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1
TISDELL, CLEM, and SERGE SVIZZERO. "GLOBALIZATION, SOCIAL WELFARE, PUBLIC POLICY AND LABOR INEQUALITIES." Singapore Economic Review 49, no. 02 (October 2004): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590804000901.
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Income inequality has increased sharply in higher income and in many lower income countries. Theories attributing this to bifurcation of labor markets in higher income countries are examined. Some theorists attribute this bifurcation primarily to technical change with influence from globalization. Others take an opposite viewpoint. A contrasting view presented here is that globalization is strongly linked with technological change. More significantly even if globalization increases economic efficiency and growth in globalizing countries, it can raise income inequality and reduce social welfare in such countries. International fiscal competitiveness may, it is argued, contribute to income inequality and make all nations worse off. Trends in public social expenditure and in taxation receipts in higher income countries, including Singapore, are examined to determine the extent of empirical support for the theory.
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WANG, ZHIKAI, and JINCHUAN SHI. "EDITORIAL NOTE." Singapore Economic Review 63, no. 04 (September 2018): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590818020034.
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In recent years, the economic slowdown growth has been continuing in China, in tandem with the difficult situations faced by the world emerging economies, it could weaken the confidence of the world economic recovery. China is now facing many structural problems and fiscal reform is one of the fundamental ways to make structural changes that may help with sustainable development. In the introductory paper, the coordinators of this Special Issue of the Singapore Economic Review contextualize the contributions that follow the broader debates on fiscal reform and sustainable development in China, particularly with the summary of reality and vision, options for improvement, international perspectives and consolidation of taxation reform and legislation, running through the collection of papers. They conclude with suggestions for policy decision as well as for further research.
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Shome, Parthasarathi. "Is the Corporate Tax Shifted? Empirical Evidence from Asean." Public Finance Quarterly 13, no. 1 (January 1985): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218501300102.
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The importance of the corporation income tax in overall tax revenue is as high in ASEAN member countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—as in selected developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. This article surveys available fiscal incidence studies for ASEAN members and, after a critical evaluation of their methodologies, employs a two-sector general equilibrium model in order to study the incidence of the corporation income tax in ASEAN. It concludes that, except in Singapore, the tax is borne entirely by the owners of capital in contrast to the usual presumption that the tax is shifted. The policy implication of capital across the economy bearing the corporate tax is that double taxation of dividends—present, at least partially, in each ASEAN member—should be curtailed if these economies are to avoid the necessarily detrimental ramifications for capital formation.
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MOTTA, GIORGIO, and RAFFAELE ROSSI. "Optimal Fiscal Policy with Consumption Taxation." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 51, no. 1 (August 3, 2018): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12544.
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Shieh, Shawn, and Roy Bahl. "Fiscal Policy in China: Taxation and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 30, no. 2 (2000): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3331090.
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Statovci, Bedri, and Gani Asllani. "Fiscal Policy of Kosovo, Taxation and Reforms." International Journal of Management Excellence 9, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v9i3.933.
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In Kosovo and in the new consolidating countries the fiscal policy plays the primary role in the functioning of the state, its institutions and economic growth in general. In the lack of monetary policy instruments, fiscal policy remains the only means available to the Kosovo Government for promoting investments in the private sector. Therefore, sound and prudent fiscal policies is key to maintaining macroeconomic stability, particularly when considering that fiscal policy is the main instrument of economic policy in Kosovo. Special emphases is given fiscal policies applied in Kosovo, its reforms, actions to be taken on the occasion of the policy-making reforms and finally are given appropriate recommendations.
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Statovci, Bedri, and Gani Asllani. "Fiscal Policy of Kosovo, Taxation and Reforms." International Journal of Management Excellence 9, no. 3 (September 17, 2017): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v9i3.363.
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Dahan, Momi, and Zvi Hercowitz. "Fiscal policy and saving under distortionary taxation." Journal of Monetary Economics 42, no. 1 (June 1998): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3932(98)00014-2.
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LUTSYK, Anatolii, and Nataliia SYNIUTKA. "TAX INSTRUMENT OF FISCAL POLICY UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION OF FISCAL SPACE." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(58) (2019): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2019.01.087.
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Introduction. Nowadays information technologies and digital assets came into our lives, generating risks and potential threats to society. A structure of rational fiscal policy in such risks and threats is a key issue for the current policy of the country. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study methodological approaches to understand the essence and nature of the taxation of individual incomes under the conditions of an innovative digital trend in society, which can be used to implement a fair fiscal policy in Ukraine. Methods. The author used scientific methods such as historical, abstraction, deduction, comparison, analysis, systematization and others. Results. It was established that digitalization processes, on the one hand, can stimulate avoidance and tax evasion, and, on the other hand, can increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy. Digital technologies weaken informational limitations in the implementation of tax control to identify the present economic results of taxpayers, and also allow to implement a complex tax system at lower costs. Conclusions. The fairness of taxation in digitalized fiscal policy and space should be based on ensuring a relatively equal environment for individuals as a result of the comprehensive taxation of various types of individual income - labor, capital and inheritance. Despite this, the use of an information resource in fiscal policy will help to achieve a balance between efficiency and fairness of taxation.
