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Academic literature on the topic 'Tariffs and networks'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tariffs and networks"
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Huntington, Samuel C. "Unlocking the value of distributed energy resources in electric distribution networks : exploring the role of locational tariffs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104827.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-54).<br>The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) in electric distribution networks brings both challenges and opportunities to the management of the electric grid. In the right locations these resources can provide value to the network by reducing congestion and losses and deferring investment in network upgrades. To unlock this value, however, more efficient economic signals need to be sent to the network users who ultimately make the decisions to install and operate these technologies. This thesis proposes a modeling framework for evaluating the impact of tariff structure on the adoption of DERs within distribution networks, and their ensuing impact on network cost drivers. The framework combines a dynamic end user model, which simulates the operational and investment decisions of electric customers, with a distribution-level power flow model that allows for precise observation and allocation of network costs. Case studies suggest that the types of technologies and their patterns of adoption within the network are likely to differ significantly depending on the pricing scheme. Prices that incorporate the cost of losses and congestion within the distribution network are shown to lead to DER adoption patterns that result in the greatest benefits to both customers and the network. I conclude with policy recommendations and directions for future research.<br>by Samuel C. Huntington.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Azuatalam, Donald. "Technical and Economic Assessments of Electricity Distribution Networks with Active Customers." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21791.
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With a deepening penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), distribution network service providers (DNSP) in most jurisdictions are faced with the challenge of designing tariff structures that are reflective of forward-looking network capacity costs, while ensuring a non-discriminatory, secure and reliable network for all end-users. Nonetheless, most electricity users seek to minimise their energy expenditure by participating in demand response programs or by actively managing their energy use through a home energy management system. Thus, DNSPs need to send accurate price signals to customers if they must achieve the desired peak demand targets. However, with inefficient pricing in place, DNSP loss in revenue and unfair cost allocation between customers may result. This thesis aims to address these challenges through a systematic technical and economic assessment of distribution networks with DER-enabled customers. To begin, a review of the performance of the state-of-the-art energy management methods is done in view of practicality and computational requirements while critiquing the modelling assumptions of each method. Next, a techno-economic assessment of grid defection is performed, based on the trade-off between the reliability and the levelised cost of electricity of residential PV-battery systems. Afterwards, the techno-economic impacts of different network tariffs, on low voltage networks are evaluated considering grid-connected customers, under various PV-battery penetration levels. Lastly, a benchmark for measuring the cost-reflectivity of network tariffs using cooperative game theory is proposed, which fairly apportions network costs to several customers with minimal error and computational burden. In brief, this thesis provides tools and analyses to guide DNSPs in designing DER-specific network tariffs which better signals network cost drivers, thus fostering customer participation while improving the equity of network cost allocations even with high DER penetration levels.
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Schittekatte, Tim. "Distribution network tariff design and active consumers : a regulatory impact analysis." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS054/document.
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La diffusion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques à prix abordables nous amène à repenser à la manière avec laquelle les coûts des réseaux de distribution sont récupérés auprès des consommateurs. Historiquement, les consommateurs étaient facturés pour l'utilisation du réseau de distribution principalement sur la base de leur volume (net) d'électricité consommé. Avec tel type de tarif de réseau, les consommateurs qui installent des panneaux photovoltaïques contribuent beaucoup moins à la récupération du coût d’investissement réseau. Cependant, ces consommateurs (prosummeurs) dépendent autant du réseau qu’avant. La question examinée dans cette thèse est de savoir comment définir le tarif du réseau de distribution dans ce contexte changeant. Des différents modèles de théorie des jeux sont développés pour faire cette analyse. Dans ces modèles, en plus des investissements dans l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque, des investissements dans les batteries du côté des consommateurs sont aussi considérés. Ce rapport de thèse consiste en un bref aperçu suivi de quatre chapitres indépendants et d'une conclusion<br>The uptake of affordable solar PV panels challenges the way in which costs of distribution networks are recuperated from consumers. Historically, consumers were charged for the use of the distribution network mainly according to their (net) volume of electricity consumed over a period of time. With such volumetric network charges, consumers installing PV panels contribute a lot less towards the recuperation of network costs. However, these consumers (prosumers) still rely on the network as much as they did before. The question investigated in this thesis is how to re-design the distribution network tariff in this changing context. Different game-theoretical models are developed to conduct this analysis. In the models, not only investments in solar PV but also investments in batteries at the consumer-side are considered. The thesis consists of a brief overview followed by four standalone chapters and a conclusion
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Sheikh, Abdi Mohamed. "Residential electricity network tariffs in Sweden : A Survey and Commentary." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286833.
