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Journal articles on the topic 'Task dependence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

B. de Jong, Simon, and P. Matthijs Bal. "How asymmetrical task dependence and task interdependence interact." Journal of Managerial Psychology 29, no. 8 (2014): 1115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-12-2012-0385.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether research and practice on task design and work teams could benefit from a more nuanced perspective on task (inter)dependencies among team members. Prior research often overlooked that task interdependence captures the average exchange of resources, while asymmetrical task dependence captures the inequalities within an individual's work relationships. To date, no study on work teams has combined the two aspects. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained from 262 individuals working in 67 work teams. Multilevel and bootstrapping analyses were used. Findings – Drawing from interdependence theory and power-dependence theory it was argued, and subsequently found, that asymmetrical task dependence interacts with task interdependence, and affects the job satisfaction of individuals and their affective commitment to their team. Practical implications – A key practical implication is that both asymmetrical task dependence and task interdependence should be taken into account when optimizing intra-team task dependencies, for instance when (re-)designing jobs or teams. Originality/value – This study contributes to research on asymmetrical task dependence within work teams, by investigating its interaction with task interdependence, its effects on the affective reactions of workers, and its effects on the individual level of analysis.

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2

Oliveira, R. S., and J. S. Fraga. "Scheduling Imprecise Computation Tasks with Intra-Task / Inter-Task Dependence." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, no. 5 (1996): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)46356-7.

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3

Sorensen, Tanner, Asterios Toutios, Louis Goldstein, and Shrikanth Narayanan. "Task-dependence of articulator synergies." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 145, no. 3 (2019): 1504–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5093538.

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4

Dillon, Laura K. "Task dependence and termination in Ada." ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 6, no. 1 (1997): 80–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/237432.237459.

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5

Meigen, T. "Task-Dependence of Texture-Segregation-Specific VEP Components." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (1997): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970278.

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Recently, texture-segregation-specific components have been isolated in the human visual evoked potential (tsVEPs). As tsVEPs are characterised by a negative peak near 200 ms they occur between luminance-contrast responses (P100) and cognitive responses (P300). The aim of this study was to estimate the temporal overlap of tsVEPs and cognitive VEP components by directing a task to either visual or auditory stimuli. Eight visually normal subjects participated in the experiment. Horizontal and vertical line segments were arranged to yield either an ‘orientation chequerboard’ stimulus or two fields with homogeneous orientations. As auditory stimuli, two tones with different pitches were presented through headphones. Auditory and visual stimuli were temporally uncorrelated, which allowed off-line isolation of VEPs and AEPs by appropriate averaging from the same raw data. VEPs and AEPs were recorded from an array of 13 electrodes ranging from frontal to occipital positions. tsVEPs were isolated under two conditions, where the subjects detected the presence of (a) the orientation chequerboard, or (b) the higher pitch by pressing a button. It was found that (1) tsVEPs could be isolated under both tasks; (2) tsVEPs were strongly modulated by the task; (3) the task-specific modulation occurred in the same time domain as the tsVEP itself, but showed a different topography; (4) AEPs were less modulated by the task. The data suggest that an additional task concerning the gradient content of texture stimuli may modulate the resulting tsVEPs. This may partially account for the interindividual variability in recent tsVEP data, as a comparable task may be introduced tacitly by the subjects.

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6

Manning-Melean, Lilianne, and Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros. "Tactile Perceptual Task and Field Dependence-Independence." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 2 (1985): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.2.503.

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7

Bugmann, Guido. "Binding by synchronisation: A task-dependence hypothesis." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 4 (1997): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97241609.

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Binding needs to be task dependent, and cannot usefully be driven by properties of the stimulus alone. However, task dependent binding can only take place after the patterns in a stimulus have been identified. Thus pattern recognition needs to be done prior to binding. Synchronisation may be a consequence of pattern recognition and can be used to localise the pattern and tag its attributes at different levels of information processing.

