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Journal articles on the topic 'Task expectation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Ren, Yanna, Zhihan Xu, Fengxia Wu, Yoshimichi Ejima, Jiajia Yang, Satoshi Takahashi, Qiong Wu, and Jinglong Wu. "Does Temporal Expectation Driven by Rhythmic Cues Differ From That Driven by Symbolic Cues Across the Millisecond and Second Range?" Perception 48, no. 6 (May 2, 2019): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619847579.

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Temporal expectation relies on different predictive information, such as regular rhythms and symbolic cues, to direct attention to a future moment in time to optimize behaviour. However, whether differences exist between temporal expectations driven by regular rhythms and symbolic cues has not been clearly established. In this study, 20 participants performed two temporal expectation tasks in which a rhythmic cue or a symbolic cue indicated (70% expected) that the target would appear after an interval of 500 ms (short), 1,500 ms (medium), or 2,500 ms (long). We found larger cueing effects for

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Jin, Wen, Anna C. Nobre, and Freek van Ede. "Temporal Expectations Prepare Visual Working Memory for Behavior." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 12 (December 2020): 2320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01626.

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Working memory enables us to retain past sensations in service of anticipated task demands. How we prepare for anticipated task demands during working memory retention remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of time—asking how temporal expectations help prepare for ensuing memory-guided behavior. We manipulated the expected probe time in a delayed change-detection task and report that temporal expectation can have a profound influence on memory-guided behavioral performance. EEG measurements corroborated the utilization of temporal expectations: demonstrating the involvement of

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Rimmele, Johanna, Hajnal Jolsvai, and Elyse Sussman. "Auditory Target Detection Is Affected by Implicit Temporal and Spatial Expectations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 1136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21437.

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Mechanisms of implicit spatial and temporal orienting were investigated by using a moving auditory stimulus. Expectations were set up implicitly, using the information inherent in the movement of a sound, directing attention to a specific moment in time with respect to a specific location. There were four conditions of expectation: temporal and spatial expectation; temporal expectation only; spatial expectation only; and no expectation. Event-related brain potentials were recorded while participants performed a go/no-go task, set up by anticipation of the reappearance of a target tone through

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Wagner, David G., and Joseph Berger. "Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accounts." Sociological Perspectives 40, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389491.

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In this paper we argue for the utility of status characteristics theory (Berger et al. 1977) in accounting for research concerned with gender differences in interpersonal task situations. We state and defend a basic status argument that differences in stereotypical gender task behaviors are a direct function of status differences or of attempts to cope with status differences. We show support for this argument in several areas of research: the influence, participation and performer evaluations of group members; their relative performance-reactor profiles; the relation of these behavioral profi

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Rowe, James B., Doris Eckstein, Todd Braver, and Adrian M. Owen. "How Does Reward Expectation Influence Cognition in the Human Brain?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 1980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20140.

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The prospect of reward changes how we think and behave. We investigated how this occurs in the brain using a novel continuous performance task in which fluctuating reward expectations biased cognitive processes between competing spatial and verbal tasks. Critically, effects of reward expectancy could be distinguished from induced changes in task-related networks. Behavioral data confirm specific bias toward a reward-relevant modality. Increased reward expectation improves reaction time and accuracy in the relevant dimension while reducing sensitivity to modulations of stimuli characteristics i

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Rungratsameetaweemana, Nuttida, Sirawaj Itthipuripat, and John Serences. "Task-irrelevant contextual expectation impairs orientation discrimination performance." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.1013.

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Ma, Yuliang, Yinghua Han, Jinkuan Wang, and Qiang Zhao. "A Constrained Static Scheduling Strategy in Edge Computing for Industrial Cloud Systems." International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsa.2021010103.

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With the development of industrial internet, attention has been paid for edge computing due to the low latency. However, some problems remain about the task scheduling and resource management. In this paper, an edge computing supported industrial cloud system is investigated. According to the system, a constrained static scheduling strategy is proposed to over the deficiency of dynamic scheduling. The strategy is divided into the following steps. Firstly, the queue theory is introduced to calculate the expectations of task completion time. Thereupon, the task scheduling and resource management

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Tremblay, Léon, Jeffrey R. Hollerman, and Wolfram Schultz. "Modifications of Reward Expectation-Related Neuronal Activity During Learning in Primate Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 964–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.964.

