Relevant bibliographies by topics / TB diagnosis

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'TB diagnosis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "TB diagnosis"

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DRAHL, CARMEN. "TB DIAGNOSIS: MURKY." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 39 (September 24, 2007): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n039.p039.

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Osman, Muhammad, Sue-Ann Meehan, Arne von Delft, Karen Du Preez, Rory Dunbar, Florian M. Marx, Andrew Boulle, Alex Welte, Pren Naidoo, and Anneke C. Hesseling. "Early mortality in tuberculosis patients initially lost to follow up following diagnosis in provincial hospitals and primary health care facilities in Western Cape, South Africa." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): e0252084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252084.

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In South Africa, low tuberculosis (TB) treatment coverage and high TB case fatality remain important challenges. Following TB diagnosis, patients must link with a primary health care (PHC) facility for initiation or continuation of antituberculosis treatment and TB registration. We aimed to evaluate mortality among TB patients who did not link to a TB treatment facility for TB treatment within 30 days of their TB diagnosis, i.e. who were “initial loss to follow-up (ILTFU)” in Cape Town, South Africa. We prospectively included all patients with a routine laboratory or clinical diagnosis of TB made at PHC or hospital level in Khayelitsha and Tygerberg sub-districts in Cape Town, using routine TB data from an integrated provincial health data centre between October 2018 and March 2020. Overall, 74% (10,208/13,736) of TB patients were diagnosed at PHC facilities and ILTFU was 20.0% (2,742/13,736). Of ILTFU patients, 17.1% (468/2,742) died, with 69.7% (326/468) of deaths occurring within 30 days of diagnosis. Most ILTFU deaths (85.5%; 400/468) occurred in patients diagnosed in hospital. Multivariable logistic regression identified increasing age, HIV positive status, and hospital-based TB diagnosis (higher in the absence of TB treatment initiation and being ILTFU) as predictors of mortality. Although hospitals account for a modest proportion of diagnosed TB patients they have high TB-associated mortality. A hospital-based TB diagnosis is a critical opportunity to identify those at high risk of early and overall mortality. Interventions to diagnose TB before hospital admission, improve linkage to TB treatment following diagnosis, and reduce mortality in hospital-diagnosed TB patients should be prioritised.
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Murwaningrum, Artati, Murdani Abdullah, and Dadang Makmun. "Pendekatan Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Tuberkulosis Intestinal." Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia 3, no. 3 (January 23, 2017): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v3i3.28.

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Tuberkulosis (TB) telah menjadi masalah global yang terus membesar seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah pasien TB. Infeksi TB masih merupakan hal yang umum ditemukan dan merupakan faktor penting terhadap angka kesakitan dan kematian, terutama pada negara yang belum dan sedang berkembang. Kasus Tuberkulosis usus (TB usus) juga meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah kasus TB secara umum. Indonesia merupakan Negara ke-2 dengan prevalensi Tuberkulosis TB tertinggi di Asia Tenggara setelah Timor Leste pada tahun 2014. TB usus adalah manifestasi TB ekstrapulmonal terbanyak keenam.Manifestasi klinis yang tidak spesifik dan kadang menyerupai beberapa kondisi lain termasuk keganasan menyebabkan diagnosis TB usus sulit ditegakkan secara akurat. Temuan dari hasil endoskopi dan gambaran radiologi dari berbagai stage penyakit sudah sangat banyak, namun diagnosis tetap sulit dilakukan. Sampai saat ini belum ada metode tunggal yang dapat mendeteksi TB usus secara tepat dan akurat, berbagai metode investigasi telah digunakan dalam diagnosis TB usus. Diagnosis yang dilakukan sejak awal, pemberian terapi anti tuberculosis dan tindakan bedah adalah hal-hal esensial dalam pencegahan terjadinya kesakitan dan kematian akibat TB usus, sehingga dibutuhkan kombinasi penilaian klinis dan pemeriksaan berbagai modalitas. Pasien yang telah didiagnosis TB usus diberikan terapi obat anti tuberculosis (OAT) dan pertimbangan tindakan bedah jika mengalami komplikasi.Kata Kunci: diagnosis, tuberkulosis intestinal Diagnostic Approach and Treatment of Instestinal TuberculosisTuberculosis (TB) has become a resurgent global problem with increasing numbers of patients. TB infection is still common and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in underdeveloped and developing nations. Intestinal tuberculosis (intestinal TB) rates are rising, consistet with the overall trend. In 2014 Indonesia has the second highest TB prevalence in South East Asia after Timor Leste. Intestinal TB is the sixth highest manifestation of extrapulmonal TB. Manifestations can be non-specific and mimic many conditions, including malignancies causes’ intestinal TB diagnosis more difficult to be accurately determined. Findings from endoscopy and radiological imaging are countless, and depend on the stage of the disease and the time at which investigations are carried out. Hence, diagnosis can be difficult. Until recently there is no single method to identify intestinal TB accurately, various investigative methods have been used to aid in the diagnosis of intestinal TB. Early diagnosis and initiation of antituberculous therapy and surgical treatment are essential to prevent morbidity and mortality. Combined clinical assessment and some modalities examinations are needed to determine intestinal TB. Patient whom has been diagnosed with intestinal TB will be given anti tuberculosis therapy and surgery if any complications occur. Keywords: diagnosis, intestinal tuberculosis
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Ahammad, Faruk, Ahmed Manadir Hossain, Mohammad Abu Bakar Siddique, and Nipendra Nath Biswas. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis- an Update." Faridpur Medical College Journal 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2016): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v10i2.30275.

