To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Task and workload modeling.
Journal articles on the topic 'Task and workload modeling'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Task and workload modeling.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Zhang, X., X. Qu, H. Xue, H. Zhao, T. Li, and D. Tao. "Modeling pilot mental workload using information theory." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1264 (June 2019): 828–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.13.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPredicting mental workload of pilots can provide cockpit designers with useful information to reduce the possibility of pilot error and cost of training, improve the safety and performance of systems, and increase operator satisfaction. We present a theoretical model of mental workload, using information theory, based on review investigations of how effectively task complexity, visual performance, and pilot experience predict mental workload. The validity of the model was confirmed based on data collected from pilot taxiing experiments. Experiments were performed on taxiing tasks in four different scenarios. Results showed that predicted values from the proposed mental workload model were highly correlated to actual mental workload ratings from the experiments. The findings indicate that the proposed mental workload model appears to be effective in the prediction of pilots’ mental workload over time.
2
Tijerina, Louis, and Dev Kochhar. "A Measurement Systems Analysis of Total Shutter Open Time (TSOT) as a Distraction Metric for Visual-Manual Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 24 (October 2007): 1545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102407.
Full textAbstract:
The Total Shutter Open Time (TSOT) metric was examined for estimating the visual-manual distraction potential of in-vehicle devices. A measurement systems analysis was carried out on TSOT using data on thirteen visual-manual tasks from the CAMP Driver Workload Metrics Project. TSOT showed low test-retest reliability but high repeatability when data were averaged across persons by task. TSOT predicted task completion time, lane keeping, speed variation, total glance time, and number of glances away from the road while driving. Tasks were classified into higher and lower workload categories based on literature, analytical modeling, and engineering judgment. TSOT showed a high percentage of statistically significant pairwise differences between higher vs. lower workload tasks. Different classification rules were also applied to TSOT. The best rule to classify tasks as higher or lower workload consistent with prior prediction was one in which a mean TSOT > 7.5 seconds implied the task was of higher workload. These results illustrate a general procedure to assess driver workload measures in general and the usefulness of TSOT in particular.
3
Karpinsky, Nicole D., Eric T. Chancey, and Yusuke Yamani. "Modeling Relationships among Workload, Trust, and Visual Scanning in an Automated Flight Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601356.
Full textAbstract:
The present study explored relationships among operators’ workload, subjective trust, and visual scanning patterns during their interaction with imperfect automation in a low-fidelity flight simulation task. Participants performed both a manual tracking task and a secondary system monitoring task (automated; FA- vs. miss-prone) under high and low load conditions manipulated by central task demand. The high load condition produced, 1) less frequent saccades toward system monitoring, 2) greater subjective workload, and 3) lower levels of subjective trust, compared to the low load condition. A mediation analysis revealed that subjective workload mediated the effect of load on visual scanning patterns whereas subjective trust did not. The results imply that, when the central task demands more attention, operators strategically reduce sampling rates of information from the system monitoring task assisted by imperfect automation depending on their subjective workload but not on subjective trust.
4
Laughery, K. Ronald. "Task Network Modeling as a Basis for Analyzing Operator Workload." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 2 (October 1989): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300224.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses a technique for predicting human workload which is based around task network modeling. Task network modeling allows task analyses to be simulated on a computer to study dynamic system behavior through the addition of information, primarily task time and sequencing. A technique was developed by McCracken and Aldrich (1984) and modified by Drews, Laughery, Kramme, and Archer (1985) which permits the inclusion of workload information into a task network model. From these workload models, one can make predictions about where points of excessive operator overload are likely to occur. However, the technique has undergone only limited empirical validation. In addition to presenting the basic technique, this paper will briefly describe a software tool for using the technique as well as the perceived theoretical shortcomings of the technique in its current form.
5
Borghetti, Brett J., Joseph J. Giametta, and Christina F. Rusnock. "Assessing Continuous Operator Workload With a Hybrid Scaffolded Neuroergonomic Modeling Approach." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 1 (February 2017): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816672308.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: We aimed to predict operator workload from neurological data using statistical learning methods to fit neurological-to-state-assessment models. Background: Adaptive systems require real-time mental workload assessment to perform dynamic task allocations or operator augmentation as workload issues arise. Neuroergonomic measures have great potential for informing adaptive systems, and we combine these measures with models of task demand as well as information about critical events and performance to clarify the inherent ambiguity of interpretation. Method: We use machine learning algorithms on electroencephalogram (EEG) input to infer operator workload based upon Improved Performance Research Integration Tool workload model estimates. Results: Cross-participant models predict workload of other participants, statistically distinguishing between 62% of the workload changes. Machine learning models trained from Monte Carlo resampled workload profiles can be used in place of deterministic workload profiles for cross-participant modeling without incurring a significant decrease in machine learning model performance, suggesting that stochastic models can be used when limited training data are available. Conclusion: We employed a novel temporary scaffold of simulation-generated workload profile truth data during the model-fitting process. A continuous workload profile serves as the target to train our statistical machine learning models. Once trained, the workload profile scaffolding is removed and the trained model is used directly on neurophysiological data in future operator state assessments. Application: These modeling techniques demonstrate how to use neuroergonomic methods to develop operator state assessments, which can be employed in adaptive systems.
6
Smyth, Christopher C. "Modeling Mental Workload and Task Performance for Indirect Vision Driving." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 23 (October 2001): 1694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502328.
Full text
7
Wu, Changxu, and Yili Liu. "Usability Makeover of a Cognitive Modeling Tool." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 15, no. 2 (April 2007): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106480460701500201.
Full textAbstract:
FEATURE AT A GLANCE: In this article, we describe a new software tool that was developed for modeling human performance and mental workload in single- and dual-task situations. The tool features an interactive interface and is based on psychological theory. Using this new modeling tool, in most cases, users can model and predict human performance and workload by clicking buttons to select options without needing to learn a new programming language. They can also visualize the information-processing state of the model during simulation and compare and evaluate the simulated human performance and mental workload for different user interface designs based on the simulation results.
8
See, Judi E., and Michael A. Vidulich. "Assessment of Computer Modeling of Operator Mental Workload during Target Acquisition." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041002128.
Full textAbstract:
The predictive validity of computer simulation modeling of operator mental workload and situational awareness (SA) during a simulated air-to-ground combat mission was assessed in the present study. In Phase I, 12 participants completed a series of combat missions in a laboratory flight simulator and provided subjective ratings of workload (using the SWAT) and SA (using the SART). In Phase II, computer models of the mission were constructed using the Micro Saint modeling tool. The visual, auditory, kinesthetic, cognitive, and psychomotor components of the workload associated with each task were estimated and used to obtain measures of average and peak workload. The results from the simulated combat missions versus the Micro Saint models were similar but not identical, indicating that the computer models were partially but not completely valid predictors of mental workload and SA. The computer modeling appeared to be a more effective predictor of SA rather than mental workload.
