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Journal articles on the topic 'Taxation Tax incidence'
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Chuang, Shih-Hsien. "Aviation taxation and tax incidence." Applied Economics 53, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1808179.
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SOLDATOS, Gerasimos T. "Indirect Tax Incidence under Inelastic Underground Economy Demand." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 7, no. 3(J) (June 30, 2015): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v7i3(j).582.
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This paper demonstrates theoretically that a profit tax does not affect the distribution of the firm’s operations between the official and the underground economy. Or, if the firm was initially operating only officially, direct taxation of its business would not be a reason to go underground. Indirect taxation in the form of a sales tax does influence an already existing mix of official and underground activities, favoring the latter. And, it does constitute a reason to “go underground†for an otherwise fully official business. This is a thesis robust to market structure changes and to introducing tax evasion in the usual sense, provided the underground demand is inelastic. The tax authority can still collect the planned tax revenue through a combination of a cash-flow tax with indirect taxation, under only consumersurplus loss by the underground customer.
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Jensen, Sissel, and Guttorm Schjelderup. "Indirect taxation and tax incidence under nonlinear pricing." International Tax and Public Finance 18, no. 5 (March 25, 2011): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9167-y.
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Sachs, Dominik, Aleh Tsyvinski, and Nicolas Werquin. "Nonlinear Tax Incidence and Optimal Taxation in General Equilibrium." Econometrica 88, no. 2 (2020): 469–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta14681.
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We study the incidence of nonlinear labor income taxes in an economy with a continuum of endogenous wages. We derive in closed form the effects of reforming nonlinearly an arbitrary tax system, by showing that this problem can be formalized as an integral equation. Our tax incidence formulas are valid both when the underlying assignment of skills to tasks is fixed or endogenous. We show qualitatively and quantitatively that contrary to conventional wisdom, if the tax system is initially suboptimal and progressive, the general‐equilibrium “trickle‐down” forces may raise the benefits of increasing the marginal tax rates on high incomes. We finally derive a parsimonious characterization of optimal taxes.
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Roukka, Tomi, and Anne H. Salonen. "The Winners and the Losers: Tax Incidence of Gambling in Finland." Journal of Gambling Studies 36, no. 4 (November 3, 2019): 1183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09899-0.
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AbstractGambling markets have grown rapidly for the last few decades. As a result, gambling is also a very important and common source of tax income for many governments these days. This raises a question about the overall fairness of the gambling taxation systems. In this paper, we aim to study the tax incidence of gambling in Finland. First, we analyse who are the expected payers of the gambling taxes and second, who are expected to be the receivers of the gambling-tax based contributions. In the first part of the study, we analyse the demographic incidence of gambling taxation by using the Finnish gambling 2015 population survey combined with registry based variables. Our data contains 3776 individuals. In the second part of the study, we use data of county level gambling-taxation based contributions to different organisations to analyse how the gambling expenditures are distributed back to citizens in a form of public spending. This study shows that different socio-demographic factors have diverse association with the decisions whether or how much to gamble. The results also suggest that more disadvantaged, i.e. lower income, less educated and rural area living, individuals are expected to be the “losers” of the Finnish gambling taxation system. In other words, the Finnish gambling system is found to be regressive by nature.
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Katz, Michael L., and Harvey S. Rosen. "Tax Analysis in an Oligopoly Model." Public Finance Quarterly 13, no. 1 (January 1985): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218501300101.
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In this article we analyze taxation using the conjectural variations model of oligopoly. We demonstrate the way in which the incidence of a tax depends on the pattern of firm interaction. The results obtained have important implications for the controversy surrounding the question of whether a tax on corporate income can be overshifted. We also study normative aspects of taxation. The focus here is on the errors that can arise in excess burden calculations when incorrect assumptions on market structure are made.
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Agarwal, Samiksha, and Lekha Chakraborty. "Business Taxation in an Emerging Economy: Analysing Corporate Tax Incidence." Review of European Studies 11, no. 2 (March 24, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n2p8.
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This paper estimates the incidence of corporate taxes in an emerging economy –India- using the data from 5,666 business firms listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) for the period 2000-15. Using the dynamic panel models, we find that capital bear the burden of corporate taxation relatively more than the labour. Our findings highlight that the effective tax rate is higher for the small corporate firms than the gigantic firms. The tax policy implications for strengthening the wage bargaining frameworks is insignificant as we found the wage determination in India is mostly outside the purview of fiscal policy practices. Further research is required to understand whether less incidence of corporate taxation on wages in India is due to base erosion and profit shifting.
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Chetty, Raj, Adam Looney, and Kory Kroft. "Salience and Taxation: Theory and Evidence." American Economic Review 99, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 1145–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.4.1145.
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Using two strategies, we show that consumers underreact to taxes that are not salient. First, using a field experiment in a grocery store, we find that posting tax-inclusive price tags reduces demand by 8 percent. Second, increases in taxes included in posted prices reduce alcohol consumption more than increases in taxes applied at the register. We develop a theoretical framework for applied welfare analysis that accommodates salience effects and other optimization failures. The simple formulas we derive imply that the economic incidence of a tax depends on its statutory incidence, and that even policies that induce no change in behavior can create efficiency losses. (JEL C93, D12, H25, H71)
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Choi, Choongik, Chulmin Kim, Dongkwan Lee, and Chunil Kim. "Regressive Real Estate Taxation and Tax Incidence on the Jeonse Costs." APPRAISAL STUDIES 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23843/as.19.3.2.
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Obeng, George. "Incidence of Value Added Tax, Effects and Implications." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 10 (September 15, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n10p52.