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Annually about two million deaths occur globally due to tuberculosis (TB). Bangladesh ranks the sixth position among 22 highest burden TB countries in the world and also one of the 27 high multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries where about 70,000 people die every year due to TB. Among six key components of Stop TB Strategy (STS) Plan, the first one includes increase case notification of all forms of TB and improve diagnosis of new smear negative, extrapulmonary cases and TB in children by 2016. As TB can affect any organ in human body, the TB cases are managed by any discipline in medical community. Unfortunately diagnostic accuracy is not satisfactory and is not only due to uniform unavailability of the latest diagnostic facilities but also due to inadequate knowledge of the professionals about currently available modern laboratory techniques to diagnose TB. Light-emitting diode (LED) microscopy with fluorescence (auramine-rhodamine staining) should be preferred than conventional microscopy with Zeihl-neelsen (acid fast) staining to identify TB bacilli. Mantoux test (MT) indicates only infection by TB bacilli, does not necessarily the active disease. It may be positive in latent TB and in BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccinated cases. Antibodies from Lymphocyte Secretion or Antibodies in Lymphocyte Supernatant (ALS) assay can detect active TB cases within three days of sample collection. The test is very useful to diagnose TB in children where sputum collection is difficult. Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) tests are not advocated in low and middle-income countries, typically those with a high TB and/or HIV burden. Anti TB IgG/IgM/IgA tests should be avoided because these are being misinterpreted by someone as active TB cases. Adenosine Deaminase Assay (ADA) is a reliable test to diagnose tuberculous pleural effusion together with other evidences. ADA in pleural fluid <40 IU/L is considered negative for TB. The more the ADA level, the more possibility to be tuberculous effusion. Level >100 IU/L is highly specific for TB origin. Gene Xpert MTB/RIF, an Xpert test for mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Rifampicin (RIF) resistance, is used for rapid identification for TB bacilli, specially when MDR-TB is suspected, in human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) infected cases and highly suspected sputum negative cases ( as a follow on test ) where microscopy frequently failed due to low bacterial load. The test exhibits high sensitivity and specificity for detecting pulmonary TB.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jul 2015;10(2): 71-75
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Takhar, Rajendra, and Moti Lal Bunkar. "Diagnosis: Reactivation of pulmonary TB." Annals of Saudi Medicine 36, no. 2 (April 2016): 152a. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2016.152a.

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Khan, Nida, Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry, Shaheer Ellahi Khan, Muhammad Amir Khan, and Muhammad Ahmar Khan. "TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 01 (January 10, 2015): 054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.01.1412.