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Puzule, Anita, and Ērika Žubule. "ASSESSMENT OF TAXATION AS A FISCAL POLICY INSTRUMENT." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2017): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol4.2347.
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Taxation is one of the instruments the government can actively use to have an effect on the ongoing economic processes, directing their development into the preferred route. Economic development in the world and Europe, as well as domestic issues and the accession to the community of OECD member states have created new challenges for Latvia’s development and for improvement of the national tax policy and the tax system. Latvia’s fiscal policy is not sustainable, because every year is being adjusted, thus causing dissatisfaction of society and slowing down the country's economic development in general.
Aim of the research is to evalute theoretical aspects and practical application of possibilities to use the taxation as a fiscal policy instrument in order to stabilise Latvia’s national economy.
Based on the experience of different countries and scientific research, the theoretical findings on the application of taxes as a fiscal policy instrument were explored, and the essential measures to be implemented in order to make Latvia’s tax system more sustainable and to reduce social inequalities, as well as to advance the economic growth were identified.
The monographic method, logical constructive method, method of analysis, opinion and concept comparison method, as well as statistical data comparison were used in the research.
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Pressman, S. "Consumption, income distribution and taxation: Keynes' fiscal policy." Journal of Income Distribution 7, no. 1 (1997): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6437(97)80003-0.
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Jahan, Samsad. "Zakat versus Taxation as Islamic Fiscal Policy Tool." International Journal of Islamic Economics 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/ijie.v3i1.3129.
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Linking Islamic instrument like zakah with social responsibility and economic growth is an area which is often unspoken. As such, this research intends to find out the potential challenges zakah can face while it is used as fiscal policy tool which has link with Islamic socially responsible financing to economic growth to poverty alleviation mentioning few. Though many Muslim based countries using Tax as an alternative tool for government earning, zakah as a tool has broader spectrum from having impact on economic development to the role as an instrument for Islamic socially responsible finance. This research uses qualitative paradigm to analyze the literature. The research is based on a desk-based research. The findings of this research prove that there are challenges to establish zakah as prescribed in the revealed text which can be minimized through different actions. It is projected that properly executed plan to manage zakah could be used as an instrument of fiscal policy as well as an Islamic socially responsible financing instrument.
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Mourmouras, Alexandros, and Peter Rangazas. "FISCAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, no. 4 (September 2009): 450–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509080171.
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This paper offers possible explanations for three generally observed facts about fiscal policy and development: (F1) the relative size of government increases as an economy develops, (F2) the rise in government and taxation are associated with rising or constant economic growth rates, and (F3) today's developing countries have larger government sectors than today's developed countries had at similar stages of development. The explanations for these facts are based on the structural transformation from traditional to modern production, rising public infrastructure investment, and less democratic governments in many of today's developing economies.
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Adair, Alastair, James Berry, and Stanley Mcgreal. "Fiscal policy, taxation incentives and inner‐city housing development." Housing Studies 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039508720811.
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Raicevic, Bozidar, Brankica Gagic, and Danijel Pantic. "System and tax policy and population policy." Stanovnistvo 36, no. 1-2 (1998): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv9802081r.
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System and tax policy may be used for numerous purposes. That is, especially, the case with contemporary tax systems which are, among other features, based at the synthetic (global) taxation of the economic capacity of the natural persons. Besides the basic, fiscal, many other goals, may be reached through the taxation, including those which fall in the scope of the population policy. In this paper, modern tendencies have been analysed in achieving the goals of the population policy, which provide solutions in respect of the following tax instruments: personal income tax, corporate income tax, property tax and turnover tax. It has been emphasized that relatively numerous and differentiated possibilities exist in respect of the annual personal income tax and far less, with the other forms of taxation.
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Eskesen, Leif Lybecker. "The Role for Counter-Cyclical Fiscal Policy in Singapore." IMF Working Papers 09, no. 8 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451871555.001.
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Surjaningsih, Ndari, G. A. Diah Utari, and Budi Trisnanto. "THE IMPACT OF FISCAL POLICY ON THE OUTPUT AND INFLATION." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 14, no. 4 (June 29, 2012): 367–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v14i4.409.
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This study examines the impact of fiscal policy on output and inflation, along with a look at discretionary fiscal policy and how it impacts the volatility of output and inflation. Model Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied over quarterly data, covering the period 1990 to 2009. Empirical results showed that there is a cointegration relationship between government spending and taxes with respect to output in the long-run.Unlike government spending, in the long-term, taxation has a positive effect on economic growth. Short-term adjustment suggests that anincrease in government spending has a positive effect on output, while a tax increase has a negative effect. There is a greater influence of government spending on output in the short term compared to taxation policies. Therefore, government spending is more effective to stimulate economic growth especially in times of recession, compared to taxation policies. While the increase in government spending causes a decrease in inflation, tax increases lead to higher inflation. This study also indicates the absence of discretionary fiscal policy made by the government of Indonesia. Keywords : Inflation, output, fiscal policy, tax, discretionary, VECM.JEL Classification: E31, E62
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Murphy, Mary P. "Maximising available resources: Equality and human rights proofing Irish fiscal policy." Administration 65, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/admin-2017-0024.