9
Steinberg, Dick, Dan Donohoo, Laura Strater, and Alice Diggs. "Workload Thresholds for Human Performance Models." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601679.
Full textAbstract:
Human performance modeling (HPM) can be an effective tool to use for determining crew designs. Crew design includes determining the number of operators needed, the role of automation, and member task responsibilities required to operate a system. Without effective measures of performance and thresholds for assessing success, design decisions from HPM will be erroneous. Operator tasks can be assigned and allocated to crew members in a simulation to estimate the workload for each operator during a period of performance. The methods for determining when an operator exceeds workload thresholds create challenges for those using HPM for crew design. Some types of analysis have more clearly defined thresholds. For example, if a military operator has too many tasks to complete to effectively initiate countermeasures between the times they receive a warning until the time the threat arrives, they are overloaded and cannot complete their mission. However, many missions do not have such a severe penalty for not completing the tasks within a given time. For example, pharmacists, satellite managers, traffic managers, food service workers do not have such stringent task timing completion thresholds. For example, the penalty for a food service provider to be overloaded is typically extended wait times rather than risk of a loss of life. For these types of operational situations, determining overload is much more challenging. This paper describes a new workload thresholds for operator workflow models. It incorporates the vigilance effort, the maximum time a crew member will be fully loaded, and determining the maximum time worked without a break.
10
Mallat, Charlotte, Julien Cegarra, Christophe Calmettes, and Rémi L. Capa. "A Curvilinear Effect of Mental Workload on Mental Effort and Behavioral Adaptability: An Approach With the Pre-Ejection Period." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 928–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819855919.
Full textAbstract:
Objective We tested Hancock and Szalma’s mental workload model, which has never been experimentally validated at a global level with the measure of the pre-ejection period (PEP), an index of beta-adrenergic sympathetic impact. Background Operators adapt to mental workload. When mental workload level increases, behavioral and physiological adaptability intensifies to reduce the decline in performance. However, if the mental workload exceeds an intermediate level, behavioral and physiological adaptability will decrease to protect individuals from excessive perturbations. This decrease is associated with a change in behavioral strategies and disengagement. Method The experimental task was a modified Fitts’ task used in Hancock and Caird. Five levels of task difficulty were computed. Behavioral and physiological adaptability was indexed by the performance with speed–accuracy trade-off and PEP reactivity. Results A curvilinear effect of task difficulty on PEP reactivity was significant, with high reactivity at the intermediate level but low reactivity at other levels. We observed a linear effect of task difficulty on error rate and a curvilinear effect on movement time. A decline in performance was noted up to the intermediate level, with a speed–accuracy trade-off above this level showing a faster movement time. Conclusion We observed for the first time behavioral and physiological adaptability as a function of mental workload. Application The results have important implications for the modeling of mental workload, particularly in the context of the performance-sensitive domain (car driving and air traffic control). They can help guide the design of human–computer interaction to maximize adaptive behavior, that is, the “comfort zone.”
11
Lee, P. J., A. Kolling, and M. Lewis. "Workload Modeling using Time Windows and Utilization in an Air Traffic Control Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 55, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551176.
Full text
12
Cassenti, D. N., T. D. Kelley, H. A. Colle, and E. A. McGregor. "Modeling Performance Measures and Self-Ratings of Workload in a Visual Scanning Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 55, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551181.
Full text
13
Jeong, Heejin, and Yili Liu. "Development and Evaluation of a Computational Human Performance Model of In-vehicle Manual and Speech Interactions." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621372.
Full textAbstract:
Usability evaluation traditionally relies on costly and time-consuming human-subject experiments, which typically involve developing physical prototypes, designing usability experiment, and recruiting human subjects. To minimize the limitations of human-subject experiments, computational human performance models can be used as an alternative. Human performance models generate digital simulations of human performance and examine the underlying psychological and physiological mechanisms to help understand and predict human performance. A variety of in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) using advanced automotive technologies have been developed to improve driver interactions with the in-vehicle systems. Numerous studies have used human subjects to evaluate in-vehicle human-system interactions; however, there are few modeling studies to estimate and simulate human performance, especially in in-vehicle manual and speech interactions. This paper presents a computational human performance modeling study for a usability test of IVISs using manual and speech interactions. Specifically, the model was aimed to generate digital simulations of human performance for a driver seat adjustment task to decrease the comfort level of a part of driver seat (i.e., the lower lumbar), using three different IVIS controls: direct-manual, indirect-manual, and voice controls. The direct-manual control is an input method to press buttons on the touchscreen display located on the center stack in the vehicle. The indirect-manual control is to press physical buttons mounted on the steering wheel to control a small display in the dashboard-cluster, which requires confirming visual feedback on the cluster display located on the dashboard. The voice control is to say a voice command, “ deflate lower lumbar” through an in-vehicle speaker. The model was developed to estimate task completion time and workload for the driver seat adjustment task, using the Queueing Network cognitive architecture (Liu, Feyen, & Tsimhoni, 2006). Processing times in the model were recorded every 50 msec and used as the estimates of task completion time. The estimated workload was measured by percentage utilization of servers used in the architecture. After the model was developed, the model was evaluated using an empirical data set of thirty-five human subjects from Chen, Tonshal, Rankin, & Feng (2016), in which the task completion times for the driver seat adjustment task using commercial in-vehicle systems (i.e., SYNC with MyFord Touch) were recorded. Driver workload was measured by NASA’s task load index (TLX). The average of the values from the NASA-TLX’s six categories was used to compare to the model’s estimated workload. The model produced results similar to actual human performance (i.e., task completion time, workload). The real-world engineering example presented in this study contributes to the literature of computational human performance modeling research.
14
Reaux, Ray A., Elizabeth D. Murphy, Lisa J. Stewart, Janet L. Gresh, and Karin Bruce. "Building a Modeling and Simulation Analysis Tool to Predict Air Traffic Controller Workload and Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 2 (October 1989): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300211.
Full textAbstract:
To meet expected increases in domestic air traffic, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) will increase the level of automation in the domestic air traffic control (ATC) system. There is a need to assess the effects of the increased automation on controller workload and performance. Software-based engineering tools are needed to automate the analysis, allowing designers to identify potential problems early in the system design lifecycle. This paper describes one such tool, the Predictive Air Traffic Controller Analysis Model (PATCAM), a modeling and simulation analysis tool that uses a system operations concept and task attributes database, a controller activities model, a sector environment model and simulation engine, and a workload or performance model to predict the impact of system design changes on controller workload or performance.
15
Wojcik, Thaddeus M. "Human Performance Modeling and Decision Analysis in a Concept Crew Workstation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 23 (September 2002): 1910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602309.