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The current debate in the field of taxation and public finance is the concern of Value Added Tax (VAT) being inflationary and who the incidence or burden of payment falls. The implication from available literature and studies points to the fact that VAT can impact negatively on production and consumption, stifling free flow of economic activities. Literature is reviewed to find out the incidence of VAT and its implications on the firm and the consumer. It is established that VAT is not a cost to the business firm to make it inflationary but a charge independent of its pricing mechanism. It is also not extra cost to the consumer but part appropriation of the economic resource flow accruing to the consumer to settle the legitimate obligation of financing public expenditure. The paper concludes that the incidence of the tax is on the consumer and VAT is not inflationary but a means of tax optimality to stabilize the system in the event of market failure.
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Bania, N., and L. N. Calkins. "Interstate Differentials in State and Local Business Taxation, 1971–86." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 10, no. 2 (June 1992): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c100147.
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A necessary step in addressing questions of business tax incidence or resource allocation is the development of adequate measures of interstate business tax differentials. Earlier work by Wheaton is extended and updated by the construction of new estimates of the aggregate state and local taxation of US business over the period 1971–86. The results suggest the following: First, the average level of business taxation by state and local governments is approximately 5% of net business income. Second, there appears to be substantial and increasing variation in the effective tax rate on businesses among the individual states. Third, the Northeast remains a place of significantly high tax burdens on businesses. And, last, certain states experience more variation in their effective tax rate over time—a phenomenon at least partly attributable to the effects of the business cycle on business income.
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Harumová, Anna. "Analysis of Millionaire Tax Influence on Incidence of Taxation by Tax-Free Income in Slovak Republic." Český finanční a účetní časopis 2008, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.cfuc.259.
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Ashiquzzaman, Md. "Tax & Value Added Tax—In View of Bangladesh." Number-1, November 2018 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/11.4837.
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Most developing counties are increasingly focusing on domestic resource mobilization toward economic development. In this context, tax performance is of crucial importance, especially for a developing country, since it is the prime source for domestic resource mobilization. This article reviews the incidence of income taxation in Bangladesh tax system. The main purpose of the study is to determine how the burden of personal and corporation income taxes is allocated among taxpayers of different income groups. Bangladesh faces many problems in raising sufficient tax revenues to fund its economic and social development. To address this problem and to improve economic efficiency and growth, a major tax reform program was initiated in 1991 which centered on the introduction of a value-added tax (VAT) to replace a range of narrowly-based consumption taxes. This study works as a linkage between theory and practice on Value Added Tax. In this Article focus on the tax, Value added tax, tax in history, definition, collecting problem, advantage, and disadvantage.
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Martin, D., P. Longley, and G. Higgs. "The Geographical Incidence of Local Government Revenues: An Intraurban Case Study." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 10, no. 3 (September 1992): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c100253.
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The United Kingdom has experienced different local taxation regimes in each of the last three financial years: Namely the property-based household rates; the personal community charge or ‘poll tax’; and the hybridised personal community charge adjusted for neighbourhood ‘transitional relief’. The geographical impact of these changing policies in the Inner Areas of the City of Cardiff is examined, highlighting the importance of historical rateable values and household sizes. By using a purpose-built street-level database, the implications of the different taxation systems are examined at increasingly detailed geographic scales, and the complexity of their impact is illustrated. This analysis focuses upon the geographical effects of using administrative community boundaries for the allocation of transitional relief in Cardiff, Wales.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Political Economy of Land Tax in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 839–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.839-853.
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Taxation of the agricultural sector is a major instrument for mobilization of the surplus to finance development projects within the agricultural sector and/or the rest of the economy. For many years, the need for a heavier taxation of agricultural land has formed part of the conventional wisdom regarding the ways of extracting agricultural surplus and increasing the tempo of agricultural development in poor countries. Land taxes have both equity and efficiency properties that gladden the hearts of both economists and vocal politicians belonging to urban areas. Taxes on land promote efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources by creating incentives for farmers to increase their effort and reduce their consumption, thus expanding the amount of agricultural produce available to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy. A tax on land has an important redistributive function because its incidence falls squarely on the landlord and is shifted neither forward to consumers nor backwards to suppliers of agricultural inputs; nor does it introduce distortions in the allocation of productive resources.
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Gupta, Saloni, and Prabhat Mittal. "Base Erosion and Profit Shifting: The New Framework of International Taxation." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2015.0202009.
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Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) refers to a set of tax avoidance practices that deny the tax revenues to a nation by eroding the tax base of the nation where economic activities generating the profits are performed and where value is created, by shifting the tax incidence to locations where no or low taxes are payable (tax havens). BEPS can be achieved through the use of transfer pricing tactics, treaty shopping, digital economy maneuverings and other dubious means. The term BEPS has been used in a project headed by the OECD which produced final reports in October 2015 in response to fifteen action points agreed previously (July 2013). The BEPS project is an attempt by the world’s major economies to rewrite the rules on corporate international taxation so as to address the widespread perception that the corporations, especially MNCs, don’t pay their fair share of taxes. It seeks to ensure that MNCs report profits where economic activities are carried out and value is created.
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Shome, Parthasarathi. "Is the Corporate Tax Shifted? Empirical Evidence from Asean." Public Finance Quarterly 13, no. 1 (January 1985): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218501300102.
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The importance of the corporation income tax in overall tax revenue is as high in ASEAN member countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—as in selected developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. This article surveys available fiscal incidence studies for ASEAN members and, after a critical evaluation of their methodologies, employs a two-sector general equilibrium model in order to study the incidence of the corporation income tax in ASEAN. It concludes that, except in Singapore, the tax is borne entirely by the owners of capital in contrast to the usual presumption that the tax is shifted. The policy implication of capital across the economy bearing the corporate tax is that double taxation of dividends—present, at least partially, in each ASEAN member—should be curtailed if these economies are to avoid the necessarily detrimental ramifications for capital formation.
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Cowan, Mark J. "Anatomy of a State/Tribal Tax Dispute: Legal Formalism, Shifting Incidence, Potatoes, and the Idaho Motor Fuel Tax." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2010.8.1.1.