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AbstractThe paper examines various rationales for applying equality and human rights proofing mechanisms to fiscal policy. The principle of using available resources to the maximum to progressively realise human rights, and not to erode the revenue capacity of developing nations to do likewise, is at the heart of emerging human rights norms. To date, Irish budgetary processes and major policy statements such as the Commission on Taxation or the draft outline National Plan on Business and Human Rights Strategy have not engaged with the principles of maximising available resources or extraterritoriality. Proofing fiscal policy is also relevant from the perspective of fiscal welfare where taxation instruments, traditionally used as a revenue-gathering mechanism, are increasingly used as distributional mechanisms to achieve policy outcomes in pensions, health, housing and employment, with important equality and distributive dimensions, particularly from gender, age and socioeconomic perspectives. A number of practical institutional mechanisms and evaluative questions can guide equality and human rights proofing of fiscal policy, but commitments to maximise resources to realise rights also need to be promoted through a public discourse which sees taxation as potential investment in society rather than a burden or cost on the economy.
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ABDUROHMAN and BUDY P. RESOSUDARMO. "THE BEHAVIOR OF FISCAL POLICY IN INDONESIA IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC CYCLES." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 02 (April 28, 2017): 377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590816500041.
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The current general wisdom regarding fiscal policy in response to fluctuations in economic cycles is to adopt countercyclical strategies: contractive during a boom to avoid overheating the economy and expansive during a recession to stimulate economic activity. This paper attempts to investigate the practical behavior of fiscal policy in Indonesia in response to economic cycles to establish whether it follows general fiscal wisdom (countercyclical) or amplifies the cycle (procyclical). An error correction model (ECM) and an alternative model to deal with the possible endogeneity problem are utilized. This paper shows that fiscal policy in Indonesia tends to be procyclical. Observations of some other ASEAN countries, namely Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, indicate that Singapore could be the only country in ASEAN that is able to implement a countercyclical fiscal policy.
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Garriga, Carlos. "Optimal Fiscal Policy in Overlapping Generations Models." Public Finance Review 47, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142117735601.
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In this article, we explore the proposition that the optimal capital income tax is zero using an overlapping generations model. We prove that for a large class of preferences, the optimal capital income tax along the transition path and in steady state is nonzero. For a version of the model calibrated to the US economy, we find that the model could justify the observed rates of capital income taxation for an empirically reasonable intertemporal utility function and a robust demographic structure.
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Birimkulova, K. D., N. M. Dooronbekova, and S. Chorobekova. "PROBLEMS OF FISCAL POLICY MANAGEMENT IN A CRISIS ECONOMY." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 4-2020 (December 23, 2020): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2020.4.627-633.
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The article examines the problems of the fiscal system associated with uneven taxation of various industries and types of enterprises, as well as the possibility of effectively promoting the reform of tax administration in a market economy.
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Linnemann, Ludger. "Distortionary Taxation, Debt, and the Transmission of Fiscal Policy Shocks." FinanzArchiv 61, no. 3 (2005): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522105774978976.
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Irianto, Edi Slamet, Haula Rosdiana, Lucas Filberto Sardjono, and Maria R. U. D. Tambunan. "Fiscal legitimacy of environmental taxation: challenges for green growth policy." E3S Web of Conferences 52 (2018): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200012.
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In Indonesia the fiscal legitimacy of environmental taxation has not received serious attention from tax experts. This is proved by the limited number of studies investigating it. There are at least three interesting perspectives. First, the Indonesian perspective as a country, this research is very necessary and the results are awaited in order to get answers to the failure of Indonesia in application of environmental taxes. Second, policy maker perspective, the result of this research is needed to build policy based on evidence and Third, scientific perspective to introduce contemporary tax paradigm that should be well understood by government and society. It is in this context that the tax essence adequately can be well known in the structure, the posture of state levies and its impact on the productivity and competitiveness of society. This research aims to explain the implications if the government implements new environmental taxes (e.g. environmental taxes) and challenges of fiscal legitimacy from environmental taxes within the framework of green growth policy. By using constructivism paradigm, this research is done through documentation and literature study, and technical data analysis in the form of meta-analysis. The research results show that there are some pseudo environmental taxes and charges applied in Indonesia. That is, if the government impose a new tax type, then the government will add compliance costs and distort entrepreneur cash flow. However, if the government can manage revenue from environmental taxes and charges through good spending quality, it will create tax justification that will rise the tax trust. Therefore, spending quality should be done transparently, accountably and consistently, to ensure that environmental taxes that do not cause high economic costs, do not reduce competitiveness, and ensure the stability of state revenues. Thus, the restructuring, convergence and harmonization of environmental taxes and charges must be conducted in order to achieve a connection between tax payments and inclusive and sustainable economic growth can be created.
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Pesuth, Tamás. "Tax policy changes after the crisis. The rise of bank taxes." Society and Economy 37, s1 (December 2015): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.10.
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Seldom does public attention follow taxation as it does now. As a result of the global economic crisis, due to the fiscal consolidations, taxation plays an increasingly important role within financial policy. The emergence and the extensive spread of taxes on the financial sector is one of the consequences of the global economic crisis. This paper deals with some theoretical connections of this change in taxation.
