Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tautomeric forms

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Tautomeric forms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tautomeric forms"

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Oziminski, Wojciech P., and Agata Wójtowicz. "New theoretical insights on tautomerism of hyperforin—a prenylated phloroglucinol derivative which may be responsible for St. John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) antidepressant activity." Structural Chemistry 31, no. 2 (2019): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11224-019-01434-6.

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AbstractThe thermodynamic aspects of keto-enol tautomerism of hyperforin were investigated theoretically using density functional theory methods. At the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory the enol tautomer dominates the tautomeric mixture and the second enol tautomer 1OH-HB has Gibbs free energy higher by 1.2 kcal/mol, despite possessing an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The purely keto tautomer is less stable by 3.3 kcal/mol compared with the 1OH tautomer, which means that the percentage of the keto tautomer in the tautomeric mixture is only about 0.4%. This is a different pi
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Raczyńska, Ewa Daniela, Jean-François Gal, and Pierre-Charles Maria. "Potential Push-Pull Carbon Superbases Based on Methyl Substitution of Rare Tautomers of Imines." Molecules 30, no. 3 (2025): 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030474.

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Push-pull imines with strong electron donor group(s) display exceptional basicity in the gas phase. Most of them do not exhibit prototropic tautomerism, and gas-phase acid-base equilibria have been already well described and reviewed. Some questions remain for tautomeric systems, particularly for their uncommon forms. As shown by quantum-chemical calculations, some often-neglected tautomers display higher basicity than the thermodynamically favored forms. However, their participation in tautomeric mixtures being in equilibrium is negligible, and their basicity can be impossible to measure in t
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Bihdan, O. A., and N. A. Alk Khalaf. "DFT-analysis of protolytic equivalents of 5-(aryl)-4-(methyl,amino)-1,2,4-triazole-3(2H)-thione." Current issues in pharmacy and medicine: science and practice 15, no. 2 (2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14739/2409-2932.2022.2.254474.

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The use of modern computer methods in aspects of quantum chemistry and systematic analysis of their results give an idea of the reactivity of organic compounds, as well as to understand the essence of known experimental data, correct predictions, and quantitative estimates. Undoubtedly, theoretical calculations are useful in solving such an urgent problem of modern chemistry as prototropic equilibria and properties of substances in the gas phase, solutions, and solid-state. The aim of the work – until recently assigned to a theoretical vivification in the infusion of solvents on tautomeric equ
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Raczyńska, Ewa D., Katarzyna Zientara, Tomasz M. Stępniewski та Katarzyna Kolczyńska. "Stability, polarity, intramolecular interactions and π-electron delocalization for all eighteen tautomers rotamers of uracil. DFT studies in the gas phase". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, № 1 (2009): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2008149.

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Complete tautomeric equilibria were investigated for uracil at the DFT(B3LYP)/6-311+G(d,p) level to establish the stability order of all possible 18 tautomers-rotamers in the gas phase and to characterize their internal effects, polarity and aromatic character. Although the di-NH form strongly predominates (100%) in the mixture, the NH–OH, di-OH and CH–NH forms can be also considered. The favored tautomer is moderately stabilized by intramolecular interactions (attractions of the NH and C=O groups); it is also moderately polar and moderately delocalized. Stability of the functional groups (bot
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Traven, Valery F., Vadim V. Negrebetsky, Larisa I. Vorobjeva, and Edward Andrew Carberry. "Keto–enol tautomerism, NMR spectra, and H–D exchange of 4-hydroxycoumarins." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 4 (1997): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-043.

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4-Hydroxycoumarin 1, 4,5-dihydroxycoumarin 2, and 4,7-dihydroxycoumarin 3 undergo H–D exchange at the C(3) atom of the lactone ring. Although only the 4-hydroxy-2-chromenone tautomeric forms are seen in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of compounds 1–3, the equilibrium between the 4-hydroxy-2-chromenone and 2,4-chromandione forms is suggested to be the key step in the H–D exchange reaction. 4,5-Dihydroxycoumarin shows the highest rate of the reaction, since H-bonding between 5-hydroxyl and 4-keto functional groups can provide relative stability to the 5-hydroxy-2,4-chromandione tautomeric form, a pr
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Raczyńska, Ewa Daniela, Pierre-Charles Maria, and Jean-François Gal. "Quantum Chemical Studies on the Prototropic and Acid/Base Equilibria for 2-Aminopyrrole in Vacuo—Role of CH Tautomers in the Design of Strong Brønsted Imino N-Bases." Molecules 30, no. 10 (2025): 2112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30102112.

