services. Financial constraints, limited personnel, and tariff structures are the main reasons that restrict the capacity of the Department of Potab

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Pinto, F. Silva, and R. Cunha Marques. "Tariff structures for water and sanitation urban households: a primer." Water Policy 17, no. 6 (2015): 1108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.188.

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Water tariffs are a powerful management tool. Indeed, they can be seen as a conceptually simple way to promote multiple, possibly conflicting, objectives. Those trade-offs cause discrepancies between stakeholders and may produce undesirable results. The residential urban domain is particularly sensible to those predicaments. To shed some light on the matter, this paper carries out a literature survey on empirical studies, with emphasis on different tariff structures. In total, 185 publications were identified concerning the importance of tariff structures in achieving specific local objectives

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Onyschenko, V. O., A. Y. Berezhna, and О. М. Filonych. "Incentive Tariff Regulation of Utilities: Theoretical Basis and Practical Application." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 1, no. 47 (2021): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2021-1-28-44.

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The article aims at studying the manifestation features of the system of incentive tariff regulation of utilities given the need to attract investment to modernize the utilities infrastructure in cities in the field of electricity and centralized water consumption, indicating its risks and benefits. The following methods were used: decomposition, comparative analysis (when considering the methods of tariff calculation based on the "cost plus" principle and on the "rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base"), scientific abstraction, systemic approach, construction of scientif

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Venkatesh, Govindarajan, and Chan Chiang Heng. "Malaysian Water Tariff Influences Water-saving Habits." Journal - American Water Works Association 103, no. 7 (2011): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11492.x.

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Foletti, Liliana, Marco Fugazza, Alessandro Nicita, and Marcelo Olarreaga. "Smoke in the (Tariff) Water." World Economy 34, no. 2 (2011): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01318.x.

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Fatima, Umbreen, and Anjum Nasim. "Interprovincial Differences in Power Sector Subsidies and Implications for the NFC Award." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (2013): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.421-436.

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Power sector subsidies constituted 83 percent of the federal government’s total subsidies of PRs 558 billion in 2012. The tariff differential subsidy (TDS) amounted to PRs 464 billion (including arrears of PRs 312.8 billion from previous years). The TDS is provided to distribution companies (DISCOs) to cover the difference between the tariff schedules approved by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) (which can differ across DISCOs) and the uniform tariff schedule (by consumer group) notified by the Ministry of Water and Power (MoWP) for all regions of the country. The NEPRA

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Moroz, Elina. "THE IMPROVING TARIFFS’ FORMATION FOR CENTRAL WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE SERVICES OF THE STIMULATING REGULATION PRINCIPLES." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2015): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4700.

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In the article describes the main theoretical bases of tariffs’ formation for central water supply and sewage services of the stimulating regulation principles has been considered. The author proposed to extend the government regulation principles of tariffs, and developed structural-logical scheme of tariff’ formation for water supply and sewage in conditions of the priority of the social and environmental measures’ realization.

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Ruiz, V. L. "Tariff structure program: Guanajuato case study." Water Supply 5, no. 3-4 (2005): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0102.

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Following careful planning and work with stakeholders, the State Water Commission of Guanajuato in Mexico has been implementing a process of change leading to a more rational tariff structure for the delivery of water services. By gaining support for tariffs that reflect realistic costs for the service, prices have been stabilised and unplanned subsidies replaced by properly targeted ones; lower volumes of water are being used while more people are being served; and a secure basis has been created for development to meet future needs.

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Ma, Xunzhou, Dan Wu, and Shiqiu Zhang. "Multiple Goals Dilemma of Residential Water Pricing Policy Reform: Increasing Block Tariffs or a Uniform Tariff with Rebate?" Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103526.

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Water is a basic necessity and its allocation and utilization, especially pricing policies, impose various social, economic, and ecological impacts on social groups. Increasing block tariffs (IBTs) has gained popularity because it is expected to incentivize water conservation while protecting poor people benefiting from the redistribution effects because of its nonlinear tariff structure. However, it results in price distortion under certain circumstances. Researchers have also proposed an alternative practical price system and a uniform tariff with rebate (UTR), with the price level set equal

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Lønholdt, J., P. Elberg Jørgensen, and D. O'Hearn. "Setting-up a cost recovery system for the largest wastewater treatment plant in south-east Asia." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (2005): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0444.