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Tremblay, Léon, Jeffrey R. Hollerman, and Wolfram Schultz. Modifications of reward expectation-related neuronal activity during learning in primate striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 964–977, 1998. This study investigated neuronal activity in the anterior striatum while monkeys repeatedly learned to associate new instruction stimuli with known behavioral reactions and reinforcers. In a delayed go-nogo task with several trial types, an initial picture instructed the animal to execute or withhold a reaching movement and to expect a liquid reward or not. During learning, new instruction pictures were

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9

Daneau, Catherine, Charles Tétreau, Thomas Deroche, Camille Mainville, Vincent Cantin, and Martin Descarreaux. "Impact of load expectations on neuromuscular and postural strategies during a freestyle lifting task in individuals with and without chronic low back pain." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): e0246791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246791.

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Objective This study aimed to investigate how load expectations modulate neuromuscular and postural strategies in the anticipation of a freestyle lifting task with varying expected loads in individuals with and without chronic low back pain (cLBP). Methods Forty-seven participants, 28 with cLBP pain and 19 without, were recruited and completed a series of freestyle lifting trials (3 sets of box lifted for a total of 36 lifts). Verbal cues were used to modulate their expectations about the boxes’ weight: no expectation, lighter or heavier load expectations. Following each set, participants rate

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10

Denessen, Eddie, Annelies Keller, Linda van den Bergh, and Paul van den Broek. "Do Teachers Treat Their Students Differently? An Observational Study on Teacher-Student Interactions as a Function of Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement." Education Research International 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2471956.

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Through classroom interactions, teachers provide their students with different opportunities to learn. Some kinds of interactions elicit more learning activities than others. With differential treatment of students, teachers may exacerbate or reduce achievement differences in their classroom. In addition, differential interactions may contribute to teacher expectation effects, with teachers treating their high-expectation students more favourably. This study investigated how differential teacher-student interactions are related to students’ mathematics achievement and teachers’ expectations. I

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Dewi, Nurul Hasanah Uswati, Putri Wulanditya, Dian Oktarina, and Herwin Ardianto. "Banking sector lack detection: Expectation gap between auditors and bankers." Accounting 7, no. 6 (2021): 1353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.002.

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This study aims to identify the determinants of the expectation gap in fraud detection between internal auditors and bankers in Indonesia. The shift in the internal audit task in the banking sector can cause the hole in audit expectations to widen. This research uses qualitative methods with an interpretive paradigm which is rarely done by previous research. The results of interviews with internal audit work units and bank managers from 4 state-owned and private banks indicate a gap in audit expectations regarding the responsibilities between internal auditors and bankers, especially in carryi

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Plessner, Henning. "Expectation Biases in Gymnastics Judging." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.2.131.

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Several studies have found that gymnasts’ placement in within-team order affects their scores (e.g., Scheer & Ansorge, 1975). This effect has been explained in terms of judges’ expectations yielding a cognitive confirmation. In the present study, the influence of expectations on gymnastics judging was conceptualized within the schema approach of social cognition research. Three factors are addressed that contribute to the understanding of the placement effect: task difficulty, social situation, and process stages. In an experiment, 48 gymnastics judges scored videotaped routines of a men’s

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Körmendi, János, Eszter Ferentzi, and Ferenc Köteles. "Expectation predicts performance in the mental heartbeat tracking task." Biological Psychology 164 (September 2021): 108170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108170.

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Bianchi, Alison J., and Robert K. Shelly. "Sentiments as Status Processes? A Theoretical Reformulation from the Expectation States Tradition." Sociological Theory 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735275120941176.

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Do the ties that bind also create social inequality? Using an expectation states theoretical framework, we elaborate status characteristics and behavior-status theories to explore how sentiments, network connections based on liking and disliking, may affect processes entailing status, the prestige based on one’s differentially valued social distinctions. Within task groups, we theorize that positive and negative sentiments may themselves be status elements capable of evoking performance expectations within dyadic configurations typically modeled by expectation states theorists. Having a reputa

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Schevernels, Hanne, Ruth M. Krebs, Patrick Santens, Marty G. Woldorff, and C. Nicolas Boehler. "Task preparation processes related to reward prediction precede those related to task-difficulty expectation." NeuroImage 84 (January 2014): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.039.

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Oswal, A., Miriam Ogden, and R. H. S. Carpenter. "The Time Course of Stimulus Expectation in a Saccadic Decision Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 4 (April 2007): 2722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01238.2006.

