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Journal articles on the topic 'Taxa spot'
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1
Guo, Yonghong, Matthew Kramer, and Margaret Pooler. "Screening Ornamental Cherry (Prunus) Taxa for Resistance to Infection by Blumeriella jaapii." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12563-17.
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Ornamental flowering cherry trees are important landscape plants in the United States but are susceptible to several serious pests and disease problems. Cherry leaf spot, incited by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, is characterized by defoliating susceptible trees in late summer, leading to weakening or even death of the tree. To identify resistant plants for use in landscape plantings and in our breeding program, we used a detached leaf assay to screen 69 diverse ornamental flowering cherry taxa for resistance to cherry leaf spot. We found clear differences in susceptibility among the accessions, with seven accessions developing essentially no symptoms at all. A variance decomposition showed that most of the variance (59%) occurred among accessions, indicating that genotype, even more than species, determined susceptibility. The detached leaf assay used in this study is an effective method for screening large numbers of plants for relative resistance to cherry leaf spot. These methods will be particularly useful to characterize germplasm and screen hybrids in breeding and selection programs.
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Hagan, A. K., B. Hardin, C. H. Gilliam, G. J. Keever, J. D. Williams, and J. Eakes. "Susceptibility of Cultivars of Several Dogwood Taxa to Powdery Mildew and Spot Anthracnose." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.3.147.
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Abstract Incidence of powdery mildew (Microsphaera penicillata) and spot anthracnose (Elsinoe corni) was assessed on 37 selections or cultivars of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), kousa dogwood (C. kousa), hybrid dogwood (C. kousa x florida and C. nuttallii x florida) and giant dogwood (C. controversa). Across all cultivars, the flowering dogwood and C. nuttallii x florida ‘Eddie's White Wonder’ are more susceptible to powdery mildew and spot anthracnose than the kousa, C. kousa x florida hybrids and giant dogwood. Among the cultivars of flowering dogwood screened, ‘Cherokee Brave’, ‘Cherokee Chief’, ‘Welch's Bay Beauty’ and ‘Weaver's White’ were partially to highly resistant to both diseases. With few exceptions, the kousa dogwood and C. kousa x florida hybrids, and giant dogwood suffered very little powdery mildew or spot anthracnose-related damage.
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Chethana, KWT. "Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of fungal taxa associated with cherry leaf spot disease." Mycosphere 10, no. 1 (2019): 490–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/8.
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Hagan, A. K., G. J. Keever, C. H. Gilliam, J. D. Williams, and G. Creech. "Susceptibility of Crapemyrtle Cultivars to Powdery Mildew and Cercospora Leaf Spot in Alabama." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.3.143.
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Abstract Reaction of 43 cultivars in three crapemyrtle taxa (Lagerstroemia indica, L. indica x fauriei and L. fauriei) to powdery mildew (Erysiphe lagerstroemia) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora lythracearum) was evaluated for three years in a simulated landscape planting in Auburn, AL. Overall, the incidence of powdery mildew was lower on L. indica x fauriei and L. fauriei than on L. indica. In two of three years, Cercospora leaf spot severity was similar among all cultivars of L. indica and L. indica x fauriei, while the single selection of L. fauriei ‘Fantasy’ proved highly resistant to this disease. Selected cultivars in each crapemyrtle taxa were resistant to one or both diseases. Over the three-year evaluation period, hybrid cultivars ‘Tuscarora’, ‘Tuskegee’, and ‘Tonto’, as well as L. fauriei ‘Fantasy’ were largely free of powdery mildew and suffered little damage from Cercospora leaf spot. Cultivars suffering light injury to the foliage along with little noticeable defoliation from either disease were L. indica x fauriei ‘Basham's Party Pink’, ‘Apalachee’, ‘Caddo’ as well as L. indica ‘Cherokee’ and ‘Glendora White’. Lagerstroemia indica ‘Carolina Beauty’, ‘Wonderful White’, ‘Raspberry Sundae’, ‘Powhatan’, ‘Peppermint Lace’, ‘Majestic Beauty’, and ‘Orbin Adkins’ were susceptible to both powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot. The mildew-resistant cultivars ‘Acoma’, ‘Near East’, ‘Yuma’, ‘Souix’, ‘Hopi’, and ‘Comanche’ suffered extensive spotting of the leaves, which extended well into the mid-canopy, along with heavy leaf shed due to Cercospora leaf spot. Cultivars which are susceptible to one or both diseases would be poor choices in low maintenance commercial or residential landscapes.
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Hartzell, Sean. "Sexual Dichromatism of “Rusty” Spots in a Population of Faxonius rusticus (Girard)." Freshwater Crayfish 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2019): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5869/fc.2019.v24-1.39.
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Abstract Sexual dichromatism is a common phenomenon among animal taxa and consists of differing coloration between sexes in a species. Specimens of the crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard) typically have a distinct “rusty” red spot on each side of the cephalothorax. These spots can display variation in both redness and size among specimens; however, little work appears to have been done examining variation in this trait. As a means of investigating possible sexual differences in the color and relative spot size (RSS) of the “rusty” spot in F. rusticus, this work utilized digital image analysis techniques to quantify the color and size of spots in a population of this species. Analyses revealed no difference in RSS between sexes; however, spots of females were significantly redder than those of males. Sexual dichromatism in the spot color of F. rusticus in this population could be relevant to mate discrimination during mating; however, this or other possible functions of this sexual color difference will need to be examined by behavioral studies.
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Chethana, KWT. "Erratum to: Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of fungal taxa associated with cherry leaf spot disease." Mycosphere 11, no. 1 (2020): 2677. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/19.
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Saravia-Matus, Silvia, and Jimmy Saravia-Matus. "Gender Issues in Microfinance and Repayment Performance: The Case of a Nicaraguan Microfinance Institution." Encuentro, no. 91 (June 26, 2012): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/encuentro.v0i91.678.
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As a result of some spot observations conducted on Managua, capital city of Nicaragua, a preliminary list of mollusks and birds was published. The list was made up of 18 species, 12 families and three orders of mollusks as well as 41 species, 23 families and 9 orders of birds. These values are consistent with total species numbers estimated by experts on these taxa for the country. This was the first inventory from these taxa associated to the city of Managua, where previous data on trees already existed. These results are analyzed in the light of existing literature on the subject.
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Mijail Pérez, Antonio. "Notes on Urban Wildlife in the City of Managua, Nicaragua." Encuentro, no. 91 (June 26, 2012): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/encuentro.v0i91.683.
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As a result of some spot observations conducted on Managua, capital city of Nicaragua, a preliminary list of mollusks and birds was published. The list was made up of 18 species, 12 families and three orders of mollusks as well as 41 species, 23 families and 9 orders of birds. These values are consistent with total species numbers estimated by experts on these taxa for the country. This was the first inventory from these taxa associated to the city of Managua, where previous data on trees already existed. These results are analyzed in the light of existing literature on the subject.
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Alam, Afroz. "Morphotaxonomy of three rare Terricolous taxa of Jungermanniales occurring in Nilgiri hills (Western Ghats) India." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2014): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10640.
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Nilgiri hills being a part of biodiversity hot spot, is a home of colossal life forms including bryophytes. Bryophytes have a great diversity in Nilgiri hills which includes both terricolous and corticolous forms. This study deals with morphotaxonomy of three extremely infrequent terricolous taxa of order Jungermanniales, viz., Gottschelia schizopleura (Spruce) Grolle, Lethocolea javanica (Schiffn.) Grolle and Jackiella javanica var. cordifolia Schiffn, occurring in Nilgiri hills. These taxa were located to a few restricted pockets and facing high risk of habitat loss which need urgent/immediate conservation management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10640 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 263-275
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Melo, Aline, Bruno S. Amorim, Edlley Pessoa, Jefferson Rodrigues Maciel, and Marccus Alves. "Serra do Urubu, a biodiversity hot-spot for angiosperms in the northern Atlantic Forest (Pernambuco, Brazil)." Check List 12, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1842.