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Network charges need to paid for running electricity distribution networks. Network charges (tariffs) can be set to depend on not just total transferred energy, but on when it is transferred or the highest average power that is transferred over some period. This to make network charges more related to the cost of running the network, and to encourage changes of load patterns to reduce network congestion. In Sweden, there is a tradition of charging the fixed cost of network tariffs according to a fuse size. Newer methods use measured consumption to charge by time of use or peak consumption. This work surveys the current tariffs for residential network customers in 141 network companies in Sweden, showing some large differences in principle and cost. It then considers how these relate to network companies actual costs and to load patterns of customers, and the suitability of fuses for the power-based component of a network tariff. Companies have differences in tariff structures and prices because of various reasons such as opting for simplicity in creations of tariffs, amount of customers being supplied, monthly or hourly metering for customers etc. Examined load patterns also show that customers have a synchronized peak consumption of 20 minutes, although the data is a small number from another country. Customer engagement needs to be the focus for successful implementation of more dynamic tariffs based on time of use and peak consumption.<br>Elnätspriser är avgifter som betalas för drift av eldistributionsnät. Elnätspriser (tariffer) kan debiteras så att den inte beror den totala överförda energin som används utan när denna energi används eller den högsta genomsnittliga effektkonsumptionen under en viss period. Detta för att göra elnätsavgifterna mer relaterade till kostnaden till att driva nätverket och uppmuntra förändringar av belastningsmönster för att minska nätverksbegränsningar. I Sverige finns en tradition att basera de fasta kostnaderna i nätavgifter på huvudsäkringsstorlek. Nyare metoder använder uppmätt förbrukning för att debitera efter när energin har använts eller toppförbrukning. Detta arbete kartlägger de nuvarande tarifferna för bostadsnätkunder i 141 elnätsföretag i Sverige, vilket visar några stora skillnader i principer och kostnader. Därefter övervägs hur dessa relaterar till faktiska nätverkskostnader och lastmönster hos kunder och huvudsäkringarnas lämplighet för den effektbaserade komponenten i en nätverksavgift. Företag har skillnader i tariffstrukturer och priser p.g.a. olika anledningar som t.ex. att välja enkelhet i skapande av tariffer, antal kunder som el levereras till, månads- eller timmätning för kunder etc. Granskade belastningsmönster visar också att kunder har en synkroniserad toppförbrukning på 20 minuter. Kundengagemang måste vara fokus för en framgångsrik implementering av mer dynamiska tariffer baserat på elanvändningstid och toppförbrukning.
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Sinsin, Léonide Michael. "Economie de l'énergie et accès à l'électricité : trois essais sur le Bénin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED085.
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Les objectifs de nos travaux de recherche sont multiples. Tout d’abord, ils balaient le champ de la théorie économique appliquée au secteur de l’énergie. De façon spécifique, il s’agit de revisiter les questions de régulation, de tarification et du bien être dans le contexte africain subsaharien où le secteur de l’énergie est en crise. Par la suite, nos recherches ouvrent un spectre sur les défis du continent que sont l’atteinte des objectifs du développement durable, l’économie mobile et l’innovation grâce à l’accès pour tous à l’électricité. Enfin, cette thèse s’articule au croisement de la recherche théorique et appliquée en se basant sur des études de cas réels au Bénin. En conséquence, la nécessité d’enrichir la recherche en Afrique de façon générale et au Bénin de façon spécifique constituent un éventail des défis et opportunités à l’issue de ces travaux<br>Our research objectives are multiple. Front of all, we cover literature review in the fields of energy and economics. Specifically, we revisit regulation, pricing and well-being theories in sub-Saharan context where electricity sector is in crisis for a while. Subsequently, our results open up a deeper reflexion spectrum concerning sustainable development, mobile banking and innovation through access for all to clean energy. Finally, this thesis is articulated at the crossraods of theorical and applied research based on real study cases in Benin. Consequently, there is a strong need to expand applied research in African, and in Benin specifically because it constitutes a large scope of challenges and opportunities path beyond this work
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Guler, Hazal, and Camilla Tedgren. "Establishing the Optimal Tariff in Rural Electricity Distribution Networksy." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119253.