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Because the time to respond to a stimulus depend markedly on expectation, measurements of reaction time can, conversely, provide information about the brain's estimate of the probability of a stimulus. Previous studies have shown that the quantitative relationship between reaction time and static, long-term expectation or prior probability can be explained economically by the LATER model of decision reaction time. What is not known, however, is how the neural representation of expectation changes in the short term, as a result of immediate cues. Here, we manipulate the foreperiod—the delay bet

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Perkins, Heidi Y., Andrew J. Waters, George P. Baum, and Karen M. Basen-Engquist. "Outcome Expectations, Expectancy Accessibility, and Exercise in Endometrial Cancer Survivors." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31, no. 6 (December 2009): 776–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.6.776.

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Studies have shown that expectations about exercise outcomes are associated with exercise behavior. Outcome expectations can be assessed by self-report questionnaires, but a new method—the expectancy accessibility task—may convey unique information about outcome expectations that is less subject to respondent biases. This method involves measuring the reaction time to endorse or reject an outcome We examined the relationship of self-reported outcome expectations and expectancy accessibility tasks in a pilot study of sedentary endometrial cancer survivors (N = 20). After measuring outcome expec

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Zuanazzi, Arianna, and Uta Noppeney. "The Intricate Interplay of Spatial Attention and Expectation: a Multisensory Perspective." Multisensory Research 33, no. 4-5 (March 17, 2020): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20201482.

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Abstract Attention (i.e., task relevance) and expectation (i.e., signal probability) are two critical top-down mechanisms guiding perceptual inference. Attention prioritizes processing of information that is relevant for observers’ current goals. Prior expectations encode the statistical structure of the environment. Research to date has mostly conflated spatial attention and expectation. Most notably, the Posner cueing paradigm manipulates spatial attention using probabilistic cues that indicate where the subsequent stimulus is likely to be presented. Only recently have studies attempted to d

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Wei, Ping, Di Wang, and Liyan Ji. "Reward expectation regulates brain responses to task-relevant and task-irrelevant emotional words: ERP evidence." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (August 4, 2015): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv097.

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St. John-Saaltink, Elexa, Christian Utzerath, Peter Kok, Hakwan C. Lau, and Floris P. de Lange. "Expectation Suppression in Early Visual Cortex Depends on Task Set." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2015): e0131172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131172.

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Wei, Ping, and Guanlan Kang. "Task relevance regulates the interaction between reward expectation and emotion." Experimental Brain Research 232, no. 6 (February 20, 2014): 1783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3870-8.

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Barnes, G. R., and C. J. S. Collins. "Evidence for a Link Between the Extra-Retinal Component of Random-Onset Pursuit and the Anticipatory Pursuit of Predictable Object Motion." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (August 2008): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00060.2008.

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During pursuit of moving targets that temporarily disappear, residual smooth eye movements represent the internal (extra-retinal) component of pursuit. However, this response is dependent on expectation of target reappearance. By comparing responses with and without such expectation during early random-onset pursuit, we examined the temporal development of the extra-retinal component and compared it with anticipatory pursuit, another form of internally driven response. In an initial task (mid-ramp extinction), a moving, random-velocity target was initially visible for 100 or 150 ms but then ex

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Gheorghe, Andreea, Oana Fodor, and Anișoara Pavelea. "Ups and downs on the roller coaster of task conflict: the role of group cognitive complexity, collective emotional intelligence and team creativity." Psihologia Resurselor Umane 18, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24837/pru.v18i1.459.

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This study explores the association between task conflict and team creativity and the role of group cognitive complexity (GCC) as a potential explanatory mechanism in a sample of 159 students organized in 49 groups. Moreover, we analyzed the moderating effect of collective emotional intelligence (CEI)in the relationship between task conflict and GCC.As hypothesized, we found that task conflict has a nonlinear relationship with GCC, but contrary to our expectations, it follows a U-shaped association, not an inversed U-shape. In addition,the moderating role of CEI was significant only at low lev

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Simon, Alexander J., Jessica N. Schachtner, and Courtney L. Gallen. "Disentangling expectation from selective attention during perceptual decision making." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00639.2018.

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A large body of work has investigated the effects of attention and expectation on early sensory processing to support decision making. In a recent paper published in The Journal of Neuroscience, Rungratsameetaweemana et al. (Rungratsameetaweemana N, Itthipuripat S, Salazar A, Serences JT. J Neurosci 38: 5632–5648, 2018) found that expectations driven by implicitly learned task regularities do not modulate neural markers of early visual processing. Here, we discuss these findings and propose several lines of follow-up analyses and experiments that could expand on these findings in the broader p

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Barquero, Beatriz, Elizabeth J. Robinson, and Glyn V. Thomas. "Children’s ability to attribute different interpretations of ambiguous drawings to a naive vs. a biased observer." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 5 (September 2003): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000064.