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8

Blanco, M. J., F. Valle-Inclán, and J. Lamas. "Affective state dependence in a recognition task." Revista de Psicología Social 1, no. 1 (1986): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02134748.1986.10821545.

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9

Long, Elizabeth C., Radka Kaneva, Georgi Vasilev, F. Gerard Moeller, and Jasmin Vassileva. "Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Markers for Addiction: Common vs. Specific Endophenotypes for Heroin and Amphetamine Dependence." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 7 (2020): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200131124608.

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Background: The differential utility of neurocognitive impulsivity and externalizing/ internalizing traits as putative endophenotypes for dependence on heroin vs. amphetamine is unclear. Objective: This exploratory study aims to determine: (1) whether neurocognitive impulsivity dimensions and externalizing/internalizing traits are correlated between siblings discordant for heroin and amphetamine dependence; and (2) which of these associations are common across substances and which are substance- specific. Methods: Pearson correlations between individuals with ‘pure’ heroin and amphetamine dependence and their unaffected biological siblings (n = 37 heroin sibling pairs; n = 30 amphetamine sibling pairs) were run on 10 neurocognitive measures, 6 externalizing measures, and 5 internalizing measures. Sibling pair effects were further examined using regression. Results: Siblings discordant for heroin dependence were significantly correlated on delay aversion on the Cambridge Gambling Task, risk-taking on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, sensation seeking, and hopelessness. Siblings discordant for amphetamine dependence were significantly correlated on the quality of decision-making on the Cambridge Gambling Task, discriminability on the Immediate Memory Task, commission errors on the Go/No Go Task, trait impulsivity, ADHD and anxiety sensitivity. Conclusion: Dimensions of impulsivity and externalizing/internalizing traits appear to aggregate among siblings discordant for substance dependence. Risk-taking propensity, sensation seeking and hopelessness were specific for heroin sibling pairs. Motor/action impulsivity, trait impulsivity, and anxiety sensitivity were specific to amphetamine sibling pairs. Decisional/choice impulsivity was common across both heroin and amphetamine sibling pairs. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the utility of neurocognitive impulsivity and externalizing/ internalizing traits as candidate endophenotypes for substance dependence in general and for substance-specific dependencies.

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10

Le Liepvre, H., S. Tasseel-Ponche, E. Szmatula, et al. "Stroke and visual dependence according to the task." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 56 (October 2013): e160-e161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2013.07.341.

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Yang, I.-Tung. "Risk Modeling of Dependence among Project Task Durations." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 22, no. 6 (2007): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2007.00497.x.

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12

Cohen, Norman H. "Dependence on Ada task scheduling is not erroneous." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters VIII, no. 2 (1988): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/45380.45383.

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13

Su, Xiaoyan, Sankaran Mahadevan, Peida Xu, and Yong Deng. "Inclusion of task dependence in human reliability analysis." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 128 (August 2014): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2014.04.007.

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14

McPherson, Malinda J., and Josh H. McDermott. "Diversity in pitch perception revealed by task dependence." Nature Human Behaviour 2, no. 1 (2017): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0261-8.

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15

Manetta, Céline, Edith Sales-Wuillemin, Audrey Gaillard, and Isabel Urdapilleta. "Verbal Representation of Fragrances: Dependence on Specific Task." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41, no. 3 (2011): 658–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00731.x.

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16

Cheng, Jingde. "The Task Dependence Net in Ada software development." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters XII, no. 4 (1992): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/146543.146545.

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17

Huon, G. F., and L. B. Brown. "Task dependence in color-naming latency among dieters." International Journal of Eating Disorders 19, no. 4 (1996): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199605)19:4<405::aid-eat8>3.0.co;2-p.

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18

Costello, M. Gabriela, Dantong Zhu, Paul J. May, Emilio Salinas, and Terrence R. Stanford. "Task dependence of decision- and choice-related activity in monkey oculomotor thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 1 (2016): 581–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00592.2015.