Full textAbstract:
As part of the effort to evaluate the performance of soldiers operating in the Vetronics Testbed Technology (VTT), a human performance model of operator processes and tasks was developed. The purpose of this effort was to gather insight into operator workload constraints, points of operator overload due to task demands, and key decision-making points and strategies employed by the operators. Operator performance was modeled when the operators were confronted with the task of controlling multiple experimental unmanned ground vehicles (XUV) in addition to performing standard Command and Control (C2) operations. The model was built using the Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT). Development began with a task decomposition of the current VTT system and operator control unit (OCU) and was decomposed to the button-push level of operator interaction with the unit. Next, several operational scenarios were developed to drive the simulated operator actions in the OCU and obtain measures of performance. Finally, a decision-making architecture was implemented in the model to examine points where intelligent agents and system automation could potentially aid in reducing operator cognitive demands.
16
Archer, Rick D., G. W. Lewis, and John Lockett. "Human Performance Modeling of Reduced Manning Concepts for Navy Ships." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 19 (October 1996): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001907.
Full textAbstract:
WinCrew is a human performance assessment tool developed by the Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate that implements the Wickens' Theory of Multiple Resources. WinCrew supports the hierarchical decomposition of missions into functions and tasks. As a demonstration of the capability of WinCrew, simulation models of the activities performed by bridge personnel on a Navy Guided Missile Destroyer DDG51 were developed. The scenarios were chosen to illustrate the potential of task network based human performance modeling to address reduced manning issues for naval ship operations. In order to fully exercise the functionality of WinCrew, four bridge models were developed. One scenario was modeled for four different manning, automation, and task allocation configurations. The scenario modeled was entry into San Diego Harbor. The major events for the bridge team were: bearing fixes, gyro error checks, turns, precision anchoring, and obstacle avoidance. Results of the effort demonstrated the utility of workload modeling for assessing human system integration alternatives for shipboard manning.
17
Teo, Grace, Gerald Matthews, Lauren Reinerman-Jones, and Daniel Barber. "Adaptive aiding with an individualized workload model based on psychophysiological measures." Human-Intelligent Systems Integration 2, no. 1-4 (November 28, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42454-019-00005-8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPotential benefits of technology such as automation are oftentimes negated by improper use and application. Adaptive systems provide a means to calibrate the use of technological aids to the operator’s state, such as workload state, which can change throughout the course of a task. Such systems require a workload model which detects workload and specifies the level at which aid should be rendered. Workload models that use psychophysiological measures have the advantage of detecting workload continuously and relatively unobtrusively, although the inter-individual variability in psychophysiological responses to workload is a major challenge for many models. This study describes an approach to workload modeling with multiple psychophysiological measures that was generalizable across individuals, and yet accommodated inter-individual variability. Under this approach, several novel algorithms were formulated. Each of these underwent a process of evaluation which included comparisons of the algorithm’s performance to an at-chance level, and assessment of algorithm robustness. Further evaluations involved the sensitivity of the shortlisted algorithms at various threshold values for triggering an adaptive aid.
18
Schneider, Walter, and Mark Detweiler. "The Role of Practice in Dual-Task Performance: Toward Workload Modeling a Connectionist/Control Architecture." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 30, no. 5 (October 1988): 539–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088803000502.
Full text
19
Abdelhamid, Tariq, and John G. Everett. "Relative workload prediction using data dependent systems (DDS) modeling." Occupational Ergonomics 5, no. 4 (June 14, 2006): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2005-5405.
Full textAbstract:
Expressing absolute workload as a percentage of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), commonly known as relative workload, is recommended by many work physiologists because it provides a subject-specific workload and enables accurate assessment of physical fatigue. The specific aim of this research is to develop a direct method to predict relative workload from in-situ collected sub-maximal oxygen uptake data without the need to determine maximum oxygen uptake. The method is developed based on a hypothesis that oxygen uptake data are serially dependent, and that by using data dependent systems (DDS) modeling and time series analysis techniques a regression model between relative workload and a statistical characteristic of collected oxygen uptake data can be developed. The technique was developed using twenty subjects and validated on five. The estimated standard error of prediction using the developed technique for relative workload (%VO2max) is ± 3.4% and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is ± 0.5 litre · min-1. Validation subjects' results indicated that the mean square error of the regression model is not seriously biased and gives an appropriate indication of the predictive capability of the selected regression model. With further development, the technique presented will be valuable in identifying excessively demanding tasks based on a more subject-specific workload.
20
Plott, Beth M., Shelly Scott-Nash, Bruce P. Hallbert, and Angelia L. Sebok. "Computer Modeling of a Nuclear Power Plant Operating Crew to Aid in Analysis of Crew Size Issues." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 18 (October 1995): 1214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901814.
Full textAbstract:
An analytical approach to addressing the implications of nuclear power plant shift sizing is needed as an augmentation to the classical empirical approach. The research reported in this paper was to evaluate the feasibility and validity of one potential analytical approach as a means of evaluating the consequences of crew reduction on crew performance in a nuclear power plant setting. The approach selected for analysis was task network modeling and simulation using a tool named Micro Saint. Task network modeling allows the human factors engineer to extend the information from a task analysis and generate a computer simulation of crew performance that can predict critical task times and error rates. Through modeling, the current and proposed processes can be evaluated and analyzed in order to understand, identify, and test opportunities for process improvement or reengineering. For this effort, models of a conventional nuclear power plant during four extremely demanding scenarios were developed. Task analysis and timing data were collected at the Imatran Voima Nuclear Power Plant at Loviisa, Finland. The task analyses were collected over a two week period by interviewing reactor operators, reviewing procedures, and conducting walk-throughs. We then refined the models and incorporated workload modeling constructs. At the completion of the modeling effort, the models were executed and the data collected were used to predict crew performance in varying staffing conditions.
21
Gray, Wayne D., and Christopher W. Myers. "From Models to Methods to Models: Tools and Techniques for Using, Developing, and Analyzing Cognitive Human Performance Models." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 12 (September 2005): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901208.
Full textAbstract:
Four modelers present tools based on or for cognitive human performance modeling. Myers introduces a new statistical technique for testing the similarity of sequential behavior across conditions. This technique promises to solve what Anderson (2002) regarded as the non-determinism problem of modeling behavior at the 100–ms level of analysis. John presents a programming-by-demonstration system that creates keystroke level GOMS models in ACT-R. Her approach enables those not trained in cognitive science to build predictive models of human performance. Salvucci's work expands on John's system by applying predictive modeling techniques to in-vehicle devices. His work integrates models of device use with a rigorous model of driver behavior to predict driver distraction and performance. Finally, Gray introduces Cognitive Metrics Profiling (CMP) — a model-based approach that produces theory-based estimates of cognitive workload. CMP holds the promise of predicting transient changes in cognitive workload that occur in a dynamic task environment.
22
Bracken, Bethany, Noa Palmon, Lee Kellogg, Seth Elkin-Frankston, and Michael Farry. "A Cross-Domain Approach to Designing an Unobtrusive System to Assess Human State and Predict Upcoming Performance Deficits." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601162.
