Relevant bibliographies by topics / TAS1R2

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Academic literature on the topic 'TAS1R2'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "TAS1R2"

1

Haznedaroğlu, Eda, Meliha Koldemir-Gündüz, Nur Bakır-Coşkun, Hasan M. Bozkuş, Penbe Çağatay, Belgin Süsleyici-Duman, and Ali Menteş. "Association of Sweet Taste Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Dental Caries Experience in School Children." Caries Research 49, no. 3 (2015): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381426.

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Sweet taste is a powerful factor influencing food acceptance. The peripheral taste response to sugar is mediated by the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 taste receptors. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between TAS1R2 (rs35874116 or rs9701796) and/or TAS1R3 (rs307355) single nucleotide polymorphisms with dental caries experience in schoolchildren. A total of 184 schoolchildren aged between 7 and 12 years (101 girls, 83 boys) were included in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples and the genotypes were identified by qPCR. The genotype frequencies were as follows: 6.6% for homozygous wild type, 41.8% for heterozygous and 51.6% for homozygous polymorphic genotype carriers of TAS1R2 gene rs35874116; 27.8% for heterozygous and 72.2% for homozygous polymorphic genotype carriers of TAS1R2 gene rs9701796, and 83.1% for homozygous wild type and 16.9% for heterozygous genotype carriers of TAS1R3 gene rs307355 polymorphism. A significant association was observed between total caries experience (dft + DMFT - decayed filled primary teeth + decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth) and TAS1R2 rs35874116 (p = 0.008) and TAS1R3 rs307355 (p = 0.04) gene polymorphisms but not for TAS1R2 gene rs9701796 polymorphism. TAS1R3 gene rs307355 polymorphism has been found to be an independent risk factor for dental caries experience by logistic regression analysis and to have increased the risk of caries. Moderate caries experience (4-7 caries) was found to be associated with TAS1R3 rs307355 heterozygous genotype, whereas high-risk caries experience (>8 caries) was found to be associated with TAS1R2 rs35874116 homozygous polymorphic genotype.
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Kim, Soo-Kyung, Yalu Chen, Ravinder Abrol, William A. Goddard, and Brian Guthrie. "Activation mechanism of the G protein-coupled sweet receptor heterodimer with sweeteners and allosteric agonists." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 10 (February 22, 2017): 2568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700001114.

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The sweet taste in humans is mediated by the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which belongs to the class C family that also includes the metabotropic glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors. We report here the predicted 3D structure of the full-length TAS1R2/TAS1R3 heterodimer, including the Venus Flytrap Domains (VFDs) [in the closed–open (co) active conformation], the cysteine-rich domains (CRDs), and the transmembrane domains (TMDs) at the TM56/TM56 interface. We observe that binding of agonists to VFD2 of TAS1R2 leads to major conformational changes to form a TM6/TM6 interface between TMDs of TAS1R2 and TAS1R3, which is consistent with the activation process observed biophysically on the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 homodimer. We find that the initial effect of the agonist is to pull the bottom part of VFD3/TAS1R3 toward the bottom part of VFD2/TAS1R2 by ∼6 Å and that these changes get transmitted from VFD2 of TAS1R2 (where agonists bind) through the VFD3 and the CRD3 to the TMD3 of TAS1R3 (which couples to the G protein). These structural transformations provide a detailed atomistic mechanism for the activation process in GPCR, providing insights and structural details that can now be validated through mutation experiments.
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Mineev, V. N., P. V. Brukhanova, and D. E. Koksharova. "EXTRAORAL SWEET TASTE RECEPTORS IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM." Medical academic journal 18, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj18127-33.

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The possible pathogenetic role of extraoral sweet taste receptors Tas1R in respiratory system is considered. In many respects, the function of extraoral receptors for sweet taste still remains unclear. The mechanism of intracellular signal transduction at sweet taste reception is considered, as well as the molecular mechanism of interaction of Tas2R and Tas1R receptors, expressed on the same cell. Tas1R receptors in respiratory system can function as a “rheostat” to control the amount of secretion of antimicrobial peptides that is mediated by extraoral bitter taste receptors Tas2R, depending on the concentration of glucose on the surface of the airways. In diabetes mellitus, the liquid on the luminal surface of respiratory tract contains an increased concentration of glucose, which leads to overexpression of TAS1R2 / TAS1R3, inhibition of Tas2R signaling activity and to decrease in secretion of antimicrobial peptides. Clinically, the effect on glucose homeostasis in the lumen of the respiratory tract with comorbid respiratory pathology, including diabetes mellitus, is considered. A possible sequence of pathogenetic mechanisms in respiratory system, associated with extraoral sweet taste receptors is presented as a vicious circle. Research into the problem of role of the ectopic chemosensory network in clinical medicine will bring new knowledge on the predisposition to diseases, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of their development, and will serve as a scientific basis for developing new medicinal approaches.
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Feng, Ping, and Shichu Liang. "Molecular evolution of umami/sweet taste receptor genes in reptiles." PeerJ 6 (August 24, 2018): e5570. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5570.