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A list of angiosperms from Serra do Urubu, a montane forest area in the state of Pernambuco, is here provided. Based on 14 botanical expeditions and material deposited in herbaria, 832 taxa belonging to 442 genera and 118 families have been recorded in this area, with about 90% of the taxa identified to species level. The richest families are Orchidaceae (86 spp.), Fabaceae (51 spp.) and Rubiaceae (42 spp.). Miconia and Solanum (14 spp. each), and Psychotria (13 spp.) are the richest genera. About 15% of the recorded species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, and another 10% are disjunct between this area and the Amazon Rainforest. The results indicate that the Serra do Urubu is one of the richest areas in terms of number of species of the Atlantic Forest in the Northeast, and corroborates the Pernambuco Endemism Center.
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Muthukumar, Thangavelu, Eswaranpillai Uma, and Perumalsamy Priyadharsini. "Occurrence of Foliicolous Parasitic Alga Cephaleuros Virescens on Cultivated Ornamental Plants in Southern India." Botanica Lithuanica 20, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2014-0012.
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AbstractThe algal leaf spot, caused by Cephaleuros virescens Kunze, has been reported in a wide range of plant species from the tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Investigations on the presence of algal infection mostly involved wild plants and plantation crops of economic interest. Nevertheless, limited studies have examined cultivated ornamental plants for the presence of C. virescens. During the summer and monsoon seasons of 2011 we examined ten leaves of five plants belonging to 86 ornamental plant taxa in 38 families growing in home gardens in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India for the algal presence. Nine of the 86 plant taxa were found to host the algae C. virescens. Although majority of the investigated species are considered as typical hosts of C. vi-rescens, its infection was found only in nine plant species. Although the incidence of the algal leaf spot disease was in general low, there was significant variation in the frequency of occurrence of the algal lesions and the lesion size among the investigated plant taxa and seasons. On plants of five species (Alpinia purpurata, Ficus benjamina, Ficus elastica “Variegata”, Michelia champaca, Polyalthia longifolia), C. virescens was found during both seasons, while infections on the remaining four species (Aglaonema commutatum, Dieffenbachia maculata, Eucalyptus globulus, Syngonium podophyllum) were observed only during the monsoon. The susceptibility of different plant species in a genus and varieties of a species varied suggesting the host influence on the development of infections in addition to variation attributed to the local environmental conditions.
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Nguyen, Huong Thi Thuy, Giles E. St J. Hardy, Tuat Van Le, Huy Quoc Nguyen, Duc Hoang Le, Thinh Van Nguyen, and Bernard Dell. "Mangrove Dieback and Leaf Disease in Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris in Vietnam." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091273.
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Even though survival rates for mangrove restoration in Vietnam have often been low, there is no information on fungal pathogens associated with mangrove decline in Vietnam. Therefore, this research was undertaken to assess the overall health of mangrove afforestation in Thanh Hoa Province and fungal pathogens associated with tree decline. From a survey of 4800 Sonneratia trees, the incidence of disorders was in the order of pink leaf spot > shoot dieback > black leaf spot for S. caseolaris and black leaf spot > shoot dieback > pink leaf spot for S. apetala. Approximately 12% of S. caseolaris trees had both pink leaf spot and shoot dieback, while only 2% of S. apetala trees had black leaf spot and shoot dieback. Stem and leaf samples were taken from symptomatic trees and fungi were cultured in vitro. From ITS4 and ITS5 analysis, four main fungal genera causing leaf spots and shoot dieback on the two Sonneratia species were identified. The most frequently isolated fungal taxa were Curvularia aff. tsudae (from black leaf spot),Neopestalotiopsis sp.1 (from stem dieback), Pestalotiopsis sp.1 (from pink leaf spot), and Pestalotiopsis sp.4a (from black leaf spot). The pathogenicity of the four isolates was assessed by under-bark inoculation of S. apetala and S. caseolaris seedlings in a nursery in Thai Binh Province. All isolates caused stem lesions, and Neopestalotiopsis sp.1 was the most pathogenic. Thus, investigation of fungal pathogens and their impact on mangrove health should be extended to other afforestation projects in the region, and options for disease management need to be developed for mangrove nurseries.
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ALOQUIO, SERGIO, GUSTAVO E. FLORES, and CRISTIANO LOPES-ANDRADE. "A new synonym of Neomida luteonotata (Pic, 1926) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperini)." Zootaxa 4300, no. 3 (August 3, 2017): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.3.6.
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The genus Neomida Latreille, 1829 (Tenebrionidae: Diaperini) comprises 42 species in the New World (Triplehorn, 2006). Species from America north of Colombia have been recently revised in detail by Triplehorn (2006), who additionally provided general notes on other New World representatives. One of these taxa was Neomida luteonotata (Pic, 1926). This species is easily recognized among its congeners by the unique elytral coloration, which consists of a large shield-shaped black spot in the middle and yellowish to reddish brown area around it. The area of the elytra covered by the median spot is highly variable within a single population. In some individuals it reaches the elytral sides, confining the light area to the bottom and apex of elytra.
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Spitsyn, Vitaly M., and Ivan N. Bolotov. "Theretra makhrovi sp. nov. from Flores Island, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)." Ecologica Montenegrina 31 (May 1, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.31.1.
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Here, we describe Theretra makhrovi sp. nov., a new hawk moth species from Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This species is most similar to Theretra acuta Vaglia & Liyous, 2010 and T. rhesus (Boisduval, [1875]) but can be distinguished from these taxa by the lack of several marking features such as narrow yellow stripes on the tegula, a large, triangular black spot on the underside of the forewing, and a clear zigzag curved band on the underside of the hindwing. The new species has pink shading on the underside of both wings that is absent in the two other species. It also has narrower and longer wings and specific male genitalia structure compared with the two similar taxa.
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SCHICK, SUSANNE, JOS KIELGAST, DENNIS RÖDDER, VINCENT MUCHAI, MARIUS BURGER, and STEFAN LÖTTERS. "New species of reed frog from the Congo basin with discussion of paraphyly in Cinnamon-belly reed frogs." Zootaxa 2501, no. 1 (June 10, 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2501.1.2.
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We describe a new species of Afrotropical reed frog, genus Hyperolius (Hyperoliidae), from Salonga National Park in the central Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo. Males and females have similar colour and pattern and are easily distinguished from other taxa by a relatively short and broad, bright yellow (in life), dorsolateral line ending in the sacral region and the presence of a light spot on the heel. In a 16S mitochondrial rRNA phylogeny, it clusters with samples allocable to the Cinnamon-belly reed frog, H. cinnamomeoventris. The new species, along with other morphologically well distinguished taxa, splits H. cinnamomeoventris into different non-sister clades. We discuss paraphyly of this reed frog in a taxonomic framework.
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McCoy, A. G., M. G. Roth, R. Shay, Z. A. Noel, M. A. Jayawardana, R. W. Longley, G. Bonito, and M. I. Chilvers. "Identification of Fungal Communities Within the Tar Spot Complex of Corn in Michigan via Next-Generation Sequencing." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (January 2019): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-03-19-0017-r.
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Tar spot is a fungal disease complex of corn that has been destructive and yield limiting in Central and South America for nearly 50 years. Phyllachora maydis, the causal agent of tar spot, is an emerging corn pathogen in the United States, first reported in 2015 from major corn producing regions of the country. The tar spot disease complex putatively includes Monographella maydis (syn. Microdochium maydis), which increases disease damage through the development of necrotic halos surrounding tar spot lesions. These necrotic halos, termed “fish-eye” symptoms, have been identified in the United States, though Monographella maydis has not yet been confirmed. A recent surge in disease severity and loss of yield attributed to tar spot in the United States has led to increased attention and expanded efforts to understand the disease complex and how to manage it. In this study, next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA was used to identify fungal taxa that distinguish tar spot infections with or without fish-eye symptoms. Fungal communities within tar spot only lesions were significantly different from communities having fish-eye symptoms. Two low abundance operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified as Microdochium sp., however, neither were associated with fish-eye symptom development. Interestingly, a single OTU was found to be significantly more abundant in fish-eye lesions compared with tar spot lesions and had a 91% ITS1 identity to Neottiosporina paspali. In addition, the occurrence of this OTU was positively associated with Phyllachora maydis fish-eye symptom networks, but not in tar spot symptom networks. Neottiosporina paspali has been reported to cause necrotic lesions on various monocot grasses. Whether the related fungus we detected is part of the tar-spot complex of corn and responsible for fish-eye lesions remains to be tested. Alternatively, many OTUs identified as Phyllachora maydis, suggesting that different isolate genotypes may be capable of causing both tar spot and fish-eye symptoms, independent of other fungi. We conclude that Monographella maydis is not required for fish-eye symptoms in tar spot of corn.