Full textAbstract:
Many work environments are fraught with highly variable demands on cognitive workload, fluctuating between periods of high operational demand to the point of cognitive overload, to long periods of low workload bordering on boredom. When cognitive workload is not in an optimal range at either end of the spectrum, it can be detrimental to situational awareness and operational readiness, resulting in impaired cognitive functioning (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908). An unobtrusive system to assess the state of the human operator (e.g., stress, cognitive workload) and predict upcoming performance deficits could warn operators when steps should be taken to augment cognitive readiness. This system would also be useful during testing and evaluation (T&E) when new tools and systems are being evaluated for operational use. T&E researchers could accurately evaluate the cognitive and physical demands of these new tools and systems, and the effects they will have on task performance and accuracy. In this paper, we describe an approach to designing such a system that is applicable across environments. First, a suite of sensors is used to perform real-time synchronous data collection in a robust and unobtrusive fashion, and provide a holistic assessment of operators. Second, the best combination of indicators of operator state is extracted, fused, and interpreted. Third, performance deficits are comprehensively predicted, optimizing the likelihood of mission success. Finally, the data are displayed in such a way that supports the information requirements of any user. The approach described here is one we have successfully used in several projects, including modeling cognitive workload in the context of high-tempo, physically demanding environments, and modeling individual and team workload, stress, engagement, and performance while working together on a computerized task. We believe this approach is widely applicable and useful across domains to dramatically improve the mission readiness of human operators, and will improve the design and development of tools available to assist the operator in carrying out mission objectives. A system designed using this approach could enable crew to be aware of impending deficits to aid in augmenting mission performance, and will enable more effective T&E by measuring workload in response to new tools and systems while they are being designed and developed, rather than once they are deployed.
23
Allender, Laurel, Troy D. Kelley, Lucia Salvi, John Lockett, Donald B. Headley, David Promisel, Diane Mitchell, Celine Richer, and Theo Feng. "Verification, Validation, and Accreditation of a Soldier-System Modeling Tool." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 18 (October 1995): 1219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901815.
Full textAbstract:
Increasingly, system developers are relying on modeling and simulation to support early design decisions. In turn, to support effective, timely use of models and simulations, verification, validation, and, in some cases, accreditation (VV&A) are required. The soldier-system analysis tools collectively known as Hardware vs. Manpower (HARDMAN) III underwent a formal VV&A process, the first of its type in the Army. The first phase comprised the core task network modeling capability and the effects implemented as additions to or modifications of the task data–mental workload estimation and environmental degradation, personnel characteristics, and training. A review board of representative users, policy-makers, technical experts, and soldier proponents evaluated the findings against eight criteria–configuration management, software verification, documentation, data input requirements, model granularity, validity of modeling techniques and embedded algorithms, output, and analysis timelines. All criteria were satisfied and formal accreditation was granted with only limited caveats.
24
Lyall, Elizabeth A., and Barry Cooper. "The Impact of Trends in Complexity in the Cockpit on Flying Skills and Aircraft Operation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (October 1992): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749667.
Full textAbstract:
Models of human performance which include concepts of task or procedural complexity have been used to evaluate the design of specific procedures which are dictated either by the airline or the flight environment (such as a specific airport). The procedures and environment as they currently exist can be modeled producing a profile across time of the output variable of the model. The variable that has been of most interest to us is pilot workload. One way in which we are using these modeling procedures is to compare a complex departure procedure with another departure procedure which is considered to be typical of most departures. Pilot workload profiles were obtained for the pilot-flying and the pilot-not-flying for each departure. A comparison was made of the profiles from the two departures and it was indicated that the more complex departure greatly increased the workload of the pilots, especially the pilot-flying. The complex departure procedure was analyzed looking particularly at the requirements that produced large peaks in pilot workload for either pilot, and recommendations are being made for changes to the procedure based on this analysis. The value of using such a modeling procedure in the airline environment will be discussed including other possible application areas.
25
Cohen, Marsha M., Linda L. O'Brien-Pallas, Christine Copplestone, Ronald Wall, Joan Porter, and Keith D. Rose. "Nursing Workload Associated with Adverse Events in the Postanesthesia Care Unit." Anesthesiology 91, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199912000-00043.
Full textAbstract:
Background The authors used a nursing task inventory system to assess nursing resources for patients with and without adverse postoperative events in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Methods Over 3 months, 2,031 patients were observed, and each task/activity related to direct patient care was recorded and assigned points according to the Project Research in Nursing (PRN) workload system. PRN values for each patient were merged with data from an anesthesia database containing demographics, anesthesia technique, and postoperative adverse events. Mean and median PRN points were determined by age, sex, duration of procedure, and mode of anesthesia for patients with and without adverse events in the PACU. Three theoretical models were developed to determine the effect of differing rates of adverse events on the requirements for nurses in the PACU. Results The median workload (PRN points) per patient was 31.0 (25th-75th percentile, 25-46). Median workload was 26 points for patients with no postoperative events and 155 for > or = six adverse events. Workload varied by type of postoperative event (e.g., unanticipated admission to the intensive care unit, median workload = 95; critical respiratory event = 54; and nausea/vomiting = 33). Monitored anesthesia care or general anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation used less resources compared with general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. Modeling various scenarios (controlling for types of patients) showed that adverse events increased the number of nursing personnel required in the PACU. Conclusions Nursing care documentation based on requirements for individual patients demonstrates that the rate of postoperative adverse events affects the amount of nursing resources needed in the PACU.
26
Pei, Da Ming, Li Rui Wang, and Qi Jin Tang. "Execution Process Monitoring for Ship Curved Block Construction Based on Task Package and Workload Distribution Sheet." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.602.
Full textAbstract:
Aiming at the demands of top-down task transmission and bottom-up status coordination in the execution of ship curved block construction, a hierarchical execution process monitoring technique considering workplace, curved block, task package (TP) and workload distribution sheet (WDS) was put forward. Adopting linear fitting and graphics epitaxy, the plane vector projection modeling for ship curved block was achieved. Based on visualized monitoring technology for curved blocks evolution over time in workplace, a hierarchical execution process monitoring system was built. Through data collection and feedback based on work distribution sheet, the backwards status coordination was implemented. At last, the validity of the proposed technique was verified by an application example.
27
Blaha, Leslie M., Leif Carlsen, Tim Halverson, and Brad Reynolds. "Interfacing the Modifiable Multitasking Environment with ACT-R for Computational Cognitive Modeling of Complex Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621073.
Full textAbstract:
We demonstrate a set of software tools designed to facilitate computational cognitive modeling of multitasking performance. The Modifiable Multitasking Environment (ModME) offers a flexible, browser-based platform for creating multitasking experiments. Simplified Interfacing for Modeling Cognition–JavaScript (SIMCog-JS) provides communication between the browser-based experiments in ModME and the Java implementation of the ACT-R cognitive architecture. The baseline configuration of these software packages enables an ACT-R model to perform pilot-like multitasking in the modified Multi-Attribute Task Battery, which is implemented as the baseline task available in ModME. We show how this combination facilitates the development of models for assessing multitasking workload. In this demonstration, we will explain the software packages and allow attendees to interact with system elements, particularly the ModME graphical user interfaces. All software is available open source for attendees to try themselves.
