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Journal articles on the topic 'Tariffs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Weychan. "Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020287.

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Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of ele

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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Weychan. "Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020287.

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Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of ele

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Macheret, D. "RAILWAY FREIGHT TARIFFS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." World of Transport and Transportation 15, no. 2 (2017): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2017-15-2-25.

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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].Khusainov, F. I. Pricing in Railway Transport. History of Rail Freight Tariffs in Russia: textbook. Moscow, MGUPS publ., 2017, 102 p. ABSTRACT The training manual presents a retrospective of tariffs from the inception of the railways in Russia until 2015. The book analyzes all tariff reforms, the principles of building tariffs, their structure, the reasons for changing tariff-setting models, tariff discussions of scientists from different schools. From the book it

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Bocharova, Yu H., T. V. Kozhuhova, O. V. Ishchenko, and O. O. Mashoshyn. "TARIFF REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE XXI CENTURY." TRADE AND MARKET OF UKRAINE, no. 2(54) 2023 (December 30, 2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4762-2023-54-2-7-17.

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Objective. The objective of our study is to analyse the status and peculiarities of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of tariff regulation of international and foreign trade in the XXI century, to identify factors influencing the development of international trade), generalisation and systematisation (to substantiate the state and peculiarities of the development of tariff regulation of

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Christensen, Kristoffer, Zheng Ma, and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. "Technical, Economic, Social and Regulatory Feasibility Evaluation of Dynamic Distribution Tariff Designs." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102860.

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The increasing number of distributed energy resources in the distribution grids creates the risk of grid congestion and the high cost of grid expansion. The implementation of the dynamic distribution grid tariffs can potentially avoid grid congestion. Meanwhile, the design and implementation of any distribution tariff need to consider and match the regional/national requirements. However, there is no sufficient evaluation method available to review and evaluate the feasibility of the dynamic distribution tariffs. Therefore, this paper introduces a feasibility evaluation method with four dimens

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Montolalu, Maya H., Mahjus Ekananda, Teguh Dartanto, Diah Widyawati, and Maddaremmeng Panennungi. "The Analysis of Trade Liberalization and Nutrition Intake for Improving Food Security across Districts in Indonesia." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (2022): 3291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063291.

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The debate on the effect of trade liberalization on food security poses solid arguments, both in favor as well as against the issue. This study aims to analyze the linkages between trade liberalization (measured using food import tariff exposure) and food security (measured using nutrition intake) in the case of Indonesia. The national food import tariff is decomposed into district-level import tariff exposure and is analyzed based on sectoral tariffs such as agriculture tariffs and food manufacture import tariffs. The analysis employs panel data of 496 Indonesian districts and postulates an a

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Czerliński, Mirosław, and Michał Sebastian Bańka. "Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport." Archives of Transport 57, no. 1 (2021): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041.

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Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics re-garding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation

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Clemens, Michael A., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Why were Latin America's tariffs so much higher than Asia's before 1950?" Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 30, no. 1 (2011): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091100019x.

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AbstractLatin America had the highest tariffs in the world before 1914; Asia had the lowest. Heavily protected Latin America also boasted some of the most explosivebelle époquegrowth, while open Asia registered some of the least. What brought the two regions to the opposite ends of the tariff policy spectrum? We find that limits to Asian tariff policy autonomy may have lowered tariffs substantially there, but by themselves they cannot explain why Asian tariffs were so much lower than the Latin American tariffs before 1914; that natural barriers, domestic political economy and strategic tariff

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Shcherbatykh, A. V., S. V. Makarov, G. M. Gaydarov, and A. E. Makarova. "Analysis of compulsory health insurance tariffs for pathological studies in the Russian Federation regions of the Siberian federal district." Public Health 5, no. 1 (2025): 56–64. https://doi.org/10.21045/2782-1676-2025-5-1-56-64.

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Introduction. For managers of medical organizations and pathologists, information about payment for pathological studies is important. However, its comparative analysis is difficult due to the cumbersome nature and different structure of the relevant Tariff Agreements in the RF regions. The purpose of the study: perform a comparative analysis of tariffs for payment for pathological studies of biopsy (surgical) material at the expense of compulsory medical insurance funds specified in the Tariff Agreements of the Irkutsk Region for the period 2021–2024, as well as the corresponding tariffs for

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Lee, Dahin. "A Quantitative Analysis of Predicting Economic Ripple Effects of Universal Tariff and Targeted Tariffs Applications from the U.S." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 10, no. 05 (2025): 1609–22. https://doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2025.v10i05.012.