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A tariff system has been set up for the largest wastewater treatment plant in South-East Asia, the Samut Prakarn Wastewater Treatment Plant south of Bangkok, which is currently under completion. Fully functional the plant will have a design capacity for 500,000m3 per day and will service a combined residential and industrial area with approximately 600,000 residents and 2,300 factories. The tariff system, which includes a tariff model, is based on water consumption and BOD load. As background for setting the tariffs a comprehensive monitoring system including an industrial permitting system ha

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Moilanen, Mikko, and Carl-Erik Schulz. "Water pricing reform, economic welfare and inequality." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (2002): 354–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i2.2680.

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Access to water has become an important policy goal in South Africa. A tariff system including free access for the basic residential water supply, and an increasing block tariff has been introduced all over the country. Water is a necessity, but for most households the marginal consumption is used for less important options. This must be reflected both in the water demand and in the pricing policy. This article introduces three different welfare functions, all including a group of rich consumers and a group of poor ones. The standard additive utility welfare, the weighted utility welfare and t

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Romano, Giulia, Lucio Masserini, and Andrea Guerrini. "Does water utilities' ownership matter in water pricing policy? An analysis of endogenous and environmental determinants of water tariffs in Italy." Water Policy 17, no. 5 (2015): 918–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.016.

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Owing to the growing importance of efficient water management, it has become crucial to understand water utilities' characteristics and the environmental factors affecting water pricing, so as to provide guidance to policy-makers. The analysis of factors influencing water tariffs is a challenging task in a context in which companies providing the service are characterized by different ownership features. Moreover, environmental factors and companies' characteristics may simultaneously influence both the decision to privatize the service and the water tariff level. Using a treatment effects mod

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Singh, M. R., V. Upadhyay, and A. K. Mittal. "Urban water tariff structure and cost recovery opportunities in India." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (2005): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0424.

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Given the high level of capital investment and the history of government subsidized services, full cost pricing of water services has yet to take hold in India. As a result, it remains broadly underpriced leading to public perception that water is “free” The current tariff levels in India are too low to cover even operating costs. This paper examines the existing Indian urban water tariff models (fixed tariff, volumetric tariff, increasing block tariff etc.), their relevance and problems. It was found that none of the tariff structures could satisfy all the design objectives (cost recovery, ec

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Liu, Junguo, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Jianxin Xu. "Water as an economic good and water tariff design." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 4-5 (2003): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-7065(03)00027-5.

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Sa’diyah, H., T. Sjah, and A. N. Tenriawaru. "Irrigation water economic valuation for irrigation water tariff basis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 681, no. 1 (2021): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/681/1/012063.

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Łukomska, Julita, and Paweł Swianiewicza. "Neighbour effect: applicability of tax mimicking concept to setting tariffs for water provision in Poland." Water Policy 22, no. 5 (2020): 943–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.018.

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Abstract In our paper, tariff mimicking is interpreted as a specific type of yardstick competition. Local authorities compete for political capital and, in order to maintain (or increase) it, they compare their voter-sensitive policies with the policies of other local governments. The phenomenon of mimicking is related to the subject of inter-jurisdictional interactions. We try to identify the phenomenon of mimicking in local fees for water provision in Poland in the period 2013–2017. Our empirical strategy is based on two methods: spatial lag regression and a quasi-experimental design using a

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Pinto, Francisco Silva, Alain Michel Tchadie, Susana Neto, and Shahbaz Khan. "Contributing to water security through water tariffs: some guidelines for implementation mechanisms." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (2018): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.015.

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Abstract The reform of water pricing practices and tariff mechanisms plays an important role in improving water supply services. However, setting tariff policies is a process that is rife with controversy. The current urban development rhythm and consequent challenges, in several developing cities, requires an urgent review and the establishment of an increasingly more ‘integrated’ management system with a suitable water tariff policy to promote water security. Many lessons can be learned from the successes and failures of water pricing policies in other countries and world regions, taking int

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Pinto, Francisco Silva, and Rui Cunha Marques. "Tariff Suitability Framework for Water Supply Services." Water Resources Management 30, no. 6 (2016): 2037–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1268-z.

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Palomero-González, José Antonio, and Francesc Hernández-Sancho. "Improving drinking water treatment without tariff impact: the Spanish case study." Water Supply 18, no. 4 (2017): 1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.197.

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Abstract Water is essential for our lives and activities. Everyone can drink good quality water, the question is whether they have access to it in the first place. Water quality and its treatment depend on the water source. This treatment has costs that users have to pay in the water tariff. It is very important to establish a water tariff that permits the best water treatment and has a low impact on the users. Cost functions are a useful tool to predict costs before an implementation or improvement. This article, using three easy steps (analysis, obtaining costs and modification of the water

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Cole, Graham, Kelvin O'Halloran, and Rodney A. Stewart. "Time of use tariffs: implications for water efficiency." Water Supply 12, no. 1 (2012): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.123.