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Morozova, Elena N. "Fiscal Policy of the Saratov Zemstvo (1864–1914)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-4-542-547.
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The article presents a characteristic of the most important sphere in financial activity of the Saratov Zemstvo – fiscal policy. In particular, it analyses the tax system of zemstvo self-government bodies in the Saratov province, the forms of zemstvo dues, and objects of taxation. Special emphasis is laid on a study of growth trends in the budget revenue, and a simultaneous increase in tax arrears, which significantly reduced the efficiency of the zemstvo work.
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Vranceanu, R. P., and D. Daianu. "PITFALLS OF TAXATION POLICY IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.1.
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This paper develops two stylised models of the transition economy that challenge, to some extent, the conventional approach to policy reforms. In the first model, the absence of market-oriented institutions is responsible for the occurrence of a non-cooperative equilibrium, where the amount of public services provided by the state is too low, which, in turn, adversely affects the global performance of the economy. In the second model, a benevolent government will choose a taxation level that pushes too many firms out of the market; hence global supply falls below its optimal level. In both models, disruptions specific to transitional systems lead to abnormal responses to standard fiscal policy.
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Clemens, Jeffrey, and Stephen Miran. "Fiscal Policy Multipliers on Subnational Government Spending." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.2.46.
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Balanced budget requirements lead to substantial pro-cyclicality in state government spending, with the stringency of a state's rules driving the pace at which it must adjust to shocks. We show that fiscal institutions can generate natural experiments in deficit-financed spending that are informative regarding fiscal stabilization policy. Alternative sources of variation in subnational fiscal policy often implicitly involve “windfall” financing, which precludes any effect of future debt or taxation on current consumption and investment. Consistent with a role for these “Ricardian” effects, our estimates are smaller than those in related studies, implying an on-impact multiplier below 1. (JEL C51, E32, E62, H72)
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BÉLAND, DANIEL, and MICHAL KOREH. "Social Insurance as Fiscal Policy and State-Building Tool: The Development and Politics of Payroll Contributions in Israel and Canada." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000235.
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AbstractThe scholarship on state-building has devoted a significant amount of attention to the role of taxation in building state institutions and capacities. It has also emphasised the crucial role of taxation in driving state-society relations. Scholars have argued that the linkage between taxation and state building also applies to the area of social policy. In this paper, we draw on a fiscal-centred perspective on welfare state development that highlights the fiscal policy role of social insurance as a revenue raising institution to study the fiscal relationship between social insurance and state-building in Israel and Canada – two ‘most dissimilar cases’ that nonetheless feature strikingly similar patterns with regard to this relationship. As our findings show, in both cases, social insurance programmes were introduced, designed, and utilized to advance fiscal and economic policy capacity and thereby promote state building. Using these programmes and the commitments they created, political actors could legitimize the generation of revenues, build institutional infrastructure for tax collection, and create capital reserves for investing in the economy.
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Zharikov, М. V. "Consensual Budgetary and Fiscal Policy of BRICS." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 5, no. 6 (December 29, 2018): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2018-5-6-28-36.
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The research is relevant as it defnes the optimal level of taxation for the BRCS members in the frames of consensual tax, budgetary and fscal policy in order to achieve the sustainable rate of economic growth, balanced development, moderate rates of inflation, high volume of production, balance of current account and low unemployment. The development of the BRICS countries as a new model of integration and inclusive development in the globalizing economy requires consensual macroeconomic policy. The author hypothesizes that consensual macroeconomic (tax and budgetary policy) may contribute to the harmonization of national economies of the BRICS members by parameters of an integration model proposed in the article. As a result of economic and mathematical modeling there were drafted the curves of the BRICS members’ budget revenue and expenditure. The author identifes the optimal weighted average tax rates to establish the balance. The graphic method is used to demonstrate the influence of tax, budgetary and fscal policy of the BRICS members on national economies and combined effect of its implementation. The practical importance of the research lies in identifying the optimal level of taxation which makes it possible to balance the BRICS members’ budgets. The calculation of the effectiveness of consensual tax, budgetary and fscal policy of the BRICS members is made on the basis of comparative analysis of the variants of fnancing the budget defcit by own means and the sources of hypothetical common debt market. The article proves that functioning of common market of debt fnance is optimal for the BRICS members on condition of using comparative advantage of China in providing credit resources to the members of the group. The theoretical signifcance of the results is the development of the methodology of harmonization of tax, budgetary and fscal policy of the BRICS members using gradual approach as opposite to“shock therapy” scenario.
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Gehrke, Britta. "FISCAL RULES AND UNEMPLOYMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 8 (June 7, 2018): 3293–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100518000044.
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This paper shows how fiscal policy affects unemployment in a New Keynesian model with search and matching frictions and distortionary taxation. The model is estimated using US data that includes labor market flows and distinct fiscal instruments. Several findings stand out. First, unemployment multipliers for spending and consumption tax cuts are substantial, even though output multipliers turn out to be less than one. Second, multipliers for labor tax cuts are small. Third, fiscal rules enhance the positive effects of discretionary fiscal policy. However, these expansionary effects on the multipliers are modest compared to earlier studies.