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President Donald Trump promised universal tariffs as a presidential pledge, and now that he has taken office, the imposition of both universal and targeted tariffs on specific countries is having a wide range of effects on the U.S. and global economies. This study used the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to quantitatively analyze the economic impact of Trump's universal tariff policy and additional tariff strategies in certain countries. The study suggests the need for political analysis and explores the ripple effect of the tariffs on major trading partners. The analysis shows that

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Yayaji, Ibrahim, Xiaoyi Mu, and Tong Zhu. "Do Regulatory Tariffs Curb Gas Flaring? Evidence from Nigeria." Gases 5, no. 2 (2025): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases5020010.

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This study examines the impact of flare tariff adjustments on gas-flaring volumes in Nigeria. Utilising a 52-year dataset, this analysis demonstrates that the effectiveness of flare tariffs in reducing gas flaring depends on the stringency of imposed charges. To isolate this effect, this study distinguishes between tariff regimes implemented before and after 2018, a pivotal year marked by the introduction of substantially higher tariffs under revised regulations. The findings indicate that the pre-2018 tariffs had no statistically significant effect on gas-flaring volumes, whereas the post-201

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Gu, Siqi. "The Impact of U.S. Carbon Tariff on Chinas Exports and Welfare Based on Empirical Analysis and Game Models." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 80, no. 1 (2024): 14–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/80/20241278.

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This paper will begin by formulating an optimal tariff model between China and the U.S., leading us to an equilibrium point. From this vantage point, we will deduce the consequences of U.S. tariffs on China's exports and the ramifications of U.S. carbon tariffs on China's societal welfare. Next, we will develop an economic model considering the existing China-U.S. tariffs and their trading relationship. This model will help determine the influence of U.S. tariffs on China's export volume and societal welfare. In addition, we will compute the impact of U.S. tariffs on China's societal welfare a

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Sweeney, Richard. "Tariffs and welfare: A common, invalid anti-tariff argument." Economics and Business Review 9, no. 1 (2023): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2023.1.1.

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President Trump imposed tariffs in 2017 on several of China’s exports, notably steel. Many papers opposed these tariffs by using a common, invalid argument: rather than arguing these tariffs reduced U.S. welfare, they argue U.S. consumers and businesses pay the tariffs, a different, rhetorical issue. Their main evidence of harm is increases in imported goods’ after-tariff U.S. prices, especially relativeto other goods’ U.S. prices. In a standard, small general equilibrium model (two countries, two goods, two factors), this price evidence is wholly ambiguous—it is even consistent with the view

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Irwin, Douglas A. "Higher Tariffs, Lower Revenues? Analyzing the Fiscal Aspects of “The Great Tariff Debate of 1888”." Journal of Economic History 58, no. 1 (1998): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019884.

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After the Civil War, Congress maintained high import tariffs to pay off the public debt. By the early 1880s the federal government was running large fiscal surpluses –revenues exceeded expenditures by over 40 percent. The Democrats proposed lower tariffs to reduce customs revenue. The Republicans proposed higher tariffs to reduce imports and customs revenues. This article attempts to determine the revenue effects of the proposed changes. Given the height of the tariff and the price elasticity of U.S. import demand, the actual tariff was below the maximum revenue rate, and therefore a tariff re

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Sundt, Swantje. "Influence of Attitudes on Willingness to Choose Time-of-Use Electricity Tariffs in Germany. Evidence from Factor Analysis." Energies 14, no. 17 (2021): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175406.

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Time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs are a demand side measure to ease balancing of demand and supply to cope with a rising share of renewables in a country’s electricity mix. In general, consumers require compensation for accepting these tariffs. This study analyzes how attitudes drive consumers’ willingness to choose a TOU tariff in Germany. To identify attitudinal profiles, I use an exploratory factor analysis on items capturing positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, climate change awareness, and belief in energy saving measures. I use these factors as predictors in an ordere

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Napierała, Michał. "A Study on Improving Economy Efficiency of Pumping Stations Based on Tariff Changes." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030799.