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Water utilities undertake long term planning for water source security, often with forecast cycles of 20–30 years. Whilst this planning is generally involved with investigations of source water abstraction security and the need to build dams or to increase the recharge rate of groundwater aquifers, planning for water efficiency gains occurs at annual intervals. Most water utilities in Australia are heavily engaged in water efficiency initiatives with rebate schemes for domestic water-efficient devices being ubiquitous across the industry. Wide Bay Water Corporation (WBWC) also engages in these

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Al Qahtani, Safar, Sobhy Ismaiel, and Badr Sofian. "The impact of reforming municipal water tariff on water rationing and consumer welfare in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 4 (2016): 788–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.136.

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The objectives of this study were to estimate an aggregate price elasticity of demand for municipal water in Saudi Arabia, and to analyze the welfare impact of raising the municipal water tariff. The study utilized available aggregated data (Ministry of Water and Electricity, 1999–2008), and regression techniques to specify water demand functions within the frame of the increasing block tariff applied in Saudi Arabia. The estimated price elasticity of municipal water demand was about –0.39. The impact of an assumed 33% rise in the municipal water tariff was predicted to save about 11.121 cubic

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Talahatu, Tris Mesano, Marthen Robinson Pellokila, and Johanis N. Kallau. "ANALISIS WILLINGNESS TO PAY PELANGGAN AIR BERSIH PDAM DI KOTA KUPANG (Analysis of Willingness to Pay Clean Water Customers of PDAM in Kupang City)." Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan 25, no. 1 (2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jml.25875.

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AbstrakPDAM Kabupaten Kupang dalam mengelola pelayanan air bersih kepada masyarakat Kota Kupang menghadapi tantangan dalam pelayanannya. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi PDAM adalah menyangkut tarif air minum. PDAM dalam menetapkan tarif selalu mengacu pada peraturan perundangan yang berlaku dengan pertimbangan tarif yang ada dapat memberikan keuntungan setelah biaya operasional dan pengembalian investasi. PDAM tidak pernah melakukan survey untuk mengetahui tingkat kesediaan konsumen dalam membayar tarif air minum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi nilai Willingness To Pay (WTP)

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Fritsch, Rémi. "Comparative Financial Analysis of Water Utilities in West Africa." Journal of Management and Sustainability 6, no. 4 (2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v6n4p121.

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<p>Access to drinking water is a major issue in large cities of West Africa. Governments have a difficult equation to solve. They obviously want to offer their people the cheapest cubic meter. But they are constrained by an ambition to extend the water systems to less wealthy neighbourhoods as well as to provide sanitation services, in a context of very limited public funds. How to fix an acceptable tariff, taking into account the necessary required investments?</p><p>The study presented in this paper provides a financial analysis of water utilities in West Africa. It allows

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Fortin, Michael. "Using covenants in loan agreements to promote tariff reform." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (2013): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.059.

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This paper evaluates efforts made by development banks to promote tariff reform using covenants in infrastructure loan agreements. These covenants are evaluated within the broader context of tariff regulation in the water supply and sanitation sector. The paper outlines prerequisites for effective tariff regulation and reviews the experience with tariff regulation in developing countries and the current thinking regarding regulatory reform. Efforts by development banks to promote tariff regulation using loan covenants are often misdirected in light of the complexity of tariff regulation and th

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Kayaga, Sam, and Ian Smout. "Tariff structures and incentives for water demand management." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 167, no. 8 (2014): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.12.00120.

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Pinto, F. Silva, B. de Carvalho, and R. Cunha Marques. "Adapting water tariffs to climate change: Linking resource availability, costs, demand, and tariff design flexibility." Journal of Cleaner Production 290 (March 2021): 125803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125803.

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Takizawa, S., C. Iwasaki, and K. Oguma. "Effects of water tariff structures on water demand in Tokyo metropolis." Water Supply 5, no. 6 (2005): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0069.