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Sensory systems play an important role in animal survival. Changes to these systems may be critical in evolution of species in new environments. Previous studies exploring the correlation between feeding ecology and Tas1r evolution mainly focused on mammals and birds, and found that the relationship was complex. However, in reptiles, the correlation between Tas1r evolution and dietary preferences is still unclear. Here, we attempted to explore this relationship in representative species of the major groups of reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodilians), for which the genome information is known. We first predicted the functionality (intact, partial, or defective) of Tas1r, and then related it to the feeding preferences. As a result, we identified 11 Tas1r1, 12 Tas1r2, and 12 Tas1r3 genes to be partial or intact and another 22 Tas1r genes to be absent or pseudogenized in the 19 reptiles. We found that, as it was revealed in some other vertebrate groups, no correlation existed between feeding ecology and Tas1r evolution in reptiles: genomic prediction indicated that the Tas1r genes possibly have been lost or pseudogenized in snakes, but in crocodylia and testudines Tas1r genes are either intact or partial, regardless of their feeding habits. Thus, we suggest that the driving force of Tas1r evolution in reptiles is complex, and the feeding habit of swallowing food whole without chewing or the absence of taste buds in certain species may account for the possible umami/sweet perception loss. In addition, we propose that caution should be taken when predicting gene functionality from the publicly available genome database.
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Marín-Soto, María Delfina, Angel Miliar-García, Modesto Gómez-López, Ilicia González-Mundo, and Víctor Ricardo Aguilera-Sosa. "Asociación entre el “food craving” y los genes del gusto en personas con obesidad." Investigación Clínica 62, no. 2 (June 12, 2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22209/ic.v62n2a03.

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El “food craving” (FC) es un deseo incontrolable por ingerir alimentos en específico, se activa durante la fase de abstinencia de alimentos azucarados, salados y grasos. Se ha encontrado que se relaciona con obesi-dad (OB) y con trastornos del comportamiento de la alimentación, además de ser un factor negativo para la adherencia al tratamiento de la OB. Los Food Cravings Questionnaires Trait (T-rasgo) y State (S-estado) son instrumentos validados, que miden rasgo-estado, son confiables, y con consistencia interna alta (ɑ>0,90). El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar diferencias entre sujetos normopeso (NP) y OB, en puntajes del FCQ Trait y State, y en la expre-sión génica de DRD2, TAS1R2, TAS1R3 y el TAS2R43. Se trató de un estudio correlacional, transversal de casos y controles, muestreo no probabilístico, y a conveniencia; con 20 sujetos NP y 20 sujetos OB, de ambos sexos entre 18-45 años, residentes de la Ciudad de México y del Estado de México. Se evaluaron el IMC, el FC y la expresión génica. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en expresión relativa del TAS1R2, y correlación positiva entre el FCQ y expresión del TAS1R2 en OB; también se encontró que el FCQ-T y FCQ-S pre-dicen la expresión génica de TAS1R2 y TAS2R43 en hombres, y en mujeres del TAS1R2, TAS2R43 y el DRD2. Esta investigación ayuda a comprender la asocia-ción del FC, con el receptor del gusto dulce (TAS1R2), evidenciando el enlace con componentes moleculares, y su posible relación con adicción a alimentos azucarados.
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Han, Pengfei, Russell S. J. Keast, and Eugeni Roura. "Salivary leptin and TAS1R2/TAS1R3 polymorphisms are related to sweet taste sensitivity and carbohydrate intake from a buffet meal in healthy young adults." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 10 (November 7, 2017): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002872.

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AbstractThe influence of sweet taste sensitivity on food intake is not well understood. We investigated the involvement of salivary leptin and SNP of the sweet taste receptor genes (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) on sweet taste sensitivity, sensory-specific satiety (SSS) and macronutrient intake in healthy human adults. In all, nineteen high sweet sensitivity (HS) and eleven low sweet sensitivity (LS) subjects were classified based on the sweetness perception of one solution (9 mm sucrose) forced-choice triangle test. All participants completed a randomised crossover design experiment where they consumed one of three iso-energetic soup preloads differing in primary taste quality (sweet, non-sweet taste-control or no-taste energy-control). A period of 1 h after the preload, participants were offered a buffet meal consisting of foods varying in taste (sweet or non-sweet) and fat content. Subjective measures included hunger/fullness and SSS for sweetness. Saliva and buccal cells were collected to measure leptin level and to study the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 specific SNP, respectively. Salivary leptin concentrations were significantly higher in LS than HS participants (P<0·05). In addition, HS showed stronger sweet SSS compared with LH participants (P<0·05), and consumed less carbohydrate (% energy) and more non-sweet foods than LS (P<0·01 and P<0·05, respectively). Alleles from each TAS1R2 locus (GG compared with AA alleles of rs12033832, and CT/CC compared with TT alleles of rs35874116) were related to higher consumption of carbohydrates (% energy) and higher amount of sweet foods, respectively (P<0·05). In contrast, no associations were found for the TAS1R3 alleles. These results contribute to understand the links between taste sensitivity, macronutrient appetite and food consumption.
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Eriksson, Linda, Anders Esberg, Simon Haworth, Pernilla Lif Holgerson, and Ingegerd Johansson. "Allelic Variation in Taste Genes Is Associated with Taste and Diet Preferences and Dental Caries." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071491.