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In this paper, research on improving the economic efficiency of 38 drainage pumping stations was undertaken. Particular attention was paid to the effectiveness of activities without considering any expenditures. Energy costs for this type of machine are usually high, approximately 45% of the total maintenance cost. The main assumption of this work was the selection of appropriate energy tariffs to reduce operating costs. Liquid transport in any economy consumes significant amounts of electricity, estimated at 20–30% of the total electricity production. The optimization of the energy consumptio

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Audu, N. P., and T. O. Apere. "The Evaluation of Maximum Tariffs in an Emerging Economy: The Nigerian Case." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 2, no. 3 (2012): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v2i3.2472.

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Using the Cournot and Stackelberg theories of oligopolistic competition, the paper re-evaluate the importance of tariff ranking issue under a mixed oligopoly model with foreign competitors and asymmetric costs. We demonstrated that under Cournot theory, when the size of domestic private and foreign private firms becomes more unequally distributed, maximum–welfare tariff will exceed maximum–revenue tariff. The study also revealed that under Stackelberg theory, when the domestic government protects its domestic sector, it will levy higher maximum–welfare tariffs versus maximum–revenue tariffs. T

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Ashton, Michael. "The Efficient Tariff: Systematically Balancing Security and Welfare Concerns." American Economist 36, no. 1 (1992): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459203600108.

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Imposing a tariff on imports of petroleum has two major effects that encourage conflicting public-policy responses. One effect is the well-documented welfare loss suffered by the domestic economy as a result of the tariff's distortional effects. The other effect is the potentially positive effect that a tariff can have on national security. When tariffs decrease, more of domestic demand is supplied by foreign suppliers—which increases the expected value of the economic damage caused by potential future embargoes. The author derives the equation for the “marginal disruption risk cost” and equat

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Spearot, Alan. "Unpacking the Long-Run Effects of Tariff Shocks: New Structural Implications from Firm Heterogeneity Models." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 2 (2016): 128–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140015.

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I derive a novel solution for the general equilibrium effects of tariffs that is robust to heterogeneity across industries and countries, and is a function of only aggregate trade data and country-by-industry Pareto shape parameters. Using the model to evaluate tariff shocks, I show that while most countries lose by removing observed tariffs unilaterally, India, Japan, Korea, and the United States gain by doing so, which suggests inefficient tariff discrimination. In evaluating multilateral shocks, observed tariff cuts over 1994 –2000 benefit 69 percent of countries, with these benefits skewed

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Mitchell, AndrewD, and Tania Voon. "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (2002): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302501690.

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Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on ag

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Nam, Vuong Tuan, Doan Hong Le, Nguyen Thanh Truc, Pham Thuy Hong, and Doan Quynh Giang. "Implementing Tariff Commitments in the EVFTA." Global Trade and Customs Journal 20, Issue 1 (2025): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2025009.

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The study introduces the process of implementing tariff commitments in free trade agreements (FTAs) and applying tariffs in implementing Vietnam’s international trade policies. At the same time, evaluates the Factors affecting these tariffs in the context of Vietnam’s extensive participation in international integration and signing of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. Along with modernizing customs procedures to meet the FTAs, Vietnam’s tariff policies are also promptly completed to be compatible with commitments. The authors use qualitative research methods to collect data in ‘non-

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Greear, Emily K., and Andrew Muhammad. "Tariff Elimination and the Competitiveness of Wine-Exporting Countries in Japan." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 50, no. 1 (2021): 76–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2020.25.

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AbstractBilateral trade agreements between Japan and major wine-exporting countries have resulted in tariff eliminations in Japan. This raises questions about how tariffs affect the competitiveness of wine-exporting countries. The generalized dynamic Rotterdam model was used in estimating Japanese wine demand by source. Estimates were then used to project the impact of tariffs on imports of Australian, Chilean, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and U.S. wine. Tariff reductions primarily benefit affected countries, with limited adverse effects on competing countries. The elimination of tariffs

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Zadorozhniy, Vyacheslav, Ksenia Zyryankina, and Maksim Bakalov. "Forecasting rolling stock indicators in the market of transport services using the neural network method." E3S Web of Conferences 549 (2024): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454904007.

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The research is aimed at identifying patterns in the formation of tariffs, forecasting wagon rental rates and other indicators of the use of rolling stock using the neural network method. The process of tariff formation in the transport services market is investigated using the neural network method on the 1C platform. Various indicators of wagon use that affect the wagon rental rate are presented. They consider various approaches to tariff setting and propose principles for an optimal approach to setting tariffs in modern conditions. The results of the research can be applied in the further d

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Gallarotti, Giulio M. "Toward a business-cycle model of tariffs." International Organization 39, no. 1 (1985): 155–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300004896.