28
Roque, Antonio, Douglas Stetson, and Daniel J. Hannon. "Assessing the cognitive complexity of cyber range environments." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 17, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512918820654.
Full textAbstract:
We present a conceptual foundation and empirical framework for modeling cognitive complexity in cyber range event operating environments. Definitions of key concepts, such as cognitive complexity, task difficulty, and Blue Team cognitive workload, are informed by the literature of human factor engineering. This is followed by an approach to assessing cognitive complexity as experienced by a Blue Team in a given cyber range event operating environment, and a validation of that assessment method.
29
Jordan, CS, E. W. Farmer, A. J. Belyavin, S. J. Selcon, A. J. Bunting, C. R. Shanks, and P. Newman. "Empirical Validation of the Prediction of Operator Performance (POP) Model." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 2 (October 1996): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000207.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes an experiment conducted to validate the Prediction of Operator Performance (POP) model in a flight simulation context. The POP model uses subjective ratings of the demand imposed by single tasks to predict both the demand and performance associated with concurrent tasks. Previous experiments on the POP model have investigated a wide range of experimental tasks including tracking and verbal reasoning. In this experiment eight subjects performed flight control, threat assessment and threat identification tasks singly and in combination. Performance measures and POP scores were collected at the completion of each task condition. The results demonstrated performance decrements in the dual task conditions that were consistent with the predictions. The implications for the POP model are discussed in terms of workload modelling and human performance modelling within the context of the Integrated Performance Modelling Environment (IPME) currently being developed within the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency
30
Kuperman, Gilbert G., and William A. Perez. "A Frame-Based Mission Decomposition Model." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200229.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the results of a mathematical modeling (computer simulation) effort that applied frame-based, data processing constructs, originally developed and applied in the context of artificial intelligence, to the decomposition of a complex Air Force bomber mission. The model was written in LISP to facilitate the development of a concurrent processing environment in which to simulate the simultaneous occurrence of multiple external events/crew tasks. The model simulated a four hour segment of a strategic mission scenario. Two distinct crew complements, four-man and two-man, together with their respective levels of aircraft avionics automation, were represented during a proof-of-concept demonstration. The model provided measures of resource (crew and “black box”) utilization, presumed to correlate to “workload,” at different levels of specificity. These measures were used to identify crew task “chokepoints” (large queue sizes, task interrupts) and to evaluate the effects of automation.
31
Sun, Jinghao, Nan Guan, Rongxiao Shi, Guozhen Tan, and Wang Yi. "Schedulability Analysis for Timed Automata With Tasks." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20, no. 5s (October 31, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477020.
Full textAbstract:
Research on modeling and analysis of real-time computing systems has been done in two areas, model checking and real-time scheduling theory. In model checking, an expressive modeling formalism such as timed automata (TA) is used to model complex systems, but the analysis is typically very expensive due to state-space explosion. In real-time scheduling theory, the analysis techniques are highly efficient, but the models are often restrictive. In this paper, we aim to exploit the possibility of applying efficient analysis techniques rooted in real-time scheduling theory to analysis of real-time task systems modeled by timed automata with tasks (TAT). More specifically, we develop efficient techniques to analyze the feasibility of TAT-based task models (i.e., whether all tasks can meet their deadlines on single-processor) using demand bound functions (DBF), a widely used workload abstraction in real-time scheduling theory. Our proposed analysis method has a pseudo-polynomial time complexity if the number of clocks used to model each task is bounded by a constant, which is much lower than the exponential complexity of the traditional model-checking based analysis approach (also assuming the number of clocks is bounded by a constant). We apply dynamic programming techniques to implement the DBF-based analysis framework, and propose state space pruning techniques to accelerate the analysis process. Experimental results show that our DBF-based method can analyze a TAT system with 50 tasks within a few minutes, which significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art TAT-based schedulability analysis tool TIMES.
32
Bakker, Arnold B., Marc van Veldhoven, and Despoina Xanthopoulou. "Beyond the Demand-Control Model." Journal of Personnel Psychology 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000006.
Full textAbstract:
This study among 12,359 employees working in 148 organizations tested the interaction hypothesis of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Accordingly, employees endorse most positive work attitudes (task enjoyment and organizational commitment) when job demands and job resources are both high. Results of moderated structural equation modeling analyses provided strong support for the hypothesis: 15 of the 16 hypothesized interactions were significant for task enjoyment and 13 of the 16 interactions were significant for organizational commitment. Job resources (skill utilization, learning opportunities, autonomy, colleague support, leader support, performance feedback, participation in decision making, and career opportunities) predicted task enjoyment and organizational commitment particularly under conditions of high job demands (workload and emotional demands). These findings clearly expand the Demand-Control model and support the JD-R model. Moreover, the results illustrate what managers can do to secure employee well-being.
33
Jonsson, Robin, Caroline Hasselgren, Lotta Dellve, Daniel Seldén, Daniel Larsson, and Mikael Stattin. "Matching the Pieces: The Presence of Idiosyncratic Deals and Their Impact on Retirement Preferences Among Older Workers." Work, Aging and Retirement 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/workar/waab003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Despite working life prolongation having been at the center of the policy agenda in Europe for the last two decades, organizations’ engagement in formal age-management activities intended to strengthen older workers’ motivation and work ability appears limited. Given policies to extend working lives, negotiated individualized work arrangements—often called idiosyncratic deals (I-deals)—can be an informal and complementary approach to formalized age-management practices, improving the person–job fit and helping older workers extend their working lives. Nevertheless, research on I-deals and retirement preferences remains scarce in the Nordic context, where collective agreements regulate conditions of employment and the employer–employee relationship. Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, this study examines five areas of I-deals (i.e., Task and Work Responsibilities, Workload Reduction, Schedule Flexibility, Location Flexibility, and Financial Incentives) and their relationships with retirement preferences among Swedish public-sector employees aged 55 years or older (n = 4,499). Findings show that I-deals are generally less prevalent among women and older employees, as well as among those with poor health, in lower socioeconomic positions, and with shorter organizational tenure. Regarding retirement preferences, we found Task and Work Responsibilities to be related to later preferred retirement age, while, surprisingly, the opposite was observed for Workload Reduction, probably because individuals who received workload reductions also reported poorer health. Comparatively, factors such as matching employees’ competence, experience, and growth opportunities seem to be the most important for public-sector employees’ retirement preferences.
34
Watson, Michael E., Christina F. Rusnock, Michael E. Miller, and John M. Colombi. "Performing System Tradeoff Analyses Using Human Performance Modeling." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601168.