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Taste and diet preferences are complex and influenced by both environmental and host traits while affecting both food selection and associated health outcomes. The present study genotyped 94 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in previously reported taste and food intake related genes and assessed associations with taste threshold (TT) and preferred intensity (PT) of sweet, sour and bitter, food preferences, habitual diet intake, and caries status in healthy young Swedish men and women (n = 127). Polymorphisms in the GNAT3, SLC2A4, TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 genes were associated with variation in TT and PT for sweet taste as well as sweet food intake. Increasing PT for sweet was associated with increasing preference and intake of sugary foods. Similarly, increasing TT for sour was associated with increasing intake of sour foods, whereas the associations between food preference/intake and TT/PT for bitter was weak in this study group. Finally, allelic variation in the GNAT3, SLC2A2, SLC2A4, TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 genes was associated with caries status, whereas TT, PT and food preferences were not. It was concluded that variations in taste receptor, glucose transporter and gustducin encoding genes are related to taste perception, food preference and intake as well as the sugar-dependent caries disease.
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Jiao, Hengwu, Huan-Wang Xie, Libiao Zhang, Nima Zhuoma, Peihua Jiang, and Huabin Zhao. "Loss of sweet taste despite the conservation of sweet receptor genes in insectivorous bats." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): e2021516118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021516118.

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The evolution of taste perception is usually associated with the ecology and dietary changes of organisms. However, the association between feeding ecology and taste receptor evolution is unclear in some lineages of vertebrate animals. One example is the sweet taste receptor gene Tas1r2. Previous analysis of partial sequences has revealed that Tas1r2 has undergone equally strong purifying selection between insectivorous and frugivorous bats. To test whether the sweet taste function is also important in bats with contrasting diets, we examined the complete coding sequences of both sweet taste receptor genes (Tas1r2 and Tas1r3) in 34 representative bat species. Although these two genes are highly conserved between frugivorous and insectivorous bats at the sequence level, our behavioral experiments revealed that an insectivorous bat (Myotis ricketti) showed no preference for natural sugars, whereas the frugivorous species (Rousettus leschenaultii) showed strong preferences for sucrose and fructose. Furthermore, while both sweet taste receptor genes are expressed in the taste tissue of insectivorous and frugivorous bats, our cell-based assays revealed striking functional divergence: the sweet taste receptors of frugivorous bats are able to respond to natural sugars whereas those of insectivorous bats are not, which is consistent with the behavioral preference tests, suggesting that functional evolution of sweet taste receptors is closely related to diet. This comprehensive study suggests that using sequence conservation alone could be misleading in inferring protein and physiological function and highlights the power of combining behavioral experiments, expression analysis, and functional assays in molecular evolutionary studies.
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O’Brien, Patrick, Rhys Hewett, and Christopher Corpe. "Sugar sensor genes in the murine gastrointestinal tract display a cephalocaudal axis of expression and a diurnal rhythm." Physiological Genomics 50, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00139.2017.

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Distributed along the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are nutrient sensing cells that release numerous signaling peptides influencing GI function, nutrient homeostasis and energy balance. Recent studies have shown a diurnal rhythm in GI nutrient sensing, but the mechanisms responsible for rhythmicity are poorly understood. In this report we studied murine GI sugar sensor gene and protein expression levels in the morning (7 AM) and evening (7 PM). Sweet taste receptor ( tas1r2/tas1r3/gnat3/gnat1) sugar transporter ( slc5a1, slc2a2, slc2a5) and putative sugar sensor ( slc5a4a and slc5a4b) gene expression levels were highest in tongue and proximal and distal small intestine, respectively. Clock gene ( cry2/arntl) activity was detected in all regions studied. Slc5a4a and slc5a4b gene expression showed clear diurnal rhythmicity in the small intestine and stomach, respectively, although no rhythmicity was detected in SGLT3 protein expression. Tas1r2, tas1r3, gnat1, and gcg displayed a limited rhythm in gene expression in proximal small intestine. Microarray analysis revealed a diurnal rhythm in gut peptide gene expression in tongue (7 AM vs. 7 PM) and in silico promoter analysis indicated intestinal sugar sensors and transporters possessed the canonical E box elements necessary for clock gene control over gene transcription. In this report we present evidence of a diurnal rhythm in genes that are responsible for intestinal nutrient sensing that is most likely controlled by clock gene activity. Disturbances in clock gene/nutrient sensing interactions may be important in the development of diet-related diseases, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Nachtigal, Danielle, and Barry G. Green. "Sweet Thermal Taste: Perceptual Characteristics in Water and Dependence on TAS1R2/TAS1R3." Chemical Senses 45, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa009.

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Abstract The initial objective of this study was to determine if activation of the sweet taste receptor TAS1R2/TAS1R3 is necessary for perception of sweet thermal taste (swTT). Our approach was to inhibit the receptor with the inverse agonist lactisole using a temperature-controlled flow gustometer. Because all prior studies of thermal taste (TT) used metal thermodes to heat the tongue tip, we first investigated whether it could be generated in heated water. Experiment 1 showed that sweetness could be evoked when deionized water was heated from 20 to 35 °C, and testing with static temperatures between 20 and 35 °C demonstrated the importance of heating from a cool temperature. As in previous studies, thermal sweetness was reported by only a subset of participants, and replicate measurements found variability in reports of sweetness across trials and between sessions. Experiment 2 then showed that exposure to 8 mM lactisole blocked perception of swTT. Confirmation of the involvement of TAS1R2/TAS1R3 led to an investigation of possible sensory and cognitive interactions between thermal and chemical sweetness. Using sucrose as a sweet stimulus and quinine as a nonsweet control, we found that dynamic heating capable of producing thermal sweetness did not increase the sweetness of sucrose compared with static heating at 35 °C. However, swTT was disrupted if trials containing sucrose (but not quinine) were interspersed among heating-only trials. These findings provide new information relevant to understanding the perceptual processes and receptor mechanisms of swTT, as well as the heat sensitivity of sweet taste in general.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TAS1R2"

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西, 栄美子. "旧世界ザルにおける甘味受容体機能の多様性." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232298.