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A modified interest-group model links movements in tariffs to changes in the level of economic activity within nations. This model is introduced and tested for tariff behavior in the 19th and early 20th centuries in three nations: the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. Empirical analysis lends strong support to the model's central thesis, that tariffs are sensitive to movements within a business cycle. Tariff changes occurring in the three nations, with the exception of British tariff increases, generally conform to the expectations of the model. Furthermore, business-cycle sensitivity

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LABORDE, DAVID, WILL MARTIN, and DOMINIQUE VAN DER MENSBRUGGHE. "Implications of the Doha market access proposals for developing countries." World Trade Review 11, no. 1 (2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000437.

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AbstractThis paper uses detailed data on bound and applied tariffs to assess the consequences of the WTO's December 2008 Modalities for tariffs levied and faced by developing countries, and the welfare implications of these reforms. We find that the tiered formula for agriculture would halve tariffs in industrial countries and lower them more modestly in developing countries. In non-agricultural market access (NAMA), the formulas would reduce the tariff peaks facing developing countries and cut average industrial country tariffs by more than a third. We use a political-economy framework to ass

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Zarei, Ehsan, Maedehsadat Hashemi, and Pouria Farrokhi. "The Gap Between the Actual Cost and Tariffs of Global Surgical Procedures: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study in Qazvin Province, Iran." Archives of Iranian Medicine 27, no. 10 (2024): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.31106.

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Background: Iran’s healthcare system has a significant discrepancy between the national tariff and the cost of global surgical procedures (GSPs). This study aimed to compare the actual costs of GSPs with national tariffs in Iran’s public hospitals. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017. Using the census method, 6126 GSPs performed in three public hospitals were investigated in this study. Additionally, national tariffs from the Supreme Council of Health Insurance were obtained. The tariff-cost gap was the discrepancy between a GSP’s actual costs and tariff. Mu

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Tito, Maria D., and Ruoying Wang. "Misallocation in Open Economy." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 004 (2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.007.

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This paper estimates the impact of reducing export and import tariffs on firm input choices. In presence of borrowing constraints, lower export tariffs facilitate the reallocation of capital and labor inputs across firms, while a decline in import tariffs either tightens import competition or increases the availability of imported inputs; all three mechanisms suggest that a higher degree of openness should be associated with lower misallocation. To analyze the empirical relationship between openness and input misallocation, we draw on the annual surveys conducted by the Chinese National Bureau

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PERES-CAJÍAS, JOSÉ ALEJANDRO. "Bolivian Tariff Policy during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: High Average Tariff and Unbalanced Regional Protection." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 3 (2016): 433–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16001796.

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AbstractThis article demonstrates that Bolivian tariff policy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not as passive as previously assumed and that the average tariff ratio remained high. However, high average tariffs coexisted for a long time with free-entry rights for different products which represented the main economic activity of certain Bolivian regions. Furthermore, the competitiveness of products was sometimes mostly determined by the geographic fragmentation of the country and the uneven pattern of railway construction rather by than tariffs. Therefore, beyond it

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Kim, K. H., and F. W. Roush. "Strategic tariff equilibrium and optimal tariffs." Mathematical Social Sciences 15, no. 2 (1988): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(88)90017-0.

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Conlon, R. M. "An Overview of Protection of Australian Manufacturing: Past, Present and Future." Economic and Labour Relations Review 5, no. 1 (1994): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469400500112.

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Australia, and before Federation, the colonies, have long histories of tariff protection. However, by the end of this century tariffs for imports of most commodities will have been lowered to negligible levels. This paper briefly examines the history of the tariff and the changing structure of assistance to manufacturing in the 1980s and 1990s. As the tariff has been dismantled, a variety of alternative measures have been implemented. Thus, while the ‘old’ protectionism of tariffs on imports has been discredited, a ‘new’ form of protectionism — much to do with providing assistance for exports

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Maphosa, Michael, and Patrick Mabuza. "The Trade-Offs Between Pro-Poor and Cost-Reflective Tariffs in South Africa: A Regulatory Perspective." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 8, no. 6(J) (2017): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v8i6(j).1494.