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In the quest of the pivotal origin of the very strong gas-phase proton basicity for some iminopyrrole derivatives, proposed in the literature on the basis of quantum chemical calculations, the full tautomeric and acid/base equilibria were investigated in vacuo for 2-aminopyrrole exhibiting enamino–imino tautomerism. Thermochemistry of these processes investigated at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level indicates a lower stability for the imino than for the enamino tautomers. However, the imino N atom in the imino forms displays an exceptionally high basicity, particularly in the minor and
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Albright, Abigail L., Lucy Collins, John Li, Benjamin Harris, and Jonathan M. White. "Crystal Structures of the Amide and Iminol Tautomers O-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyloxy)benzohydroxamate. A Case of a Disappearing Solvate?" Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 10 (2016): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16369.

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The O-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) derivative of benzohydroxamic acid 1 crystallizes in its iminol tautomeric form, hydrogen bonded to a molecule of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) when crystallized from methanol in the presence of DMSO. In contrast, in the absence of DMSO, 1 crystallizes in its amide tautomeric form. Computations suggest that in the absence of DMSO, the amide tautomer of 1 is significantly more stable than the iminol form. Conversely, in the presence of DMSO, the two forms have comparable stabilities. Solution infrared spectra of 1 run in dichloromethane are consistent with the amide tauto
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Oziminski, Wojciech Piotr, and Igor Wiśniewski. "Quantum-chemical study on the relative stability of sildenafil tautomers." Structural Chemistry 32, no. 5 (2021): 1733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11224-021-01818-7.

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AbstractThe tautomeric equilibrium of sildenafil molecule was theoretically studied using B3LYP and M06-2X density functional theory (DFT) methods in connection with aug-cc-pVDZ correlation consistent basis set. Calculations were performed for gas phase and water solution conditions modelled by polarizable continuum model (PCM). Three tautomeric forms are possible. Two keto forms: A — where the tautomeric proton in more distant from carbonyl group and B — where it is closer, and one enol form denoted, C. Both DFT methods qualitatively give similar tautomer stability order: B > A > C. The
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Skotnicka, Agnieszka, Przemysław Czeleń, and Ryszard Gawinecki. "Tautomeric Equilibria in Solutions of 2-Phenacylbenzimidazoles." Heteroatom Chemistry 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4364207.

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Detailed NMR spectral analysis of DMSO-d6 solutions of the series of substituted 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (ketimine form, K) reveals two from three tautomeric forms. Integrals of the 1H NMR signals are used in establishing the molar ratio of tautomers. The experimental analyses are supported by quantum-chemical calculations, which satisfactorily reproduced the experimental trends. Although the reported semiempirical quantum-chemical calculations show that enaminone E, i.e., 2-(1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene)-1-phenylethan-1-one, was thermodynamically most stable, the results of MP2
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Sıdır, İsa, Yadigar Gülseven Sıdır, Halil Berber, Maria L. Ramos, Licínia L. G. Justino, and Rui Fausto. "Reversal in Solvatochromism, enol-imine/keto-amine Tautomerism and (E)-(Z) Photoisomerizations in a Benzylidene Aniline Schiff Base Derivative in Different Solvents." Molecules 30, no. 3 (2025): 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030745.

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A novel Schiff base, (E)-4-acetyl-N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)aniline (abbreviated as ANHMA), was synthesized and characterized using infrared and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. Optical properties in different solvents were evaluated using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The compound is shown to exhibit both positive and negative solvatochromism with reversal occurring for solvents with ET(30)~45 (e.g., DMSO). The solvatochromic behavior of the compound was found to be strongly dependent on the hydrogen bond abilities and polarizability of the solvent, the observed reversal in solvatoch
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tautomeric forms"

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Kuldova, Karia. "Photochromisme par transfert de proton : mécanismes réactionnels et stabilité des formes colorées." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10043.

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La reaction de la photocoloration du 2-dnbp (2-(2', 4'-dinitrobenzyl)pyridine) par transfert intramoleculaire de proton est etudiee en solution par spectroscopie d'absorption transitoire. Plusieurs approches pour stabiliser les tautomeres colores sont mises en uvre. La duree de vie de l'anion du 2-dnbp est augmentee en utilisant un cryptate comme accepteur de proton, alors que la forme coloree nh est stabilisee par modification du groupement accepteur de proton: addition de liaison hydrogene ou augmentation de la distance donneur-accepteur. Les formes colorees du 4-dnbp (4-(2', 4'-dinitrobenzy
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Delatour, Thierry. "Mise en évidence par spectrométries optiques de formes tautomères caractéristiques d'un pyridylazo diethylaminophénol." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10159.