Full textAbstract:
Humans perform critical functions in nearly every system, making them vital to consider during system development. Human Systems Integration (HSI) would ideally permit the human’s impact on system performance to be effectively accounted for during the systems engineering (SE) process, but effective processes are often not applied, especially in the early design phases. Failure to properly account for human capabilities and limitations during system design may lead to unreasonable expectations of the human. The result is a system design that makes unrealistic assumptions about the human, leading to an overestimation of the human’s performance and thus the system’s performance. This research proposes a method of integrating HSI with SE that allows human factors engineers to apply Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and human performance simulation to describe and communicate human and system performance. Using these models, systems engineers can more fully understand the system’s performance to facilitate design decisions that account for the human. A scenario is applied to illustrate the method, in which a system developer seeks to redesign an example system, Vigilant Spirit, by incorporating system automation to improve overall system performance. The example begins by performing a task analysis through physical observation and analysis of human subjects’ data from 12 participants employing Vigilant Spirit. This analysis is depicted in SysML Activity and Sequence Diagrams. A human-in-the-loop experiment is used to study performance and workload effects of humans applying Vigilant Spirit to conduct simulated remotely-piloted aircraft surveillance and tracking missions. The results of the task analysis and human performance data gathered from the experiment are used to build a human performance model in the Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT). IMPRINT allows the analyst to represent a mission in terms of functions and tasks performed by the system and human, and then run a discrete event simulation of the system and human accomplishing the mission to observe the effects of defined variables on performance and workload. The model was validated against performance data from the human-subjects’ experiment. In the scenario, six different scan algorithms, which varied in terms of scan accuracy and speed, were simulated. These algorithms represented different potential system trades as factors such as various technologies and hardware architectures could influence algorithm accuracy and speed. These automation trades were incorporated into the system’s block definition (BDD), requirements, and parametric SysML diagrams. These diagrams were modeled from a systems engineer’s perspective; therefore they originally placed less emphasis on the human. The BDD portrayed the structural aspect of Vigilant Spirit, to include the operator, automation, and system software. The requirements diagram levied a minimum system-level performance requirement. The parametric diagram further defined the performance and specification requirements, along with the automation’s scan settings, through the use of constraints. It was unclear from studying the SysML diagrams which automation setting would produce the best results, or if any could meet the performance requirement. Existing system models were insufficient by themselves to evaluate these trades; thus, IMPRINT was used to perform a trade study to determine the effects of each of the automation options on overall system performance. The results of the trade study revealed that all six automation conditions significantly improved performance scores from the baseline, but only two significantly improved workload. Once the trade study identified the preferred alternative, the results were integrated into existing system diagrams. Originally system-focused, SysML diagrams were updated to reflect the results of the trade analysis. The result is a set of integrated diagrams that accounts for both the system and human, which may then be used to better inform system design. Using human performance- and workload-modeling tools such as IMPRINT to perform tradeoff analyses, human factors engineers can attain data about the human subsystem early in system design. These data may then be integrated into existing SysML diagrams applied by systems engineers. In so doing, additional insights into the whole system can be gained that would not be possible if human factors and systems engineers worked independently. Thus, the human is incorporated into the system’s design and the total system performance may be predicted, achieving a successful HSI process.
35
Titov, Mikhail, Mikhail Borodin, Dmitry Golubkov, and Alexei Klimentov. "Advanced Analytics service to enhance workflow control at the ATLAS Production System." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921403007.
Full textAbstract:
Modern workload management systems that are responsible for central data production and processing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics experiments have highly complicated architectures and require a specialized control service for resource and processing components balancing. Such a service represents a comprehensive set of analytical tools, management utilities and monitoring views aimed at providing a deep understanding of internal processes, and is considered as an extension for situational awareness analytic service. Its key points are analysis of task processing, e.g., selection and regulation of key task features that affect its processing the most; modeling of processed data life-cycles for further analysis, e.g., generate guidelines for particular stage of data processing; and forecasting processes with focus on data and tasks states as well as on the management system itself, e.g., to detect the source of any potential malfunction. The prototype of the advanced analytics service will be an essential part of the analytical service of the ATLAS Production System (ProdSys2). Advanced analytics service uses such tools as Time-To-Complete (TTC) estimation towards units of the processing (i.e., tasks and chains of tasks) to control the processing state and to be able to highlight abnormal operations and executions. Obtained metrics are used in decision making processes to regulate the system behaviour and resources consumption.
36
Xie, Bin, and Gavriel Salvendy. "Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments." Work & Stress 14, no. 1 (January 2000): 74–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026783700417249.
Full text
37
Gupta, Shankar S., Trupti J. Taori, Mahesh Y. Ladekar, Ramchandra R. Manthalkar, Suhas S. Gajre, and Yashwant V. Joshi. "Classification of cross task cognitive workload using deep recurrent network with modelling of temporal dynamics." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 70 (September 2021): 103070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103070.
Full text
38
Rantanen, Esa M., and Brian R. Levinthal. "Time-Based Modeling of Human Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 12 (September 2005): 1200–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901222.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a probabilistic approach to modeling human performance. Instead of focusing on mean performance, the effects of taskload on the distributions of performance variables are examined. From such data, probabilities of given levels of performance can be derived and methods of measurement that expand the analyses beyond those of the mean developed. Results from two experiments, one abstract, the other realistic, are presented in terms of timely performance on required tasks. As taskload increased, the participants were less likely to act on the experimental tasks at an earliest opportunity than under low taskload, resulting in increase of “too late” errors. Measurement of taskload and performance in temporal terms also allowed for bracketing and making inferences about mental workload, which is not directly measurable.
39
Youssef, Fahim, Ben Lahmar El Habib, Rahhali Hamza, Labriji El Houssine, Eddaoui Ahmed, and Mostafa Hanoune. "A New Conception of Load Balancing in Cloud Computing Using Tasks Classification Levels." International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 8, no. 4 (October 2018): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcac.2018100107.
Full textAbstract:
Cloud users can have access to the service based on “pay as you go.” The daily increase of cloud users may decrease the performance, the availability and the profitability of the material and software resources used in cloud service. These challenges were solved by several load balancing algorithms between the virtual machines of the data centers. In order to determine a new load balancing improvement; this article's discussions will be divided into two research axes. The first, the pre-classification of tasks depending on whether their characteristics are accomplished or not (Notion of Levels). This new technique relies on the modeling of tasks classification based on an ascending order using techniques that calculate the worst-case execution time (WCET). The second, the authors choose distributed datacenters between quasi-similar virtual machines and the modeling of relationship between virtual machines using the pre-scheduling levels is included in the data center in terms of standard mathematical functions that controls this relationship. The key point of the improvement, is considering the current load of the virtual machine of a data center and the pre-estimation of the execution time of a task before any allocation. This contribution allows cloud service providers to improve the performance, availability and maximize the use of virtual machines workload in their data centers.
40
Li, Yao, and Da Lin Jiang. "Dynamic Task-Scheduling Based Parallel Processing on Watershed Distributed Eco-Hydrological Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3492.