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Abstract: This paper presents arguments for and against cost reflectivity and pro-poor tariff policy in South African electricity supply from a regulatory perspective. This debate has been ongoing for decades in developing countries; however, there is still no clear direction on how countries should approach these two important competing policy positions. There are those that argue that achieving cost-reflective tariffs will attract private sector investment into the electricity supply industry (ESI) that will lead to much needed competition and reduced electricity tariffs. However, there are

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Doshmangir, Leila, and Farhad Kouhi. "Untangling the Complex Knot of Health Services Tariffs in Iran." Depiction of Health 16, no. 1 (2025): 5–13. https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2025.02.

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Abstract The health services tariff system is a cornerstone of every nation's healthcare system, with direct implications for resource allocation, service quality, and public access to healthcare. With the enactment of the Universal Health Insurance Act in November 1994, efforts were made to establish a scientific, structural, and legal foundation for setting tariffs for diagnostic and therapeutic services. This initiative aimed to enhance efficiency and equity while increasing stakeholder satisfaction within the healthcare system. Since then, government oversight and interaction between servi

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Marbun, Sonia Hapsari, Dwi Febrianti, and Khairani Matondang. "Implementation of the GATT State Rates Policy on International Trade." Journal of Business Management and Economic Development 1, no. 01 (2023): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/jbmed.v1i01.40.

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Tariff policy can be interpreted as a systematic arrangement of duties levied on goods and services that cross national borders. The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation of tariffs or international agreements related to international trade, especially the General Tariffs and Trade (GATT) agreement. This research uses quantitative research methods through a descriptive research approach. The results of this study are GATT countries usually use a lot of tariff policies to protect domestic production and also to attract revenue to the country. Even though it is permissib

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Schropp, Simon, Olim Latipov, Christian Lau, and Kornel Mahlstein. "Quantifying the Impact of the Latest US Tariff Sanctions on Russia: A Sectoral Analysis." Journal of World Trade 57, Issue 1 (2023): 55–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2023003.

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In addition to the existing import ban on energy products (oil, gas, coal), the United States recently announced a new sanction package that imposes significantly higher import tariffs on 570 product groups from Russia. These tariff increases affect more than USD 2 billion in US imports from Russia. Using a sector-specific partial-equilibrium (PE) model, we quantify the impact of these US tariff increases. We find that the new tariffs affect 8.7% of total US imports from Russia and may decrease Russian welfare by USD 181 million per year, while imposing annual costs of USD 90 million on US con

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Okechukwu, Nwokoye Mathew, Machi Ignatus Okoye, Irene Onwuka Nkechi, and Ekwugha Juliet Chika. "The Impact of Tariffs on Nigerian Economy (2000-2020)." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 20, no. 3 (2023): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i3722.

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This study examined the impact of tariffs on Nigeria's economic growth. It examines the extent to which tariffs have contributed to economic growth in Nigeria in 2000-2020. Tariffs, which are a form of tax or trade restrictions imposed on imported goods to discourage fledgling industries from international competition, can boost economic growth. The Ordinary Least Squares regression method was used to analyze the relationship between tariffs and economic growth. An econometric analysis was also used to determine the impact of tariff and other variables such as trade openness and exchange rate

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Edwards, Terence Huw. "Tariffs, Horizontal Regulatory Standards and Protection against Foreign Competitors." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 2 (2009): 1850164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1456.

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This paper focuses on a regulator's choice between setting a pure, horizontal technical barrier to trade (HTBT) or a tariff in a linear, Cournot duopoly, where a foreign firm competes with a local rival. Where a country is free to impose a tariff, it will not impose a HTBT. Only under a limited set of circumstances will the profit-shifting effect be sufficient to lead to total exclusion of the foreign firm: in other conditions, the country will set a tariff yielding some revenue. By contrast, if tariffs are constrained by international agreement, then the importing country will set an HTBT to

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Luan, Bowen. "Macroeconomic Effect of The U.S. Tariff on Steel and Aluminum." BCP Business & Management 23 (August 4, 2022): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v23i.1469.

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In the context of deglobalization, the United States proposed a trade policy of imposing tariffs on steel and aluminum in March 2018. This paper first discusses the possible motivations behind the tariff levitation by the United States. It also analyzes the impact of US tariffs on its trading partners and itself under the unilateral tariff model and the bilateral tariff model. The conclusion of the analysis is that the impact of this US trade policy on the economy of steel and aluminum importing countries, especially in the long run, is not as pessimistic as imagined. And considering the impac

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Chaudhry, Azam. "Tariffs, Trade and Economic Growth in a Model with Institutional Quality." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, no. 2 (2011): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.i2.a2.