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Étude des structures tautomériques du (bromo-5 pyridyl-2-azo)-2 diethylamino-5 phénol par spectrométrie ir, visible, d'émission visible et de diffusion raman de résonance. Attribution des transitions électroniques et vibrationnelles principales. Seules les structures quinoniques sont observées, la forme azo n'apparaissant pas en quantité détectable
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Book chapters on the topic "Tautomeric forms"

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G. Denis, Meakins. "Aldehydes and ketones." In Functional Groups. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198558675.003.0007.

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This chapter talks about the carbon-oxygen double bond or carbonyl group, which is the most common group in organic chemistry. It examines keto and enol forms from the carbonyl group, the oxidation and reduction of carbonyl compounds, reactions of keto and enol forms and enolate anions, and aldol and related condensations. It also describes a polarization that can be expressed in terms of electronic effects or of resonance in which the outcome is the same. The chapter refers to carbonyl compounds that exhibit tautomerism, which is a tautomeric compound that consists of an equilibrium mixture o
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Gorbachev, Mikhail Yu, Natalia Gorinchoy, Iolanta Balan, and Ion Arsene. "Quantum-chemical study of the electronic structure - antioxidant action relationship of some chemical compounds." In Redox Processes with Electron and Proton Transfer. Moldova State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/prtep2023_05.

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The relationships between the peculiarities of the electronic structure and the antioxidant activity of some chemical compounds are considered based on DFT calculations of the reactions between some natural phenolic antioxidants (gallic, caffeic, p-coumaric and other acids), as well as the stable radical ABTS+• in water and ethanol. Special attention is paid to primary proton transfer processes between neutral antioxidant molecules and solvent molecules. Important factors such as the formation of charge transfer complexes (CTS) between anionic forms of antioxidants and radicals are also consid
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Hatvate, Navnath Tulshiram, Khushbu Bagul, Nandini Anilsingh Gour, and Kalyani S. Sonawane. "Indazoles Chemistry and Biological Activities." In Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7267-8.ch006.

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In organic and medicinal chemistry research, indazole is an essential nitrogen-containing heterocyclic unit that is also a helpful precursor molecule for the synthesis of several kinds of heterocycles. The diverse tautomeric forms and unique chemical properties make it a versatile scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Indazole's relevance in the pharmaceutical industry is underscored by its presence in currently marketed drugs and investigational compounds, highlighting its therapeutic potential. In addition, the present ring structure has already been explored for diverse biological activity, incl
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Gorbachev, Mikhail, Natalia Gorinchoy, Iolanta Balan, and Ion Arsene. "Electronic Structure-Antioxidant Action Relationships for Chemical Compounds." In Fundamental and Biomedical Aspects of Redox Processes. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7198-2.ch006.

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The relationships between electronic structure particularities and antioxidant activity of some chemical compounds are considered on the basis of the density functional theory (DFT) calculations of reactions between some natural phenolic antioxidants (gallic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and other acids), as well as dihydroxyfumaric acid, and the stable radicals ABTS•+ and DPPH• in water, ethanol, and methanol. Particular attention is paid to the processes of the primary proton transfer between neutral molecules of the above antioxidants and molecules of these solvents. The important factors are also
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Ward, Robert S. "Enamines, enol ethers, and enolates." In Bifunctional Compounds. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198558088.003.0008.

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This chapter deals with enamines, enol ethers, and enolates. Enamines are nucleophilic reagents that undergo alkylation, acylation, and conjugation addition reactions. The chapter elaborates how enamines afford an indirect route for preparing substituted carbonyl compounds, noting that they are prepared from aldehydes and ketones and their salts are hydrolysed by aqueous acid to regenerate the carbonyl group. It explains that for aldehydes and ketones, the enol tautomer is less stable than the keto form and only very little enol is present. The chapter highlights that the enol tautomer predomi
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Clayden, Jonathan, Nick Greeves, and Stuart Warren. "Formation and reactions of enols and enolates." In Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199270293.003.0020.