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Akhmadeev, R. G. "IMPACT OF FISCAL POLICY ON THE ACTIVITIES OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (October 26, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-9-106-111.
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Statistics on the amount of individual entrepreneur (registered and stopping one’s financial-economic activity) have been investigated. Systematization of scientific – practical methods for formation of the concept “optimum taxing load” has been carried out. In order to equalize the tax burden for individual entrepreneurs, applying both the general tax regime and a special one in the form of a simplified tax system, it has been offered to harmonize the definition of the object of the insurance premiums taxation with the current single tax when choosing the object of taxation “income, after deduction of expenses incurred”. Since the fixed payment in terms of payment of insurance premiums is payable regardless of the actual conduct of its own business for the calendar year, this proposal will allow us proportionately fulfill tax obligations to the budget.
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Stratilatova, A., R. Ahmadeev, E. Golubcova, and A. Agapova. "Double Tax Treaties: Fiscal Security of the State." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 9, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2021-9-2-65-70.
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In today's economy, the basis for optimal tax policy is a holistic approach in the application of international agreements to avoid double taxation. Contracts applicable between jurisdictions are the main instruments for resolving tax disputes and conflicts by taxpayers. The validated double taxation process in each country depends to a large extent on the structure of the tax base, the status of the taxpayer and the established rules for determining taxable income. The object of the study is social relations arising in the field of legal regulation of double taxation. In turn, the subject of study is legal norms, international treaties and agreements regulating social relations arising in the sphere of legal regulation of double taxation. In the practice of international taxation, more than 3000 bilateral international treaties on avoidance of double taxation of personal income and prevention of tax evasion are applied, whereas in Russia, this figure exceeds 80 existing agreements. Under the current legal system, the provisions of double taxation agreements have priority over the provisions of the domestic tax legislation. The analysis of changes in bilateral international double taxation treaties between Russia and Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta in 2020 allowed identifying important aspects of their legal application and formulating the main tasks necessary for the development of tax potential and successful cooperation in the field of regulation of trade and economic relations.
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Kurylo, Volodymyr, Yevheniia Duliba, Inna Kurylo, and Viktor Mushenok. "Fiscal Policy Measures of Air Protection: Ukrainian Realities and the EU Experience." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n2p315.
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Nowadays environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources have become priorities of the state-building strategy in almost all developed countries of the world. Effective financing of these activities is required for the development and adoption of national targeted, local programs for environmental protection, for the sustainable development of society, for the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. The article is devoted to the research of the current tendencies of the use of fiscal policy measures in the implementation of the national environmental policy in the sphere of atmospheric air protection in Ukraine. The ways of improvement of environmental taxation and development of the main ways of development and expansion of the system of ecological taxation and ecological governance in Ukraine were discovered. Keywords: atmospheric air, environmental air safety, fiscal policy, environmental taxation, implementation of the national environmental policy,
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De Wet, AH, NJ Schoeman, and SF Koch. "The South African tax mix and economic growth." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 2 (October 20, 2014): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i2.1228.
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The research reported in this paper suggests that government fiscal policy can influence economic growth through alterations in the tax mix and the overall size of government spending. The authors estimate the impact on economic growth of changes in fiscal policy via government expenditure, direct taxation and indirect taxation. The results show that economic growth is negatively affected by increases in the size of government, as reflected in its expenditures and direct tax revenues, although significant indirect tax effects are not found.
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Stoilova, Desislava, and Nikolay Patonov. "Fiscal policy and growth in a small emerging economy: The case of Bulgaria." Society and Economy 42, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 386–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00015.
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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to study the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth in Bulgaria for the period 1995–2018. The descriptive analysis is focused on the general trends in fiscal policy and tax structure. The influence of government spending and taxation on economic growth is studied through regressions on time-series data. The empirical estimates prove that taxation is a more reliable instrument of fiscal policy than government spending in terms of a small open emerging-market economy. The dilution of the effect of public spending is probably caused by the high negative values of the current account balance that have been maintained for long periods. Thus, when domestic supply is weak, government expenditure cannot stimulate domestic production, as supply is dominated by import goods. Public investments demonstrate a negative effect on economic growth, which suggests a low productivity of investment spending. A factor of great importance is the level of corruption, which is strongly correlated with government investments, but is harmful to their efficiency. The Bulgarian tax system demonstrates consistency with economic growth. The receipts from value-added tax seems growth-conductive. The decrease of the corporate income tax rate exerts a positive impact on economc performance during the analyzed period, while personal income taxation demonstrates a negative effect. Property taxation has no significant relation with the growth of the Bulgarian economy.
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UHRYN, Volodymyr. "FISCAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(66) (2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2021.01.163.