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This article shows how institutional quality can affect the relationship between trade and growth. Our model looks at an economy in which the export sector is a high-innovation sector. In this economy, a government that is politically threatened by innovation can use its tariff policy to block innovation and increase domestic revenues. In this case, higher tariffs reduce economic growth and the government faces a tradeoff: It can either (i) raise tariffs, collect greater rents, and increase stability; or (ii) it can reduce tariffs and increase long-run growth and instability. When the quality

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Macchiaroli, Maria, Luigi Dolores, and Gianluigi De Mare. "Design the Water Tariff Structure: Application and Assessment of a Model to Balance Sustainability, Cost Recovery and Wise Use." Water 15, no. 7 (2023): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071309.

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The sustainable management of water resources can be pursued through effective tariff policies capable of discouraging water wastefulness. Increasing Block Tariffs (IBT) represent a method of pricing the water service which consists of providing various tariff ranges, with a unit cost that increases as consumption increases. The definition of the consumption ranges and the relative tariffs must guarantee the right balance between the needs of the users and the need to protect the resource according to 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study proposes an optimization model useful f

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Zaki, Dina A., and Mohamed Hamdy. "A Review of Electricity Tariffs and Enabling Solutions for Optimal Energy Management." Energies 15, no. 22 (2022): 8527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228527.

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Today, electricity tariffs play an essential role in the electricity retail market as they are the key factor for the decision-making of end-users. Additionally, tariffs are necessary for increasing competition in the electricity market. They have a great impact on load energy management. Moreover, tariffs are not taken as a fixed approach to expense calculations only but are influenced by many other factors, such as electricity generation, transmission, distribution costs, and governmental taxation. Thus, electricity pricing differs significantly between countries or between regions within a

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Scherrer, Christoph. "Trumps Zollpolitik: Mehr Macht durch Gewährung von Ausnahmen." Wirtschaftsdienst 105, no. 6 (2025): 434–38. https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2025-0111.

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Abstract An important motivation for President Trump’s tariff escalation is often overlooked: tariffs serve Trump as a powerful domestic and foreign policy instrument. This instrument consists of granting exemptions from tariffs for good behavior and denying such benefits or imposing even higher tariffs in the case of a lack of support for Trump or even opposition. The article first discusses the contradictory nature of the officially stated goals of Trump’s tariffs, then describes the policy of granting exemptions to foreign nations and domestic companies in Trump’s first presidency. The arti

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ZHANG, Ying, Wenmei KANG, Mou WANG, and Li ZHUANG. "Carbon Tariffs’ Impacts on China’s Economy and Carbon Emission: A Study Based on META-Regression Analysis." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 07, no. 03 (2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s234574811950012x.

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During the implementation of the measures for reducing carbon emissions, to protect the international competitiveness of their carbon-intensive products, some developed countries in the name of preventing carbon leakage have deliberately avoided the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)” prescribed in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and worked actively to propose the collection of carbon tariffs to make developing countries share the responsibilities of reducing global emissions. The existing studies tend to confirm that carbon tariffs, once

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Shaul Hamid, Mohammed Faiz, and Dr Mohamed Aslam. "Utilization of Preferential Tariff under ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Case of Malaysia." Journal of Global Economy 11, no. 4 (2015): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v11i4.413.

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Reducing numbers of tariff lines to 0% and increase in intra-regional trade are often indicators of success of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). With more members liberalizing their economies and actively reducing the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) rates, the preferential tariff under AFTA would have a minimal impact on trade patterns unless the preferential tariff treatment is effective. Based on the value of Certificate of Origin (COO) and its export to ASEAN countries, this paper plans to estimate and analyse the utilization of tariffs under AFTA in the case of Malaysia for the period of 2007-2011

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Fayziyev, Makhmanazar, Yunus Ochilov, Komoliddin Nimatov, and Ruslan Mustayev. "Analysis of payment priority for electricity consumed in industrial enterprises on the base of classified tariffs." E3S Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401039.