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Galindo, Aline Magalhães, and Marcia Eugenia Amaral Carvalho. "Comparativo de rentabilidade da produção da cana-de-açúcar em sistema de arrendamento e fornecimento em Chavantes/SP." Revista IPecege 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2016): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22167/r.ipecege.2016.3.7.
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a rentabilidade da produção de cana-de-açúcar através dos sistemas de arrendamento e fornecimento próprio, visando auxiliar na tomada de decisão do proprietário da terra quanto a alternativa mais viável diante da atual situação de mercado. O sistema de fornecimento foi divido em duas modalidades: "cana spot" e "cana esteira". Para a análise financeira, foram utilizados dados da safra de 2014/2015 de fornecedores filiados à uma associação, localizada em Chavantes, região centro-oeste de São Paulo. Em seguida foram projetados fluxos de caixa para cada sistema de produção; calculados o valor presente líquido (VPL), a taxa interna de retorno (TIR), o payback simples e realizada a análise de sensibilidade. Os cálculos indicaram a inviabilidade da produção de cana-de-açúcar em todos os casos, pois apresentaram VPL negativo e TIR inferior à taxa mínima de atratividade (TMA). No entanto, após a análise de sensibilidade com valores de remuneração mais altos ao produtor, as opções de fornecimento de "cana spot" e arrendamento exibiram resultados otimistas. Deste modo, conclui-se que a produção de cana-de-açúcar é uma atividade inviável para proprietários de terra com pequenas área em Chavantes/SP. Porém, considerando a análise de sensibilidade, a modalidade de fornecimento próprio de cana "spot" é a alternativa mais atrativa economicamente, pois o VPL e TIR apresentaram valores mais elevados do que aqueles encontrados no arrendamento. No entanto, aquela opção possui elevado risco para o produtor, que fica condicionado à demanda de mercado.
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Nascimbene, Juri, Gabriele Gheza, Josef Hafellner, Helmut Mayrhofer, Lucia Muggia, Walter Obermayer, Göran Thor, and Pier Luigi Nimis. "Refining the picture: new records to the lichen biota of Italy." MycoKeys 82 (August 11, 2021): 97–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.82.69027.
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Based on the analysis of both historical and recent collections, this paper reports an annotated list of taxa which are new to the lichen biota of Italy or of its administrative regions. Specimens were identified using a dissecting and a compound microscope; routine chemical spot tests and standardized thin-layer chromatography (TLC or HPTLC). The list includes 225 records of 153 taxa. Twenty taxa are new to Italy, the others are new to one or more administrative regions, with 15 second records and 5 third records for Italy. Some of the species belong to recently-described taxa, others are poorly known, sterile or ephemeral lichens which were largely overlooked in Italy. Several species are actually rare, either because of the rarity of their habitats (e.g. old-growth forests), or because in Italy they are at the margins of their bioclimatic distribution. The picture of the lichen biota of Italy has now new pixels, but its grain is still coarse. Further analysis of historical collections, increased efforts in the exploration of some areas, and the taxonomic revision of critical groups are still necessary to provide more complete distributional data for new biogeographic hypotheses, taxonomic and ecological research, and biodiversity conservation.
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Habib, Kamran, and Abdul Nasir Khalid. "New records of lichens from the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan corroborated by ITS sequences." Nova Hedwigia 109, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0552.
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During a survey of the lichens in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, many specimens were collected from Peer Chinasi, district Muzaffarabad and characterized using morpho-anatomical, molecular and spot test methods. This yielded two new records for Pakistan, namely Acarospora badiofusca, and Peltigera didactyla, while Punctelia ruderata is taxonomically corrected as it was previously misidentified from Pakistan as Punctelia rudecta. Brief descriptions and phylogenetic analyses of the taxa are given.
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CHEN, YA-PING, CHUN-LEI XIANG, PURAYIDATHKANDY SUNOJKUMAR, and HUA PENG. "Isodon villosus (Nepetoideae, Lamiaceae), a new species from Guangxi, China." Phytotaxa 268, no. 4 (July 27, 2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.4.5.
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Isodon villosus, a new species from Guangxi, southern China, is here described and illustrated. It is morphologically close to I. lophanthoides and I. phyllopodus, but differs from the former by its declinate corolla tube, included stamens and style, and larger mericarp, and from the latter by its base of lamina not decurrent on petiole, panicle densely septate-villose, as well as posterior lip without spot. A key to all 15 taxa of Isodon from Guangxi is also provided.
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CECCHI, LORENZO, ISABELLA BETTARINI, ILARIA COLZI, ANDREA COPPI, GUILLAUME ECHEVARRIA, LUIGIA PAZZAGLI, AIDA BANI, CRISTINA GONNELLI, and FEDERICO SELVI. "The genus Odontarrhena (Brassicaceae) in Albania: Taxonomy and Nickel accumulation in a critical group of metallophytes from a major serpentine hot-spot." Phytotaxa 351, no. 1 (May 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/hytotaxa.351.1.1.
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Metal hyperaccumulator plants represent a unique biological resource for scientific research and practical applications. Though essential, however, an adequate knowledge of the systematics of these plants is often missing. This is the case of Odontarrhena, a large but taxonomically critical group of nickel hyperaccumulators from Eurasia. We present a study on this genus in Albania, to fill a gap in our knowledge of this group from a major centre of diversity of metallicolous flora, and to contribute updated information to the Global Hyperaccumulator Database. Morphological and karyological analyses of material from field collections across all major serpentine outcrops in the country, in different years and seasons, allowed to delimit seven taxa: O. albiflora, O. chalcidica, O. moravensis, O. sibirica, O. decipiens, O. smolikana subsp. glabra and O. rigida. The three latter taxa have been long neglected and were resurrected in view of their clear distinctness, while commonly accepted taxa such as O. bertolonii subsp. scutarina and O. markgrafii were reduced to synonymy of O. chalcidica due to the lack of consistent differentiation. Polyploidy was prevalent, while diploid complements were typical of the two vicariant endemics O. rigida and O. moravensis. Types are indicated or newly designated for each entity, and nomenclatural issues are addressed based on in-depth studies of literature and herbarium material. Revised descriptions, phenology, habitat and distribution data are given for each taxon, as well as original iconographies and chromosome counts. A revised identification key is provided. Shoot nickel concentrations were determined to assess accumulation levels of taxa and populations in natural conditions and their potential for phytoextraction of this metal from the soil. With ca. 23000 and 17000 µg of Ni g-1 of shoot dry weight, respectively, the tetraploids O. chalcidica and O. decipiens were the most promising candidates, especially the latter for its robust habit.
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CECCHI, LORENZO, ISABELLA BETTARINI, ILARIA COLZI, ANDREA COPPI, GUILLAUME ECHEVARRIA, LUIGIA PAZZAGLI, AIDA BANI, CRISTINA GONNELLI, and FEDERICO SELVI. "The genus Odontarrhena (Brassicaceae) in Albania: Taxonomy and Nickel accumulation in a critical group of metallophytes from a major serpentine hot-spot." Phytotaxa 351, no. 1 (May 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.351.1.1.