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ABSTRACT: The law regarding state taxation in Indian country is one of the last bastions of legal formalism in tax law jurisprudence. The ability of a state to tax in Indian country turns on the legal incidence of the tax: in general, a tax on the tribe or tribal members is not allowed; a tax on nonmembers doing business with the tribes or tribal members is allowed. In a world where legal formalism governs and there is no overarching mechanism for reconciling the competing interests of state and tribal governments, state/tribal tax disputes can quickly become contentious. A recent battle between the state of Idaho and the tribes within its borders over fuel tax revenue exemplifies the truculence of state/tribal tax disputes, but also shows that amicable resolution is possible when the courts take small steps away from legal formalism. This article provides an overview of the tax landscape in Indian country and then analyzes the dispute over the Idaho motor fuel tax and what it reveals about resolving state/tribal tax disputes.
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Cui, Wei. "The Digital Services Tax on the Verge of Implementation." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 67, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 1135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.sym.cui.
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France enacted the digital services tax (DST) in 2019, and similar legislation is pending in the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and other countries. The DST can be viewed as a tax on location-specific rent (LSR), and it arguably solves genuinely new problems in international taxation. The author briefly reviews this justification of the DST and further examines the DST design in light of three criticisms. The first criticism is that certain features of the DST render it similar to distortionary import tariffs. The second is that the DST would not be borne by digital platforms but would only be shifted to platform users. The third is that governments promoting the DST seem not to characterize it as a tax on LSR but, instead, have advocated reforming the income tax. The author suggests ways of rationalizing the DST's tariff-like features, refutes casual arguments about the DST's incidence, and offers a framework for understanding why small economies might advocate simultaneously for the DST and for the reformation of international income taxation.
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Kubik, Jeffrey D. "The incidence of personal income taxation: evidence from the tax reform act of 1986." Journal of Public Economics 88, no. 7-8 (July 2004): 1567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(02)00182-2.
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Davis, Peadar, Michael J. McCord, William McCluskey, Erin Montgomery, Martin Haran, and John McCord. "Is energy performance too taxing?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 10, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-06-2016-0023.
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Purpose Buildings contribute significantly to CO2 production. They are also subject to considerable taxation based on value. Analysis shows that while similar attributes contribute to both value and CO2 production, there is only a loose relationship between the two. If we wish to use taxation to affect policy change (drive energy efficiency behaviour), we are unlikely to achieve this using only the current tax base (value), or by increasing the tax take off this current tax base (unlike extra taxation of cigarettes to discourage smoking, for example). Taxation of buildings on the basis of energy efficiency is hampered by the lack of current evidence of performance. This paper aims to model the now-obligatory (at sale or letting) energy performance certificate (EPC) data to derive an acceptable appraisal model (marked to market, being the EPC scores) and deploys this to the entire population of properties. This provides an alternative tax base with which to model the effects of a tax base switch to energy efficiency and to understand the tax incidence effects of such a policy. Design/methodology/approach The research uses a multiplicative hedonic approach to model energy efficiency utilising EPC holding properties in a UK jurisdiction [Northern Ireland (NI)] as the sample. This model is then used to estimate discrete energy assessments for each property in the wider population, using attributes held in the domestic rating (property tax) database for NI (700,000+ properties). This produces a robust estimate of the EPC for every property in its current condition and its cost-effective improved condition. This energy assessment based tax base is further used to estimate a new millage rate and property tax bill (green property tax) which is compared against the existing property tax based on value to allow tax incidence changes to be analysed. Findings The findings show that such a policy would significantly redistribute the tax burden and would have a variety of expected and some unexpected effects. The results indicate that while assessing the energy performance of houses can be a complex process involving many parameters, much of the explanatory power can be achieved via a relatively small number of input variables, often already held by property tax jurisdictions. This offers the opportunity for useful housing stock modelling – such as the savings possible from power switching. The research also identifies that whilst urban areas display the expected “heat island” effect in terms of energy consumption, urban properties are on average more efficient than suburban/rural properties. This facilitates spatial targeting of policy messages and initiatives. Research limitations/implications Analogous with other studies, data deficiencies introduce the risk of omitted variable bias. Modelling of the energy efficiency in the sample is limited to property attributes that are available for the wider population of properties. While this limits the modelling exercise, it is a perennial issue facing mass appraisal worldwide (where knowledge of the transacted sample attributes generally exceeds knowledge of the unsold properties). That said, the research demonstrates the benefits of sharing data and improving knowledge of the housing stock, as taxation databases would be stronger, augmented with EPC-derived property attributes for example. Originality/value The EPC lead in time for wide residential coverage is likely to be considerable. The paper contributes to emerging literature and policy debate surrounding the effect, performance measurement and implementation of energy efficiency certification, through a greater understanding of the sectorial and geographical dispersion of energy efficiency. It provides high level research to help guide policy and decision-making, identifying key locales where there is more of a physical problem and locations where there is more to gain in terms of targeting energy improvement and/or encouraging behavioural change. The paper also allows a glimpse of the implications of a change towards a taxation regime based on energy efficiency, which contributes to the debate surrounding the “greening” of property based taxes.
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Holm, Astrid L., Mai-Britt Laursen, Maria Koch, Jørgen D. Jensen, and Finn Diderichsen. "The health benefits of selective taxation as an economic instrument in relation to IHD and nutrition-related cancers." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 12 (February 11, 2013): 2124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000153.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to estimate the health benefits of selective taxation of healthy and unhealthy food commodities in relation to CVD and nutrition-related cancers.DesignThe potential health effects of a selective taxation scenario were estimated as changes in the burden of disease, measured by disability-adjusted life years, from health outcomes affected by the changes in food intake. The change in burden of a disease was calculated as the change in incidence of the disease due to a modified exposure level, using the potential impact fraction. Estimates of relative risk for the associations between various foods and relevant diseases were found through a literature search and used in the calculation of potential impact fractions.SettingThe study was based in Denmark, estimating the health effects of a Danish selective taxation scenario.SubjectsThe potential health effects of selective taxation were modelled for the adult Danish population.ResultsHalving the rate of value-added tax on fruit and vegetables and increasing the tax on fats would result in moderate reductions in the burden of disease from IHD, ischaemic stroke, and colorectal, lung and breast cancer (0·4–2·4 % change). The largest effect could be obtained through increased intake of fruit and vegetables (0·9–2·4 %).ConclusionsApplying selective taxation to healthy and unhealthy foods can moderately reduce the burden of disease in the Danish population.