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This chapter focuses on the formation and reactions of enols and enolates. Carbonyl compounds have two opposed sides to their characters. They can be nucleophilic as well: electrophilic attack on aldehydes, ketones, and acid derivatives is a useful reaction too. How can the same class of compound be subject to both nucleophilic and electrophilic attack? The resolution of this paradox is the subject of the chapter, showing that most carbonyl compounds exist in two forms: one electrophilic and one nucleophilic. The electrophilic form is the carbonyl compound itself and the nucleophilic form is c
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Lopes Rui Pedro, Marques M. Paula M., Valero R., Tomkinson John, and Batista de Carvalho Luís A.E. "Guanine – A combined study using vibrational spectroscopy and theoretical methods." In Advances in Biomedical Spectroscopy. IOS Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-184-7-127.

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The present work reports a conformational study of solid-state anhydrous guanine, using vibrational spectroscopy techniques – infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering – coupled to quantum mechanical methods at the DFT level, both for the isolated molecule and the condensed state. In both cases, the 7H-keto-amino tautomer was found to be the prevalent form, contrary to aqueous solutions and hydrated polycrystalline guanine, where the 9H-keto-amino tautomer is the most favoured species. This study is a significant contribution for the existing spectroscopic characteri
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Raspertova, Ilona, and Rostyslav Lampeka. "COPPER COORDINATION COMPOUNDS BASED ON PYRIDYL-1,2,4-TRIAZOLES: STRUCTURE, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS." In Theoretical and practical aspects of science development. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-355-2-13.

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The functional properties of copper complexes strongly depend on the coordination environment of the central atom. There are many works devoted to the study of the properties of N,N-donor ligands. The substituted dipyridyls and phenanthrolines have become widely used. The disadvantage of these ligand systems is the difficulty of the synthesis of functionalized derivatives. Thus, they were replaced by pyridyl-azoles. A special place among them is occupied by pyridyl-1,2,4-triazoles. They have a number of advantages, in particular, the convenience of methods for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles
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Jones, John. "Enols and enolates." In Core Carbonyl Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198559597.003.0007.

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This chapter assesses enols and enolates. An aqueous solution of a simple ketone such as acetone is a surprisingly complex system. In addition to the reversible hydration of the keto form, it is in equilibrium with an enol tautomer and an enolate ion. At equilibrium, the concentrations of enol and enolate are very small in this case. As such, the conjugate base derived from acetone can only exist at trace concentrations in aqueous or alcoholic solution. In principle, all carbonyl compounds can form enols and enolates. The chapter then looks at simple enol and enolate reactions; enols and enola
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Burrows, Andrew, John Holman, Simon Lancaster, et al. "Aldehydes and ketones." In Chemistry3. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198829980.003.0023.

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This chapter concentrates on the chemistry of aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (RCOR) and how they react in nucleophilic addition reactions. An aldehyde contains a C=O group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, whereas a ketone has a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. The chapter illustrates general mechanisms for a nucleophilic addition reaction, an α-substitution reaction, and a carbonyl–carbonyl condensation reaction and mechanisms for nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones using reagents. It discusses keto–enol tautomerism and the factors that influence the s
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Conference papers on the topic "Tautomeric forms"

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Диденко, Антон Александрович, Наталья Павловна Дюрба, Татьяна Ивановна Лаврикова, and Наталья Алексеевна Гаврилова. "SPECTRAL STUDIES OF THE TAUTOMERIC FORM OF ALKANE- AND CYCLOALKANDIAMMONIUM P-NITROSOPHENOL SALTS." In Технические и естественные науки: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Декабрь 2021). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/tns300.2021.68.97.003.

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С помощью электронной, ЯМР Н, С и ИК спектроскопии исследована нитрозофенол - хиноноксимная таутомерия алкан- и циклоалкандиаммониевых солей п -нитрозофенола. Показано, что данные соли в кристаллическом виде и в водных растворах находятся в хиноноксимной форме, в растворах ДМСО присутствуют обе формы с преобладанием хиноноксимной. The tautomerism nitrosophenol-quinoneoxime of alkane- and cycloalkanediammonium salts of p -nitrosophenol has been studied using H, C NMR, IR spectroscopy and electronic absorption spectra. It was shown that these salts in crystalline form and in aqueous solutions ar
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ARSENE, Ion, and Viorica PURCEL. "Theoretical study of proton transfer in the uracil molecule." In "Instruire prin cercetare pentru o societate prosperă", conferinţă ştiinţifico-practică internaţională. Ion Creangă Pedagogical State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46727/c.v1.16-17-05-2024.p51-56.