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Oculomotor signals circulate within putative recurrent feedback loops that include the frontal eye field (FEF) and the oculomotor thalamus (OcTh). To examine how OcTh contributes to visuomotor control, and perceptually informed saccadic choices in particular, neural correlates of perceptual judgment and motor selection in OcTh were evaluated and compared with those previously reported for FEF in the same subjects. Monkeys performed three tasks: a choice task in which perceptual decisions are urgent, a choice task in which identical decisions are made without time pressure, and a single-target, delayed saccade task. The OcTh yielded far fewer task-responsive neurons than the FEF, but across responsive pools, similar neuron types were found, ranging from purely visual to purely saccade related. Across such types, the impact of the perceptual information relevant to saccadic choices was qualitatively the same in FEF and OcTh. However, distinct from that in FEF, activity in OcTh was strongly task dependent, typically being most vigorous in the urgent task, less so in the easier choice task, and least in the single-target task. This was true for responsive and nonresponsive cells alike. Neurons with exclusively motor-related activity showed strong task dependence, fired less, and differed most patently from their FEF counterparts, whereas those that combined visual and motor activity fired most similarly to their FEF counterparts. The results suggest that OcTh activity is more distantly related to saccade production per se, because its degree of commitment to a motor choice varies markedly as a function of ongoing cognitive or behavioral demands.

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19

Marincola, Loretta B., and Gerald M. Long. "Perceptual Style and Dual-Task Performance as a Function of Task Difficulty and Task Emphasis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 3_suppl (1985): 1091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3f.1091.

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Differences in dual-task performance by field-dependent and field-independent college students were investigated. The perceptual styles of the 102 subjects were determined by their performance on the Rod-and-Frame Test. Dual-task performance required the subjects to perform concurrently a central tracking task and a peripheral light-detection task. The effect of stress on dual-task performance was examined by employing three widely differing levels of tracking task difficulty. Three sets of instructions varied the relative importance of the two tasks within the dual-task situation. Both manipulation of task difficulty and instructional set had powerful effects on performance. However, performance differences among subjects with differing perceptual styles were found only on the central tracking task, with field-independent subjects consistently outperforming field-dependent ones. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical basis for the perceptual style of field-dependence/field-independence as well as the potential value of this dimension in dual-task situations.

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20

Xiao, Liang, and Fan Wang. "Context Aware Service System Supported the Collaborative Management of Distribution Task." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.201.

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Distribution tasks have typical feature of context dependence. Attaining the mission-related dynamic context information service timely and accurately has a significant effect to the execution efficiency of the distribution task. On the basis of the definition of four distribution contexts systematically: network context , product context, customer context, resource context, this paper proposes the model of context management of distribution task, and the collaborative service and process mechanism of distribution tasks base on task context, it is of great value and significance to support the effective implementation of collaborative management of the distribution task in dynamic environment.

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21

Šlekienė, Violeta, and Loreta Ragulienė. "DEMONSTRATION TASKS OF LIQUID AND GAS PROPERTIES AND THEIR RATIONALE SENSE." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 7, no. 1 (2010): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/10.7.29.

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The article reveals the importance of demonstration tasks in physics teaching in secondary schools. Four demonstration of the liquid and gas properties are presented and analyzed. They are: Pressure dependence of gas flow speed; Pressure reduction in air-stream; Wing lift; Liquid surface tension. Reasoning schemes for giving a logical sense to these physics demo tasks are developed. The proposed reasoning schemes reach to activate students' thinking, understanding the demonstrations during the observed physical phenomena, i.e. help students to: understand the nature of the demo task, determine cause - effect relationships and dependencies, compare conditions and findings, summarize the results, do conclusions. Such using of demonstration tasks is useful to both of teacher and pupil: teacher controls the content of teaching and a learning of pupils, pupils - are focused to self-activities, encouraged to think, analyze, summarize and do conclusions. Key words: physics teaching, demonstration task, liquid and gas properties, reasoning schemes.

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22

Wohleber, Ryan W., Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, et al. "Vigilance and Automation Dependence in Operation of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): A Simulation Study." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 3 (2018): 488–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818799468.