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As the socio-economic structure of Tokyo has changed over the last few decades, the water demand also has changed significantly. The bulk customers who use larger amounts of water gradually diminish, and the number of single and small households has increased dramatically. Analysis of the impact of such changes is necessary to give a clearer idea on the future water demand. In this paper, the effects of water tariff revision in 1994 on water consumption were analysed. Using the data obtained from Tokyo Metropolitan Waterworks, it was proved that the total annual water consumption after the cha

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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Nessa Riana Putri, Manyuk Fauzi, and Sigit Sitikno. "ANALISIS KESEDIAAN MASYARAKAT UNTUK MEMBAYAR (Willingness to Pay) BIAYA PENGADAAN AIR BERSIH (PDAM) DI KOTA PEKANBARU." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 18, no. 2 (2016): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v18i2.7475.

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This paper investigated how much the public's willingness to pay (WTP) for the cost of public water supply services (PDAM) in Pekanbaru City. This research also projected how much urban water demand of this city for period of 2014-2032. This study divided samples into two categories, namely (i) middle and high income society, and (ii) low income one. These categories were based on the type of house ownership, and the percentage of low income family in this city This research obtained two main factors affected to the WTP for public water services (Y), such as; (i) the number of family members (

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Damkjaer, Simon. "Drivers of change in urban water and wastewater tariffs." H2Open Journal 3, no. 1 (2020): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2020.031.

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Abstract Water and wastewater tariffs constitute a primary avenue for utilities to generate revenue towards covering the costs associated with water and wastewater service provisions. In the pursuit of achieving global access to safe and affordable water and sanitation, utilities and governments play an important role in regulating and setting combined tariffs, so that they are able to fund the necessary infrastructure while at the same time ensuring that tariffs do not impede on the ability of consumers to access these services. From a survey of 568 cities across 192 countries, this paper exa

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Varouchakis, E. A., A. Apostolakis, M. Siaka, K. Vasilopoulos, and A. Tasiopoulos. "Alternatives for domestic water tariff policy in the municipality of Chania, Greece, toward water saving using game theory." Water Policy 20, no. 1 (2017): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.182.

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Abstract As defined in the EU Water Framework Directive, every water tariff policy should be fair toward customers, generate legitimate revenue, and motivate consumers toward water saving. In the city of Chania, Greece, the inhabitants have asked for a fairer tariff policy and exhibited the intention to save water under the implementation of stricter measures. Therefore, a two-person zero-sum game was proposed, involving a conflict of interest between the Municipal Enterprise for Water and Sewage of Chania (MEWS) (Player 1) and the city's approximately 108,000 residents (Player 2). Three scena

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Pinto, Francisco Silva, and Rui Cunha Marques. "Tariff recommendations: A Panacea for the Portuguese water sector?" Utilities Policy 34 (June 2015): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2014.12.003.

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Martins, Rita, Luis Cruz, and Eduardo Barata. "Water Price Regulation: A Review of Portuguese Tariff Recommendations." Public Organization Review 13, no. 2 (2013): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11115-013-0230-2.

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Sarkar, Anindita. "Can shared standpipes fulfil the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water for urban poor in Kenya?" Water Policy 21, no. 5 (2019): 1034–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.047.

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Abstract With the analyses of secondary data, the study finds that there has been a consistent increase in safe water coverage in Kenya over the years, mostly through paid common standpipes. However, primary data collected through in-depth field investigations in the Mathare slums of Nairobi reveal that the paid standpipes are overstressed and are prone to unreliable services, neglected operation and maintenance, illegal connections, water theft, unregulated and high tariffs and client favouritism on the basis of tribal affiliations. Thus, the most effective way to serve the urban poor is to i

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Sørensen, P. E., and L. G. Calvo. "Tariff Systems for Industrial Wastewater Discharges." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (1994): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0433.

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The paper describes the systems in selected countries as regards the legal, economic and administrative aspects of wastewater treatment and disposal, namely: distribution of costs, financing, wastewater discharge fees, and fees for new connections to the wastewater system. A tariff system which combines the fully user-paid Danish municipal system and the French system of levying discharge fees is recommended.

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Day, G. "Water pricing in England and Wales - institutions and objectives." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 6 (2003): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0351.

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Water pricing in England and Wales reflects a range of influences. Cost recovery is generally the primary influence over prices. The privatised public water supply sector dominates water usage. Water abstractions are licensed and allocated mainly on an administrative basis. Charges are levied to recover the water management costs of the licensing authority (the Environment Agency), and are not closely related to the scarcity of water resources, or the environmental impact of abstractions. Public water supplies are subject to price cap regulation. This provides incentives to reduce costs. Publi

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Martins, Rita, Luís Cruz, Eduardo Barata, and Carlota Quintal. "Assessing social concerns in water tariffs." Water Policy 15, no. 2 (2012): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.024.