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Pakistan is eighth among countries with high burden of tuberculosis (TB). InPakistan free-of-charge TB diagnosis and treatment services are available. The objectiveof qualitative exploratory study was to understand how TB patients and their families copewith the lost earnings and increased expenditures (other than diagnosis and treatmentcost) related with disease and its treatment. The research methods included literaturereview, focus group discussion using vignettes and in-depth interviews with TB patients.The study was done in the rural areas of Lahore District with the support of district andlocal health facility staff. The study revealed that, Results like in many other developingcountries, TB patients rely mainly on financial and physical support of family membersand friends. Conclusion The study also highlighted the need for developing institutionalmechanisms to help patients cope with economic consequences of tuberculosis.
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Nataprawira, Heda Melinda D., Cissy B. Kartasasmita, Oma Rosmayudi, and Hudiyati Agustini. "Diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis using The Indonesian National Concencus for Pediatric Tuberculosis." Paediatrica Indonesiana 41, no. 4 (August 30, 2001): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi41.4.2001.185-90.

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Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in children correctly is critical to appropriate treatment. However, diagnosing TB in children may be difficult and can be imprecise. As our national TB control program has not adequately covered TB in children and adult TB cases still in high rank, our national consensus for pediatric population may facilitate TB diagnosed especially in the field. This cross sectional study as part of longitudinal cohort study of epidemiology of Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV) in Indonesia (still ongoing) was conducted to know whether criteria used in the algorithm in the consensus compatible to suspected TB diagnosis. The study covered 1000 children under five randomly selected in two districts (Cikutra and Ujung Berung Indah) located in West Java. By using algorithm of The Indonesian National Consensus For Pediatric Tuberculosis (INCPT) with history of known or suspected adult source of TB or early reaction of BCG vaccination and certain general clinical symptoms associated TB as entry criteria for a higher index of suspicion, we diagnosed suspected TB in 57 children. We found that, history of known or suspected adult source of TB and certain general clinical symptoms are two main criteria for suspected TB diagnosis. It appeared that Mantoux test gave a smallest contribution to the diagnosis of suspected TB in the field. No other criterium except known or suspected adult source of TB fulfilled for other five children and prophylactic treatment for TB were given. Those children with suspected TB were given oral anti-tuberculosis (OAT) by Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) done by local trained persons.
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Rutakingirwa, Morris K., Fiona V. Cresswell, Richard Kwizera, Kenneth Ssebambulidde, Enock Kagimu, Edwin Nuwagira, Lillian Tugume, et al. "Tuberculosis in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis is Associated with an Increased Risk of Death." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030781.

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Tuberculosis (TB) and cryptococcal meningitis are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in advanced HIV disease. Data are limited on TB co-infection among individuals with cryptococcal meningitis. We performed a retrospective analysis of HIV-infected participants with cryptococcal meningitis from 2010–2017. Baseline demographics were compared between three groups: ‘prevalent TB’ if TB treated >14 days prior to cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis, ‘concurrent TB’ if TB treated ± 14 days from diagnosis, or ‘No TB at baseline’. We used time-updated proportional-hazards regression models to assess TB diagnosis as a risk for death. Of 870 participants with cryptococcal meningitis, 50 (6%) had prevalent TB, 67 (8%) had concurrent TB, and 753 (86%) had no baseline TB. Among participants without baseline TB, 67 (9%) were diagnosed with incident TB (after >14 days), with a median time to TB incidence of 41 days (IQR, 22–69). The 18-week mortality was 50% (25/50) in prevalent TB, 46% (31/67) in concurrent TB, and 45% (341/753) in the no TB group (p = 0.81). However, TB co-infection was associated with an increased hazard of death (HR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.33–2.32; p < 0.001) in a time-updated model. TB is commonly diagnosed in cryptococcal meningitis, and the increased mortality associated with co-infection is a public health concern.
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Medrano, Belinda A., Gloria Salinas, Connie Sanchez, Roque Miramontes, Blanca I. Restrepo, Maryam B. Haddad, and Lauren A. Lambert. "A Missed Tuberculosis Diagnosis Resulting in Hospital Transmission." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 5 (May 2014): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/675833.