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Objective: This simulation study investigated factors influencing sustained performance and fatigue during operation of multiple Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The study tested effects of time-on-task and automation reliability on accuracy in surveillance tasks and dependence on automation. It also investigated the role of trait and state individual difference factors. Background: Warm’s resource model of vigilance has been highly influential in human factors, but further tests of its applicability to complex, real-world tasks requiring sustained attention are necessary. Multi-UAS operation differs from standard vigilance paradigms in that the operator must switch attention between multiple subtasks, with support from automation. Method: 131 participants performed surveillance tasks requiring signal discrimination and symbol counting with a multi-UAS simulation configured to impose low cognitive demands, for 2 hr. Automation reliability was manipulated between-groups. Five Factor Model personality traits were measured prior to performance. Subjective states were assessed with the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire. Results: Performance accuracy on the more demanding surveillance task showed a vigilance decrement, especially when automation reliability was low. Dependence on automation on this task declined over time. State but not trait factors predicted performance. High distress was associated with poorer performance in more demanding task conditions. Conclusions: Vigilance decrement may be an operational issue for multi-UAS surveillance missions. Warm’s resource theory may require modification to incorporate changes in information processing and task strategy associated with multitasking in low-workload, fatiguing environments. Application: Interface design and operator evaluation for multi-UAS operations should address issues including motivation, stress, and sustaining attention to automation.

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23

Chunhua Zhang, Di Li, Yizong Lai, and Yuqing Tu. "Dependence-Aware Task Scheduling for Resource-Constrained CNC Systems." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 5, no. 3 (2013): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol5.issue3.71.

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24

Kelly, Simon P., and Kieran S. Mohr. "Task dependence of early attention modulation: the plot thickens." Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 1-2 (2017): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2017.1372407.

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25

Proeschel, P. A., and J. Raum. "Task-dependence of Jaw Elevator and Depressor Co-activation." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 8 (2003): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200809.

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Elevator muscle activity per unit bite-force has been shown to be higher in chewing than in isometric biting. We tested the hypothesis that surplus elevator activity is evoked in response to a possible co-activation of jaw-opener muscles during the masticatory power stroke. In 32 subjects, digastric and bilateral masseter and temporalis activities were recorded during unilateral chewing of test foods, isometric biting on a force transducer, and during balancing of the jaw against maximum effort of depressor muscles. During elevator peak effort in chewing, the digastric activity was 113% higher than during peak effort in isometric biting. Comparison of balancing and chewing trials revealed that a 6% increase of elevator activity would suffice to compensate for this increased depressor action. Elevator activity in chewing, however, was up to 130% higher than in clenching. We conclude that depressor counteraction could have only a minor influence on the generation of surplus muscle activity in chewing.

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Vandierendonck, Hans, George Tzenakis, and Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos. "Analysis of dependence tracking algorithms for task dataflow execution." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 10, no. 4 (2013): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555316.

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27

Huesler, Erhard J., M.-C. Hepp-Reymond, and V. Dietz. "Task dependence of muscle synchronization in human hand muscles." NeuroReport 9, no. 10 (1998): 2167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199807130-00003.

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28

Steinberg, Marc L., Elizabeth E. Epstein, Naomi F. Stahl, Trish D. Budsock, and Jill M. Williams. "Task persistence as a target for tobacco dependence treatment." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (January 2015): e108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.661.

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29

McMillan, A. S., and A. G. Hannam. "Task dependence of human masseter motor unit reflex behaviour." Experimental Brain Research 88, no. 2 (1992): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02259119.

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30

Fornaciai, Michele, and Joonkoo Park. "Attractive Serial Dependence in the Absence of an Explicit Task." Psychological Science 29, no. 3 (2018): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617737385.

