Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Taxation Tax incidence'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Sally Wallace, committee chair; Jorge L. Martinez-Vazquez, Roy W. Bahl, Robert M. McNab, committee members. Description based on contents viewed June 15, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-117).

The main Acts applicable to the disposal of immovable property are the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981, the Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937(DRA), the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act 70 of 1970, the Transfer Duty Act 40 of 1949(TDA), the Value Added Tax Act 89 of 1991(VAT Act) and the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962(ITA). Apart from legislation there is also South African common law which is based on Roman-Dutch and English Law principles which also play an important role when dealing in immovable property. This dissertation focuses its review on the timing of immovable property transactions to determine the incidence of tax in South Africa and concentrates on the differences in the timing of ownership according to the ITA, VAT Act, TDA and DRA as well as common law principles. International accounting standards have been reviewed and a comparison drawn between the accounting treatment of a disposal and the tax treatment as well as a comparison drawn up between South Africa and Australia with regards to how for tax purposes the disposal of immovable property is treated. Statutory authority is necessary before taxes can be imposed and only the statute must be used in order to determine the liability for tax. Accounting or related principles are not taken into account when the tax liability is determined except in instances where the ITA specifically provides for it. The aim of this dissertation is to answer the question of whether there is a disconnect between the timing of the transfer of immovable property and the timing of the attendant taxation for the seller through analysing specifically the various Acts and laws which impact the transfer of immovable property.

The general opinion is that an increase in fuel taxation would affect the countryside of Sweden to a greater extent, than the inner-city areas of the country. The topic of fuel taxation has become widely discussed on a political level throughout Europe. This paper examines the distributional effects on taxation of fuel in Sweden, by comparing different municipalities from different regions. By using aggregated data from different sources and estimate an increase in fuel prices by 10 percent, this paper estimates the direct effects of an increase in fuel taxation. The results show that by increasing the price on fuel with 10 percent, the municipalities located in the countryside of Sweden have a higher distributional impact and a greater tax burden compared to municipalities located near larger cities. But the differences are modest, and this paper concludes that the fuel tax should be considered proportional throughout all regions of the country.

The objectives of this study were twofold. One objective was to analyze the effects of growth in the social security tax, when combined with recent changes in U.S. income tax law, on the distribution of the combined income and social security tax burden during the 1980s. The second objective was to estimate the effects of certain proposals for social security tax reform upon that distribution. The above analyses were performed using simulation techniques applied to the 1984 IRS Individual Tax Model File. The data from this file were used to estimate the income and social security tax liabilities for sample taxpayers under tax law in effect in 1980, 1984 and 1988 and under fourteen proposals for social security reform (under 1988 law). The results indicated that the income tax distribution was almost 25 percent more progressive under 1988 tax law than under 1980 tax law. In contrast, the combined distribution of income and social security taxes was almost 25 percent less progressive under 1988 income and social security tax law relative to 1980. Two types of social security tax reform were analyzed. One type consisted of reforms to the basic social security tax structure, such as removal of the earnings ceiling, provision of exemptions and replacement of the current single tax rate with a two-tiered graduated rate structure. The second type of reform consisted of proposals to expand the theoretical tax base subject to the social security levy. The results suggested that these reforms could generate substantial increases in progressivity in the combined tax distribution. In general, it would appear that changes in the social security tax structure could generate greater improvements in progressivity than expansion of the theoretical tax base, although the greatest improvement was associated with a combination of these two reforms. With regard to horizontal equity, expansion of the theoretical tax base generated the most improvement.