Full textAbstract:
Watershed distributed eco-hydrological model is an important tool in the field of global change research. Due to the complexity of eco-hydrological model, watershed distributed eco-hydrological simulation requires large amounts of computations. The compution overhead turns to be a big prolem for those basin areas. Another challenge is that the traditional sequential computation techniques cannot meet the requirements of watershed eco-hydrological model, which highly limits the application of watershed distributed eco-hydrological model in large scale areas. This paper proposed a dynamic task-scheduling based parallel processing method for eco-hydrological model. The whole simulation task are firstly decoupled into independent grid based parallel processing tasks based on the relation of upstream and downstream sequence. Then a dynamic task-tree was built up according to the dependency of each cell in the watershed, which can generate dynamic task scheduling sequence. Following the task scheduling sequence, PBS task scheduler submitted workloads, realizing parallel calculation. This approach was applied in the watershed of Walnut Gulch watershed in Arizona, USA. The result showed that this method can highly improves the efficiency of watershed eco-hydrological modeling almost 6 times compared to that of the traditional sequential eco-hydrological modeling. Therefore, this approach can effectively promote the applications of watershed eco-hydrological model.
41
Baghdadi, Amir, Zahra S. Maman, Lin Lu, Lora A. Cavuoto, and Fadel M. Megahed. "Effects of Task Type, Task Duration, and Age on Body Kinematics and Subjective Fatigue." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601743.
Full textAbstract:
Investigating the effects of workload on body kinematics is the first step to identify, monitor, and ultimately reduce the incidence of fatigue, a prevalent phenomenon in the workplace that leads to chronic disorders, loss of productivity, and absenteeism (Lu, Megahed, Sesek, & Cavuoto, 2017, In Press; Ricci, Chee, Lorandeau, & Berger, 2007). In fa- tigue monitoring, kinematic measures including acceleration, jerk, and body posture have been found to be informative (Lu et al., 2017, In Press; Maman, Yazdi, Cavuoto, & Megahed, 2017; Ricci et al., 2007); however, none of the previous studies have considered a comprehensive set of these kinematic metrics during simulated manufacturing tasks. This study assessed the effects of duration, ease of task, and age as three factors on different body kinematic metrics and subjective ratings as a substitute “ground truth” for fatigue development. This will serve to inform feature selection for modeling fatigue development over a broad range of industrial tasks. Nineteen participants (divided into two age groups of younger (<25, 6 males and 4 females) and older (>40, 8 males and 1 female)) completed three, three-hour sessions of parts assembly (light), supply pickup and insertion (moderate), and manual material handling (difficult). Inertial measurement units (IMUs) were attached on right wrist, middle of the trunk, the right side of the hip, and right ankle. The mean and peak values of acceleration, jerk, and posture for each body location along with the minimum value (with respect to the horizontal plane) of trunk bending posture were considered as the kinematic variables of interest. The Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and subjective fatigue level (SFL) were recorded at the start of each session, and then every ten minutes for RPE, and every thirty minutes for SFL. Perceived workload, rated using the NASA Task Load Index (TLX), was obtained every one hour. The TLX, RPE, and SFL at the end of hour 1 (the first time point where all three ratings are obtained) were considered as the pre-fatigue values and at hour 3 of the tasks as the post-fatigue. Similarly, the pre-fatigue kinematic data of the IMUs was the period from minutes 10 to 20 and the post-fatigue data was the period from minutes 160 to 170. The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant time ( p < 0.001) effect on all three subjective ratings. In addition, time and age interacted to affect RPE ( p = 0.018) with a 36% increase in younger and 28% in the older group. Time had significant effects only on a few of kinematic variables including mean trunk acceleration (8% decreased), mean trunk posture (3% less bent), and peak hip acceleration (10% increased) after fatigue. Moreover, there was a significant age and task interaction for peak hip acceleration (~1 m/s2 decreased), mean and peak leg posture (~4o increased and ~12o decreased, respectively), and minimum trunk posture (~5o increased) from the younger group to the older group. In addition, there was significant interaction ( p = 0.011) between time and task in bending posture denoted by hip and trunk, which provides insight into the different effects of fatigue on different tasks, i.e., 2% more bending after fatigue in manual material handling and supply pickup and insertion in comparison to parts assembly. This increased bending angle following fatigue was in agreement with the findings of Strohrmann, Harms, Kappeler-Setz, and Troster (2012). There were significant differences between the younger group to the older group in terms of kinematics, i.e., peak hip acceleration, mean and peak leg posture, and minimum trunk posture that may be attributable to different quadriceps strength and postural stability between the age groups. Overall, the results present a set of kinematic parameters influenced by fatigue; however, further analysis is required to explore more temporal and spatial movement variables from IMUs for a better understanding of fatigue effects and indicators.
42
Hanguan, Wen, Xu Zhihui, Xue Ke, Jiang Chenyu, and Yang Ming. "Modeling digital main control room operator’s resilience under extreme conditions: An Experiment design scheme." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124503018.
Full textAbstract:
Human reliability is one of the most important factors that make effects in nuclear power plant(NPP) operation. In advanced digital NPP main control room with high levels of automation, the systematic operation which require a sufficient mental workload to address those undesired events has become a critical challenge for operators. The aim of this research is to identify the operator’s reliability by developing a resilience model. In this work, a seven-stage technique framework is proposed, which includes the skeleton of theoretical analysis, experimental design and hardware setting to how to establish the model for NPP operator in a downsize main control room cabin. The resilience model for operators’ reliability via assessing their basic skill tasks performance and evaluating their cognitive workload in the framework hence can be used for assessing the level of training of the new employed operators as well as human reliability in other critical process industries.
43
Yu, Denny, Steven Kasten, Cooper Green, and Thomas J. Armstrong. "Task analysis of microsurgery and biomechanical modeling of surgeons to assess static-workloads." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 57, no. 1 (September 2013): 1790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213571401.
Full text
44
Ríos, J., F. Mas, and J. L. Menéndez. "Aircraft Final Assembly Line Balancing and Workload Smoothing: A Methodological Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 502 (February 2012): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.502.19.
Full textAbstract:
Assembly Line Balancing (ALB) comprises ordering of tasks among workstations to satisfy precedence constraints and objective functions. Due to the specific features of an aircraft, such approach is not fully suitable for the case of an aircraft Final Assembly Line (FAL). Where, the number of workstations relates to technological criteria rather than to a calculation aiming to minimize a specific parameter. Workload smoothing is addressed once the FAL configuration is defined. To improve current practices, a methodological approach was taken to address the conceptual modeling of an aircraft assembly line.