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Wallis, John Joseph. "Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852." Journal of Economic History 65, no. 1 (March 2005): 211–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050705050084.
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Between 1842 and 1852, eleven states adopted new constitutions, simultaneously creating procedures for issuing government debt and for chartering corporations through general incorporation acts. Why simultaneously? Voters wanted geographically specific infrastructure investments but opposed geographically widespread taxation. States resolved the dilemma by developing several innovative public finance schemes. One, “taxless finance,” used borrowed funds and special corporate privileges without raising current taxes. Another scheme, “benefit taxation,” coordinated the incidence of taxes with the geographic benefits of investments through the property tax. After the fiscal crisis of the early 1840s, states changed their constitutions to eliminate taxless finance in the future.
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Olufemi, ASAOLU Taiwo, OLABISI Jayeola, AKINBODE Sakiru Oladele, and ALEBIOSU Omolabake Naimot. "Tax Revenue and Economic Growth in Nigeria." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 5, no. 7 (October 2, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd050701.
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<p>The study examined the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive and historical research design; secondary data for twenty-two years (1994 -2015) were collected from various issues of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and annual reports. Tax revenue as an independent variable was measured with Value Added Tax (VAT); Petroleum Profit Tax (PPT); Company Income Tax (CIT) and Custom and Excise Duties (CED) while the dependent variable was Economic Growth (EG) proxied by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Analysis was performed on data collected using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Regression and other post estimations (Jarque-Bera test; Breusch-Godfrey LM and Ramsey Reset Test) to determine the existence of relationship between the variables. The results of the study showed that VAT and CED had a significant relationships with economic growth (p<0.05), while CIT has negative significant relationship with economic growth (P<0.05). However, PPT had no significant relationship with economic growth. The study concluded that the role of taxation in nation’s building is irreplaceable. Taxation remains a strong socio political and economic tool for economic prosperity. It is therefore recommended that government should engage in a complete re-organization of tax administrative machinery to reduce incidence of tax evasion and avoidance to the barest minimum in order to improve tax revenue and bring more people and establishments into the tax net. Also, tax revenue should be judiciously utilized to provide enabling environment for business survival and economic growth in Nigeria.</p>
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Barrios, Salvador, Gaëtan Nicodème, and A. Jesús Sánchez Fuentes. "Multi-Factor Effective Corporate Taxation, Firms’ Mark-Ups and Tax Incidence: Evidence from OECD Countries." Fiscal Studies 39, no. 3 (March 13, 2018): 417–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2017.12153.
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Won, Gu-hwan. "The Trade-off Relation Between Tax Incidence and Excess Burden of Taxation on Public Corporations." Korean Association for Local Public Enterprises 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24020/kjlpe.2017.13.1.1.
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David, Petr, Luboš Střelec, and Pavel Kolman. "Assessment of impact of tax rates changes on cigarette prices in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060093.
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The consumption taxes called excise duties are imposed on tobacco products in the Czech Republic and also in the other European Union countries. Cigarette taxation is atypical compared to taxation of other products encumbered with excise duty. Number of cigarettes and also consumer’s price together make the tax base. Harmonization effort of cigarette taxes in the European Union countries and also pure fiscal need of Czech Republic, are causes of frequent changes of cigarette taxes rates in recent years. These changes does not conduce only to changes of tax collection, but also bring many other effects, that have to be identified and analysed to set global results of steps to be made in the scope of tax policy in the Czech Republic. Average price of all 435 cigarettes marks on the market in the period from July 2001 to July 2009 is the base characteristic necessary to examine impacts of cigarette taxes changes. Classical regression analysis is used to analyse legislative changes impact on average cigarettes price. Single legislative changes are realized through the use of synthetic (dummy) variables performing as explanatory variables. There is also tested significance of particular parameters of the model and analysed structural breakages in this text. It is necessary not only to impeach lawful impact of these steps during imposing or changing of taxation, but also effective impact, which is often very different from lawful impact. From implementation of obligatory of marking the cigarettes in 2001 we are able to identify some relevant characteristics and impacts of changes of tax burden imposed on cigarettes in the Czech Republic. Statistically significant changes of average non-weighted price of cigarettes are identified in here, as well as structural breakages of average non-weighted price of cigarettes and values of tax incidence. Also temporal and other connection with given facts is discussed.
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Parr, Alice MG. "Cariology: Why is the 2018 Soft Drinks Levy Important to Dentistry?" Dental Update 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.1.8.
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The link between sugar and caries is a well-established relationship and the efforts to reduce patient sugar intake is part of daily practice for a holistic clinician. Sugar taxation has been employed by many countries in an attempt to deal with the worldwide concern of non-communicable diseases. Taxation of sugar in the UK could increase its revenue, reduce sugar intake and affect caries incidence; considering how the sugar levy could shape the way caries is managed important. Clinical Relevance: Review of modelling studies and actual change experienced in countries where tax has been implemented highlight what could happen in the UK and the impact this could have on dentistry and why this is important in daily practice.
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Andrlík, Břetislav, and Jana Vrtalová. "Loss in Public Budget from Sportsmen's Employment in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 4 (2014): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462040623.