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The present work intends to investigate the standard of incidence of rural territorial tax, exemption and instrumental duties. To do so, we first draw the method used for the elaboration of the work, as that of semantic logical constructivism, we establish premises and clarify fundamental concepts defining them. We address the criteria of the tax incidence rule-array, delving deeper into its general theory to apply to the construction of the rule-array of tax incidence of the rural territorial tax. When constructing this norm of behavior, we have made a split between the fiscal and extra-fiscal rules, in order to analyze carefully all its structure. We find a very complex tax, in the construction of all its criteria from the antecedent of the norm, which are: material (concept of property and rural property), spatial (between destination and location) and temporal, as well as (passive and active) (quantitative or not) and quantitative (exemption, non-incidence, principle of contributory capacity, isonomy, non-confiscation). The division of the norm of behavior allowed us to verify the strict relation of the extrafiscal tax rate with the materiality that authorizes it, what is the exercise of the social function. The analysis of the exemption rules led us to also investigate the institute of non-incidence and its application in this tax, as well as to observe its structure as a standard of structure. The duties of presenting the ADA, CAR, and registering the legal reserve in enrollment, instigated us to classify them as instrumental duties of the exemption rules, which had repercussions in the analysis of the imposed sanction. We conclude with the analysis of some practical cases, such as the incidence of ITR in the areas of mineral exploration, landfill and embargoed for any activity by competent agent. To conclude we made our final considerations exploring the main constructions realized on the subject
O presente trabalho foi realizado com intuito de investigar a norma de incidência do imposto territorial rural, de isenção e dos deveres instrumentais. Primeiramente foi traçado o método utilizado para a elaboração do trabalho – o constructivismo-lógico semântico – firmadas premissas e esclarecidos conceitos fundamentais. Foram abordados os critérios da regra-matriz de incidência tributária, com aprofundamento na sua teoria geral para aplicação à construção da regra-matriz de incidência tributária do imposto territorial rural. Quando da construção dessa norma de comportamento, foi feita uma cisão entre a norma fiscal e extrafiscal pra a análise cuidadosa de toda sua estrutura. Ao longo da pesquisa, foi descoberto um tributo muito complexo, na construção de todos os seus critérios, desde os do antecedente da norma, quais sejam: material (conceito de propriedade e de imóvel rural), espacial (entre a destinação e a localização) e temporal, como também os do consequente da norma: pessoal (sujeição passiva e ativa (parafiscalidade ou não) e quantitativo (isenção, não incidência, princípio da capacidade contributiva, isonomia, não confisco). A cisão da norma de comportamento permitiu verificar a estrita relação da alíquota extrafiscal com a materialidade que lhe autoriza, qual seja o exercício da função social. A análise das normas de isenção levou a pesquisa a investigar também o instituto da não incidência e sua aplicação neste imposto, além de observar sua estrutura como norma de estrutura. Os deveres da apresentação do ADA, CAR, e averbação da reserva legal na matrícula, instigou esta investigação a classificá-los como deveres instrumentais das normas isentivas, o que repercutiu na análise da sanção imposta. Ao final, são analisados alguns casos práticos, como a incidência do ITR nas áreas de exploração mineral, de aterro sanitário e embargadas para qualquer atividade por agente competente. Para concluir, a dissertação traz nossas considerações finais explorando as principais construções realizadas sobre o tema