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In the European Union, water supply services are referred to as ‘services of general interest’, meaning that they are subject to multiple, potentially conflicting, public service obligations. This paper considers empirical data for Portuguese municipalities and provides a comprehensive approach to assessing the social dimension by evaluating whether the concerns of universal access to water services for basic needs, affordability and equity are embodied in the corresponding water supply tariffs. Accordingly, ‘essential minimum quantities’ (EMQs) of water for representative households are calcu

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Vescove, Humberto Vinicius, and Jose Eduardo Pitelli Turco. "CONSUMO E CUSTO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA NA CULTURA DE CITROS IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO E MICROASPERSÃO, COM TRÊS LÂMINAS DE ÁGUA." IRRIGA 15, no. 1 (2010): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2010v15n1p75.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o consumo, custo de energia elétrica, e resultado econômico em citros (Citrus sinensis) irrigado. Os tratamentos constaram de sistemas de irrigação do tipo gotejamento, com uma e duas linhas laterais de distribuição de água, microaspersão e um tratamento sem irrigação. Para cada sistema foram utilizadas três lâminas de água; 100%, 75% e 50% da Etc (evapotranspiração da cultura). Foi estudado o custo da energia elétrica para dois grupos tarifários, Grupo A e Grupo B. Para o grupo A foram determinado os dispêndios com a energia para tarifas Estrutura Binômi

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Rosin, Argo, Taavi Moller, Madis Lehtla, and Hardi Hoimoja. "Analysis of Household Electricity Consumption Patterns and Economy of Water Heating Shifting and Saving Bulbs." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 26, no. 1 (2010): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0013-3.

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Analysis of Household Electricity Consumption Patterns and Economy of Water Heating Shifting and Saving BulbsThis article analyses household electricity consumption based on an object in Estonia. Energy consumption of workday and holiday by loads (including high and low tariff energy consumption) is discussed. The final part describes the evaluation of profitability of common investments of consumption shifting and replacing inefficient devices with more efficient ones. Additionally it describes shifting problems and shifting equipment profitability in real-time tariff system.

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Mastaller, Miran, and Philipp Klingel. "Adapting the IWA water balance to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 3 (2017): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.116.

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The International Water Association water balance is an approach applied worldwide for determining and analysing water losses in water distribution systems (WDS) up to the point of customer metering. Thus, water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expenses of the water utility while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and a considerable amoun

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Nabsiah, Abdul Wahid, Kah Hooi Chew, and Ismail Abustan. "Improved Water Services and Malaysian Household’s Willingness to Pay: A Descriptive Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.649.

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Water tariff increase has been suggested as part of the water services industry reform agenda in Malaysia. This study explores the issue on Malaysian households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a promised improved domestic water quality and services. Descriptive analysis on data from 262 household’s paid water users, the study found that majority of Malaysian household’s WTP to be at the less than RM5; these consist of those who live in rural and suburban areas (not urban), those within all income categories (except for those earning between RM6001-RM9000), and those with education level less tha

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Whittington, D. "Municipal water pricing and tariff design: a reform agenda for South Asia." Water Policy 5, no. 1 (2003): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0003.

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The water tariffs currently in use in most cities in South Asia are not accomplishing their principal objectives. They are not generating sufficient revenues to ensure that utilities can recover their financial costs. They are not sending the correct economic signals to households, i.e., that water is scarce and must be treated as a valuable commodity. They are not helping the majority of the poor households, many of whom are not connected to the piped distribution system. This paper describes the major elements of a package of pricing and tariff reforms that are needed in the municipal water

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McIlwaine, Stephen J., and Omar K. M. Ouda. "Drivers and challenges to water tariff reform in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Water Resources Development 36, no. 6 (2020): 1014–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1720621.

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Dzwairo, B., and F. A. O. Otieno. "Integrating quality and cost of surface raw water: Upper and Middle Vaal Water Management Areas South Africa." Water Supply 10, no. 2 (2010): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.153.

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The user-pays principle encourages use of a water tariff structure that incorporates pollution and/or depletion of a water resource because that water represents a capital resource base. Development of a tool that models variability of surface raw water quality in order to predict cost of treatment thus makes economic sense. This paper forms the backbone for an on-going doctoral study in South Africa's Upper and Middle Vaal Water Management Areas (U&MVWMAs) of the Vaal River (VR). Specific objectives of the overall research are; to carry out pollutant tracer hydrochemistry of specific reac

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