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Attractive serial dependence refers to an adaptive change in the representation of sensory information, whereby a current stimulus appears to be similar to a previous one. The nature of this phenomenon is controversial, however, as serial dependence could arise from biased perceptual representations or from biased traces of working memory representation at a decisional stage. Here, we demonstrated a neural signature of serial dependence in numerosity perception emerging early in the visual processing stream even in the absence of an explicit task. Furthermore, a psychophysical experiment revealed that numerosity perception is biased by a previously presented stimulus in an attractive way, not by repulsive adaptation. These results suggest that serial dependence is a perceptual phenomenon starting from early levels of visual processing and occurring independently from a decision process, which is consistent with the view that these biases smooth out noise from neural signals to establish perceptual continuity.

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Morehead, J. Ryan, Jordan A. Taylor, Darius E. Parvin, and Richard B. Ivry. "Characteristics of Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation Revealed by Task-irrelevant Clamped Feedback." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 6 (2017): 1061–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01108.

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Sensorimotor adaptation occurs when there is a discrepancy between the expected and actual sensory consequences of a movement. This learning can be precisely measured, but its source has been hard to pin down because standard adaptation tasks introduce two potential learning signals: task performance errors and sensory prediction errors. Here we employed a new method that induces sensory prediction errors without task performance errors. This method combines the use of clamped visual feedback that is angularly offset from the target and independent of the direction of motion, along with instructions to ignore this feedback while reaching to targets. Despite these instructions, participants unknowingly showed robust adaptation of their movements. This adaptation was similar to that observed with standard methods, showing sign dependence, local generalization, and cerebellar dependency. Surprisingly, adaptation rate and magnitude were invariant across a large range of offsets. Collectively, our results challenge current models of adaptation and demonstrate that behavior observed in many studies of adaptation reflect the composite effects of task performance and sensory prediction errors.

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32

Dupont, P., G. A. Orban, R. Vogels, et al. "Different perceptual tasks performed with the same visual stimulus attribute activate different regions of the human brain: a positron emission tomography study." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, no. 23 (1993): 10927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.23.10927.

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To investigate the processing of visual form in human cerebral cortex, we used the PET (positron emission tomography) activation technique to compare the human brain regions that are involved in a visual detection task and two orientation discrimination tasks: the temporal same-different (TSD) task, which includes a short-term memory component, and the identification (ID) task, which is without this component. As a control task we used passive viewing. Stimuli were identical in all four tasks. Subtraction of passive viewing from detection showed that the detection task activates early visual cortical regions (areas 17/18) as well as several motor brain regions, while decreasing activity in several higher order frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. Comparing the ID task to the detection task revealed no further visual cortical activation, while comparison of the TSD task to the detection task revealed an activation of several right visual cortical regions, one of which remained significant after the subtraction of ID from TSD (right area 19). These experiments demonstrate the task dependence of visual processing, even for very closely related tasks, and the localization of the temporal comparison component involved in orientation discrimination in human area 19.

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33

Макеєв, В. І., В. В. Воронько, Ю. І. Пушкарьов, П. І. Гайда та О. Ю. Пащук. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВИТРАТИ СНАРЯДІВ І СПОСОБУ ОБСТРІЛУ КОЛОН ПРОТИВНИКА". Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, № 90 (18 червня 2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2020.90.08.

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Columns, which are highly maneuverable targets and any other targets, return the damage to the opponents. As a result of the shelling, the enemy column was informed about the systematic study and deployment of its reserves, management violations, and unfavorable conditions were created for the use of effective types of fire by other means of destruction. The result of artillery fire reveals a mathematical combination of irreversible damage and delay time of the enemy column or Woz, which is characterized by damage to the group counteracting due to the delayed columns and the adjustment of its irreversible damage.The article consists of the following sections:1. Indicators of effectiveness during the defeat of enemy columns;2. The dependence of the consumption of shells and the method of firing at the target on the conditions of the fire task;3. Dependence of projectile consumption on the required level of firing efficiency;4. The dependence of the consumption of shells on the method of determining the installations for firing on the defeat and the size of the group target;5. The dependence of the consumption of shells on the number of fire means used to hit the target, and the firing range;6. Dependence of projectile consumption on the characteristics of the impressive action of ammunition and the method of firing at the target;7. The dependence of the method of firing at the target from various factors.In the article mathematical dependences for definition of indicators of efficiency of defeat of columns, expense of shells, a way of firing of columns are considered. The probability of covering a column on the basis of the law of uniform scattering is considered. The sizes of zones of uniform scattering on the basis of a dispersion of the most favorable scattering are received.The article shows the dependences of the cost of shells and the method of firing at the target from the conditions of the fire task, based on the requirements of achieving a given degree of damage (the required level of efficiency). The issues of the dependence of projectile consumption on the required level of the rate of effectiveness of firing at the damage, and the method of determining the installations for firing at the damage and the size of the group target. The questions of dependence of shell consumption on the conditions of the fire task are considered.