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Access to electricity is a key factor of improving the living standard in a country, as it enhances the quality of services such as education, health care and productivity. The rural population of Uganda is however only supplied with electricity to a degree less than three percent. There are large financial issues in extending the national electricity grid why small stand alone systems are sometimes a more valuable option. Even then, there are large investment costs that need to be covered by the sale of electricity. Due to the limited buying power of rural consumers, the end-user tariff setting becomes of great significance of the financial outlook. If the tariff is set too high, the consumption will most likely be lower than what it could be, resulting in a loss of revenue as well as inhibiting the improvement of living standards for the consumers. On the other hand, if the tariff is set too low, it could lead to excessive consumption, resulting in power failures. In view of the above, the main aim of this study has been to investigate the consequences of different tariffs in an isolated rural power system. This was done by studying the electricity consumption in two already electrified rural networks in order to find information on demand behavior and load profiles. Interviews with electricity consumers were conducted to investigate how their demand would change if tariffs were altered. Demand as a function of price was shown by linear curves indicating the price sensitivity and demand factor, the latter being the theoretical maximum demand when price is zero. These parameters were modelled in Monte Carlo simulations with the aim to predict the demand behavior of a site that is not yet electrified and find the tariff that should be applied to this site. The simulations were based on two potential economic objectives of how to operate the system; by altruistic or profit maximising means. Depending on whether the system is altruistic or profit maximizing, the optimum point of tariff differs. In the altruistic case, this tariff should be set where the costs are covered by the revenues. The profit maximizing system instead requests the tariff where profit is as high as possible. Furthermore, two different structures of tariff setting were tested for the system; a structure with time-of-use levels where the tariff should be higher during the peak demand hours of the day, and a flat rate structure where the tariff is constant throughout the day. The field study showed that, on average, the price sensitivity factor of domestic consumers were slightly higher than of the commercial consumers. The results also showed that the majority of the commercial consumers reside in the same building as their business. Furthermore, rural consumers exhibit low awareness of their consumption patterns and the price of electricity. Extensive information from the distribution companies to the customers is therefore essential to maintain a sustainable electricity consumption, as it enables consumers to make rational decisions about their electricity consumption and opt for more efficient alternatives. A financial analysis for the specific case study was also conducted from simulations. The analysis found for an altruistic system a tariff slighly lower tariff than the tariff applied in the national grid today. However, the system will require an additional financing to cover the payments before the year when revenues exceed expenses, but can be paid back within eight years. The tariffs found by simulating with a profit maximizing system operator are more than twice as high as the current tariff applied in the national grid today. On the other hand, the system requires a very small additional loan or subsidy compared to the altruistic simulations and has a pay-off time within six years.
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Diblík, Jaroslav. "Mobilní komunikace v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193669.
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The thesis deals with the topic of mobile communication in Czech republic. Its main task is to make reader fimiliar with different types of technology and digital standards on Czech mobile communication market. Thesis shows mobile communication providers in Czech republic, not only the conventional ones, but especially virtual operators(MVNO). It defines the legislation and position of Czech Telecommunication Office (ČTÚ). At the end, it analyzes the current market situation and try to offer the best solution for possible customer and also tries to find out whether it would pay off to the customer to switch to the virtual operator, based on mobile tariff price calculator.
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Gyllenswärd, Mikael, and Mikaela Jerresand. "Electricity network tariff targeting EV chargers : A socio-economic analysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278881.