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Pioltine, Marina Brosso. "Influência de polimorfismos nos genes dos receptores de sabor gorduroso, doce e amargo no consumo alimentar e no perfil metabólico de crianças e adolescentes obesos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-24022016-090956/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade infantil é um importante problema de saúde pública e apresenta impacto direto na qualidade de vida das crianças e adolescentes, bem como no desenvolvimento futuro de doenças crônicas. O padrão alimentar rico em gordura e açúcar, e com baixo aporte de fibra dietética, vitaminas e minerais é reconhecido como fator de risco para o surgimento da obesidade, no entanto os fatores que contribuem para a preferência por alimentos ricos nestes nutrientes não são bem estabelecidos. O sabor dos alimentos é reconhecido como um importante preditor das escolhas alimentares, e os polimorfismos nos genes que codificam os receptores do sabor podem explicar a variabilidade da preferência e consumo alimentar na população. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de polimorfismos de genes de receptores de sabor gorduroso (CD36), doce (TAS1R2) e amargo (TAS2R38) no consumo alimentar e no perfil metabólico de crianças e adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 668 crianças e adolescentes obesos e um grupo controle de 135 crianças eutróficas, de ambos os gêneros. Foi realizado o estudo molecular dos polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) rs1761667 e rs1527483 do CD36, rs9701796 e rs35874116 do TAS1R2, e rs1726866 e rs713598 do TAS2R38, bem como análise do consumo alimentar e perfil metabólico. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao CD36, o alelo A do rs1761667 relacionou-se com menor consumo de lipídios totais, gorduras poli e monoinsaturadas, consumo de alimentos de sabor gorduroso, ingestão de óleos vegetais e açúcares totais em obesos. O alelo A do rs1527483 associou-se com menor percentil de pressão arterial diastólica, menor massa gorda e maior massa livre de gordura em obesos. Quanto ao gene TAS1R2, a variante rs9701796 teve maior risco metabólico segundo a razão circunferência da cintura-estatura (RCE), bem como relação com maior consumo de achocolatado em pó em obesos. Já a variante rs35874116 mostrou relação com a menor ingestão de fibras dietéticas em obesos. No TAS2R38, o alelo G do rs1726866 foi associado com menor consumo de gorduras monoinsaturadas e maior consumo de açúcares totais, em obesos. O alelo G do rs713598 mostrou relação com maior consumo de carboidratos, consumo de alimentos de sabor doce, refrigerantes e menor ingestão de fibras pelos indivíduos eutróficos. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve relação entre genótipos e risco de obesidade. Os achados mostram a associação entre polimorfismos dos genes de receptores de sabor com o consumo alimentar, indicando diferenças entre obesos e magros, e alelos de proteção e de risco cardiometabólico, respectivamente dos genes CD36 e TAS1R2
BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a major public health problem and it has a direct impact on the quality of life of children and adolescents, as well as the future risk for development of chronic diseases. The dietary pattern rich in fats and sugars associated to the low intake of dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals is widespread for the rise of obesity. However the factors that contribute to the preference for foods rich in these nutrients are not well established. Taste is recognized as an important predictor of food choices, and polymorphisms in genes encoding its receptors may explain the variability of taste preference and food intake on population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of polymorphisms of fat (CD36), sweet (TAS1R2) and bitter (TAS2R38) taste receptor genes in diet and metabolic profile in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 668 obese children and adolescents and a control group of 135 normal-weight children. The molecular study was made for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1761667 and rs1527483 of CD36, rs9701796 and rs35874116 of TAS1R2, rs1726866 and rs713598 of TAS2R38, and the analysis of food intake and metabolic profile. RESULTS: In relation to CD36, the A allele of rs1761667 was associated with lower intake of total fat, poly and monounsaturated fats, consumption of fatty flavor food, intake of vegetable oils and total sugars in obese. The A allele of rs1527483 was associated with lower percentile of diastolic blood pressure, lower fat mass and increased fat-free mass in obese. Regarding TAS1R2 gene, the variant rs9701796 was associated to increased metabolic risk according to waist-height ratio, as well as with higher consumption of chocolate powder in obese. The variant rs35874116 showed a lower intake of dietary fiber. In TAS2R38, the G allele of rs1726866 was associated with a lower intake of monounsaturated fat and a higher intake of total sugars in obese. The G allele of rs713598 was related to the higher carbohydrate intake, consumption of sweet tasting food, soda drinks and less fiber intake by normal weight children. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between genotypes and risk of obesity. The findings show the association between polymorphisms of taste receptor genes with dietary intake, indicating differences between obese and lean children, as well as the protective and risk alleles for cardiometabolic risk in CD36 and TAS1R2, respectively
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Miller, Michael. "EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY CHANGEON TASER UTILIZATIONS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3044.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of organizational policy changes within the Use-of-Force Continuum on taser usage and officer's perceptions of taser effectiveness. Tasers have been used by police since the 1970s and their use is increasing as the technology has improved. Data reveals that tasers are beneficial for controlling non-compliant suspects while preventing serious injuries and rarely has their use resulted in death. Much of the public controversy surrounding tasers centers on when and how often officers deploy them. Use of force data from 890 police citizen encounters during a two-year period was analyzed to examine how changes in organizational policy have affected taser deployments and how policy changes have affected taser use. The study's findings support that after the policy change, the frequency of taser use by officers decreased, while the levels of suspect resistance encountered by officers increased. The frequency and severity of suspect injuries did not change and the numbers of officers injured in use-of-force encounters also did not change. Survey response data from officers were compared to archival data, which revealed that while officers perceive an increased risk of harm to themselves as a result of the organizational policy change that was not supported in the findings. Officers did not perceive an increased risk of harm to suspects which was supported in the archival data findings. Officers also expressed a belief that the organizational change that placed the taser at a higher level on the Use-of-Force Continuum is appropriate for most use-of-force encounters. This study concludes with future directions and trends for taser use in law enforcement.
Ph.D.
Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs PhD
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Waters, Yolanda. "The Psychological Impact of Taser Utilization in Police Officers." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3420.