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The fundamental scope of this work is to analyze the internal structure of tax laws put at the disposal of the state for the promotion of intervention in the economic domain, dealing with the respective relations these laws maintain with the other laws that make up the system of positive law. It begins from the idea that the system of positive law is inserted, together with other systems (political, economic, moral, etc.) in a larger system, the social system. The exchange of influence between the economic system and the system of positive law is studied to identify potential consequences in the formation of the interventionist legal rules and their effects in the phenomenological world. The work then analyzes the contribution of intervention in the economic domain, as manifest in taxation, from its point of origin to the allocation of the funds raised in accordance with the intended purpose. Within positive law, the work identifies the legal rules that belong to it that concern the exercise of legislative authority for institution, constitutional principles, the requirements for the evaluation of constitutionality and the basic rule of the incidence of taxation, all of which make up the rules for interventionist taxation authority of the mentioned taxes. Finally, this study deals generically with the necessity for the appearance of an interventionist state, making a distinction between "economic domain," "economic activity" and "economic order," going through the analysis of the forms that it has to intervene and identifying the constitutional principles relative to the Brazilian economic order
Este trabalho tem como escopo fundamental analisar a estrutura interna da norma jurídica tributária posta à disposição do Estado para a promoção da intervenção sobre o domínio econômico, tratando das respectivas relações que mantém com as demais normas integrantes do sistema do direito positivo. Parte-se da ideia de que o sistema do direito positivo está inserido, juntamente com outros sistemas (político, econômico, moral etc.) em um sistema maior, o sistema social. Estudaram-se as trocas de influências entre os sistemas econômico e do direito positivo, para identificar eventuais consequências na formação da norma jurídica intervencionista e seus efeitos no mundo dos fenômenos. O trabalho passou, então, a analisar a contribuição de intervenção sobre o domínio econômico, enquanto espécie tributária, desde o seu nascedouro até a aplicação dos recursos arrecadados de acordo com a finalidade pretendida. Dentro do direito positivo, identificaram-se as normas jurídicas a ele pertencentes que dizem respeito ao exercício legislativo para instituição, aos princípios constitucionais, aos requisitos de avaliação de constitucionalidade e à regra-matriz de incidência tributária, todas conformadoras da norma de competência tributária interventiva das referidas contribuições. Por fim, o presente estudo tratou de forma genérica da necessidade de surgimento de um Estado intervencionista, fazendo a diferenciação entre "domínio econômico", "atividade econômica" e "ordem econômica", passando pela análise das formas de que dispõe para intervir e identificando os princípios constitucionais relativos à ordem econômica brasileira

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The study concerns about the inheritance taxation and intends to construct its basic rule of incidence, from the examination of the constitutional rules that discipline this tax, identifying the two equations that compose it: the antecedent (hypothesis tax), describing its material, spatial and temporal criteria; and the consequence (legal relationship tax), identifying its personal (active and passive subject) and quantitative (aliquot and taxable base) criteria. At the second moment, it examines the Law n. 10.705/2000 of the São Paulo State to verify if it is compatible with the constitutional profile of this tax. Further on, the São Paulo legislation comes back to be the focus, to analyse the tax exemption phenomenon. Later, it concerns about the tax assessment, evidencing the peculiar aspects of this tax. The final topic intends to face two intricate questions: the decadence and the prescription of the ITCM
O trabalho trata do imposto sobre transmissão causa mortis de quaisquer bens ou direitos (ITCM) e tem entre seus objetivos construir a sua regra-matriz de incidência, a partir do exame das normas constitucionais que disciplinam esse tributo, identificando as duas equações que a compõem: o antecedente (hipótese tributária), descrevendo os seus critérios material, espacial e temporal; e o conseqüente (relação jurídica tributária), identificando os seus critérios pessoal (sujeitos ativo e passivo) e quantitativo (base de cálculo e alíquota). Construída a regra-matriz de incidência tributária, examina as normas da Lei n. 10.705/2000 do Estado de São Paulo, objetivando verificar em que medida elas são compatíveis com o perfil constitucional desse tributo. A seguir, a legislação paulista volta a ser o foco, com a finalidade de se analisar o fenômeno da isenção do imposto sobre transmissão causa mortis. Posteriormente, trata do lançamento tributário do ITCM, constatando os traços peculiares a esse tributo, sobretudo quando apurado no âmbito de processos judiciais. O tópico final visa enfrentar duas intrincadas questões: a decadência e a prescrição do ITCM, onde se verifica, igualmente, que esse imposto possui singularidades decorrentes da sua forma de apuração

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Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research aims to understand the legality, in Brazilian legal system, of the use of definitions issued by regulatory agencies in the interpretation of taxation norms, looking for establishing the requirements that allow for its use alongside other legal prescriptions issued in tax law bills and in other bills in different areas of law
A pesquisa apura a licitude, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, do uso de definições expedidas por agências reguladoras na construção de sentido das normas jurídicas tributárias, procurando identificar as condições que determinam seu uso em concorrência com os dispositivos do direito tributário e de outros subdomínios jurídicos