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Metal hyperaccumulator plants represent a unique biological resource for scientific research and practical applications. Though essential, however, an adequate knowledge of the systematics of these plants is often missing. This is the case of Odontarrhena, a large but taxonomically critical group of nickel hyperaccumulators from Eurasia. We present a study on this genus in Albania, to fill a gap in our knowledge of this group from a major centre of diversity of metallicolous flora, and to contribute updated information to the Global Hyperaccumulator Database. Morphological and karyological analyses of material from field collections across all major serpentine outcrops in the country, in different years and seasons, allowed to delimit seven taxa: O. albiflora, O. chalcidica, O. moravensis, O. sibirica, O. decipiens, O. smolikana subsp. glabra and O. rigida. The three latter taxa have been long neglected and were resurrected in view of their clear distinctness, while commonly accepted taxa such as O. bertolonii subsp. scutarina and O. markgrafii were reduced to synonymy of O. chalcidica due to the lack of consistent differentiation. Polyploidy was prevalent, while diploid complements were typical of the two vicariant endemics O. rigida and O. moravensis. Types are indicated or newly designated for each entity, and nomenclatural issues are addressed based on in-depth studies of literature and herbarium material. Revised descriptions, phenology, habitat and distribution data are given for each taxon, as well as original iconographies and chromosome counts. A revised identification key is provided. Shoot nickel concentrations were determined to assess accumulation levels of taxa and populations in natural conditions and their potential for phytoextraction of this metal from the soil. With ca. 23000 and 17000 µg of Ni g-1 of shoot dry weight, respectively, the tetraploids O. chalcidica and O. decipiens were the most promising candidates, especially the latter for its robust habit.
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Roll, Uri, Lewi Stone, and Shai Meiri. "Hot-Spot Facts and Artifacts-Questioning Israel's Great Biodiversity." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 55, no. 3 (May 6, 2009): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.55.3.263.
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Israel's biological diversity has been praised as being particularly rich in relation to its size; however this assumption was never tested when taking into account the empirical form of the species-area relationship. Here we compared the species richness of different countries to see if the Israeli diversity is exceptionally rich when area is accurately accounted for. We compared richness of amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles, flowering plants, conifers and cycads, and ferns in all the world's countries. We further tested the effects of mean latitude, altitude span, and insularity on species richness both for all world countries and just for Mediterranean countries. For all taxa and in all tests, Israel lies within the prediction intervals of the models. Out of 42 tests, Israel's residuals lie in the upper decile of positive residuals once: for reptiles, when compared to all world countries, taking all predicting factors into account. Using only countries larger than 1000 km2, Israel was placed as top residual when compared to other Mediterranean countries for mammals and reptiles. We therefore conclude that Israel's species richness does not significantly exceed the expected values for a country its size. This is true when comparing it to either world or just Mediterranean countries. Adding more predicting factors does not change this fact.
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SHIGWAN, BHUSHAN K., ABOLI KULKARNI, SMRITHY VIJAYAN, RITESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY, and MANDAR N. DATAR. "An assessment of the local endemism of flowering plants in the northern Western Ghats and Konkan regions of India: checklist, habitat characteristics, distribution, and conservation." Phytotaxa 440, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.440.1.2.
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The Western Ghats of India support a significant amount of biodiversity despite heavy habitat loss. The northern part of this biodiversity hot-spot, along with Konkan, is considerably different from its southern and central counterparts on account of lesser precipitation and extended dry season. Though this region has been floristically surveyed well, there was a long need for a synthesis on local endemism of the flowering plants. Therefore, the present work was undertaken to produce an updated list of the local endemic plant species of the region with an analysis of habitat characteristics and their survival strategies. An extensive review of literature, herbarium records, and field studies yielded a checklist of 181 taxa including four monospecific genera which were examined for their distribution across their latitudinal spread and habitat specificity. A majority of the endemics are therophytes with their predominance, especially on rock outcrops. Northern Western Ghats seems to be the center of rapid diversification of certain herbaceous endemic genera like Ceropegia, Glyphochloa, Dipcadi, Eriocaulon and a few others. Despite being declared as a biodiversity hot-spot and having a higher concentration of endemic taxa, the region is underrepresented in global IUCN threat status assessments. The implication of effective conservation measures is necessary and the data presented in the manuscript can be used as a proxy for conservation planning.
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Zamora, Juan Carlos, Francisco De Diego Calonge, and María Paz Martín. "New sources of taxonomic information for earthstars (Geastrum, Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): phenoloxidases and rhizomorph crystals." Phytotaxa 132, no. 1 (September 18, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.132.1.1.
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The taxonomic utility of two characters not previously used for identification of Geastrum species is evaluated. First, macrochemical spot tests with chemicals detecting phenoloxidase enzymatic activity (1-naphthol, guaiac gum, and syringaldazine), are performed. In addition, the usefulness of the crystalline deposits from the rhizomorphs, formed by calcium oxalate as monohydrate or whewellite, and dihydrate or weddellite, was evaluated. These features provide valuable data to distinguish some taxa difficult to separate using traditional morphology, such as G. lageniforme, G. saccatum, and G. triplex.
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Ponel, Philippe, Morteza Djamali, Patrice Bordat, Manfred Jäch, Denis Keith, Hamid Lahijani, Philippe Magnien, et al. "On the footsteps of Théodore Monod: biogeographical and ecological implications of an insect assemblage from the hottest spot on earth (in central Lut Desert, SE Iran)." Biodiversity Journal 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.3.781.792.
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We present the entomological results of a geological and biological exploration in the Lutdesert, performed in 2014 by the Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and AtmosphericSciences (INIOAS) and the University of Tehran. Five localities were sampled, including theone considered as the the hottest spot on Earth. They yielded 15 insect taxa belonging to Blat-todea, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, suggesting that in spite of being originally de-scribed as “abiotic” or “aphytic”, the Lut desert shelters a diverse insect fauna with someremarkable elements such as the endemic desert cockroache Leiopteroblatta monodi. Compar-ison with results obtained by Franco-Iranian expeditions in the sixties and seventies revealsseveral taxa in common, but also striking differences in the composition of the insect assem-blages, suggesting that the insect fauna in the Lut desert is potentially much more diverse thanpreviously expected.
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Sciandrello, Saverio, Pietro Minissale, and Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo. "Vascular plant species diversity of Mt. Etna (Sicily): endemicity, insularity and spatial patterns along the altitudinal gradient of the highest active volcano in Europe." PeerJ 8 (November 18, 2020): e9875. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9875.
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Background Altitudinal variation in vascular plant richness and endemism is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. Territories featured by a high species richness may have a low number of endemic species, but not necessarily in a coherent pattern. The main aim of our research is to perform an in-depth survey on the distribution patterns of vascular plant species richness and endemism along the elevation gradient of Mt. Etna, the highest active volcano in Europe. Methods We used all the available data (literature, herbarium and seed collections), plus hundreds of original (G Giusso, P Minissale, S Sciandrello, pers. obs., 2010–2020) on the occurrence of the Etna plant species. Mt. Etna (highest peak at 3,328 mt a.s.l.) was divided into 33 belts 100 m wide and the species richness of each altitudinal range was calculated as the total number of species per interval. In order to identify areas with high plant conservation priority, 29 narrow endemic species (EE) were investigated through hot spot analysis using the “Optimized Hot Spot Analysis” tool available in the ESRI ArcGIS software package. Results Overall against a floristic richness of about 1,055 taxa, 92 taxa are endemic, of which 29 taxa are exclusive (EE) of Mt. Etna, 27 endemic of Sicily (ES) and 35 taxa endemic of Italy (EI). Plant species richness slowly grows up to 1,000 m, then decreases with increasing altitude, while endemic richness shows an increasing percentage incidence along the altitudinal gradient (attributed to the increased isolation of higher elevation). The highest endemic richness is recorded from 2,000 up to 2,800 m a.s.l., while the highest narrow endemic richness (EE) ranges from 2,500 up to 2,800 m a.s.l. Life-form patterns clearly change along altitudinal gradient. In regard to the life-form of the endemics, the most represented are the hemicryptophytes, annual plants (therophytes) are prevailing at lower altitudes and show a decreasing trend with increasing elevation, while chamaephytes are featured by an increasing trend up to 3,100 m of altitude. Furthermore, the results of the hotspot analysis emphasize the high plant conservation priority areas localized in oro-mediterranean (1,800–2,400 m s.l.m.) and cryo-mediterranean (2,400–2,800 m) bioclimatic belts, in correspondence of the oldest substrates of the volcano. Conclusions High plant speciation rate caused by increasing isolation with elevation is the most plausible explanation for the largest active volcano in Europe. The high degree of endemic species on Mt. Etna is linked to its geographical, geological and climatic isolation, all important drivers of speciation acting on the population gene flows. The hot spot map obtained represents a useful support for help environmental decision makers to identify priority areas for plant conservation.