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The article deals with issues of taxation of sportsmen in the Czech Republic. Categories of sportsmen are defined in the theoretical introduction, divided into amateurs, semi-professionals and professionals. These categories are then linked to specific sections of Act on Income Taxes, which are applicable to the taxation of sports activity. The theoretical part is followed with quantification of income tax, social security and health insurance, using a model example with various levels of taxable incomes. All the calculations apply both to the situation where the sportsman assumes the position of an employee, i.e. he has an employment contract, and where he is a self-employed person. Tax incidence on various groups of people involved as well as effects on the public budget are measured within the defined categories. In the context of the public budget we work with the concept of tax evasion which arises from the utilization of one or the other form of relationship between the sports club and the sportsman.The model example is followed with concrete measurements of tax evasion in football in the Czech Republic. We work with specific publicly available data concerning taxable incomes of professional football players in the top Czech football competition - Gambrinus liga. In conclusion, the interdependence of defined quantities is measured using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
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Kopczuk, Wojciech, and David Munroe. "Mansion Tax: The Effect of Transfer Taxes on the Residential Real Estate Market." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 214–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130361.
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Using discontinuities in housing transaction taxes in New York and New Jersey we find robust price bunching. Incidence for transactions local to the notch falls on sellers, with no evidence of evasion. The volume of missing transactions above the notch exceeds those bunching (beyond the usual extensive-margin response), indicating incentives for buyers and sellers not to transact (market unravels). The possibility of unraveling affects interpretation and estimation of bunching. Away from the threshold, we find increased discounts and weaker relationship between listing and sale prices. Equilibrium bargaining framework highlights that taxation affects the ultimate allocation in this search market. (JEL H71, R21, R31)
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Hansen, John Mark. "Taxation and the political economy of the tariff." International Organization 44, no. 4 (1990): 527–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300035396.
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Traditional accounts of U.S. tariff policy emphasize trade strategies and interest group politics. This article makes a departure. It opens with an observation: up until World War I, the tariff was the largest single source of federal government revenues. It then explores the significance of tariffs as taxes, theoretically and empirically.In its first part, the article develops a theory of taxation politics and applies it to the tariff. In its second part, it submits the theory to an empirical test, modeling changes in U.S. tariff rates from 1829 to 1940. The politics of tariff revision, it argues, followed from two characteristics of the tariff as tax: from the extent of the treasury's dependence upon it and from the distributive pattern of its burdens and benefits. Taken together, the article concludes, revenue dependence and distributive incidence account for several diverse aspects of American tariff policy, including the structure of its coalitions, the shifts in its objectives, and the timing of its innovations.
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Kril, Yaroslava, and Svitlana Blahodyr. "PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF CALCULATION AND PAYMENT OF VALUE ADDED TAX BY TOURISM INDUSTRY OPERATORS." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 43 (2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.43.31-38.
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The purpose of this contribution is to analyse the theoretical foundations covered in the normative legal acts of Ukraine and practical professional consultations of the departments of the National Fiscal Service of Ukraine with respect the specifics of the calculation and payment of value added tax by business entities operating in the tourism industry. Methodology: The methodological underpinnings of the study consisted in synthesising and analysing the material collected by the authors in the area of taxation in the tourism industry. The method of comparison and generalization was used to validate the key principles of the calculation of value added tax for tourism market operators. Results: This article covers the core aspects of the special regimen of calculation of value added tax as established by tax law and applicable to tourist operators and travel agents. Scientific novelty consists in validating the necessity of optimising the performance results of tourism businesses through the implementation of special norms, privileges and simplified tax regimens. Practical relevance: The conducted research is of practical relevance, as it contributes to the correct interpretation of the provisions of tax law in relation to the value added tax charged in the tourism industry, which, in turn, prevents incidence of non-compliance with tax law across the industry.
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Wilson, P. A. "TAXATION ASPECTS OF SOLE RISK, OR, HOW TO MAKE THE TAX SYSTEM WORK FOR YOU." APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85013.
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Two of the problems currently facing the petroleum industry are the cost of funding petroleum and the relatively few major discoveries. Without major discoveries it is difficult, and will become more difficult, to attract new money into the petroleum exploration business.With these factors in mind it becomes more necessary for few companies to spend more money to fund major exploration programs and for the costs to be adequately shared by all participants in a venture.As currently drafted, the sole-risk provision in a Joint Operating Agreement acts as a rationer of scarce resources (i.e. money) for the finding of major new reservoirs. However, by restructuring the sole-risk premium clause it is possible to increase the financial cost (through income tax, resource rent tax, or resource rent royalty, as applicable) upon a party allowing another party to conduct a sole-risk project. This increased penalty might be a major factor in reducing the incidence of sole-risk programs without reducing the number of programs brought forward outside of permit work programs commitments.To achieve this end the sole-risk clause should be restructured to require the sole-risk party to own the project (information, wells, completion, deepening, etc) and then for it to create undivided interests on the sole-risk project for disposal to the non-sole-risk party. In this way, the premium would be received as consideration on sale of an interest in the project and not a disproportionate allocation of product.If this restructure were conducted then the interaction of income tax, and where applicable resource rent tax and resource rent royalty, might well induce all parties to agree to participate in non-work program operations leaving all work programs subject to sharing.
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Lambert, Peter J., and Wilhelm Pfähler. "On Aggregate Measures of the Net Redistributive Impact of Taxation and Government Expenditure." Public Finance Quarterly 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218801600203.
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This article develops aggregate measures of the impact upon the distribution of prefisc income of the component parts of the fiscal system, and of the system as a whole. The measures of net redistributive effect, which are based on different types of concentration curves, can be decomposed to explain the separate contributions of taxes, transfers, and government-supplied good income, and can also reveal interactions between these components. This is illustrated using U.S. data. The instrumental roles of tax and expenditure progressivities in determining the net redistributive impact of the fiscal system are specified. It is also demonstrated that a recent theme of the literature, that concerned with measuring net fiscal-incidence progressivity, is inherently problematic and unlikely to reveal useful summary information about the impact of the fiscal system.