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A substantial body of scientific and medical research has examined the relationship between conductive energy devices and their physical risk to humans. This phenomenological study focused on the psychological impact of Taser utilization in police officers. This research explored how the experience of using a Taser in the line of duty affected officers from the conceptual framework of stress inoculation training and its applicability to Taser certification; the typical mental processes associated with using less-lethal weapons, perceptions of Taser training; and, the preparation provided in training for citizen injuries and deaths. Fifteen officers who had deployed a Taser were included as participants. The sample consisted of 2 randomized groups of 5, and 1 convenience group of 5 officers involved in Taser-related deaths. Data were collected through digitally recorded interviews of the officers' lived experiences. Data were analyzed using a 5-step method of constant comparison to develop and code themed clusters using the officers' own words. Findings showed officers believed the Taser was the best non-lethal device available but they preferred not using a Taser on citizens. In addition, Taser training may not be legally sufficient as defined in relevant court cases. A recommendation is that stress inoculation segments should be included in Taser training courses. Findings indicate Taser-related deaths have the potential to cause extreme stress and trauma in the officers, changing their lives and that of their families forever.
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Miller, Michael E. "Examining the effect of organizational policy change on taser utilizations." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002150.

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Dymond, Abigail. "Police use of Taser in England and Wales, 2004-2014." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/28097.

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This thesis constitutes one of the first attempts to investigate police use of the electric-shock weapon the Taser in England and Wales, between 2004 – 2014. The research combines an inter-disciplinary approach—drawing on the criminology and policing literature, as well as on Science and Technology Studies (STS), Actor Network Theory (ANT) and Social Psychology—with mixed methods and novel data sources. It benefits from virtually unprecedented access to sources including internal police datasets, the College of Policing’s Lead Instructor Taser Training, Taser training in two forces, interviews with police officers and individuals subject to Taser. The thesis first explores how, and in what circumstances, Taser is used in selected forces in England and Wales, before looking at consequences of use for officers and subjects. It then discusses the broader legal, policy, training and accountability framework around the weapon, via an examination of three inter-related and widespread stories told about the weapon and its regulation: that Taser is a neutral tool, that appropriate use is a responsibility for, and at the discretion of, individual officers, and that it is subject to robust accountability mechanisms. It is argued that these stories, whilst not incorrect, are incomplete. Descriptions of the weapon as a neutral tool are understandable but not always convincing, decisions on its use are not just the preserve of individual officers, and accountability mechanisms are not always as robust as is claimed. The conclusions have implications for practitioners and for the literature on Taser. They also contribute to wider criminology debates around use of force, discretion and accountability, and to sociological debates about the relevance of STS and ANT approaches. Finally, the thesis not only highlights areas for future research, but also highlights some tentative recommendations for policy and practice.
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Presley, Daniel Carson. "An assessment of officer safety: Does departmental authorization of tasers reduce officer assault rates?" OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1148.