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The upcoming expansion of electric vehicles (EV) will bring an increase in charging infrastructure as well as other challenges for the local network operators (LNO). Higher power peaks could overburden the electricity grid resulting in large investments from the LNO to meet the increased demand on the grid. Meanwhile, the investment costs related to charging stations are high for a very uncertain business case, with roughly 60 % of the annual costs to be paid to the LNO. The hypothesis of this research is to create a tariff targeting EV charging stations making it cheaper to operate the stations, both for the LNO and station owner. This is achieved by surrendering 100 % electricity supply when the electricity grid is overworked to help the increasing power demand on the grid. In order to identify the strength and weaknesses of the suggested tariff from the station owners’ point of view, 20 interviews were conducted with LNO, charge point operators (CPO), and other charging station owners (CSO). Five key factors were identified: customer satisfaction, technological barriers, administrative issues, branding, and compensation. The CSO want a price reduction of 20-50 % to use this tariff. It was also investigated to see what would happen if already existing customers to Nacka Energi AB (NEAB) would decide to opt for this tariff if they install charging station, in order to make it cheaper for them as well. Data was collected from over 36 000 charging sessions. This was used to find the charging behaviour, power consumption peaks, and the cost items. The cost items were then manipulated in order to find a fair price reduction over all fuse sizes that would result in an annual price reduction of 20-50 %. The final recommendation for the tariff is to reduce the fixed fee by 40 % in relation to the potential future power tariff of NEAB, the rebate to 2 SEK/kW, power fee 25 SEK/kW and to set the volumetric price to 0.05 SEK/kWh. The discussion identifies the conditions which must be fulfilled by the CSO and the LNO to use this tariff. These include: Separate meter and fuse at the charging station, fuse must not be greater than 63 A, the connection may not be turned off for more than 100 hours each year, not be turned off for more than 3 consecutive hours and more than once a day, the customer may change tariff once a year and the rebate and power fee are based of the highest power consumption peak of the month. Conditions for existing customer was also evaluated. The conclusion to make charging cheaper for them is to remove the fixed fee since they already pay for it in their existing connection. Otherwise it will be more expensive than before.<br>Den framtida expansionen av eldrivna fordon kommer leda till en ökad laddinfrastruktur samt skapa problem för lokala elnätsföretag. Högre effekttoppar skulle kunna leda till ett överbelastat elnät vilket skulle kräva stora investeringar för elnätsföretagen för att klara av den ökade efterfrågan av effekt. Idag är investeringskostnaderna för laddstationer höga för ett väldigt osäkert business case, där 60 % av de årliga kostnaderna går till elnätsföretaget. Målsättningen för denna undersökning är att utforma en tariff riktad mot kunder som är intresserade av att investera i elbilsladdare. Tariffen ska göra det billigare att driva laddstationen både för stationsägaren och elnätsföretaget. Detta uppnås genom att som stationsägare ge samtycke till att elnätsföretaget får bryta elektriciteten till laddstationerna då elnätet är överbelastat, detta för att underlätta ett överbelastat elnät. För att identifiera styrkor och svagheter för den föreslagna tariffen från stationsägarnas perspektiv utfördes 20 intervjuer med elnätsföretag, laddstationsoperatörer och laddstationsägare. Fem nyckelfaktorer identifierades: Kundlojalitet, teknologiska hinder, administrativa problem, varumärkesprofil och kompensation. Stationsägarna önskade en prissänkning på 20-50 % för att använda tariffen. En undersökning för existerande kunder utfördes även för att se hur de påverkades av den föreslagna tariffen när de installerade laddstationer. Detta i syfte för att göra driften av laddstationerna billigare för dem. Data från 36 000 laddsessioner samlades ihop och användes för att hitta laddbeteende, effekttoppar, och kostnadsposter. Kostnadsposterna ändrades för att hitta en jämn prissänkning över alla säkringsstorlekar som gav en årlig prissänkning av 20-50 %. Den slutgiltliga rekommendationen till Nacka Energis AB’s potentiella framtida effekttariff, är att sänka den fasta avgiften med 40 %, behålla det rörliga priset på 0.05 SEK/kWh, behålla effektavgiften på 25 SEK/kWh och sätta rabatten till 2 SEK/kW. De villkor som måste uppfyllas av stationsägaren och elnätföretaget för att använda tariffen inkluderar: separat mätare och säkring för stationen, säkringen får ej överskrida 63 A, uppkopplingen får ej vara avstängd mer än 100 timmar per år, ej mer än 3 timmar i sträck och ej mer än en gång per dag, kunden får byta tariff en gång per år, och rabatten och effektavgiften baseras på den högsta effekttoppen i månaden. För att göra driften av laddstationer billigare för befintliga kunder utvärderades deras existerande villkor. Sammanfattningsvis sänktes den fasta avgiften med 100 % då de redan i sitt befintliga abonnemang betalar för de kostnader som motsvarar den fasta avgiften hos elnätsbolaget. Utan sänkningen av den fasta avgiften skulle det bli dyrare för dem att installera en laddstation.