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Mattalia, Giulia, Renata Sõukand, Paolo Corvo, and Andrea Pieroni. "Wild Food Thistle Gathering and Pastoralism: An Inextricable Link in the Biocultural Landscape of Barbagia, Central Sardinia (Italy)." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125105.
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In Sardinia, pastoralism has been at the heart of cultural identity for millennia. Such activity has shaped the landscape by sustainably managing its elements over the centuries. We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews regarding the uses of wild plants as well as their contribution to sheep breeding over the last few decades in two villages of Barbagia di Ollolai. We recorded the use of 73 taxa belonging to 35 families. Over one-third of the vernacular food taxa were mentioned as raw snacks. Specifically, 22% were used only as raw snacks, while another 22% were used as raw snacks in addition to other uses. Indeed, there is a subcategory of raw snacks represented by thistle plants, named cardu, referring to thorny herbaceous taxa. Cardu are often related to the pastoral realm in the Mediterranean Basin as they are gathered, often with the help of a knife, peeled with the blade, and consumed on the spot while grazing sheep, but ultimately, their crunchiness provides a pleasant chewing experience. In addition, cardu may have been used as thirst quenchers. We conclude that pastoral activity has significantly contributed to the development of a distinctive food heritage and cultural landscape.
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MEHTA, Y. R. "Molecular and pathogenic variability of Drechslera isolates from oats." Fitopatologia Brasileira 26, no. 3 (September 2001): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582001000300002.
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Severe epidemics of leaf blotch and black leaf spot of oat (Avena sativa) caused by Drechslera avenae and Drechslera sp., respectively, are frequently observed in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Although some morphological differences between the isolates causing two different symptoms were noticed, the genetic relationship between them was not clear. Twenty-four isolates of D. avenae and Drechslera sp, collected between 1996-98, were assessed for the genetic variability by molecular and pathogenic analyses. The amplification products using primer pair ITS4/ITS5 showed a fragment length of approximately 600 bp for all the isolates except for one black spot isolate, where the fragment length was approximately 550 bp. Restriction enzymes Hinf I and Taq I, that cut in the ITS region, produced similar restriction patterns for all the isolates, whereas four others produced variable restriction patterns. RAPD analysis also showed distinctive patterns for some isolates. No clear difference between the black spot and the leaf blotch isolates was observed either by the molecular or by the pathogenicity analysis. Nonetheless, the rDNA analysis suggests that Drechslera probably comprises at least three distinct taxa. The results indicate that the difference observed between the isolates originating from two types of symptoms is due to intra-specific variants of D. avenae.
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Bateman, K. S., I. Tew, C. French, R. J. Hicks, P. Martin, J. Munro, and G. D. Stentiford. "Susceptibility to infection and pathogenicity of White Spot Disease (WSD) in non-model crustacean host taxa from temperate regions." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 110, no. 3 (July 2012): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.022.
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Soiret, Serge Pacome Keagnon, Célestin Yao Kouakou, Béné Jean-Claude Koffi, Blaise Kadjo, Philippe Kouassi, Peñate José Gomez, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin, and Inza Kone. "The diversity and conservation of mammals in the Dodo Coastal Forest in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, western Africa: a preliminary study." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 6 (April 26, 2019): 13654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4641.11.6.13654-13666.
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To improve the knowledge of non-volant mammal diversity and conservation prospects in the Dodo Coastal Forest (DCF) in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, we conducted reconnaissance surveys and interviews, and deployed remote cameras. We calculated visual encounter rates (vER) and sign ER (sER) of mammalian taxa and hunting signs, mapped their locations and tested the hypothesis that sightings and signs of primates occurred closer to the river Dodo in and near the gallery forest. We sighted nine taxa, including threatened King Colobus (Endangered, EN), Olive Colobus (Vulnerable, VU), Lowe’s Monkey (VU), the Eastern Lesser Spot-nosed Monkey (VU), and White-bellied Pangolin (VU), with vER of 0.04, 0.12, 0.04, 0.12, 0.04, respectively. We confirmed 14 other taxa with signs including threatened Western Chimpanzee (CR), Pygmy Hippopotamus (Endangered, EN), Bosman’s Potto (VU), and Black-bellied Pangolin (VU), with sER of 0.51, 0.04, 0.08, 0.04, respectively. The most frequently encountered signs were of the Red River Hog at 1.73 signs/km, and the Bushbuck at 0.63 signs/km. Remote cameras captured images of these two taxa at image capture rates (ICR) of 0.044 and 0.022, respectively. Images of the African Buffalo were captured at ICR of 0.044. The 23 confirmed taxa include seven primates, four rodents, three carnivores, six even-toed ungulates, two pangolins and a Tree Hyrax. The mean distance from the river Dodo to the sightings and the signs of the primates was significantly shorter than that of other taxa. This supports our hypothesis. There was a high level of hunting signs (sER = 0.63) indicating that intensive hunting pressure is menacing the fauna. We recommend that authorities take actions against poaching, install a surveillance program, and curtail charcoal-making to ensure the conservation of the threatened mammals of the DCF.
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Vlachos, Evangelos, Evangelia Tsoukala, Evelyne Crégut-Bonnoure, Claude Guérin, and Dick Mol. "The Paradise Lost of Milia (Grevena, Greece; Late Pliocene, Early Villafranchian, MN15/MN16a): Faunal Composition and Diversity." Quaternary 1, no. 2 (August 9, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat1020013.
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(1) Background: Over the last decades, important fossil records of Late Pliocene mammals and reptiles have been unearthed in Milia, Grevena (N Greece). This assemblage shows a remarkable composition and diversity, including the partial skeletons of mastodons that reached record-breaking sizes, abundant rhinos—the first occurrence of this species in Greece—and some new species; (2) Methods: We perform a thorough quantitative analysis of the recovered assemblage, presenting the information of the various collection spots in Milia, and calculate various biodiversity indices for each spot; (3) Results: Our research has revealed the vast majority of expected taxa in the assemblage. We argue that the various sub-localities in Milia could be grouped into a larger, composite assemblage representing a short period. We analyze the diversity changes through the various localities in Milia and highlight potential barriers that could affect the distribution of taxa; (4) Conclusions: We re-affirm the Early Villafranchian affinities of the fauna. In particular, Milia should date at MN16a, with a surprising presence of some more archaic, Ruscinian taxa. The fossils of Milia depict a Late Pliocene paradise in the Southern Balkans; a paradise, unfortunately, lost with the onset of the dramatic climate changes of the Quaternary.
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Moussa, Hanaa, Mustapha Hassoun, Ghizlane Salhi, Hanaa Zbakh, and Hassane Riadi. "Checklist of seaweeds of Al-Hoceima National Park of Morocco (Mediterranean Marine Protected Area)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 43 (December 5, 2018): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v43i0.4966.