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Introduction. Direct taxes are an important financial regulator of socio-economic processes, they are one of the most important sources of budgeting and an essential tool of state regulation. The personal income tax is the main tax through which social policy is implemented in the developed countries of the world. The advantages of this tax include its social justice and fiscal efficiency, as it is able to make the level of taxation directly dependent on the amount of income of taxpayers. In addition, progressive tax rates and benefits can reduce the tax burden on the poor and increase it on high-income earners. The purpose of the article is to considerate the theoretical and practical aspects of administration of the personal income tax in the conditions of reforming of fiscal policy of Ukraine, systematization of directions of improvement of collecting of the personal income tax to local and state budgets. Methods. Methods of dialectical analysis and synthesis, deduction, induction logical generalization, comparison and formalization are used in the article. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the essence and role of personal income tax administration. Peculiarities of citizens’ income formation as an object of taxation are considered. Monitoring and analysis of indicators of personal income tax to local and state budgets was carried out. The growth rates of nominal revenues of personal income tax and military duty, real and nominal wages are studied. It was found that the main factors reducing the level of fiscal efficiency of personal income tax in Ukraine are the shadowing of incomes and the outflow of labor, including skilled personnel. Ukraine’s tax policy for the last five years is fiscally oriented and does not take into account the social aspect of personal income taxation. As a result of the research, the directions of increasing the efficiency of personal income taxation in Ukraine based on foreign experience are systematized. Prospects. The current model of personal income tax does not sufficiently perform a socioeconomic function, does not provide a socially equitable distribution of income between different segments of the population. In recent years, the fiscal significance of the personal income tax has remained, but the system of personal income taxation requires the application of progressive rates. Therefore, promising areas of future research should be the development and improvement of the mechanism of personal income taxation in the context of ensuring their socio-economic interests.
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Salami, Adeleke. "Taxation, revenue allocation and fiscal federalism in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and policy options." Ekonomski anali 56, no. 189 (2011): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1189027s.
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Taxation is one of the most important and easy sources of revenue to any government, as the government possesses inherent power to impose taxes and levies. Nigeria tax system has been weak due largely to inadequate data of the tax base and heavy reliance on oil revenue. With the volatility in oil prices and excruciating impacts of the recent global financial crisis, taxation deserves more attention now than ever before in Nigeria. One issue that is critical to domestic resource mobilization and utilization is the issue of fiscal federalism. Nigeria operates three tiers of government; Federal, State and Local Governments with separate revenue, expenditure, and assigned responsibilities each. However, all decisions including resources are controlled from the centre and the vertical revenue allocations tilt more towards the direction of federal government, contrary to the tenets of federalism the country is practicing. Both vertical and horizontal revenue in Nigeria is engulfed in controversy. The paper presents key issues, trend and challenges of taxation and fiscal federalism in Nigeria. In addition, the paper highlights a number of suggestions that would stimulate increase in tax revenue and guarantee fiscal assignment acceptable to the federal and sub-national government.
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Diaconasu, Delia Elena, Ion Pohoata, and Oana Ramona Socoliuc. "Demand – Supply – Taxation in Times of Crisis." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjeb-2017-0006.
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Abstract The confrontation of the two doctrines, the Keynesianism and the Supply-side economics highlight that the Laffer perspective is the way to achieve solid economic growth on the long way and aims the core of an “exit from crisis” policy. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the hypothesis that a high level of taxation and public spending deters productive behavior and reduces economic growth during recessions. In other words, an easy taxation and low unproductive public spending are desirable for both, the enterprising investor and the consumer. Using the example of Romanian fiscal policy, on one side, we validated within a Vector Error Correction framework that an increase in government revenues harms consumption, investment and the level of employment, in conjunction with a procyclical behavior of fiscal authorities. On the other side, our results showed some positive effects of an increased government expenditures on consumption and employment, which can be explained by the accelerate deterioration of primary balance deficit and the Central Bank’s low interest rate. Moreover, even though the initial positive response of investment to a government spending shock is positive, this is ephemeral and nonsignificant. Our findings highlight that, in order to reach growth on the long-run in times of crisis, the Romanian economy should adopt the fiscal policy and measures suggested by the Supply-side Economics.
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Dioikitopoulos, Evangelos V., and Sarantis Kalyvitis. "ENDOGENOUS TIME PREFERENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY: GROWTH AND FISCAL IMPLICATIONS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, S2 (October 22, 2010): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000416.
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This paper studies the growth and fiscal policy implications of the assumption that public policy generates an externality in the individual rate of time preference through the aggregate public capital stock. We examine the competitive equilibrium properties and we solve for endogenous growth–maximizing fiscal policy. We investigate the behavior of the government size and the growth rate to the sensitivity of time preference to public capital and the magnitude of public capital externality on production. We find that the Barro taxation rule [Barro, Robert J., Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990), 103–125], which states that the elasticity of public capital in the production function should equal the government size, is suboptimal. We show that the government does not necessarily have to increase income taxation following a rise in public capital intensity because of the externality of public capital on time preference and, in turn, on growth and the tax base of the economy.
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Gbato, André. "Impact of Taxation on Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Evidence Based on a New Data Set." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n11p173.
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In this study, we empirically test impact of taxation on long-run growth of a sample of 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The results indicate a zero effect of taxation on long-run growth. Moreover, the results suggest a significant negative effect of indirect taxes and taxes on individuals in short term. Consequently, the use of taxation as an instrument of intervention is not appropriate in the region. The countries of the region could therefore increase their growth, if the design of fiscal policy rests solely on logic of fiscal neutrality.