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Bourke, Emily Jane, and J. Lennert Veerman. "The potential impact of taxing sugar drinks on health inequality in Indonesia." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 6 (November 2018): e000923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000923.
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BackgroundEvidence suggests reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is important to reducing weight gain and chronic disease risk. Indonesia’s large population is a growing market for sugar-sweetened beverages. Taxation to reduce consumption is of interest, but considered fiscally regressive. Little is known about differential effects between income groups in low-income countries.MethodsThis modelling study uses a proportional multistate life table to model reduced daily energy intake following a $0.30 per litre tax on sugar-sweetened beverages and subsequent shifts in Body Mass Index (BMI) distribution for income groups in Indonesia. Energy balance equations calculate reduced BMI. Reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease and stroke is determined from the relative risk of the BMI shift and subsequent health-adjusted life years gained calculated.ResultsThe tax’s effect was greater for higher income quintiles than lower. Energy intake reduced most in higher income quintiles. Cases of overweight and obesity for women decreased by approximately 15 000 in the lowest income quintile, but 417 000 for the highest. For men, this was 12 000 and 415 000. Over 25 years, 63 000 cases of diabetes were averted in the lowest quintile and 1 487 000 in the highest. Similar magnitudes were observed for stroke and ischaemic heart disease. Tax paid over 25 years was $0.5 billion for the lowest income quintile and $15.1 billion for the highest.ConclusionSugar-sweetened beverage taxation can help to reduce the number of overweight and obese, and prevent over a million cases of diabetes in Indonesia. Higher income groups would benefit more than lower income groups. The tax would raise $920 million in the first year and $27.3 billion over 25 years.
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Saxena, Akshar, Nicholas Stacey, Paula Del Ray Puech, Caroline Mudara, Karen Hofman, and Stéphane Verguet. "The distributional impact of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: findings from an extended cost-effectiveness analysis in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 4 (August 2019): e001317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001317.
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BackgroundFacing increasing obesity prevalence and obesity-related disease burden, South Africa has devised an obesity prevention strategy that includes a recently implemented tax on the sugar content of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). We assess the potential distributional impact (across socioeconomic groups) of this tax on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence and associated mortality and its financial burden on households.MethodsWe conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis of the new 10% tax on SSBs in South Africa, and estimated: the averted premature deaths related to T2DM, the financial benefits to households (out-of-pocket (OOP) medical costs and indirect costs due to productivity losses averted), the increased government tax revenues and healthcare savings for the government, all across income quintiles.FindingsA 10% SSB tax increase would avert an estimated 8000 T2DM-related premature deaths over 20 years, with most deaths averted among the third and fourth income quintiles. The government would save about South African rand (ZAR) 2 billion (US$140 million) in subsidised healthcare over 20 years; and would raise ZAR6 billion (US$450 million) in tax revenues per annum. The bottom two quintiles would bear the smallest tax burden increase (36% of the additional taxes). The bottom two income quintiles would also have the lowest savings in OOP payments due to significant subsidisation provided by government healthcare. Lastly, an estimated 32 000 T2DM-related cases of catastrophic expenditures and 12 000 cases of poverty would be averted.ConclusionsSSB taxation would have a substantial distributional impact on obesity-related premature deaths, cost savings to the government and the financial outcomes of South Africa’s population.
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Kaplow, Louis. "On the (Ir)Relevance of Distribution and Labor Supply Distortion to Government Policy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632726.
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Should the assessment of government policies, such as the provision of public goods and the control of externalities, deviate from first-best principles to account for distributive effects and the distortionary cost of labor income taxation? For example, is the optimal extent of public goods provision smaller than indicated by the Samuelson rule because finance is distortionary? Or should environmental regulations fail to internalize externalities fully if the incidence of the regulations is regressive? It is suggested that these questions are best addressed by considering distribution-neutral implementation, in which budget balance is achieved by choosing an adjustment to the income tax that offsets the distributive impact of the policy in question. In basic cases, both distribution and labor supply distortion are moot because the target policy and the tax adjustment produce offsetting effects on each. Thus, traditional first-best principles provide good benchmarks for policy analysis after all. Moreover, even when actual implementation will not be distribution neutral in aggregate, distribution-neutral policy analysis has many conceptual and practical virtues that render it quite useful to investigators.
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Shirazi, Nasim Shah, Muhammad Ilyas, and Mehboob Ahmed. "Redistributive Effects of Fiscal Policy across the Income Groups in the Urban-Rural Areas of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.519-533.
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There exist a large number of studies related to the estimates of government budgetary redistributive effects and its related problems with regard to different countries of the world.1 Studies of the impacts of government expenditures and taxes in Pakistan have been conducted within the framework of either incidence of taxes or the impact of expenditures across the income groups. The studies carried out by Azfar (1972); Jeetun (1978); Alauddin and Raza (1981) Malik and Saqib (1985, 1989) cover different aspects of taxation—tax incidence, progressivity or regressivity of the tax system across the income groups/individuals and regions. These studies did not discuss the expenditure side of the budget. Shirazi (1996) analysed the impact of government transfer programmes (Zakat and Ushr) across the income deciles. Ghaus (1989) studied the incidence of provincial and municipal government service-related expenditure benefits in Karachi metropolitan and therefore, the scope of her study was limited to one city only. Despite the existence of a rich bibliography on the subject of government redistrbutive budgetary effects and its related problems, no study is available which covers the overall redistributive impacts of government budgetary policy in Pakistan. This study explores the impacts of government expenditures and taxes on the distribution of income across various income groups along with net fiscal impacts in the urban-rural areas of Pakistan. The rest of our study is organised as follows. In the following section, Part II, we describe the methodology and data set. In Part III, the results of the study are presented. The Part IV concludes the paper.