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The main objective of this paper is to examine the incidence of ICMS – Comunicação (State Tax on Communication Services) in the scenario of technological convergence. The development of telecommunications provides new activities and technologies to society, which must be analyzed to be included in the ‘ICMS – Communication’ incidence hypotheses. Starting by the presentation of the historical evolution of telecommunications in Brazil, bringing to the fore basic concepts for understanding the theme. Furthermore, the notion of the legal system adopted is exposed, emphasizing the instrumental character of the law. Subsequently, the distribution of tax jurisdiction system in the Federal Constitution of 1988 is examined, with special attention giving to the authorization to impose tax on communication services. Having defined these premises, the meaning of the term "onerous service of communication services" is scrutinized to establish the criteria of the standard norm of incidence of the state tax.Finally, we will analyse the incidence of ICMS-Comunicação on some activities associated to the advances in telecommunications, especially the Internet, highlighting the technological repercussion for positive law
A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por principal objetivo examinar a incidência do ICMS-Comunicação no cenário da convergência tecnológica. Com a evolução das telecomunicações, novas atividades e tecnologias são disponibilizadas para a sociedade, as quais devem ser submetidas a análise para o seu enquadramento à hipótese de incidência do ICMS-Comunicação. Inicia-se o presente estudo discorrendo sobre a evolução histórica das telecomunicações no Brasil, trazendo à baila conceitos básicos para a compreensão do tema. Dando continuidade ao trabalho, expõe-se a noção de sistema jurídico adotada, destacando-se o caráter instrumental do direito. Posteriormente, é objeto de análise o sistema de repartição de competências tributária na Constituição Federal de 1988, especialmente a norma que autoriza a instituição do imposto sobre serviços de comunicação. Fixadas tais premissas, cumpre perquirir o significado da expressão “prestação onerosa de serviços de comunicação”, para fixar os critérios constantes da norma padrão de incidência do imposto estadual. Por fim, analisar-se-á a incidência do ICMS-Comunicação sobre algumas atividades, associadas aos avanços na área das telecomunicações, em especial da Internet, destacando, ao final, a repercussão tecnológica para o direito positivo