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Setiawan, Sigit. "E-commerce Taxation and Fiscal Policy Perspective: The Case of Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 7, no. 3 (November 20, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v7i3.900.
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The Indonesian government is now seriously exploring in depth the proposed tax imposition for e-commerce. In this context, this paper will discuss the following issues: the first, if Indonesian government should impose the tax on e-commerce; the second, how much the potential tax revenue from e-commerce is; and the third, how Indonesian fiscal policy perspective views e-commerce taxation. The study in this paper adopts a descriptive analytical research method. The study concludes several points. Indonesia should tax its e-commerce. The total potential tax revenue on e-commerce from VAT and income tax in 2018 ranges from almost Rp11.75 trillion to Rp16.64 trillion, with VAT dominates the contribution up to more than 90% of the total tax revenue. By not levying the tax in the year means Indonesian government will lose a partial or the most of tax revenue. The revenue loss is potentially getting bigger in the coming years if the government still fails to collect the tax. E-commerce taxation should not be strictly enforced in the beginning, yet more is emphasized on socialization and education actions. It is also intended to help the online platform to be compliant. Tax policy in e-commerce can be used for the purpose of regulating the economy, such as to control excessive online import purchasing.
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Reitschuler, Gerhard. "FISCAL POLICY AND OPTIMAL TAXATION: EVIDENCE FROM A TAX SMOOTHING EXERCISE." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 57, no. 2 (May 2010): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2010.00515.x.
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Heijdra, B. J., J. E. Ligthart, and F. v. d. Ploeg. "Fiscal policy, distortionary taxation, and direct crowding out under monopolistic competition." Oxford Economic Papers 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a028637.
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Mahon, James E. "Taxation, redistribution, and models of fiscal politics in Latin America." Japanese Journal of Political Science 19, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 353–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109918000191.
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Latin American fiscal policy presents a stark challenge to standard analytical models of political economy. Most importantly, since about 1990 the combination of drastic inequality, electoral democracy, and weak redistributive efforts appears to contradict the economists’ workhorse, the median-voter model, which predicts significant fiscal redistribution under these conditions (Meltzer and Richard, 1981; Profeta and Scabrosetti, 2008: 70–71; Huber and Stephens, 2012). However, recent innovations – a “basic universalism” in social welfare and a couple of progressive tax reforms – might be thought to bring the region more in line with the model's predictions, or perhaps those of other approaches. In short, this field could benefit from theoretical clarification. This paper evaluates the performance of median-voter and several other models in an attempt to explain longstanding differences in fiscal policy. It compares Latin America with other world regions, first and mainly, before examining variation across the region. It then turns its attention to the new developments in policy.
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Wong, Kum Yeen, Joon Huang Chuah, and Chris Hope. "As an emerging economy, should Malaysia adopt carbon taxation?" Energy & Environment 30, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18787273.
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On 1 July 2014, the Australian Government announced the abolition of its new carbon tax policy barely two years into implementation. The Australia’s policy U-turn raises a very important question: Should an emerging economy such as Malaysia adopt carbon and climate change policy as part of a larger tax reform? In order to answer this, the key issues, main driving forces and barriers in the use of carbon tax as an incentive-based instrument for economic and environmental policies purposes are examined. With the recent global climate challenges and the fiscal needs of the national budget, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax framework in Malaysia should be regarded not as an ultimate goal in itself but as a starting point to develop the right behavioural response for a better and more comprehensive national fiscal and climate policy reform in the future.
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PASICHNYI, Mykola. "TAX POLICY IN OECD COUNTIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(54) (2018): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.01.127.
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Introduction. Globalization intensifies the necessity for intergovernmental cooperation aiming to implement the measures on the tax and customs regulation. Considering both the economic cyclicality and historical retrospective, it is expedient to study the advanced and emerging market economies’ experience in the field of developing and implementing a set of fiscal policy measures during the economic expansion, recession, stagnation, and post-crisis recovery periods. The purposeis to systemize the experience of the government tax policy preparation and implementation in the OECD countries in the long-term retrospective, and to assess the tax structure and the level of taxation impact on economic growth. Results. Based on methods of economic regression to evaluate the fiscal policy in the OECD countries over 1981–2016 period, it was determined that increase in the tax burden did not provoke any significant destructive effect on the economy. At the same time, in the context of the tax structure, the taxes on capital had a negative impact on the real GDP growth rates, the taxes on labor had a lower degree of influence, and the effect of the taxes on consumption was almost neutral. The main measures of the tax regulation aimed to create the most favorable conditions for a long-term economic growth were investigated. The tax revenues structure’s complex analysis was carried out; the main tendencies of taxation were generalized. Conclusion. Tax policy is as an adaptive mechanism allowing to regulate the country’s economic development. The OECD countries consistently implement the systematic measures to reduce the income tax rate. This practice is caused by the need to create the most favorable conditions for the entrepreneurship development. Regarding the universal consumption taxes, a gradual rise in their rates was recorded. That fact is reflected by an increase in these taxes’ fiscal importance (taking into account the neutrality of their impact on the economic agents’ business activity). The transformation in the import operations’ model of taxation as well as the implementation and active intensification of free trade policies led to a reduction in the specific weight of customs duties. In modern conditions, the tax legislation’s unification as well as the strengthening of the supranational tax regulation’s role outline an important trend in the development of taxation systems both in advanced and emerging market economies.