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Fossati, Amedeo, and Marcello Montefiori. "ANTONIO DE VITI DE MARCO, THE PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM MEANS, AND POLITICAL COMPETITION." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 41, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837218000408.
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In contrast to the common maxims for good taxation, Antonio De Viti de Marco revolutionized public finance studies by placing collective economic activity within a theoretical framework and trying to explain concrete fiscal phenomena such as tax incidence or public debt. The polar cases of cooperative and monopolistic states and the state factor of production are usually considered characteristics of such a framework. Here, we remark that De Viti’s theory of the cooperative state appears grounded only on the principles of minimum means and of political competition, and on the assumption that individual income is a proxy of individual consumption of general public services. Thus, it appears that the characteristics might be inessential to the real core of his theoretical framework. Moreover, we claim that his theoretical framework was not actually applied in his explanation of concrete fiscal phenomena. Finally, we remark that he seldom employed marginal tools in his Principî.
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Wahid, Abdul, Edmund H. Mantell, and Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz. "UNDER INVOICING IN THE RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE MARKET IN PAKISTAN." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.14337.
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In this paper the meaning of “under invoicing in a real estate market” signifies that the market value of real property exceeds its record value appearing in government documentation. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of under invoicing and determine the factors that affect the under invoicing in real estate markets in Pakistan. We apply OLS and Extreme Bounds Analysis techniques to test our propositions. The statistical sample consists of 338 real estate contracts. We find that under invoicing is determined by a multiplicity of factor. These include: the capital gains tax rate, the measurable amount of corruption in the economy, the risk-free rate, a buyer’s profession, the reputation of the local housing authority, and the degree of disequilibria in regional real estate markets. Our findings are consistent with four distinct hypotheses: (a) tax evasion hypothesis, (b) widening gap hypothesis, (c) a corruption hypothesis and (d) a signaling hypothesis. The evidence suggests that higher rates of taxation and a larger statistical incidence of corruption in markets tend to be associated with a greater probability of under-invoicing. The findings of the study have practical implications for those investors who are interested in real estate markets of emerging and developing economies.
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Wang, Zhan, Xiangzheng Deng, and Gang Liu. "Environmental income in economic growth of a large open economy for the era of eco-urbanization." Forestry Economics Review 1, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fer-04-2019-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that the environmental income drives economic growth of a large open country. Design/methodology/approach The authors detect that the relative environmental income has double effect of “conspicuous consumption” on the international renewable resource stock changes when a new social norm shapes to environmental-friendly behaviors by using normal macroeconomic approaches. Findings Every unit of extra demand for renewable resource consumption increases the net premium of domestic capital asset. Even if the technology spillovers are inefficient to the substitution of capital to labor force in a real business cycle, the relative income with scale effect increases drives savings to investment. In this case, the renewable resource consumption promotes both the reproduction to a higher level and saving the potential cost of environmental improvement. Even if without scale effects, the loss of technology inefficient can be compensated by net positive consumption externality for economic growth in a sustainable manner. Research limitations/implications It implies how to earn the environment income determines the future pathway of China’s rural conversion to the era of eco-urbanization. Originality/value We test the tax incidence to demonstrate an experimental taxation for environmental improvement ultimately burdens on international consumption side.
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Setlakwe, Paul J. "La fiducie, l'usufruit et la substitution : analyse de certaines incidences fiscales." Les Cahiers de droit 26, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 739–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042686ar.
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This article deals with income tax and succession duty implications resulting from the use of Quebec civil law trusts, usufructs and substitutions. In the first part, the author examines income tax consequences under the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the Taxation Act (Quebec). In the second part, the author examines the specific and unique rules provided in the Succession Duty Act (Quebec) with respect to each institution and various estate planning techniques which have been used
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Petrenko, Anatolii. "Conventional Regulation of International Cooperation within OECD." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.93.
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A characteristic trend in the development of international law in the second half of the XX century and early XXI century is thesignificant expansion of the law-making function of international intergovernmental organizations, which are obtaining an increasinglyimportant role each year in resolving common issues in the political, economic, social, educational and other spheres, acting on behalfand in the interests of the states that formed them. In the system of international organizations of economic nature, an important placebelongs to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which unites 36 industrialized countries as at 2020. Duringalmost 70 years of the OECD existence, the organization has developed and adopted a wide variety of legal instruments aimed ataddressing the widest range of issues related to various sectors of the economy, the fight against corruption, education and science, theenvironment, etc., recommendations, declarations, international agreements, ad hoc instruments. Based on a purely quantitative indicator,legally binding international treaties have a relatively small percentage of the entire normative body of acts adopted under theOECD. In total, 13 conventions were adopted within its framework, 10 of which are in force today. However, the conventions, deve -loped under the aegis of the OECD, are quite successful examples of codification and progressive development of international law inthe fields of: anti-corruption (Convention to Combat Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions of December17, 1997); administrative assistance in the field of taxation (Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters of January25, 1988 and Protocol amending the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters of May 27, 2010); counteractionto the tax base erosion and profit shift (Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosionand Profit Shifting of November 24, 2016); nuclear safety, liability for damage caused by nuclear incidents (Convention on theEstablishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy of December 20, 1957, Convention on Third Party Liability in theField of Nuclear Energy of July 29, 1960 (Paris Convention, 1960), Convention of 31 January 1963 Supplementary to the Paris Conventionof July 29, 1960 (Brussels Supplementary Convention).
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Vaquera García, Antonio. "El principio de capacidad económica en España: ¿vigencia o superación de facto? Supuestos problemáticos en la imposición directa estatal y en el gravamen municipal sobre plusvalías = The principle of economic capacity in Spain: effectiveness? Problem assumptions in state direct taxation and municipal taxes on appreciation." Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de León, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rjule.v0i4.5288.