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Hu, Xiaogang, and Karl M. Newell. "Dependence of asymmetrical interference on task demands and hand dominance in bimanual isometric force tasks." Experimental Brain Research 208, no. 4 (2010): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2502-1.

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35

Salbod, Stephen. "Correlations between Cognitive Style and Performance on the Water-Level Task by Female Graduate Students." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3 (2001): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.747.

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The present study examined the correlation between cognitive style measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test and performance on two water-level tasks by 16 female graduate students. The mean of the absolute deviation from the horizontal was used as the water-level task performance. As predicted, rho was –.49. Greater deviation on the water-level task was associated with low scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test, indicating field dependence.

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Salmani-Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali. "Is Field Dependence or Independence a Predictor of EFL Reading Performance?" TESL Canada Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v24i2.140.

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In this study it was hypothesized that field dependence or independence would introduce systematic variance into Iranian EFL learners' overall and task-specific performance on task-based reading comprehension tests. One thousand, seven hundred, forty-three freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior students, all majoring in English at various Iranian universities and colleges, took the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). The resulting 582 field-independent (FI) and 707 field-dependent (FD) students then took the 1990 version of the IELTS. Using SPSS commands for collapsing continuous variables into groups and participants’ IELTS scores (based on the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles), four proficiency groups were identified for each cognitive style. From each proficiency group, 36 FD and 36 FI individuals were selected through a matching process. The resulting sample of 288 participants took the Task-Based Reading Test (TBRT) designed for the study. Data analysis revealed that individuals’ cognitive styles resulted in a significant difference in their overall test performance in the proficient, semiproficient, and fairly proficient groups, but not in the low-proficient group. The findings also indicated that cognitive style resulted in a significant difference in participants' performance on true-false, sentence completion, outlining, scanning, and elicitation tasks in all proficiency groups.

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Kahana, Michael J., Robert Sekuler, Jeremy B. Caplan, Matthew Kirschen, and Joseph R. Madsen. "Human theta oscillations exhibit task dependence during virtual maze navigation." Nature 399, no. 6738 (1999): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/21645.

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38

Brooks, Jack, Jennifer Nicholas, and Jennifer J. Robertson. "Task dependence of odor discrimination: choosing between speed and accuracy." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 2 (2018): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00522.2017.

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Odor discrimination is a complex task that may be improved by increasing sampling time to facilitate evidence accumulation. However, experiments testing this phenomenon in olfaction have produced conflicting results. To resolve this disparity, Frederick et al. (Frederick DE, Brown A, Tacopina S, Mehta N, Vujovic M, Brim E, Amina T, Fixsen B, Kay LM. J Neurosci 37: 4416–4426, 2017) conducted experiments that suggest that sampling time and performance are task dependent. Their findings have implications for understanding olfactory processing and experimental design, specifically the effect of subtle differences in experimental design on study results.

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Coté, Carol A., and Angela M. O'Donnell. "Field Dependence and Stimulus Complexity in a Figure Copying Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 3_suppl (2007): 1159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.4.1159-1170.

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COTE, CAROL A. "FIELD DEPENDENCE AND STIMULUS COMPLEXITY IN A FIGURE COPYING TASK." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 7 (2007): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.7.1159-1170.