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Izvoranu, Anca Marina, and Henriette Cristiana Călin. "Land taxation." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0077.
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Abstract The process of producing agricultural goods involves natural resources, cataloged as inputs. Neutral, the most important is the land, as the primary resource among seeds, land, agricultural machinery, fuel. The present paper will analyze how the land resource is taxed, the needs and opportunities of taxation, and what are the shortcomings of this niche. The study does not aim to deal exhaustively with the legislation related issues in this sector, but has in particular sought to identify future directions of development in terms of the ability of agricultural actors to cope with the commitments they have since they are owner of agricultural land. At the same time, the information resources landowners would need to help understand and overcome the tax obstacles that they live when they want to grow through acquisitions or expansions, will be considered. Taxes, as part of fiscal policy, part of the economic policy, are established instruments, considering the level of development and the state national economy. That’s why they differ from one country to another, relative to their level of development. In low-developed countries, a smaller redistribution of the Gross Domestic Product of Taxes is observed, through the state budget, to the situation of the developed countries.
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Mustafi, Mahije, and Sulbije Memeti Karemani. "EMPIRICAL STUDIES ANALYZING THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND TAXATION ON ACTIVITY." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 5 (December 10, 2018): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28051641m.
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This paper analyzes the empirical literature that examines the effects of fiscal policy shocks on economic activity. Discussion related to fiscal policy is related to the impacts on economic growth is quite current, because the development of appropriate fiscal instruments can lead to steady and sustainable economic growth in the countries. The role of fiscal policy and the impact on economic activity are among the most controversial issues among academics and policymakers. In the absence of any "active" intervention in government expenses, tax revenues move automatically with the economic cycle. I can also say that government transfers can be considered as help for the unemployed, they grow as the economy slows down and unemployment rises, while labor tax returns, capital and consumption flows are declining. Resistive actions occur when the business cycle improves. In recent years, empirical studies have shown that private consumption and GDP have increased significantly, while government expenses have been severely reduced. Most empirical evidence suggests that fiscal expansion increases production and consumption and worsens the trade balance.The Kenzie and Neoclassical schools have different views on the impact of public spending on economic activity. This study has completed a detailed review of many important, relevant scientific havepapersthat empirically document these impacts. As a conclusion, we can state that although the fiscal policy theory is well developed, until recently has not received much attention from the (applied) economic practice. The first category is aimed at assessing macroeconomic impact from major reductions in the budget deficit, and the second study, in general, analyzes the stabilizing capabilities of fiscal policy variables. According to Blanchard and Perotti, the dynamic effects of the discretionary fiscal policy of macroeconomic variables have recently focused on the omissions of autoregressive vectors (2002). Some empirical studies have found a link between budget deficits, money growth and inflation, both in industrialized economies as well as in growing economies. For industrial economies most of these studies have come to the conclusion that there is little evidence that government debt affects the growth of money and inflation. In developing countries, it is often argued that high inflation is realized when governments face large and ongoing deficits financed by money emission. A change in taxes or public expenses (the so-called “fiscal shocks”) at any time prevents their development.
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Murtadho, Ali. "KONSEP FISKAL ISLAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS." Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 4, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/economica.2013.4.1.759.
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<p><em>Fiscal policy is not synonymous with Islam taxation / tribute that made the king / emperor , nor synonymous with modern fiscal policy born of the failure of the free market mechanism. Referring to public finance policy at the beginning of the Islamic era, Islamic fiscal policy is a practical representation of the mission of the Islamic economic system oriented religiosity , justice and wealth distribution.</em></p><em>Not only deal with the fiscal revenue and expenditure of state revenue but also about the mission of fair distribution of wealth . Jizya, kharaj and ghanimah is a fiscal instrument in accordance with the circumstances at that time for the mission fair distribution of wealth . Based on the concept of fiscal Islam , then the application of fiscal policy now must somehow form could lead to a fair distribution of wealth towards a comprehensive community welfare ( falah ), not just the budget deficit </em>
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Khan, Ahmad. "Note: Analysis of Key Determinants of Tax Policy and Administration." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1999.v4.i1.a8.
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Introduction Similar to most countries, the objectives of the taxation system in Pakistan are not well-defined. Historically, the primary objective has been resource generation for the government. The taxation system has simultaneously addressed the secondary objectives of promoting area/sectorspecific economic activities, discouraging undesired imports/production, encouraging savings and investment. These objectives were met through a variety of tax concessions and exemptions, rebates and credits, differentiated tax rates and tariffs. The revenue shortfalls/leakages resulting from preferential tax treatment of the desired activities were offset through appropriate changes in various fiscal instruments, e.g. high tax rates and tariffs, regulatory duties, extended withholding and presumptive taxes, excise duties on services, and many more. These measures, in turn, complicated the taxation system and adversely affected the equity, neutrality and progressivity thereof.