45
Romansky, Radi. "Mathematical Modelling and Study of Stochastic Parameters of Computer Data Processing." Mathematics 9, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9182240.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of dispatching strategies is to minimize the total time for processing tasks at maximum performance of the computer system, which requires strict regulation of the workload of the processing units. To achieve this, it is necessary to conduct a preliminary study of the applied model for planning. The purpose of this article is to present an approach for automating the investigation and optimization of processes in a computer environment for task planning and processing. A stochastic input flow of incoming tasks for processing is considered and mathematical formalization of some probabilistic characteristics related to the complexity of its servicing has been made. On this basis, a software module by using program language APL2 has been developed to conduct experiments for analytical study and obtaining estimates of stochastic parameters of computer processing and dispatching. The proposed model is part of a generalized environment for program investigation of the computer processing organization and expands its field of application with additional research possibilities.
46
Harris, Regina M., Helene P. Iavecchia, Lorna V. Ross, and Steven C. Shaffer. "Microcomputer Human Operator Simulator (HOS-IV)." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 10 (September 1987): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101024.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the 4th-generation model of the Human Operator Simulator (HOS-IV) as implemented on an IBM PC AT microcomputer. HOS is a general purpose simulation tool for modeling the cognitive, perceptual, and motor activities of an operator who is performing a set of tasks during the course of a mission. HOS provides the capability to model the hardware system and the external environment which impact operator workload and system performance. Discussed are the new features of HOS-IV including the user-oriented interface, knowledge representation scheme, and enhanced modeling capabilities.
47
Bradley, R., C. A. Macdonald, and T. W. Buggy. "Quantification and Prediction of Pilot Workload in the Helicopter/Ship Dynamic Interface." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441005x33376.
Full textAbstract:
The evaluation, early in the design cycle, of the limits for operating aircraft from ships in a wide range of sea states and atmospheric conditions has become an important issue for two main reasons. First, the simultaneous entry into service of new helicopter types and new naval platforms has generated an enormous task in the development of appropriate Ship Helicopter Operating Limits for in-service operations. Second, it has become clear that such operational factors need to be addressed at the design stage - which of necessity involves developing a predictive capacity in all of the areas which influence operational capability. These considerations need to take place in the context of technological advances which seek to assist the pilot in operations from ships. Improved radar for ship approaches and enhanced cueing, located around hangars and landing spots, are both areas which are being continually developed in association with upgraded aircraft systems for guidance, control, and stability augmentation. Ultimately, however, the situation comes down to the pilot's assessment of the workload involved in any task and the handling qualities of the vehicle being controlled. For this reason there has been a growing interest in two related areas: (i) the development of metrics to provide a consistent indicator of pilot workload and (ii) the enhancement of existing pilot models to generate authentic control activity in the aircraft/ship dynamic interface. This article describes recent techniques for extracting workload metrics from control activity and indicates the extent to which acceptably accurate workload predictions can be made. Some advances in pilot modelling are also described and examples are given to demonstrate the capability and limitations of currently available methods. Finally, the present state of integration of the two aspects into a robust tool for ship and aircraft system design is discussed. The focus of this article is, of necessity, on helicopter operations because that is where most of the current work has been centred.
48
Andersh, Jonathan, and Bérénice Mettler. "Modeling the Human Visuo-Motor System to Support Remote-Control Operation." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092979.
Full textAbstract:
The working hypothesis in this project is that gaze interactions play a central role in structuring the joint control and guidance strategy of the human operator performing spatial tasks. Perceptual guidance and control is the idea that the visual and motor systems form a unified perceptuo-motor system where necessary information is naturally extracted by the visual system. As a consequence, the response of this system is constrained by the visual and motor mechanisms and these effects should manifest in the behavioral data. Modeling the perceptual processes of the human operator provides the foundation necessary for a systems-based approach to the design of control and display systems used by remotely operated vehicles. This paper investigates this hypothesis using flight tasks conducted with remotely controlled miniature rotorcraft, taking place in indoor settings that provide rich environments to investigate the key processes supporting spatial interactions. This work also applies to spatial control tasks in a range of application domains that include tele-operation, gaming, and virtual reality. The human-in-the-loop system combines the dynamics of the vehicle, environment, and human perception–action with the response of the overall system emerging from the interplay of perception and action. The main questions to be answered in this work are as follows: (i) what is the general control and guidance strategy of the human operator, and (ii) how is information about the vehicle and environment extracted visually by the operator. The general approach uses gaze as the primary sensory mechanism by decoding the gaze patterns of the pilot to provide information for estimation, control, and guidance. This work differs from existing research by taking what have largely been conceptual ideas on action–perception and structuring them to be implemented for a real-world problem. The paper proposes a system model that captures the human pilot’s perception–action loop; the loop that delineates the main components of the pilot’s perceptuo-motor system, including estimation of the vehicle state and task elements based on operator gaze patterns, trajectory planning, and tracking control. The identified human visuo-motor model is then exploited to demonstrate how the perceptual and control functions system can be augmented to reduce the operator workload.
49
Pisano, Valentina Indelli, Michele Risi, and Genoveffa Tortora. "How reduce the View Selection Problem through the CoDe Modeling." Journal on Advances in Theoretical and Applied Informatics 2, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26729/jadi.v2i2.2090.
Full textAbstract:
Big Data visualization is not an easy task due to the sheer amount of information contained in data warehouses. Then the accuracy on data relationships in a representation becomes one of the most crucial aspects to perform business knowledge discovery. A tool that allows to model and visualize information relationships between data is CoDe, which by processing several queries on a data-mart, generates a visualization of such data. However on a large data warehouse, the computation of these queries increases the response time by the query complexity. A common approach to speed up data warehousing is precompute a set of materialized views, store in the warehouse and use them to compute the workload queries. The goal and the objectives of this paper are to present a new process exploiting the CoDe modeling through determining the minimal number of required OLAP queries and to mitigate the problem of view selection, i.e., select the optimal set of materialized views. In particular, the proposed process determines the minimal number of required OLAP queries, creates an ad hoc lattice structure to represent them, and selects on such structure the views to be materialized taking into account an heuristic based on the processing time cost and the view storage space. The results of an experiment on a real data warehouse show an improvement in the range of 36-98% with respect the approach that does not consider materialized views, and 7% wrt. an approach that exploits them. Moreover, we have shown how the results are affected by the lattice structure.
50
Wang, Huai Ming, Zhi Wei Cai, and Jie Yu. "Research and Development of Integrated Production Management System of Manufacturing Enterprises." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.582.
Full textAbstract:
With digital development of modern manufacturing enterprises, requirements for production process control, resource scheduling and cost analysis are increasing. Enterprises are therefore required to manage the information and process in order to reduce cost and production time and improve quality of products and services. Information for a enterprise concerns orders, raw materials, technology, manufacturing process and products, with huge amount of data and complex correlations among data. Accordingly, data model of integrated production management system is complicated and difficult to develop. This paper analyzes technological document, production plan, production task, production cost and process and control of business activities. Method of building a complete set of information model and process model for manufacturing enterprises is presented, which makes modeling more effective and standardized. As one common method, the model driven approach is introduced to set up the database structure and development strategy of integrated production management system, which may reduce the workload and difficulty of development. Development of a system is realized and verified in practice.