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In our society, police officers have been called upon to ensure compliance with the law and preserve social order. To complete this task, there are situations in which officers must use force. Since they must use force in some situations and because not every citizen is cooperative with the police, they are at risk for injury. Multiple studies have shown that tasers are beneficial to police officers in many ways, including a reduction in officer injuries. Most studies, however, observed injuries in only a few departments before and after implementation. This study examines whether or not agencies that authorize the use of tasers have lower injury rates compared to agencies that do not authorize the use of tasers in a large sample. This will be done through a cross-sectional research design using secondary data analysis. The data for this study comes from two sources, the 2008 Uniform Crime Reports and the 2007 Law Enforcement Management Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey. Results showed that the authorization of tasers by police departments was not a significant predictor of police injury rates. Although it is not a significant predictor in this study, an argument can still be made that tasers are effective at reducing injuries to police officers.
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Erasmus, Nicolas. "Ultrafast structural dynamics in 4Hb-TaSe2 observed by femtosecond electron diffraction." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79934.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis the structural dynamics, upon photo-excitation, of the charge-densitywave (CDW) material 4Hb-TaSe2 is investigated on the time-scale of atomic motion and simultaneously on the spatial-scale of atomic dimensions. CDW materials have been of interest since their discovery in the 1970’s because of their remarkable non-linear and anisotropic electrical properties, gigantic dielectric constants, unusual elastic properties and rich dynamical behaviour. Some of these exotic properties were extensively investigated in thermal equilibrium soon after their discovery but only recently have ultrafast techniques like femtosecond spectroscopy become available to study their out-of-equilibrium behaviour on the time-scale of atomic motion. By studying their behaviour on this time-scale a more in-depth understanding of their macroscopic properties can be gained. However, to do investigations on the atomic time-scale and simultaneously directly observe the evolution of the atomic arrangements is another challenge. One approach is through the previously mentioned technique of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy but converting the usual ultrashort optical probing source to an ultrashort electron or x-ray source that can diffract off the sample and reveal structural detail on the atomic level. Here, the femto-to-picosecond out-of-equilibrium behaviour upon photo-excitation in 4Hb-TaSe2 is investigated using an ultrashort electron probe source. Two variations of using an electron probe source are used: conventional scanning Femtosecond Electron Diffraction (FED) and a new approach namely Femtosecond Streaked Electron Diffraction (FSED). The more established FED technique, based on femtosecond pumpprobe spectroscopy, is used as the major investigating tool while the FSED technique, based on ultrafast streak camera technology, is an attempt at broadening the scope of available techniques to study structural dynamics in crystalline material on the subpicosecond time-scale. With these two techniques, the structural dynamics during the phase transition from the commensurate- to incommensurate-CDW phase in 4Hb-TaSe2 is observed through diffraction patterns with a temporal resolution of under 500 fs. The study reveals strong coupling between the electronic and lattice systems of the material and several time-constants of under and above a picosecond are extracted from the data. Using these time-constants, the structural evolution during the phase transition is better understood and with the newly gained knowledge, a model of all the processes involved after photo-excitation is proposed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die strukturele dinamika van die lading-digtheid-golf (LDG) materiaal 4Hb-TaSe2 ondersoek op die tydskaal van atomiese bewegings en gelyktydig op die ruimtelikeskaal van atomiese dimensies. LDG materie is al van belang sedert hul ontdekking in die 1970’s as gevolg van hul merkwaardige nie-lineêre en anisotrope elektriese eienskappe, reuse diëlektriese konstantes, ongewone elastiese eienskappe en ryk dinamiese gedrag. Sommige van hierdie eksotiese eienskappe is omvattend ondersoek in termiese ewewig kort na hul ontdekking, maar eers onlangs is dit moontlik deur middle van ultravinnige tegnieke soos femtosekonde spektroskopie om hulle uit-ewewigs gedrag te bestudeer op die tydskaal van atomiese beweging. Deur die gedrag op hierdie tydskaal te bestudeer kan ’n meer insiggewende begrip van hul makroskopiese eienskappe verkry word. Om ondersoeke in te stel op die atomiese tydskaal en gelyktydig direk die evolusie van die atoom posisie te waarneem is egter ’n moeilike taak. Een benadering is deur middle van femtosekonde “pump-probe” spektroskopie maar dan die gewone optiese “probe” puls om te skakel na ’n electron of x-straal puls wat van die materiaal kan diffrak en dus strukturele inligting op die atomiese vlak kan onthul. Hier word die femto-tot-pico sekonde uit-ewewig gedrag in 4Hb-TaSe2 ondersoek met behulp van elektron pulse. Twee variasies van die gebruik van ’n elektron bron word gebruik: konvensionele “Femtosecond Electron Diffraction” (FED) en ’n nuwe benadering, naamlik, “Femtosecond Streaked Electron Diffraction” (FSED). Die meer gevestigde FED tegniek, wat gebaseer is op femtosekonde “pump-probe” spektroskopie, word gebruik as die hoof ondersoek metode terwyl die FSED tegniek, wat gebaseer is op die ultra vinnige “streak camera” tegnologie, ’n poging is om beskikbare tegnieke uit te brei wat gebruik kan word om strukturele dinamika in materie te bestudeer op die sub-picosekonde tydskaal. Met behulp van hierdie twee tegnieke, word die strukturele dinamika tydens die fase oorgang van die ooreenkomstige tot nie-ooreenkomstige LDG fase in 4Hb-TaSe2 deur diffraksie patrone met ’n tydresolusie van minder as 500 fs waargeneem. Die studie toon ’n sterk korrelasie tussen die elektroniese sisteem en kristalrooster. Verskeie tydkonstantes van onder en bo ’n picosekonde kon ook uit die data onttrek word en gebruik word om die strukturele veranderinge beter te verstaan. Hierdie nuwe kennis het ons in staat gestel om ’n model van al die betrokke prosesse voor te stel.
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Boshoff, Ilana. "Ultrafast electron diffraction on the charge density wave compound 4Hb-TaSe2." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20062.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ultrafast electron diffraction is a powerful method to study atomic movement in crystals on sub-picosecond timescales. This thesis consists of three parts. In part one the ultrafast electron diffraction machine is described, followed by improvements that were made and techniques that were developed in order to bring the system to state of the art level and enable the acquisition of suffcient data to obtain information on the structural dynamics in crystals. The second part contains a description of the sample which was studied in our fi rst time-resolved measurements, the transition-metal dichalcogenide 4Hb-TaSe2. This particular crystal is an example of a strongly coupled electronic system which develops a charge density wave (CDW) accompanied by a periodic lattice distortion (PLD). An overview of the formation of electron diffraction patterns and what can be learned from them are also given, followed by the results of the ultrafast electron diffraction experiments done with 4Hb-TaSe2. Part three describes an alternative source to study dynamics in crystalline samples, namely laser plasma-based ultrafast X-ray diffraction. The ultrafast electron diffraction group functions as a unit, but my tasks ranged from sample preparation and characterisation of the electron beam to the setting up and execution of experiments. I was involved in analysing the data and contributed small parts to the data analysis software.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ultravinnige elektron diffraksie is a metode om die beweging van atome in kristalle op sub-pikosekonde tydskale te bestudeer. Hierdie tesis bestaan uit drie dele. In deel een van die tesis word die ultravinnige elektron diffraksie masjien beskryf, gevolg deur verbeteringe wat aangebring is en tegnieke wat ontwikkel is om die sisteem tot op 'n wêreldklas vlak te bring waar die insameling van genoegsame data om inligting oor die strukturele dinamika in kristalle te bekom, moontlik is. Die tweede deel bevat 'n beskrywing van die monster wat in ons eerste tydopgeloste eksperimente gebruik is, naamlik die oorgangsmetaaldichalkogenied 4Hb-TaSe2. Hierdie kristal is 'n voorbeeld van 'n sterk gekoppelde elektroniese sisteem wat 'n ladingsdigtheid-golf en 'n gepaardgaande periodiese versteuring van die kristalrooster ontwikkel. 'n Oorsig van die formasie van elektron diffraksiepatrone en wat ons daaruit kan leer word ook gegee. Daarna word die resultate van die ultravinnige elektron diffraksie eksperimente wat op 4Hb-TaSe2uitgevoer is beskryf en bespreek. In deel drie word 'n alternatiewe metode om die dinamika in kristalmonsters te bestudeer, naamlik laser plasma-gebaseerde ultravinnige X-straal diffraksie, beskryf. Die ultravinnige elektron diffraksie groep funksioneer as 'n eenheid, maar my verantwoordelikhede het gestrek van die voorbereiding van monsters en die karakterisering van die elektron bundel tot die opstel en uitvoer van eksperimente. Ek was ook betrokke by die analisering van data en het dele van die data analise sagteware geskryf.
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Kavas, Musa. "Development Of Salt Resistant Transgenic Plants By Using Tanhx1 And Tastr Genes." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613500/index.pdf.