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In two experiments we investigated 5- to 7-year-olds’ ability to attribute to a naive or a biased observer an interpretation of ambiguous drawings (restricted views of a nondescript part of a depicted object) corresponding to that observer’s mental state: ignorance for the naive observer and expectation for the biased observer. In Experiment 1, in which the expectation was only based on the observer’s prior viewing experience, children mostly failed to infer a proper interpretation for both a biased and a naive observer; instead, they ascribed to this character an interpretation corresponding

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Gallagher, Timothy J., Stanford W. Gregory, Alison J. Bianchi, Paul J. Hartung, and Sarah Harkness. "Examining Medical Interview Asymmetry Using the Expectation States Approach." Social Psychology Quarterly 68, no. 3 (September 2005): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800301.

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In this study we examine medical interview asymmetry using the expectation states approach. Physicians lead clinical interviews because of a feature inherent in those interviews, namely the status difference between doctor and patient. This power differential varies: it is greatest when the biomedical aspects of the interview are emphasized. These observations are consistent with status characteristics theory (SCT), which is based on the expectation states approach to understanding the emergence of power-prestige orders in groups facing shared tasks. From an SCT perspective, when the required

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Ferreri, Nina, and Christopher B. Mayhorn. "Examining frustration and performance when priming user expectations and providing a technology malfunction." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641444.

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As digital technology develops, users create expectations for performance that may be violated when malfunctions occur. This project examined how priming expectations of technology performance (high v. low v. no) and experiences of technology malfunction (present v. not present) can influence feelings of frustration and performance on a task. A preliminary sample of 42 undergraduate participants completed a QR code scavenger hunt using the augmented reality mobile app, ARIS. Following the task, participants reported what they found for each scavenger hunt clue, their responses to failures in d

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Nyhof, Melanie, and Justin Barrett. "Spreading Non-natural Concepts: The Role of Intuitive Conceptual Structures in Memory and Transmission of Cultural Materials." Journal of Cognition and Culture 1, no. 1 (2001): 69–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853701300063589.

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AbstractThe four experiments presented support Boyer's theory that counterintuitive concepts have transmission advantages that account for the commonness and ease of communicating many non-natural cultural concepts. In Experiment 1, 48 American college students recalled expectation-violating items from culturally unfamiliar folk stories better than more mundane items in the stories. In Experiment 2, 52 American college students in a modified serial reproduction task transmitted expectation-violating items in a written narrative more successfully than bizarre or common items. In Experiments 3 a

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Takano, Yuji, Masatoshi Ukezono, Nobuaki Takahashi, and Naoyuki Hironaka. "Hippocampal theta rhythm related reward-expectation in operant lever-press task." Neuroscience Research 71 (September 2011): e371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1630.

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Maeda, Ryo, Takeshi Fukuoka, Yasutoshi Yoshioka, and Atsushi Harada. "Expectation for Smart Inverter & DERMS for Electric Power System Task." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 138, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.138.412.

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Ikeda, Toshiki, and Yuji Takeda. "Holding soft objects increases expectation and disappointment in the Cyberball task." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): e0215772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215772.

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Wong, Chui Yin, Rahimah Ibrahim, Tengku Aizan Hamid, and Evi Indriasari Mansor. "MISMATCH BETWEEN OLDER ADULTS’ EXPECTATION AND SMARTPHONE USER INTERFACE." MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjoc.v3i2.4889.

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Smartphones have become ubiquitous communication tools for everybody, including older adults to stay connected with their family and access to information. However, mobile operators and developers mainly target the youngster cohort in mobile industry. With the rising ageing population, smartphone user interface and some mobile apps are not designed to cater the needs of older adults. This could hinder them from fully utilizing the smartphone functions and its services. A mobile-user interaction study using mixed-methods (questionnaire, interview and observation) was conducted to examine usabil

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Bubic, Andreja, D. Yves von Cramon, Thomas Jacobsen, Erich Schröger, and Ricarda I. Schubotz. "Violation of Expectation: Neural Correlates Reflect Bases of Prediction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21013.

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Setting perceptual expectations can be based on different sources of information that determine which functional networks will be involved in implementing preparatory top–down influences and dealing with situations in which expectations are violated. The goal of the present study was to investigate and directly compare brain activations triggered by violating expectations within two different task contexts. In the serial prediction task, participants monitored ordered perceptual sequences for predefined sequential deviants. In contrast, the target detection task entailed a presentation of stim

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Momen, Nausheen, and William E. Merriman. "Two-year-olds' expectation that lexical gaps will be filled." First Language 22, no. 3 (October 2002): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272370202206601.