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Abuhalimeh, Ahmed, M. Eduard Tudoreanu, and Thikra Mustafa. "Task-dependence of subjective believability in integration of scientific data." International Journal of Information Quality 3, no. 1 (2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijiq.2012.050038.

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Kerzel, D., L. Zarian, and D. Souto. "Involuntary cueing effects on accuracy measures: Stimulus and task dependence." Journal of Vision 9, no. 11 (2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.11.16.

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Businelle, Michael S., Megan R. Apperson, Darla E. Kendzor, Meredith A. Terlecki, and Amy L. Copeland. "The relative impact of nicotine dependence, other substance dependence, and gender on Bechara Gambling Task performance." Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 16, no. 6 (2008): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013510.

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Yamagishi, Shimpei, Makoto Yoneya, and Shigeto Furukawa. "Relationship of postsaccadic oscillation with the state of the pupil inside the iris and with cognitive processing." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 2 (2020): 484–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00205.2019.

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Recent studies using video-based eye tracking have presented accumulating evidence that postsaccadic oscillation defined in reference to the pupil center (PSOp) is larger than that to the iris center (PSOi). This indicates that the relative motion of the pupil reflects the viscoelasticity of the tissue of the iris. It is known that the pupil size controlled by the sphincter/dilator pupillae muscles reflects many aspects of cognition. A hypothesis derived from this fact is that cognitive tasks affect the properties of PSOp due to the change in the state of these muscles. To test this hypothesis, we conducted pro- and antisaccade tasks for human participants and adopted the recent physical model of PSO to evaluate the dynamic properties of PSOp/PSOi. The results showed the dependence of the elasticity coefficient of the PSOp on the antisaccade task, but this effect was not significant for the PSOi. This suggests that cognitive tasks such as antisaccade tasks affect elasticity of the muscle of the iris. We found that the trial-by-trial fluctuation in the presaccade absolute pupil size correlated with the elasticity coefficient of PSOp. We also found the task dependence of the viscosity coefficient and overshoot amount of PSOi, which probably reflects the dynamics of the entire eyeball movement. The difference in task dependence between PSOp and PSOi indicates that the separate measures of these two can be means to distinguish factors related to the oculomotor neural system from those related to the physiological states of the iris tissue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The state of the eyeball varies dynamically moment by moment depending on underlying neural/cognitive processing. Combining simultaneous measurements of pupil-centric and iris-centric movements and a recent physical model of postsaccadic oscillation (PSO), we show that the pupil-centric PSO is sensitive to the type of saccade task, suggesting that the physical state of the iris muscles reflects the underlying cognitive processes.

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BERZAL, F., J. C. CUBERO, D. SÁNCHEZ, M. A. VILA, and J. M. SERRANO. "AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO DISCOVER GRADUAL DEPENDENCIES." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 15, no. 05 (2007): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021848850700487x.

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In this paper we propose a new definition of gradual dependence as a special kind of association rule. We propose a way to adapt existing association rule mining algorithms for the new task of mining such dependencies, and we discuss about its complexity. Some experiments in a real database illustrate the usefulness of the approach.

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Motala, Aysha, Huihui Zhang, and David Alais. "Auditory Rate Perception Displays a Positive Serial Dependence." i-Perception 11, no. 6 (2020): 204166952098231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669520982311.

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We investigated perceived timing in auditory rate perception using a reproduction task. The study aimed to test (a) whether central tendency occurs in rate perception, as shown for interval timing, and (b) whether rate is perceived independently on each trial or shows a serial dependence, as shown for other perceptual attributes. Participants were well able to indicate perceived rate as reproduced and presented rates were linearly related with a slope that approached unity, although tapping significantly overestimated presented rates. While the slopes approached unity, they were significantly less than 1, indicating a central tendency in which reproduced rates tended towards the mean of the presented range. We tested for serial dependency by seeing if current trial rate reproductions depended on the preceding rate. In two conditions, a positive dependence was observed. A third condition in which participants withheld responses on every second trial produced a negative dependency. These results suggest separate components of serial dependence linked to stimulus and response: Withholding responses reveals a negative perceptual effect, whereas making responses adds a stronger positive effect that is postperceptual and makes the combined effect positive. Together, these data show that auditory rate perception exhibits both central tendency and serial dependence effects.