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Soil salinity negatively affects agricultural production in Turkey by decreasing the yield and quality. Direct introduction of stress related genes by genetic engineering is one of the most rapid approaches to develop stress tolerant crops. In this study, TaNHX1 gene was isolated from bread wheat and three different local wheat cultivars were transformed with overexpression vectors containing TaNHX1 gene by using Agrobacterium-mediated and particle bombardment gene transfer techniques. Immature embryo and inflorescence of Triticum durum cv. Kiziltan-91 and Triticum aestivum cv. Yü
regir-89 and mature embryo of Triticum durum cv. Mirzabey-2000 were used as an explant. In this manner, totally 8960 and 5650 explants were used during particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, respectively. Moreover, leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana were transformed by TaSTR gene to develop salt resistant transgenic tobacco plants by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Stable expression and inheritance of the transgenes was confirmed by both genetic and molecular analyses. T1 progeny showed segregation of the transgenes in a typical Mendelian fashion in most of the plants. Expression of TaSTRG in tobacco was evaluated by physiological and biochemical analysis, such as germination test, root length and MDA analysis. In addition to the nuclear transformation, chloroplast transformation of tobacco was performed with Xyl10B gene responsible for the synthesis of hyperthermostable xylanase enzyme. Stable integration of transgenes and homoplasmy were confirmed with PCR and Southern blotting.
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Books on the topic "TAS1R2"

1

Lankford, Ronald D. Tasers. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

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Burkay, Kemal. Can tasir dicle. Istanbul: Siirler, 1998.

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Quraishi, Munir. Pur-tasir Duaen. Lahore: Jahangeer sons, 1990.

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Bandopadhyay, Saraj. Tin taser khela. Calcutta: Dey's, 1991.

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Williams, Howard E. TASERs and arrest-related deaths. El Paso: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 2015.

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Taşra epiği: Türk ideolojileri ve İslâmcılık. Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları, 2001.

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al-Qāfilah tasīr: Majmūʻah riwāʼīyah. Khartoum?]: [publisher not identified], 2008.

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Goel, R. K. Oak tasar culture: Aboriginal of Himalayas. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp., 2004.

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Saygılıoğlu, Nevzat. Etkin devlet: Kurumsal bir tasarı ve politika önerisi. Istanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, 2003.

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Baykara, Tuncer. Osmanlı taşra teşkilatında XVIII. yüzyılda görev ve görevliler (Anadolu). Ankara: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "TAS1R2"

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Villars, P., K. Cenzual, J. Daams, R. Gladyshevskii, O. Shcherban, V. Dubenskyy, N. Melnichenko-Koblyuk, et al. "TaS2." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter, 691. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44752-8_579.

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Barsagade, D. D. "Tropical Tasar Sericulture." In Industrial Entomology, 291–319. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3304-9_10.

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Goel, Rakesh K. "Temperate Tasar Culture." In Industrial Entomology, 321–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3304-9_11.

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Childers, Rich, Ted Chan, and Gary Vilke. "TASER Conducted Electrical Weapons." In Clinical Forensic Medicine, 279–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29462-5_8.