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Children tend to select unfamiliar rather than familiar kinds as the referents of novel names. This tendency has been hypothesized by some to derive from an expectation that unfamiliar kinds will be labelled. In Study 1, two-year-olds (N = 16) showed little evidence of such an expectation when they had to decide whether a visible picture of an unfamiliar object or a depicted object concealed in a box was the referent of a novel name. They tended to check the box before making a selection. This test was preceded by two tasks, the first requiring the same type of decision about familiar names an

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Vassena, Eliana, James Deraeve, and William H. Alexander. "Predicting Motivation: Computational Models of PFC Can Explain Neural Coding of Motivation and Effort-based Decision-making in Health and Disease." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 10 (October 2017): 1633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01160.

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Human behavior is strongly driven by the pursuit of rewards. In daily life, however, benefits mostly come at a cost, often requiring that effort be exerted to obtain potential benefits. Medial PFC (MPFC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) are frequently implicated in the expectation of effortful control, showing increased activity as a function of predicted task difficulty. Such activity partially overlaps with expectation of reward and has been observed both during decision-making and during task preparation. Recently, novel computational frameworks have been developed to explain activity in these

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Kimura, Tsukasa, and Jun’ichi Katayama. "Expectation of subsequent events by task irrelevant information: The approach of visual stimuli influences expectations of somatosensory events." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): L—009—L—009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_l-009.

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Kok, Peter, Pim Mostert, and Floris P. de Lange. "Prior expectations induce prestimulus sensory templates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (September 12, 2017): 10473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705652114.

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Perception can be described as a process of inference, integrating bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down expectations. However, it is unclear how this process is neurally implemented. It has been proposed that expectations lead to prestimulus baseline increases in sensory neurons tuned to the expected stimulus, which in turn, affect the processing of subsequent stimuli. Recent fMRI studies have revealed stimulus-specific patterns of activation in sensory cortex as a result of expectation, but this method lacks the temporal resolution necessary to distinguish pre- from poststimulus processes. H

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Hung, Ming-Chien, Paul C. Talley, Kuang-Ming Kuo, and Mai-Lun Chiu. "Exploring Cloud-Based Bookstore Continuance from a Deconstructed Task–Technology Fit Perspective." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16030023.

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In an effort to help organizations understand consumers, our study deconstructs task–technology fit into two segments: ideal task–technology fit and individual use context–technology fit. Users’ continuous use of cloud-based bookstores is studied through survey methodology to collect consumer experience data related to the use of such cloud-based bookstores. In total, 185 samples were collected. Analytical results demonstrated that both ideal task–technology fit and individual use context–technology fit were significantly associated with the confirmation of users’ expectations as related to cl

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de Oliveira, Simone Cardoso, Alexander Thiele, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann. "Synchronization of Neuronal Activity during Stimulus Expectation in a Direction Discrimination Task." Journal of Neuroscience 17, no. 23 (December 1, 1997): 9248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.17-23-09248.1997.

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Croft, Jazz, Jon Heron, Christoph Teufel, Rick Adams, Anthony David, Paul Fletcher, David Linden, and Stanley Zammit. "O6.5. JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS ABOUT DECISION NOISE? A COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BELIEF UPDATING AND PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN A LARGE UK BIRTH COHORT." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.034.

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Abstract Background A number of studies show that people with psychotic disorders have abnormal belief-updating processes. In a commonly-used decision-making task, the beads task, participants infer which of two jars, each with a different ratio of coloured beads, a presented bead is drawn from, with an option to request further beads before reaching a decision. Previous studies suggest that people with psychotic symptoms request fewer beads (draws to decision; DTD) indicative of a ‘Jumping to conclusion’ (JTC) bias. In a modified version of this task, participants estimate the probability tha

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Sun, Yunfeng, Yinling Zhang, Ning He, Xufeng Liu, and Danmin Miao. "Caffeine and Placebo Expectation." Journal of Psychophysiology 21, no. 2 (January 2007): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.91.