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The following issues are considered and resolved in the article: the advantage of using tariffs stratified by time to increase the efficiency of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises; Analysis of the tariff system in the electric power system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the essence of the effectiveness of the application of differentiated tariffs; In order to justify the application of time-differentiated tariffs, the electricity consumption of the industrial enterprise is analyzed; parameters of electricity consumption are optimized according to different tariffs. In order t

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Khan, Muhammad Arif, and Shahnawaz Muhammad Khan. "US China Trade War: Implications for the World." Global International Relations Review V, no. II (2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-ii).02.

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In 2018, a trade war started between USA and China. Both the countries started to apply tariffs against each other. In March 2018, the USA applied tariffs on imports from China. Then in return, China also applied tariffs on a few products. With time, this trade war between both economies raised, and its further intensification made both countries suffer through imposed tariffs. Tariff wars between the United States and China have the potential to undermine global financial stability. As the world's biggest economies, China and USA have been merchandising products and services on a worldwide sc

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Pereira, Thales Augusto Zamberlan. "Tariffs and the textile trade between Brazil and Britain (1808-1860)." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 51, no. 2 (2021): 311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-41615124tzp.

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Abstract The commercial treaty with Britain in 1810, along the authorization of foreign trade in ports in 1808, are among the most important institutional changes in nineteenth century Brazil. The 1810 treaty lowered tariffs for British manufactures while maintaining high tariffs in Britain for Brazilian sugar and coffee. These terms are generally viewed as disastrous for the Brazilian economy, although there is still limited quantitative information about how much the tariff affected the demand for British imports. This paper provides new qualitative and quantitative evidence on the operation

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Firdawati Firdawati, Ambok Pangiuk, and Marissa Putriana. "TINJAUAN EKONOMI SYARIAH TERKAIT DAMPAK DARI KENAIKAN TARIF PDAM DI KOTA JAMBI." Jurnal Kajian dan Penalaran Ilmu Manajemen 2, no. 1 (2023): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59031/jkpim.v2i1.275.

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The method used by the author in this study is a qualitative method, this method is used to observe, understand and describe a study about the increase in tariffs for PDAM Tirta Mayang in Jambi city. The drinking water tariff is the cost of drinking water services that must be paid by the customer for each use of drinking water provided by the organizer. In the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 23 of 2006 concerning Technical Guidelines and Procedures for Determining Drinking Water Tariffs at Regional Drinking Water Companies (PDAMs). The tariff for the level of basic drinking

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Voroniatnikov, Oleksandr. "Administrative and legal principles of formation of tariffs for freight transportation by railway transport." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 18(30) (December 9, 2024): 66–71. https://doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2024.18.30.66-71.

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Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the administrative and legal basis of the formation of tariffs for freight railway transportation, analysis of the procedure of tariff formation, control and supervision in this area, clarification of the main problems of the industry and providing proposals for ways to solve them. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis of normative legal acts and generalization of available scientific and theoretical material (primarily in the field of administrative law), formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. Results: it

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Khoso, Fayaz Hassan, Abdul Baseer, Idrees Afzal, Shafiq ur Rehman, and Farid Ullah Kaskar. "Impact of Tariffs on Trade: Analyzing the Effects of Tariffs on International Trade and Economic Growth." Research Journal for Social Affairs 3, no. 3 (2025): 367–71. https://doi.org/10.71317/rjsa.003.03.0229.

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This study examines the impact of tariffs on international trade and economic growth, with a focus on both theoretical foundations and empirical evidence. Tariffs, as a key component of trade policy, are designed to protect domestic industries by imposing duties on imported goods. While tariffs attract public money and promote domestic employment, the harm to the relations between trades and the overall long term economic stability usualy outweighs the benefits. Drawing upon classical and modern trade theories, this paper explores how tariffs influence trade volumes, price competitiveness, sup

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Ezeala-Harrison, Fidel, and John Baffoe-Bonnie. "Do Protective Tariffs Influence Firms’ Competitive Stance? Application of a Competitive Leverage Model in The Presence of Simultaneous Equation and Sample Selectivity Bias." Journal of Developing Areas 58, no. 4 (2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2024.a931313.

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ABSTRACT: We propose a Competitive Leverage model, and apply it to analyze the impact of tariffs on the attitudes of domestic import-competing firms, especially regarding their disincentives to maintain a Competitive Stance against foreign competitors in the domestic market. We propose that tariffs are a disincentive to the pursuit and maintenance of production efficiency in firms and industries. When countries implement tariff protection for their domestic firms, the most common excuse sounds reasonable, except that it is also economically flawed. While the short-run impacts of such a measure

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