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<p>El presente trabajo plantea un análisis sobre el cumplimiento en la actualidad del mandato derivado del principio de capacidad económica establecido por la Constitución de 1978. Para llevar a cabo este objetivo se ha dividido el estudio en tres partes: en la primera se realiza un examen crítico de la definición y formulación del citado principio a través de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional. En la segunda, se efectúa una comprobación general sobre una serie de figuras tributarias vigentes en España acerca de la efectiva incidencia que tiene dicha máxima en su articulación. Finalmente, en la tercera se detalla el último criterio aprobado por el Tribunal Constitucional a partir de la Sentencia relativa al Impuesto municipal sobre Incremento de Valor de los Terrenos de Naturaleza Urbana.</p><p>This work presents an analysis of compliance currently the derivative mandate of the principle of economic capacity established by the Constitution of 1978. To accomplish this goal has divided the study in three parts: the first a brief test is performed critical of the definition and formulation of that principle by the doctrine and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. In the second, a general check on a number of existing tax figures in Spain about the actual impact having such a maximum in its articulation is made. Finally, in the third section, the last criterion approved by the Constitutional Court is outlined in the Judgment on the Municipal Tax on Increasing Value of Urban Land</p>
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Toma, Dimitrina. "Tax and Taxation and its Character." International Journal of Tax Economics and Management, August 31, 2019, 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/28.6454.
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This paper investigates whether an emissions tax (equivalent to an emissions cap) maximizes social welfare (defined as the sum of consumer and producer surplus) in the presence of incomplete regulation (leakage) or market power by analyzing an intensity standard regulating emissions per unit of output. This paper analyzes the effect of passive investment in rival firms on the setting of uniform taxes and uniform absolute emission standards by the government. This article is concerned with taxation in general, its principles, its objectives, and its effects; specifically, the article discusses the nature and purposes of taxation, whether taxes should be classified as direct or indirect, the history of taxation, canons and criteria of taxation, and economic effects of taxation, including shifting and incidence (identifying who bears the ultimate burden of taxes when that burden is passed from the person or entity deemed legally responsible for it to another).
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Sachs, Dominik, Aleh Tsyvinski, and Nicolas Werquin. "Nonlinear Tax Incidence and Optimal Taxation in General Equilibrium." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838863.
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"Taxation under Formula Apportionment—Tax Competition, Tax Incidence, and the Choice of Apportionment Factors." FinanzArchiv 60, no. 1 (2004): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522104774102770.
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Średzińska, Joanna, Agnieszka Kozera, and Aldona Standar. "INCIDENCE OF TAXATION ON THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SITUATION OF FARMS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 53, no. 3 (October 8, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2019.01131.
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In EU countries, agricultural taxation is of major importance for the competitiveness of economic operators active in the agriculture sector. In many countries, the implementation of non-fiscal objectives plays an essential role in preferential tax regimes targeted at the agricultural sector. This is because the adopted tax regime concept impacts the targets, structure and intensification of agricultural production and, as a consequence, affects the economic and financial performance of farms and other aspects. The main purpose of this paper was to specify the quantitative relationships between taxation levels and the economic and financial situation of farms in European Union countries. The empirical study was composed of two stages. The first stage was a synthetic assessment of farm taxation levels in the EU. For that purpose, TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) was used to develop a synthetic indicator used as a basis to arrange the countries and identify the types of farm taxation levels. The types of EU countries grouped by farm taxation levels became the starting point for an analysis of the relationship between taxation and the farms’ economic and financial situation. The sub-indicators of the farms’ economic and financial situation were presented for the typological classes concerned, including sub-indicators of production potential, production intensity, incomes, farm subsidies, indebtedness and investments. The empirical study was based on 2013-2015 FADN data (average figures).
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O’Brien, Rourke, and Adam Travis. "Racial change and income tax policy in the US states." Socio-Economic Review, August 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwab039.
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Abstract This article examines the social correlates of US state income tax policy-making between 1980 and 2008. We focus on the three factors the existing research suggests that are relevant to redistributive policy-making: income structure, left power resources and racial composition. We employ a holistic measure of state income taxation—the dollar-weighted average marginal tax rate—that captures both the overall level of taxation as well as the distribution of tax incidence, key determinants of the redistributive effect of income tax policy. Our analyses examine within-state changes over time as estimated using both actual and fixed income distributions, which enables us to isolate real changes in tax policy from shifts in the income distribution. We find evidence that increases in the percentages of Black and Hispanic residents are associated with a decrease in average marginal tax rate on wage income. We situate these findings within the broader literature on the social determinants of redistributive policy-making.
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Chen, Been-Lon, Hung-Ju Chen, and Ping Wang. "LONG-RUN TAX INCIDENCE IN A HUMAN-CAPITAL-BASED ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL WITH LABOR-MARKET FRICTIONS." Macroeconomic Dynamics, May 16, 2019, 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051900021x.
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In a second-best optimal growth setup with only factor taxes, it is in general optimal to fully replace capital by labor income taxation in the long run. We revisit this important issue by developing a human-capital-based endogenous growth model with frictional labor search, allowing each firm to create multiple vacancies and each worker to determine market participation. We find that the conventional efficient bargaining condition is necessary but not sufficient for achieving constrained social optimality. We then conduct tax incidence exercises in balanced growth by calibrating to the U.S. economy with a preexisting 20% flat tax on capital and labor income. Our quantitative results suggest that, due to a dominant channel via the interactions between vacancy creation and market participation, it is optimal to switch only partially from capital to labor taxation in a benchmark economy where human-capital formation depends on both physical and human-capital stocks. This main finding is robust even along the transition with time-varying factor tax rates. Moreover, our quantitative analysis under alternative setups suggests that while endogenous human capital and labor-market frictions are essential for obtaining a positive optimal capital tax, endogenous leisure, nonlinear human-capital accumulation and endogenous growth are not crucial.