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Objective.To find the source of tuberculin skin test conversions among 38 hospital employees on 1 floor during routine testing January–February 2010.Methods.Record review of patients at a private hospital during September-December 2009 and interviews with hospital employees. Names of patients from the state tuberculosis (TB) registry were cross-referenced with hospital records for admissions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotype results in the county and adjacent counties were examined, and contacts were evaluated for TB infection and disease.Results.One of the 38 employees, a nurse, was diagnosed with pulmonary TB with a matching M. tuberculosis genotype and drug resistance pattern (isoniazid monoresistant) to those of a county jail inmate also recently diagnosed with pulmonary TB. The nurse had no known contact with that inmate; however, another inmate in his 20's from the same jail had been hospitalized under that nurse's care in October 2009. That young man died, and a postmortem examination result subsequently confirmed TB, which had not been suspected. Exposure to this man with undiagnosed TB could explain the transmission: 87 (27%) of the 318 hospital-based contacts without previous positive tuberculin skin test results were infected, and 9 contacts had active TB.Conclusions.This investigation demonstrated M. tuberculosis transmission in a hospital due to a missed diagnosis and nonadherence to national TB infection control guidelines. Routine TB screening of employees allowed early detection of this missed TB diagnosis, facilitating prompt evaluation of contacts. Healthcare providers should suspect TB in symptomatic persons and adhere to TB control policies.
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Kesarwani, Pushkar, Versha Keshari, Reena Srivastava, Sarita Pandey, and Devendra Mishra. "A study on role of cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in diagnosis of genital tuberculosis among patients of infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2021.014.

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Female genital TB (FGTB)– referring to TB of the uterus, fallopian tubes and/or Ovaries. It poses a diagnostic dilemma because of its varied presentations and lack of sensitive and specific methods of diagnosis, though CBNAAT gives rapid result. To study the role of CBNAAT in the Diagnosis of Genital Tuberculosis among infertility and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Patients. 102 patient of infertility (52) and chronic PID (50) were enrolled for our cross-sectional study. Mantoux, ESR, Histopathology, CBNAAT was performed in all 102 cases and Hysterosalpingography (HSG), Laparoscopy, Hysteroscopy in selected cases. Patient with clinical features of genital TB, supported with TB suggestive test were diagnosed as high suspicious genital TB (GTB+) and rest Low suspicious GTB (GTB-) cases. 14/ 52 cases of infertility and 18/ 50 cases of chronic PID were clinically diagnosed as High suspicious genital TB (GTB+). In our study, overall Prevalance of GTB was 31.37%, among infertility patient prevalence was 26.92% and among chronic PID was 36%. 16/32 (50%) mantoux positive, 25/32 (78.13%) had increased ESR. On HSG, 10/52 (19.23%) infertility cases, on laparoscopy 24/32 (75%), on endometrial histopathology only 3/32 (9.37%) cases had finding suggestive of TB. CBNAAT could detect tubercular bacilli only in 25% (8/32) TB cases. High index of suspicion for FGTB is must for diagnosis. Unlike Pulmonary TB, role of CBNAAT in the diagnosis of female genital TB is limited. PPV of CBNAAT for diagnosis of GTB is almost 100%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TB diagnosis"

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Dinic, Lana. "Molecular Diagnosis of TB and MDR-TB in HIV-Coinfection in Nigeria." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10387.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients and the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a growing problem in resource-limited settings (RLS). TB diagnosis in most RLS still depends on smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) while adequate infrastructure for testing drug sensitivity is unavailable. However, molecular diagnostics that detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DNA and its genetic markers of drug resistance were recently developed. In this thesis I describe the use of a molecular diagnostic, Genotype MTBDRplus, for characterizing DR-TB and patterns of tuberculosis-like infection in two cities in south-west and north-central Nigeria. I found high rates of DR-TB in Nigerian HIV-infected individuals (9.3% for RIF or INH) with significantly different amounts by location (18.18% in south-west vs. 3.91% in north-central Nigeria, p=0.01). RIF resistance, indicative of MDR-TB, was found in 5.52% treatment-naïve patients, far exceeding the WHO predictions (0-4.3%). Furthermore, RIF resistance was genetically distinct, suggesting location-specific transmission of drug resistance (p=0.04). Genotype MTBDRplus correctly identified the drug-resistant samples compared to sequencing in 96.8% of cases. Mtb was confirmed in 56% of patients and was less likely to be found in patients on ART, while controlling for other relevant demographic characteristics (OR 0.29, P=0.02). Only abnormal respiratory findings on auscultation and the direct sputum smear grade greater than 3/100 were significant predictors of Mtb infection (OR 3.28, P=0.03; OR 6.40, p<0.01 respectively). Concentrated sputum smear was not significantly correlated with Mtb infection, except at the highest grades (>2+). Furthermore, in 49% of samples that were not confirmed for Mtb other actinomycetes were found: atypical Mycobacteria (ATM), Rhodococcus spp., Nocardia spp., Corynebacterium spp. I conclude that concentrated sputum AFB smears may misidentify bacteria as Mtb in a subset of HIV-infected patients. These individuals may have a different, even uncharacterized, actinomycete infection in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, total DR-TB in HIV-infection is high and transmission of DR-TB in HIV-infected patients in Nigeria is higher than estimated by the WHO. Molecular diagnostics are a rapid method for identifying Mtb and monitoring DR-TB, and can guide appropriate treatment decisions for respiratory infections in RLS with a high HIV burden.
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Brent, Andrew. "The Kilifi Improving Diagnosis and Surveillance of Childhood TB Study : the KIDS TB Study." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14399.