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Abstract The Mediterranean basin is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Despite this, the macroalgal diversity of the Mediterranean Sea is still not fully known, especially in the Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) including, Al-Hoceima National Park of Morocco (PNAH). This paper provides the first comprehensive checklist of the seaweeds of PNAH, based chiefly on our own original collections, and complimented by literature records. Using present-day taxonomy, the total number of taxa at both specific and infraspecific levels currently accepted is 306 taxa with 207 Rhodophyta (39 families), 51 Ochrophyta (13 families) and 48 Chlorophyta (12 families). Ninety five of these species were not found in our samples, 93 were new to the PNAH, and the taxonomic identity of 26 taxa was amended. From the totality of taxa, ten species were reported for the first time from Morocco: 9 Rhodophyta and one green alga. Furthermore, 12 others species (10 red, 1 brown and 1 green alga) are new records for the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. Besides this, confirmed records are mentioned for 20 species, whether in Africa, in Morocco or in the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. This accessible checklist to the international community could serve as an infrastructure for future algal investigations of the taxa in this Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance. Key words: Al-Hoceima National Park, Checklist, Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas, Morocco, Seaweeds. Resumen Lista de algas marinas del Parque Nacional de Alhucemas en Marruecos (Área Marina Protegida del Mediterráneo) La cuenca del Mediterráneo es un Hot Spot de biodiversidad marina. Aún así, la diversidad de macroalgas del Mediterráneo no está plenamente conocida, especialmente en las Áreas Marinas Protegidas del Mediterráneo (AMP) incluido el Parque Nacional de Alhucemas en Marruecos (PNAH). Este documento proporciona la primera lista exhaustiva de las algas marinas del PNAH. Usando la taxonomía actual, el número total de taxones a niveles específicos y infraespecíficos actualmente aceptados es de 306 taxones con 207 Rhodophyta (39 familias), 51 Ochrophyta (13 familias) y 48 Chlorophyta (12 familias). Noventa y cinco de estas especies no se encontraron en nuestras muestras, 93 eran nuevas en el PNAH y se modificó la identidad taxonómica de 26 taxones. De la totalidad de las macroalgas, 10 especies (9 Rhodophyta y 1 Ulvophyceae) fueron registradas por primera vez desde Marruecos. Además, 12 otras especies (10 Rhodophyta, 1 Phaeophyceae y 1 Ulvophyceae) son nuevos registros para la costa mediterránea de Marruecos. También, se mencionan los registros confirmados de 20 especies, ya sea en África, en Marruecos o en la costa mediterránea marroquí. Esta lista de algas accesibles a la comunidad internacional podría servir como una infraestructura para futuras investigaciones algales de los taxones en esta zona especialmente protegida de importancia para el Mediterráneo. Palabras clave: Parque Nacional de Alhucemas, Lista de algas, Áreas Marinas Protegidas del Mediterráneo, Marruecos, Algas marinas.
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Meurer, Roberto, Felipe Wolk Teixeira, and Eduardo Cardeal Tomazzia. "Efeitos das Intervenções Cambiais à vista na Taxa de Câmbio R$/US$ de 1999 a 2008: Um Estudo de Evento." Brazilian Review of Finance 8, no. 2 (July 4, 2010): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v8n2.2010.1496.
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This study analyses interventions in the Brazilian spot foreign exchange market from 1999 to 2008 and their effects on the R$/US$ exchange rate, using an event study approach. It aims to verify if the foreign exchange interventions have any significant impact on the exchange rate behavior. The period was divided according to a MS-VAR model and analyzed with different criterions. The results indicate that prolonged foreign exchange intervention have a greater effect on the exchange rate behavior, in comparison to short time intervention episodes. The results also point to the existence of quickly dissipating effects on the rate behavior. The creation of a new criterion, based on the analysis of exchange-rate acceleration, shows that the exchange rate is mainly prone to accelerate on leaning with the wind purchase intervention episodes.
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AL-JARADI, ASMA J., SAJEEWA S. N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA, and ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI. "Phaeosphaeriopsis omaniana (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales), a novel fungus from Oman." Phytotaxa 436, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.436.2.8.
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A fungus within the genus Phaeosphaeriaceae was isolated from brown leaf spot samples of Dracaena serrulata Baker (Yemen dragon tree) collected from Oman Botanic Garden, Muscat, Oman. Detailed morphological studies showed that this strain fits well within the species concept of the genus Phaeosphaeriopsis. Multilocus phylogeny based on LSU, ITS and TEF confirmed its uniqueness and supports its recognition as a new species, Phaeosphaeriopsis omaniana. Geography, pathogenic life mode and subglobose, smooth and brown conidia of the newly described species clearly differ from those of phylogenetically related species. A comprehensive description and illustrations of the new species, P. omaniana is provided and discussed with comparable taxa.
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Hinrich, J., G. v. d. Schulenburg, Gregory D. D. Hurst, Dagmar Tetzlaff, Gwendolen E. Booth, Ilia A. Zakharov, and Michael E. N. Majerus. "History of Infection With Different Male-Killing Bacteria in the Two-Spot Ladybird Beetle Adalia bipunctata Revealed Through Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis." Genetics 160, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.3.1075.
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Abstract The two-spot ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is host to four different intracellular maternally inherited bacteria that kill male hosts during embryogenesis: one each of the genus Rickettsia (α-Proteobacteria) and Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) and two distinct strains of Wolbachia (α-Proteobacteria). The history of infection with these male-killers was explored using host mitochondrial DNA, which is linked with the bacteria due to joint maternal inheritance. Two variable regions, 610 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 563 bp of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5, were isolated from 52 A. bipunctata with known infection status and different geographic origin from across Eurasia. Two outgroup taxa were also considered. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes is not associated with geography. Rather, it correlates with infection status, confirming linkage disequilibrium between mitochondria and bacteria. The data strongly suggest that the Rickettsia male-killer invaded the host earlier than the other taxa. Further, the male-killing Spiroplasma is indicated to have undergone a recent and extensive spread through host populations. In general, male-killing in A. bipunctata seems to represent a highly dynamic system, which should prove useful in future studies on the evolutionary dynamics of this peculiar type of symbiont-host association.
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Sprick, Peter, and Andreas Floren. "Diversity of Curculionoidea in Humid Rain Forest Canopies of Borneo: A Taxonomic Blank Spot." Diversity 10, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10040116.
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From 1992 to 2009, 334 trees were sampled by insecticidal knockdown on Borneo, Malaysia. Here, we describe the taxonomic composition of the 9671 specimens and 1589 species Curculionoidea collected (with additional notes on Cerambycidae). We found a largely unknown fauna with an assumed proportion of over 80% of species new to science, including all 33 Apionidae and 26 Ceutorhynchinae species. Specialists could usually identify only a few specimens leaving the remaining beetles for further investigation. The samples contain numerous genera, two tribes (Egriini, Viticiini), one subfamily (Mesoptiliinae) and one family (Belidae) new to Borneo and several genera not recorded west of the Wallace line before. These data show how little is known about canopy diversity. The lack of taxonomic knowledge implies a respective lack of autecological knowledge and is alarming. Some taxa differed conspicuously between primary and disturbed forests. In contrast to common literature, our results let us conclude that current efforts to narrow down the extent of tropical diversity and its ecological importance must consider the enormous species diversity of the canopy.
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Ariyawansa, Hiran A., Ichen Tsai, Jian-Yuan Wang, Patchareeya Withee, Medsaii Tanjira, Shiou-Ruei Lin, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Abdallah M. Elgorban, and Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon. "Molecular Phylogenetic Diversity and Biological Characterization of Diaporthe Species Associated with Leaf Spots of Camellia sinensis in Taiwan." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071434.
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Camellia sinensis is one of the major crops grown in Taiwan and has been widely cultivated around the island. Tea leaves are prone to various fungal infections, and leaf spot is considered one of the major diseases in Taiwan tea fields. As part of a survey on fungal species causing leaf spots on tea leaves in Taiwan, 19 fungal strains morphologically similar to the genus Diaporthe were collected. ITS (internal transcribed spacer), tef1-α (translation elongation factor 1-α), tub2 (beta-tubulin), and cal (calmodulin) gene regions were used to construct phylogenetic trees and determine the evolutionary relationships among the collected strains. In total, six Diaporthe species, including one new species, Diaporthe hsinchuensis, were identified as linked with leaf spot of C. sinensis in Taiwan based on both phenotypic characters and phylogeny. These species were further characterized in terms of their pathogenicity, temperature, and pH requirements under laboratory conditions. Diaporthe tulliensis, D. passiflorae, and D. perseae were isolated from C. sinensis for the first time. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests revealed that, with wound inoculation, only D. hongkongensis was pathogenic on tea leaves. This investigation delivers the first assessment of Diaporthe taxa related to leaf spots on tea in Taiwan.