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Sendil, Halil. "Operation Of Water Distribution Networks." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615484/index.pdf.
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With continuously increasing urbanization, consumer demands and expansion of water supply systems, determination of efficient pump schedules became a more difficult task. Pumping energy costs constitute a significant part of the operational cost of the water distribution networks. This study aims to provide an effective daily pump schedule by minimizing the energy costs for constant and also for multi tariff of electricity (3 Kademeli Elektrik Tarifesi) in water distribution network. A case study has been performed in an area covering N8.3 and N7 pressure zones which are parts of Ankara water distribution network. Both pressure zones consists of 3 multiple pumps in pump station and one tank having 5000 m3 storage volume each. By using genetic algorithm based software (WaterCAD Darwin Scheduler) least-cost pump scheduling and operation policy for each pump station has been determined while satisfying target hydraulic performance requirements such as minimum and maximum service pressures, final water level of storage tank and maximum velocity in pipeline. 32 different alternative scenarios have been created which include multi tariff energy prices, constant tariff energy price, insulated system condition, uninsulated system condition and different pump combinations. The existing base scenario and alternative scenarios which were prepared by using optimal pump schedules have been compared and the achievements of optimizing pump operation have been analyzed. At the end of the study, a satisfying result has been observed that by using determined optimal pump schedule, minimum % 14 of total energy cost can be saved in existing water supply system.
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Cannemi, Marco. "Processo Analitico in Rete (ANP) come strumento di supporto alle politiche di sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1038.
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Questo studio presenta i risultati di una ricerca sull applicabilità di modelli di processi decisionali all'analisi delle scelte di investimento su progetti di impianti per la produzione energia alimentati tramite fonti rinnovabili. Scopo del lavoro è quello di fornire elementi innovativi per il miglioramento di metodologie (come l Analytic Network Pocess, ANP) che, pur presentandosi teoricamente adatte a condurre le analisi, presentano ancora una notevole complessità in fase di applicazione. Obiettivo del caso studio che sarà presentato è quello di migliorare gli strumenti per la definizione delle politiche nel campo dello sviluppo delle centrali di produzione energia alimentate a biomasse in Italia.
L ANP fornisce un approccio realistico per la modellazione di situazioni complesse come il processo decisionale in progetti di investimento, perché permette di considerare nella valutazione di criteri ed alternative sia valori quantitativi sia qualitativi e di valutare le scelte tenendo in considerazione le interdipendenze che possono nascere tra le variabili.
Il caso di studio ha richiesto l interazione con due esperti del settore delle energie rinnovabili: un manager di una società di investimento e un rappresentante della pubblica amministrazione con responsabilità nello sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili. L obiettivo del coinvolgimento di tali figure era quello di comprendere come gli investitori (pubblici o privati) interpretino la situazione e prendano decisioni quando si investe in impianti ad energia rinnovabile (a biomassa, in particolare), evidenziando anche le differenze nei criteri decisionali del settore pubblico e di quello privato. Sono stati così disegnati due scenari: uno mostra il processo decisionale così come avviene oggi, l altro scenario propone una modifica dei processi decisionali che mira al loro miglioramento attraverso l applicazione di una metodologia di analisi decisionale, quale l ANP, che mostra come il processo decisionale potrebbe essere influenzato con l'aggiunta di nuovi criteri decisionali, su quali progetti di impianti a biomassa si dovrebbe investire per garantire uno sviluppo sostenibile, fornendo un contributo alla progettazione dei sistemi di incentivazione. Per riprogettazione del sistema di incentivazione si intende la ridistribuzione dei pesi tra i criteri che determinano la scelta di un progetto piuttosto che un altro. Per ciascuno scenario gli esperti hanno valutato quattro alternative di investimento.