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Improving diagnosis and surveillance of childhood TB are key research priorities. We established intensified case finding and state of the art TB diagnostics to investigate the performance of clinical and laboratory tools for childhood TB diagnosis at 2 hospitals in Kenya. We estimated the community incidence of childhood TB using a continuous demographic surveillance survey and detailed surveillance sensitivity analysis. 2041 children were investigated for suspected TB. 70 (3.4%) had bacteriologically confirmed TB, 63 (3.1%) had clinically highly probable TB, and a further 144 (7.1%) were treated for TB based on their clinical presenting features. 107/133 (80%) confirmed/highly probable TB (CHPTB) cases had pulmonary TB. CHPTB was associated with HIV infection (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.2), malnutrition (1.5, 1.0-2.1) and close TB contact (5.7, 3.8-8.5). The population attributable fraction of a known close TB contact was 38.8-52.5%. The estimated community incidence of CHPTB locally and nationally was 46 and 83 per 100,000 per year, respectively. The performance of published clinical diagnostic tools varied widely, but the accuracy of all was limited. We derived and independently validated a simple KIDS TB Score that ruled out TB in 2/3 suspects with 98.8% negative predictive value, stratifying other children into groups of increasing risk. Bacteriological yield was highest for the Mycobacterial Growth Inhibitor Tube (MGIT) method (sensitivity 34%, 29-39%, among CHPTB patient samples), and lower for the Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) assay (30%, 24-35%). The study provides the first comprehensive description from the region of the clinical spectrum of childhood TB, and the only prospective incidence estimates. It suggests up to half of all cases are potentially preventable by implementing current recommendations for isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. The diagnostic performance of clinical and laboratory methods should inform development of future clinical guidelines and laboratory capacity.
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Koeslag, Anthony. "Computer aided diagnosis of miliary TB in chest X-rays." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5191.

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With the improvement in computer technology, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) is becoming an increasingly more powerful tool for radiologists. The focus of this project was on CAD of pulmonary miliary tuberculosis. Several methods for enhancing lung textures were discussed as an aid to the radiologist in diagnosing miliary TB. Some statistical approaches and template matching methods were used to measure characteristics of both healthy and unhealthy (miliary TB) lung textures. These measurements were evaluated to see if a computer can be programmed to differentiate between lung texture from a healthy lung and lung texture from a lung with miliary TB.
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Tomlinson, Catherine Reid. "Linkage to treatment following RR-TB diagnosis in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16776.