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Furfaro, Giulia, Paolo Mariottini, Maria Vittoria Modica, Egidio Trainito, Mauro Doneddu, and Marco Oliverio. "Sympatric sibling species: the case of Caloria elegans and Facelina quatrefagesi (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)." Scientia Marina 80, no. 4 (November 22, 2016): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04479.09a.
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The aeolid nudibranch Caloria elegans (Facelinidae) is quite common in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean and is easily recognized by the presence of a typical black spot at the apical portion of its cerata. Facelina quatrefagesi (Facelinidae) was long considered as a synonym of C. elegans until recently, when it was re-evaluated as a valid species based mainly on rhinophore morphology. In order to definitively assess the status of these aeolid taxa, we employed an integrative taxonomy approach using the nuclear H3 and the two mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S markers. The molecular analyses clearly showed that, although morphologically closely related to C. elegans, F. quatrefagesi is a valid species.
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Silva, Roseli da, and Rodrigo Takeuchi. "Mercados futuro e à vista de açúcar: uma análise empírica de eficiência versus arbitragem." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 48, no. 2 (June 2010): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-20032010000200003.
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Este trabalho testa a hipótese de eficiência relativa dos mercados futuro e à vista (spot) de açúcar, para dois horizontes de previsão, em contraposição à hipótese de arbitragem de commodities. Utiliza-se o modelo de não-arbitragem de Brenner e Kroner (1995) e aplica-se a metodologia de testes comparativos proposta por Kellard (2002), que usa a cointegração multivariada com restrição sobre o espaço de cointegração. A base de dados é formada a partir dos futuros do contrato número 11 negociado na Nybot (New York Board of Trade), dos preços no mercado à vista coletados pelo Cepea (Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada) e da taxa de juros doméstica, todas em bases diárias (mai/97 a dez/07). A correspondência da amostra é construída de acordo com os vencimentos dos contratos, considerando-se dois períodos de previsão: 28 e 56 dias. Em linhas gerais, as evidências empíricas encontradas suportam a adequação da metodologia de cointegração para análise de eficiência relativa nos mercados de açúcar, em contraposição à hipótese de arbitragem. Além disso, geram evidências fracas de ineficiência, resultados sujeitos à hipótese de estacionariedade do custo de carregamento, exceto pelo componente taxa de juros.
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Gerardo-Lugo, Saida S., Juan M. Tovar-Pedraza, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura, Miguel A. Apodaca-Sánchez, Kamila C. Correia, Carlos P. Sauceda-Acosta, Moisés Camacho-Tapia, et al. "Characterization of Neopestalotiopsis Species Associated with Mango Grey Leaf Spot Disease in Sinaloa, Mexico." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100788.
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Mango is one of the most popular and nutritious fruits in the world and Mexico is the world’s largest exporter. There are many diseases that directly affect fruit yield and quality. During the period 2016–2017, leaves with grey leaf spots were collected from 28 commercial mango orchards distributed in two main production areas in Sinaloa State of Mexico, and 50 Neopestalotiopsis isolates were obtained. Fungal identification of 20 representative isolates was performed using morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and the β-tubulin (TUB) genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 20 isolates from this study formed four consistent groups, however, overall tree topologies do not consistently provide a stable and sufficient resolution. Therefore, even though morphological and phylogenetic separation is evident, these isolates were not assigned to any new taxa and were tentatively placed into four clades (clades A–D). Pathogenicity tests on detached mango leaves of cv. Kent showed that the 20 isolates that belong to the four Neopestalotiopsis clades from this study and induce lesions on mango leaves. This is the first report of species of Neopestalotiopsis causing mango grey leaf spot disease in Mexico.
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Galitz, Adrian, Yoichi Nakao, Peter J. Schupp, Gert Wörheide, and Dirk Erpenbeck. "A Soft Spot for Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge Secondary Metabolite Distribution." Marine Drugs 19, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19080448.
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Marine sponges are the most prolific marine sources for discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Sponge secondary metabolites are sought-after for their potential in pharmaceutical applications, and in the past, they were also used as taxonomic markers alongside the difficult and homoplasy-prone sponge morphology for species delineation (chemotaxonomy). The understanding of phylogenetic distribution and distinctiveness of metabolites to sponge lineages is pivotal to reveal pathways and evolution of compound production in sponges. This benefits the discovery rate and yield of bioprospecting for novel marine natural products by identifying lineages with high potential of being new sources of valuable sponge compounds. In this review, we summarize the current biochemical data on sponges and compare the metabolite distribution against a sponge phylogeny. We assess compound specificity to lineages, potential convergences, and suitability as diagnostic phylogenetic markers. Our study finds compound distribution corroborating current (molecular) phylogenetic hypotheses, which include yet unaccepted polyphyly of several demosponge orders and families. Likewise, several compounds and compound groups display a high degree of lineage specificity, which suggests homologous biosynthetic pathways among their taxa, which identifies yet unstudied species of this lineage as promising bioprospecting targets.
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Groben, Glen, Bruce B. Clarke, James Murphy, Paul Koch, Jo Anne Crouch, Sangkook Lee, and Ning Zhang. "Real-Time PCR Detection of Clarireedia spp., the Causal Agents of Dollar Spot in Turfgrasses." Plant Disease 104, no. 12 (December 2020): 3118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-20-0726-re.
Full textAbstract:
Dollar spot is one of the most economically important diseases of turfgrasses. Recent taxonomic revisions have placed the dollar spot fungal pathogens in the new genus Clarireedia, with five species described. The main goal of this study was to develop a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) molecular detection assay based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA genes to quantify the abundance of Clarireedia spp. from environmental (field) samples. The qPCR assay was able to detect isolates of the four tested Clarireedia spp. but did not cross react with nontarget fungi, including closely related taxa, other turfgrass pathogens, or other fungal species commonly isolated from turfgrass. The assay is capable of detecting as little as 38.0 fg (3.8 × 10−14 g) of Clarireedia genomic DNA in 3 h. The qPCR assay detected Clarireedia spp. in both symptomatic and asymptomatic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) foliar tissue. Clarireedia spp. were rarely detected in the thatch or soil, indicating that these pathogens are not widely distributed in these areas of the environment. The fact that the pathogen was detected in asymptomatic tissue suggests that creeping bentgrass may be able to tolerate a certain quantity of the pathogens in leaves before disease symptoms appear; however, further research is needed to validate this hypothesis.
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Jiang, Ning, Xinlei Fan, and Chengming Tian. "Identification and Characterization of Leaf-Inhabiting Fungi from Castanea Plantations in China." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010064.
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Two Castanea plant species, C. henryi and C. mollissima, are cultivated in China to produce chestnut crops. Leaf spot diseases commonly occur in Castanea plantations, however, little is known about the fungal species associated with chestnut leaf spots. In this study, leaf samples of C. henryi and C. mollissima were collected from Beijing, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and leaf-inhabiting fungi were identified based on morphology and phylogeny. As a result, twenty-six fungal species were confirmed, including one new family, one new genus, and five new species. The new taxa are Pyrisporaceae fam. nov., Pyrispora gen. nov., Aureobasidium castaneae sp. nov., Discosia castaneae sp. nov., Monochaetia castaneae sp. nov., Neopestalotiopsis sichuanensis sp. nov. and Pyrispora castaneae sp. nov.
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TIBPROMMA, SAOWALUCK, SAMANTHA C. KARUNARATHNA, PETER E. MORTIMER, JIANCHU XU, MINGKWAN DOILOM, and SAISAMORN LUMYONG. "Bartalinia kevinhydei (Ascomycota), a new leaf-spot causing fungus on teak (Tectona grandis) from Northern Thailand." Phytotaxa 474, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.1.3.