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The main objective of this dissertation is to construct the essential rules connected to the levy ( regras matrizes de incidência tributária ) of the COFINS tax, based on provisions contained under specific laws which govern the four main collection regimes of said contribution: cumulative , noncumulative , single-phase taxation and tax substitution . Based on the provisions of Complementary Law n. 70/91 and of Law n. 9.718/98, we have constructed, besides the generic rule of levy of the COFINS in the cumulative regime , other 6 (six) specific rules, referred to herein as differentiated treatments in the cumulative regime . Essentially, from the provisions under Law n. 10.833/03, besides the generic rule of levy of the COFINS in the non-cumulative regime , we identified 12 (twelve) more specific rules of levy, also referred to as "differentiated treatments in the non-cumulative regime." In turn, with regard to the tax substitution COFINS regime, solely the manufacturers and wholesale sellers of cigarettes remained, according to the provisions under Article 3 of Complementary Law n. 70/91 and Article 29 of Law n. 10.865/04. Finally, based on the provisions of Laws n. 9.718/98 (Articles 4, 5 and 6), n. 10.147/00, n. 10.485/02, n. 10.560/02 and n. 10.833/03 (Article 49), we could identify 12 (twelve) rules of the levy of the COFINS in the so-called single-phase taxation regime. Besides the aforementioned legislation, specific provisions under Provisional Measure n. 2.158-35/01 and Laws n. 10.684/03, n. 10.865/04, n. 10.925/04, n. 11.051/04 and 11.196/05 were also necessary for the analysis and description of the rules of levy of the COFINS which were constructed herein
Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo construir as normas tributárias de incidência (regras-matrizes de incidência tributária) da COFINS, a partir de enunciados prescritivos contidos em leis específicas que regem os quatro principais regimes de apuração da referida contribuição: cumulativo , não-cumulativo , de incidência monofásica e de substituição tributária . Tomando-se por base os enunciados da Lei Complementar n. 70/91 e da Lei n. 9.718/98, foi possível construirmos, além da regra-matriz de incidência tributária genérica , para apuração da COFINS no regime cumulativo , outras 6 (seis) regras específicas, que denominamos de tratamentos diferenciados no regime cumulativo . A partir, essencialmente, dos enunciados da Lei n. 10.833/03, além da regra de incidência genérica da COFINS no regime não-cumulativo , pudemos construir mais 12 (doze) normas específicas de incidência, que denominamos, também, de tratamentos diferenciados no regime nãocumulativo . No regime de substituição tributária , restaram apenas os fabricantes e comerciantes atacadistas de cigarros, conforme disposições do artigo 3º, da Lei Complementar n. 70/91 e do artigo 29, da Lei n. 10.865/04. Por fim, descrevendo acerca dos enunciados das Leis n. 9.718/98 (artigos 4º, 5º e 6º), n. 10.147/00, n. 10.485/02, n. 10.560/02 e n. 10.833/03 (artigo 49), pudemos construir 12 (doze) regras-matrizes de incidência tributária da COFINS no regime denominado de incidência monofásica . Além das leis acima citadas, também prescrições específicas da Medida Provisória n. 2.158-35/01 e das Leis n. 10.684/03, n. 10.865/04, n. 10.925/04, n. 11.051/04 e n. 11.196/05 foram necessárias para a delimitação das normas construídas

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From the historical evolution of the pension fund, in Brazil and in the world, it is possible to affirm that the pension fund had its remote origin in charity acts. Men self-organized to protect themselves against situations of necessity. However, with the industrialization process, the facts disclosed the impossibility of this mutual aid to be relegated to the mere benevolence of the individuals, and it was necessary that the State assume the function to provide social security. Thus, in the fight for social rights, the State started to be the supplier of the social necessities. Initially, it was judged that the transference of this attribution to the State would have to be total, guaranteeing the maximum protection to the workers (German Bismarkian commutative concept). However, the Report elaborated by the English economist, William Beveridge, pointed to the model of social protection totally relegated to the State as utopia and, thus, it waived the necessity of the private society to contribute with the State in this function. Thus, it introduced pension fund as an integrated element of the system of social protection, designed to cover the residual necessities not taken care of by the public system (which offered only the necessary minimum benefits for survival). Despite this ideal having been incorporated in the Brazilian legal system by the Law nº 6,435/77, it was only in 1988, with the publication of the Constitutional Amendment nº 20/98, that the pension fund gained constitutional status, starting to integrate the system of the social security of the Country. Taxation has an important role for integration of the State-society partnership, in the provision of action and services destined to well-being and social justice, stimulating the formation of the pension fund, without relegating its income redistribution function. The purpose is, thus, to demonstrate that taxation is essential in the consolidation of a new social order, that emerges with the intention to conciliate a state model of minimum social protection with an independent private model (complementary)
A partir da evolução histórica da previdência, no Brasil e no mundo, é possível afirmar que a previdência teve sua origem remota em atos de caridade. Os homens, para se protegerem contra as situações de necessidade, se auto-organizavam. No entanto, com o processo de industrialização, os fatos revelavam a impossibilidade dessa ajuda mútua ser relegada à mera benevolência dos indivíduos, era necessário que o Estado assumisse a função de prover a segurança social. Assim, na luta pela conquista dos direitos sociais, a Estado passou a ser o provedor das necessidades sociais. Em um primeiro momento, julgava-se que a transferência desta atribuição ao Estado deveria ser total, garantindo-se o máximo de proteção aos trabalhadores (concepção comutativa bismarkiana / alemã). No entanto, o Relatório elaborado pelo economista inglês, Willian Beveridge, apontou o modelo de proteção social totalmente relegado ao Estado como uma utopia e, assim, acenou para a necessidade de a sociedade privada contribuir com o Estado nessa função. Assim, apresentou a previdência privada como elemento integrativo do sistema de proteção social, destinada a cobrir as necessidades residuais não atendidas pelo sistema público, que oferecia apenas os benefícios mínimos necessários para a sobrevivência. Apesar desse ideário ter sido incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pela Lei nº 6.435/77, foi apenas em 1988, com a publicação da Emenda Constitucional nº 20/98, que a previdência privada ganhou status constitucional, passando a integrar o sistema de Seguridade Social do País. Para integração da parceria Estado-Sociedade na articulação de ações e serviços destinados ao bem-estar e à justiça social, a tributação exerce importantíssimo papel, estimulando a formação da poupança previdenciária, sem relegar sua função redistribuidora de rendimentos. O objetivo é, assim, demonstrar que a tributação é imprescindível na consolidação de uma nova ordem social, que emerge com o propósito de conciliar um modelo estatal de proteção social mínima com um modelo (complementar) autônomo e privado