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Patients diagnosed with rifampicin resistant (RR) tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa frequently fail to link to appropriate drug resistant (DR) TB treatment. The aim of this study was to explore barriers and enablers to expedited linkage to treatment following RR-TB diagnosis in the Western Cape Province, within the context of ongoing decentralisation of DRTB services and the scale-up of Xpert MTB/RIF diagnostics. Methods: An embedded case study approach, using qualitative research methods, was employed to explore barriers and enablers to expedited treatment linkage following RR-TB diagnosis. The case of investigation in this study was 'treatment linkage following RR-TB diagnosis in the Western Cape Province during the ongoing decentralisation of DR-TB services and scale-up of Xpert diagnostics'. DR-TB is used in this study as an encompassing term to refer to RR, multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant TB. The embedded units of analysis in this study were patients' linkage outputs, defined as: (1) expedited treatment initiation, (2) delayed treatment initiation and (3) non-initiation of treatment following sputum collection on which RR-TB was diagnosed. Seventeen patient, 8 family member, 49 healthcare worker and 4 key informant open-ended, in-depth interviews were conducted and 59 patient folders were reviewed. Additionally, an extensive literature review was conducted. The tools used for data collection in this study were developed from the literature review and Coker et al.'s (201) conceptual framework for evaluation of a communicable disease intervention. A framework approach using Coker et al.'s conceptual framework was applied for analysis. Results: This study identified multiple factors that enabled and constrained expedited treatment linkage following RR-TB diagnosis. Enabling factors included: 1) the availability of clinic level DR-TB counsellors and tracers; 2) living in walking distance of decentralised services and 3) having a strong social support network. Constraining factors included: 1) low usage of Xpert diagnostics, 2) delays in acting on results and missed (or unseen) results, 3) rotation of nurses or the lack of dedicated TB nurses in clinics, 4) limited clinic-level administrative support, 5) information systems challenges and 6) waiting lists for beds and limited access to transport services in rural areas . In linking to treatment, patients commonly face challenges due to competing subsistence needs and household or employment responsibilities. Additionally, substance addiction, having a history of treatment interruption, hopelessness regarding treatment, as well as not having a stable place to stay or social support may increase patients' risks of linkage failure. Conclusion: Within the Western Cape Province, there is significant opportunity to improve linkage to treatment through strengthening the health systems mechanisms to link patients to treatment following RR-TB diagnosis. Expanding access to psychosocial services (substance abuse rehabilitation and psychosocial evaluations) following RR-TB diagnosis may assist in linking high-risk patients to treatment. Additionally, the provision of food support (in addition to social grants) should be evaluated as a tactic to improve treatment linkage and adherence.
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Orikiriza, Patrick. "Improving diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in a high TB-HIV prevalent setting." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT026.