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In this work, the possible mechanisms of proton migration in the process of tautomerization of the nitrogenous base uracil were studied. 3 possibilities for proton transfer initiation were identified and studied, with the stabilization anergy of 5 isomers studied. Using DFT calculations it was demonstrated that it is possible to control the tautomerization energy and the reaction barrier of each individual mechanism. The activation energy for all proton transfer mechanisms varies between 42.86 and 56.48 kcal/mol. The molecular structure with greater stability is the canonical form, present in
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Albuquerque, Ana Carolina Ferreira de, José Walkimar de Mesquita Carneiro, and Fernando Martins dos Santos Junior. "Estudo do tautomerismo ceto-enólico da 7-epi-clusianona através de cálculos teóricos de deslocamentos químicos de RMN." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202063.

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The properties of natural products, including their biological and pharmacological activities, are directly correlated with their chemical structures. Thus, a correct structural characterization of these compounds is a crucial step to the understanding of their biological activities. However, despite the recent advances in spectroscopic techniques, structural studies of natural products can be challenging. This way, theoretical calculations of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) parameters (such as chemical shifts and coupling constants) have proven to be a powerful and low-cost tool for the aid
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Mazhukina, Olga A., Ekaterina M. Arzyamova, Vyacheslav S. Grinev, and Alevtina Yu Yegorova. "Spectroscopic Investigation, Component Analysis, and DFT Calculations of Tautomeric Forms of Substituted Dihydro-6H-chromeno[4,3-d]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-one." In ECSOC 2023. MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-27-16106.

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Chapman, C. F., T. J. Marrone, R. S. Moog, and M. Maroncelli. "Excited-State Proton Transfer and Hydrogen-Bonding Dynamics in 7-Azaindole: Time-Resolved Fluorescence and Computer Simulation." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1992.fc6.

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7-Azaindole (7AI) is one of a class of molecules that exhibit dual fluorescence as a result of excited-state tautomer formation. The tautomer is reached through a proton transfer from the initially excited "normal" form, the only form present in the ground electronic state. When isolated (in the gas phase or in non-hydroxylic solvents) 7AI does not tautomerize at an observable rate. However, in non-polar solvents, 7-azaindole forms dimers which enable the excited-state tautomerization to occur via a double proton transfer mechanism. Tautomerization in 7AI dimers has been studied for quite some
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Guliyeva, Lala, Muhammed Trawally, Kübra Demir-Yazıcı, Kerem Kaya, Atilla Akdemir, and Özlen Güzel-Akdemir. "Thione or Thiol: Sructural Confirmation of (E)-2-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethylidene)-N-(2-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazine-1-Carbothioamide and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Studies." In 8th International Students Science Congress. ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİ DERNEKLERİ FEDERASYONU (UDEF), 2024. https://doi.org/10.52460/issc.2024.060.

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Thiosemicarbazones are Schiff bases formed by condensing an aldehyde or ketone with thiosemicarbazide derivatives. TSCs exhibit various biological activities and act as precursors for key scaffolds, with keto-enol tautomerism commonly resulting in thione or thiol forms. This study focuses on synthesizing and confirming the structure of compound 1, (E)-2-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethylidene)-N-(2-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide, through a condensation reaction in methanol. Both theoretical and experimental IR and X-ray studies confirm the presence of the thione form and E isomerism.
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Schwartz, Benjamin J., Linda A. Peteanu, and Charles B. Harris. "Solvent Effects on the Fast Proton Transfer of 3-Hydroxyflavone." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1992.tuc5.

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One of the most widely studied systems exhibiting proton transfer (PT) has been 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF). Proton transfer in 3HF was first proposed [1] to explain the observation of two distinct fluorescence bands in the blue and green spectral regions following the absorption of a UV photon. The blue, or near UV fluorescence is thought to arise from the normal form of the molecule, whereas emission from the tautomer is the more strongly Stokes shifted green fluorescence (Fig. 1). Careful studies have shown that the blue, normal emission appears only when 3HF is in hydrogen bonding solvents or i
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Mašulović, Aleksandra, Anita Lazić, Ivana Đorđević, et al. "Assessing the pharmacological potential of synthetic colorants with pyridone core." In 37th International Congress on Process Industry. SMEITS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/ptk.024.299.

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Azo dyes are known as structurally diverse class of organic compounds bearing one or more azo groups (–N=N–) as a bridge between organic residues of which at least one is an aromatic moiety. This group of synthetic dyes is obtained easily by the reaction of diazo coupling with high yield. The importance of azo dyes is reflected in the fact that they account for 60 % of the total number of the dye structures known to be manufactured and used in the coloration of textiles, leather, plastics and cosmetics. Aside from their traditional usage, azo dyes are known for their therapeutic properties and
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