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Fornaciai, Michele, and Joonkoo Park. "Neural Dynamics of Serial Dependence in Numerosity Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 1 (2020): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01474.

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Serial dependence—an attractive perceptual bias whereby a current stimulus is perceived to be similar to previously seen ones—is thought to represent the process that facilitates the stability and continuity of visual perception. Recent results demonstrate a neural signature of serial dependence in numerosity perception, emerging very early in the time course during perceptual processing. However, whether such a perceptual signature is retained after the initial processing remains unknown. Here, we address this question by investigating the neural dynamics of serial dependence using a recently developed technique that allowed a reactivation of hidden memory states. Participants performed a numerosity discrimination task during EEG recording, with task-relevant dot array stimuli preceded by a task-irrelevant stimulus inducing serial dependence. Importantly, the neural network storing the representation of the numerosity stimulus was perturbed (or pinged) so that the hidden states of that representation can be explicitly quantified. The results first show that a neural signature of serial dependence emerges early in the brain signals, starting soon after stimulus onset. Critical to the central question, the pings at a later latency could successfully reactivate the biased representation of the initial stimulus carrying the signature of serial dependence. These results provide one of the first pieces of empirical evidence that the biased neural representation of a stimulus initially induced by serial dependence is preserved throughout a relatively long period.

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Zhang, Xilin, Yuejin Tan, and Zhiwei Yang. "Rework Quantification and Influence of Rework on Duration and Cost of Equipment Development Task." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103590.

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Rework is a sub-task within equipment development tasks that is revised after initial completion to meet task requirements. Some sub-tasks require multiple rework iterations due to their uncertainty and complexity, or the technology and process needs of the overall task, resulting in inefficient task implementation and resource wastage. Therefore, studying the impact of rework iterations on the duration and cost of development tasks is worthwhile. This study divides rework into foreseeable and hidden types and uses several methods to express and quantify their parameters. The main influencing factors in rework iterations—the uncertainty and complexity of the development task—are quantitatively analyzed. Then, mathematical and mapping models of the dependence between sub-tasks, uncertainty, complexity, and rework parameters are established. The impacts of rework type and rework parameters on the duration and cost of equipment development tasks are analyzed via simulation based on the design structure matrix (DSM). Finally, an example is used to illustrate the influence of different rework types and rework parameters on development tasks’ duration and cost. The results show that the duration and cost of development tasks are greater, their volatility range is wider, and the distribution is more dispersed when both foreseeable and hidden rework are considered.

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Kenner, Andrew N. "Personality and Body-Focused Hand Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3 (1989): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3.907.

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The longer-term consistency with which subjects display apparently irrelevant self- or object-manipulations was examined by observing the subjects during the performance of two tasks followed by a repetition of these tasks after a 6-mo. interval. Individual subjects could not be characterized as consistently high or low producers of these movements across tasks and performances. Greater ordinal consistency among the subjects' body-focused movement frequencies was observed for the two different tasks conducted on the same day than was observed for the same task after 6 mo. Correlations between measures of anxiety and field-dependence and frequencies of body-focused movement varied significantly, not only with the task, but with repetitions of the same task after 6 mo. These results cast some doubt on explanations of individual differences in performance of body-focused hand movement through appeal to long-term individual differences in information-processing strategies.

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Lapidoth, Amos, and Christoph Pfister. "Two Measures of Dependence." Entropy 21, no. 8 (2019): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21080778.

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Two families of dependence measures between random variables are introduced. They are based on the Rényi divergence of order    α   and the relative    α   -entropy, respectively, and both dependence measures reduce to Shannon’s mutual information when their order    α   is one. The first measure shares many properties with the mutual information, including the data-processing inequality, and can be related to the optimal error exponents in composite hypothesis testing. The second measure does not satisfy the data-processing inequality, but appears naturally in the context of distributed task encoding.

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