碩士
國立政治大學
財政學系
106
The discussion on the taxation of sharing economy focuses on how to tax sharing economy in practice and its management administratively, given the existing tax system. From both uses and sources side of sharing economy, this study analyzes the efficiency of taxation in an effort to develop an optimal taxation theory of sharing economy, and to understand the incidence of taxing labor returns in the sharing economy, On uses side, the deadweight loss of taxations is in direct proportion to the scale of sharing economy; the tax rates of sharing economy and other goods or services should be set as the Ramsey rule indicates. On sources side, despite that the emergence of sharing economy boosts overall social welfare, nonetheless, for a given of tax revenues and the unavailability of overall taxation (the existence of underground economy), the exemption of labor returns in the sharing economy aggravates the inefficiency. In order to minimize the deadweight loss, it is necessary to tax labor returns in the sharing economy; this conclusion provides an efficiency rationale of taxing sharing economy.

The purpose of this research was to determine whether horizontal equity in the taxation of individuals in South Africa improved after the legislative changes from 1984 to 1995 and the Katz Commission recommendations. After an extensive literature study, horizontal equity in the taxation of individuals in South Africa was defined as the equivalent tax treatment in equivalent economic circumstances for the same economic units. The household as the economic unit, is the unit to be considered when evaluating horizontal equity. The study also reviewed the solutions found in other countries for the dilemma of the one-breadwinner versus the two-breadwinner married couple. It was found that the tax systems of most countries provide relief to the one-breadwinner couple while the working wife was taxed separately from her husband or had the option to be taxed separately. An important part of this study compared the tax of the unmarried taxpayer and the married couple as the units for horizontal equity. It was found that, although two-breadwinner married couples were discriminated against until the separate taxation of married couples was introduced, the one-breadwinner couple and single taxpayers with dependants now suffer more horizontal inequity than was previously the case. The research indicated that to attain greater horizontal equity provision should also be made for families and households with only one breadwinner (breadwinner being defined as the provider in a one-breadwinner couple or a ·taxpayer with dependents). Recommendations made to alleviate this inequity are transferable allowances for spouses, or, without ~ontravening the Constitution's demands for equality, a separate rate schedule for breadwinners, a fixed allowance or rebate for breadwinners, or a proportional allo~ance depending on the breadwinner's income. The study also addressed the financial and administrative implications and political acceptability of these recommendations and concluded that the proportional allowance, although expensive, would come the closest to providing the greatest horizontal equity. The research into the international tax measures to promote equity revealed that horizontal equity could be further promoted by providing tax relief for child-care and day-care facilities. This would benefit both the two-breadwinner married couple and the single parent with dependent children.
Financail accounting
D.Com. (Applied Accountancy)