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Abstract. Caffeine placebo expectation seems to improve vigilance and cognitive performance. This study investigated the effect of caffeine and placebo expectation on vigilance and cognitive performance during 28 h sleep deprivation. Ten healthy males volunteered to take part in the double-blind, cross-over study, which required participants to complete five treatment periods of 28 h separated by 1-week wash-out intervals. The treatments were no substance (Control); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 (C200); placebo 200 mg at 00:00 (P200); twice caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and 04:00 (C200-C200); caffeine 2

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FLETCHER, P. C. "Functional neuroimaging of psychiatric disorders: exploring hidden behaviour." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 4 (April 21, 2004): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002430.

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From the outset, people have had high expectations of functional neuroimaging. Many will have been disappointed. After roughly a decade of widespread use, even an enthusiastic advocate must be diffident about the impact of the two most frequently used techniques – positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) – upon clinical psychiatry. Perhaps this disappointment arises from an unrealistic expectation of what these techniques are able to tell us about the workings of the normal and the disordered brain. Anyone who hoped for intricate and unambiguous regio

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Weis, Tina, André Brechmann, Sebastian Puschmann, and Christiane M. Thiel. "Feedback that confirms reward expectation triggers auditory cortex activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): 1860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00128.2013.

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Associative learning studies have shown that the anticipation of reward and punishment shapes the representation of sensory stimuli, which is further modulated by dopamine. Less is known about whether and how reward delivery activates sensory cortices and the role of dopamine at that time point of learning. We used an appetitive instrumental learning task in which participants had to learn that a specific class of frequency-modulated tones predicted a monetary reward following fast and correct responses in a succeeding reaction time task. These fMRI data were previously analyzed regarding the

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Melamed, David, Will Kalkhoff, Siqi Han, and Xiangrui Li. "The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311770969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117709695.

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Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of status characteristics theory while participants were in a magnetic resonance imaging machine. This permitted the measurement of neural activity in bra

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Elijah, Ruth B., Mike E. Le Pelley, and Thomas J. Whitford. "Act Now, Play Later: Temporal Expectations Regarding the Onset of Self-initiated Sensations Can Be Modified with Behavioral Training." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 8 (August 2018): 1145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01269.

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Mechanisms of motor-sensory prediction are dependent on expectations regarding when self-generated feedback will occur. Existing behavioral and electrophysiological research suggests that we have a default expectation for immediate sensory feedback after executing an action. However, studies investigating the adaptability of this temporal expectation have been limited in their ability to differentiate modified expectations per se from effects of stimulus repetition. Here, we use a novel, within-participant procedure that allowed us to disentangle the effect of repetition from expectation and a

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Premereur, Elsie, Wim Vanduffel, and Peter Janssen. "Local Field Potential Activity Associated with Temporal Expectations in the Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 6 (June 2012): 1314–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00221.

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Oscillatory brain activity is attracting increasing interest in cognitive neuroscience. Numerous EEG (magnetoencephalography) and local field potential (LFP) measurements have related cognitive functions to different types of brain oscillations, but the functional significance of these rhythms remains poorly understood. Despite its proven value, LFP activity has not been extensively tested in the macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP), which has been implicated in a wide variety of cognitive control processes. We recorded action potentials and LFPs in area LIP during delayed eye movement tas

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Kalkhoff, Will, David Melamed, Josh Pollock, Brennan Miller, Jon Overton, and Matthew Pfeiffer. "Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519868988.

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A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, often unconscious, nature of status expectations. To solve this “black box” problem, we offer a new conceptualization and research approach that capit

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Kubota, Yasuo, Jun Liu, Dan Hu, William E. DeCoteau, Uri T. Eden, Anne C. Smith, and Ann M. Graybiel. "Stable Encoding of Task Structure Coexists With Flexible Coding of Task Events in Sensorimotor Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00522.2009.

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The sensorimotor striatum, as part of the brain's habit circuitry, has been suggested to store fixed action values as a result of stimulus-response learning and has been contrasted with a more flexible system that conditionally assigns values to behaviors. The stability of neural activity in the sensorimotor striatum is thought to underlie not only normal habits but also addiction and clinical syndromes characterized by behavioral fixity. By recording in the sensorimotor striatum of mice, we asked whether neuronal activity acquired during procedural learning would be stable even if the sensory

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Aguiar, Andréa, and Renée Baillargeon. "Perseverative responding in a violation-of-expectation task in 6.5-month-old infants." Cognition 88, no. 3 (July 2003): 277–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00044-1.

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Carri??n, Ricardo Estevan, and Benjamin Martin Bly. "Event-related potential markers of expectation violation in an artificial grammar learning task." NeuroReport 18, no. 2 (January 2007): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e328011b8ae.

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