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This paper introduces an interesting new fungus, isolated from teak (Tectona grandis) leaf-spots, collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data together with morphological studies confirmed that the disease was caused by a Bartalinia species, distinct from described taxa. Detailed description, photomicrographs and a phylogenetic tree are provided to showcase the taxonomic placement of the new species, B. kevinhydei. Geographical distribution of Bartalinia species is also provided. This is the first report of a Bartalinia species growing on teak, and also the first report for Bartalinia in Thailand.
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Roberts, Rodney G. "Alternaria yaliinficiens sp. nov. on Ya Li Pear Fruit: From Interception to Identification." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0134.
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In 2001, numerous Ya Li pear fruit from China with a disease apparently caused by an Alternaria sp. were intercepted at U.S. ports, raising concern because the disease was unknown in the United States. To identify the etiologic agent of the disease, single-spore cultures were established from intercepted fruit and were characterized by pathogenicity to wounded fruit, morphology, and sporulation pattern on three agar media, random amplified polymorphic DNA fragment pattern analysis, and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These data indicated that the disease likely was caused by more than one species of Alternaria, and that none of the isolates from intercepted Ya Li fruit was A. alternata or A. gaisen. A species-specific PCR assay for A. gaisen demonstrated that no isolate from Ya Li was A. gaisen. A PCR assay for the AMT gene demonstrated that no isolate from Ya Li was A. ‘mali’. Because of these data and the absence of a description to accommodate at least one of the taxa involved, A. yaliinficiens R. G. Roberts sp. nov. is described, and the disease caused by this and other species of Alternaria on Ya Li pear from China is referred to as “chocolate spot of Ya Li pear” to distinguish it from black spot of Japanese pear.
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Packmor, Jana, and Kai Horst George. "Littoral Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) of Madeira and Porto Santo (Portugal)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 1 (September 9, 2016): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001168.
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The aim of the present investigation is a thorough inventory of the Harpacticoida (Copepoda) of the Portuguese islands Madeira and Porto Santo to provide a basis for comparisons of the harpacticoid faunas of successive elevations of the so called ‘Madeira Hot Spot Track’. Quantitative samples from 10 sampling locations at the coastlines of both islands were analysed (eight from Madeira and two from Porto Santo) and revealed a total of 27 families of Harpacticoida. Nine of the families were determined on species level comprising 43 species of which 31 were new to science. Comparisons of the family and species assemblages at the different Madeiran sampling locations indicate strong habitat heterogeneity as well as differences of the southern from all remaining locations. The sampling locations at the north and east coast are predominately characterized by interstitial taxa, those of the south coast by more robust burrowing or epibenthic taxa. Furthermore the two easternmost sampling locations of Madeira show clear similarity in terms of their harpacticoid assemblages with the sampling locations of Porto Santo. Eighty-eight per cent of the determined species of Porto Santo occur at the coast of Madeira as well (predominately at the easternmost sampling locations) indicating dispersal of Harpacticoida between both islands.
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Bonelli, Marco, Andrea Melotto, Alessio Minici, Elena Eustacchio, Luca Gianfranceschi, Mauro Gobbi, Morena Casartelli, and Marco Caccianiga. "Manual Sampling and Video Observations: An Integrated Approach to Studying Flower-Visiting Arthropods in High-Mountain Environments." Insects 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120881.
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Despite the rising interest in biotic interactions in mountain ecosystems, little is known about high-altitude flower-visiting arthropods. In particular, since the research in these environment can be limited or undermined by harsh conditions and logistical difficulties, it is mandatory to develop effective approaches that maximize possibilities to gather high-quality data. Here we compared two different methods, manual sampling and video observations, to investigate the interactions between the high-mountain arthropod community and flowers of Androsace brevis (Primulaceae), a vulnerable endemic alpine species with a short flowering period occurring in early season. We manually sampled flower-visiting arthropods according to the timed-observations method and recorded their activity on video. We assessed differences and effectiveness of the two approaches to estimate flower-visiting arthropod diversity and to identify potential taxa involved in A. brevis pollination. Both methods proved to be effective and comparable in describing the diversity of flower visitors at a high taxonomic level. However, with manual sampling we were able to obtain a fine taxonomic resolution for sampled arthropods and to evaluate which taxa actually carry A. brevis pollen, while video observations were less invasive and allowed us to assess arthropod behavior and to spot rare taxa. By combining the data obtained with these two approaches we could accurately identify flower-visiting arthropods, characterize their behavior, and hypothesize a role of Hymenoptera Apoidea and Diptera Brachycera in A. brevis pollination. Therefore, we propose integrating the two approaches as a powerful instrument to unravel interactions between flowering plants and associated fauna that can provide crucial information for the conservation of vulnerable environments such as high-mountain ecosystems.
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Roy, Avijit, John S. Hartung, William L. Schneider, Jonathan Shao, Guillermo Leon, Michael J. Melzer, Jennifer J. Beard, et al. "Role Bending: Complex Relationships Between Viruses, Hosts, and Vectors Related to Citrus Leprosis, an Emerging Disease." Phytopathology® 105, no. 7 (July 2015): 1013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-14-0375-fi.
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Citrus leprosis complex is an emerging disease in the Americas, associated with two unrelated taxa of viruses distributed in South, Central, and North America. The cytoplasmic viruses are Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), and Hibiscus green spot virus 2, and the nuclear viruses are Citrus leprosis virus N (CiLV-N) and Citrus necrotic spot virus. These viruses cause local lesion infections in all known hosts, with no natural systemic host identified to date. All leprosis viruses were believed to be transmitted by one species of mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis. However, mites collected from CiLV-C and CiLV-N infected citrus groves in Mexico were identified as B. yothersi and B. californicus sensu lato, respectively, and only B. yothersi was detected from CiLV-C2 and CiLV-N mixed infections in the Orinoco regions of Colombia. Phylogenetic analysis of the helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 domains and p24 gene amino acid sequences of cytoplasmic leprosis viruses showed a close relationship with recently deposited mosquito-borne negevirus sequences. Here, we present evidence that both cytoplasmic and nuclear viruses seem to replicate in viruliferous Brevipalpus species. The possible replication in the mite vector and the close relationship with mosquito borne negeviruses are consistent with the concept that members of the genus Cilevirus and Higrevirus originated in mites and citrus may play the role of mite virus vector.
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Lepoint, P., M. E. Renard, A. Legrève, E. Duveiller, and H. Maraite. "Genetic Diversity of the Mating Type and Toxin Production Genes in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis." Phytopathology® 100, no. 5 (May 2010): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-5-0474.
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Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, the causal agent of tan spot on wheat, is a homothallic loculoascomycete with a complex race structure. The objectives of this study were to confirm the homothallic nature of the pathogen, characterize mating type diversity and toxin production genes in a global collection of strains, and analyze how these traits are associated between each other and with existing races. The pseudothecia production capacity, race identification, mating type locus (MAT), internal transcribed spacer, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regions were analyzed in a selection of 88 strains originating from Europe, North and South America, North Africa, and Central and South Asia. Some (60%) strains produced pseudothecia containing ascospores, independent of their origin. Race identification obtained using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting host-selective toxin (HST) genes was consistent, overall, with the results based on the inoculation of a set of differential wheat cultivars and confirmed the predominance of race 1/2 strains (≈83%). However, discrepancies in race identification, differences from the reference tester strains, and atypical ToxA profiles suggest the presence of new races and HSTs. The MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 coding regions are consecutively arranged in a single individual, suggesting putative heterothallic origin of P. tritici-repentis. Upstream from the MAT is an open reading frame of unknown function (ORF1) containing a MAT-specific degenerate carboxy-terminus. The phylogenetic analysis of the MAT locus reveals two distinct groups, unlinked to geographical origin or ToxA profile. Group I, the best-represented group, is associated with typical tan spot lesions caused by races 1, 2, 3, and 5 on wheat. It is more homogenous than group II encompassing race 4 strains, as well as isolates associated primarily with small spot lesions on wheat leaves or other hosts. Group II could contain several distinct taxa.