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Kroll, Mark W., and Michael A. Brave. "Taser—Conducted Electrical Weapons." In Guidelines for Investigating Officer-Involved Shootings, Arrest-Related Deaths, and Deaths in Custody, 246–71. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315560953-13.

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Naito, M., and S. Tanaka. "NQR and NMR Study of 181Ta in the Commensurate CDW State of IT-TaS2 and IT-TaSe2 — on the Semiconductive Nature of IT-Tas2." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, 1469–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7682-2_334.

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Kroll, Mark W. "TASER ® Conducted Electrical Weapons." In Clinical Forensic Medicine, 233–75. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-258-8_8.

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Sato, Hiroshi, Takashi Onozuka, and Yasumasa Koyama. "Incommensurate-Commensurate Transition in 2H-Tase2." In Dynamics of Ordering Processes in Condensed Matter, 531–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1019-8_67.

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Sloane, Christian, and Gary M. Vilke. "Less Lethal Weapons, Not Including Taser." In Guidelines for Investigating Officer-Involved Shootings, Arrest-Related Deaths, and Deaths in Custody, 228–45. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315560953-12.

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Godoy, José Antonio, Rosa Luna, Maria de Mar Parra, Olga del Pozo, and José Antonio Pintor-Toro. "In Search of a Function for Dehydrin TAS14." In Physical Stresses in Plants, 85–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61175-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "TAS1R2"

1

Salvator, H., S. Grassin-Delyle, N. Mantov, C. Abrial, M. Brollo, C. Faisy, E. Naline, L. J. Couderc, and P. Devillier. "Bitter Taste Receptors (TAS2Rs) in Human Lung Macrophages: Receptor Expression and Inhibitory Effects of TAS2R Agonists." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4540.

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Wing, David J. "Achieving TASAR Operational Readiness." In 15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-3400.

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Goel, Ashvin, Kenneth Po, Kamran Farhadi, Zheng Li, and Eyal de Lara. "The taser intrusion recovery system." In the twentieth ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1095810.1095826.

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Wing, David J., Kelly A. Burke, Kathryn Ballard, Jeffrey Henderson, and Jared Woodward. "Initial TASAR Operations Onboard Alaska Airlines." In AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3613.

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Ballin, Mark, and David Wing. "Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Requests (TASAR)." In 12th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference and 14th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-5623.

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Agarwal, Gunjan, and Carol Livermore. "Templated Assembly by Selective Removal for Size-Selective Sorting of Biological Materials." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13128.

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This work presents the size-selective sorting of single biological cells using the assembly process known as Templated Assembly by Selective Removal (TASR). We have demonstrated experimentally, for the first time, the selective self assembly and sorting of single SF9 cells (a clonal isolate, derived from Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm) IPLB-Sf21-AE cells) into patterned hemispherical sites on rigid assembly templates using TASR. TASR-based size-selective assembly of biological systems represents a potentially valuable tool, with potential for implementation in several biological applications, such as cell sorting for medical research or diagnostics, or isolation of single cells for the study of biological or mechanical behavior.
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Dawson, David, Yasheng Maimaitijiang, and Andy Adler. "Development of a performance calibration system for X-26 tasers." In 2010 IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2010.5480210.

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Panescu, Dorin, Mark Kroll, and Michael Brave. "Cardiac fibrillation risks with TASER conducted electrical weapons." In 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7318365.

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Vanga, S. R., S. Bommana, M. W. Kroll, C. Swerdlow, and D. Lakkireddy. "TASER conducted electrical weapons and implanted pacemakers and defibrillators." In 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333136.

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Lewis, Timothy A., Kelly A. Burke, Matthew C. Underwood, and David J. Wing. "Weather Design Considerations for the TASAR Traffic Aware Planner." In AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3616.

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Reports on the topic "TAS1R2"

1

Gonzalez, Daniel L., Roxanne Constable, Clifford J. Sherry, Thomas Dayton, and B. J. Klauenberg. Taser Area Denial Device: A Human Effects Review. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413818.

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Dyke, A. S. Surficial geology, Taser Lake (north), Baffin Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214459.

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Dyke, A. S. Surficial geology, Taser Lake (south), Baffin Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214464.

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Ba, Bocar, and Jeffrey Grogger. The Introduction of Tasers and Police Use of Force: Evidence from the Chicago Police Department. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24202.

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Sherry, Clifford, Carroll Brown, Charles Beason, Thomas Dayton, and James Ross. An Evaluation of the Electrical Properties and Bio-Behavioral Effects of Four Commercially Available Tasers and the JAYCOR Sticky Shocker. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416553.

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Criscione, John. An Independent Assessment of the Physiological and Cognitive Effects from the X-26 TASER Device in Volunteer Human Subjects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585375.

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Maier, Andrew, Patricia Nance, Paul Price, Clifford J. Sherry, J. P. Reilly, B. J. Klauenberg, and Jonathan T. Drummond. Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada434044.

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Speyer, Robert F. Oxidation Resistance, Electrical and Thermal Conductivity, and Spectral Emittance of Fully Dense HfB2 and ZrB2 with SiC, TaSi2, and LaB6 Additives. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563908.

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Comeaux, James A., James R. Jauchem, David D. Cox, Carrie C. Crane, and John A. D'Andrea. Muscle Contraction During Electro-Muscular Incapacitation: A Comparison Between Square-Wave Pulses and the Taser (registered trademark) X26 Electronic Control Device. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597215.

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