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L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé estime qu’en 2017 près d’un million d’enfants de moins de 15 ans ont développé la tuberculose mais seulement la moitié des cas ont été notifiés. Les difficultés pour recueillir des échantillons de crachat chez les enfants et la nature paucibacillifère de la tuberculose pédiatrique représentent de véritables challenges diagnostiques. Cela aboutit à la prescription fréquente de traitement empirique avec un risque de sur- ou sous-diagnostic. De plus, peu de laboratoires dans les pays à ressources limitées ont les capacités du diagnostic de la tuberculose. Les échantillons doivent être transportés vers des laboratoires de référence pouvant affecter les performances des tests, notamment en l’absence de chaine de froid.Trois études ont été menées à Mbarara (Ouganda) pour évaluer des échantillons non-respiratoires et des méthodes de conservation des échantillons pour améliorer le diagnostic de la tuberculose de l’enfant. Dans la première étude, nous avons évalué les performances de l’XpertMTB/RIF sur les expectorations et les selles d’enfants avec présomption de tuberculose et nous avons documenté le devenir des enfants selon la décision thérapeutique. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons évalué les performances de l’XpertMTB/RIF dans les selles et du test lipoarabinomanann (LAM) dans les urines chez des enfants admis dans un état critique. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons déterminé le taux de détection avec XpertMTB/RIF et la culture MGIT d’échantillons de crachats frottis-positifs conservés à température ambiante sans traitement, ou traités avec Omnigène ou éthanol à différents périodes de temps.Sur 392 enfants (âge médian 3,9 ans, 45,5% de filles et 31% VIH positifs) inclus dans la 1e étude, 4,3% ont été confirmés microbiologiquement. L’XpertMTB/RIF dans le crachat avait une sensibilité de 90,9% et une spécificité de 99,1% contre un test de référence microbiologique. La sensibilité et la spécificité de l’Xpert dans les selles étaient de 55,6% et 98,2%. La mortalité était de 6,9% à trois mois, et était plus importante chez les enfants traités (10,7%) que chez les enfants non-traités (4,5%). Aucun des enfants traités pour une tuberculose microbiologiquement confirmée n’est décédé contre 12,3% de ceux traités de façon empirique.Parmi les 234 enfants (âge médian 16,5 mois, 48,3% de filles, 31,6% VIH positifs et 58,5% sévèrement malnutris) inclus dans la 2e étude, 5,1% avaient une tuberculose microbiologiquement confirmée. XpertMTB/RIF dans les selles avait une sensibilité de 50% et une spécificité de 99,1%. La sensibilité du test urinaire LAM était de 50% et la spécificité de 74,1%. Les faux positifs LAM étaient plus fréquents parmi les résultats positifs LAM de bas grade et dans les urines avec une contamination bactérienne.Dans la 3e étude, après 15jours, il n’y avait pas de différence de détection par XpertMTB/RIF entre les échantillons traités avec Omnigène ou éthanol et les échantillons non traités, ne montrant pas de bénéfice de l’ajout d’un conservateur. Nous avons décrit une baisse substantielle de viabilité de Mycobacterium tuberculosis dans les échantillons traités par Omnigène, ce qui n’est pas en faveur de l’utilisation de l’Omnigène pour le transport des échantillons avant culture MGIT.En conclusion, XpertMTB/RIF dans les selles a montré des résultats prometteurs chez les enfants ne pouvant pas cracher et pourrait être une alternative intéressante à des méthodes plus complexes comme l’induction du crachat et l’aspiration gastrique pour les centres de santé primaire des pays à ressources limitées. La faible spécificité du LAM dans les urines nécessite des investigations complémentaires avant son utilisation pour le diagnostic de la tuberculose de l’enfant. En dépit des résultats encourageants de l’XpertMTB/RIF sur les échantillons conservés avec Omnigène ou l’éthanol, des investigations complémentaires dans des conditions programmatiques sont nécessaires
The world health organization estimates that in 2017, close to 1 million children below 15 years developed tuberculosis but only half of them were notified. Difficulty to obtain sputum in children and the paucibacillary nature of intrathoracic childhood tuberculosis challenge the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. This leads to the common use of empirical treatment with a high risk of over or under diagnosis. Besides that, few facilities in low resource settings have adequate laboratory capacity to diagnose tuberculosis. Samples must be transported to a reference laboratory, which can effect performance of the tests, especially in the absence of cold chain.Three studies were conducted in Mbarara (Uganda) to evaluate non-respiratory samples and specimen preservation methods to improve diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis. In the first study, we assessed the performance of XpertMTB/RIF on sputum and stool in children with presumptive tuberculosis and documented outcomes of children according to the tuberculosis treatment decision. In the second study, we assessed the performance of stool XpertMTB/RIF and urine lipoarabinomanann (LAM) among children admitted with severe illness. In the 3rd study, we determined XpertMTB/RIF and MGIT culture recovery rates of smear positive sputum specimen kept untreated at room temperature and treated with either Omnigene or ethanol over different time periods.Of 392 children (median age 3.9 years, 45.4% female and 31% HIV infected) enrolled in the 1st study, 4.3% (17/392) were microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis. Using a microbiological reference standard, sputum XpertMTB/RIF had a 90.9% sensitivity and specificity of 99.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of stool XpertMTB/RIF was 55.6% and 98.2%. The study reported mortality of 6.9% within three months with a higher proportion (10.7%) among children treated for tuberculosis compared to the non-treated children (4.5%). None of treated children with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis died compared to 12.3% of those treated empirically.Of 234 patients (median age 16.5 months, 48.3% female, 31.6% HIV infected, 58.5% severely malnourished) enrolled in the 2nd study, 5.1% were microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis. Stool XpertMTB/RIF had a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 99.1%. For the urine LAM test, it was 50% and 74.1%, respectively. False positive LAM results were more common among low grade positive LAM results and occurred more frequently when urine samples had bacterial contamination.The 3rd study documented that by 15th day, there was no difference of XpertMTB/RIF recovery rate between samples treated with Omnigene or ethanol and untreated samples, meaning that in the study conditions there was no benefit of adding any preservative for samples stored at room temperature up to 15 days. We observed a substantial loss of viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on samples treated with Omnigene, which does not support the use of Omnigene for sample transportation before MGIT testing.In conclusion, XpertMTB/RIF on stool gave promising results for the use in children unable to provide sputum and could be an interesting alternative to more complex methods such as sputum induction and gastric aspirate for primary health care centers of limited resource countries. The low specificity of the urine LAM requires further investigation before its use for diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Despite the encouraging XpertMTB/RIF results from specimen preserved either with Omnigene or ethanol further evaluation under routine field conditions is necessary
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Matinyenya, Brian. "Novel and newer nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of TB." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20680.

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Background: Current tools for TB diagnosis have suboptimal accuracy, perform poorly in diagnosing extra-pulmonary TB, and are not point of care; hence results have a slow turn-around time. Objective: This project evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the promising novel loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay on sputum, and that of the semi-automated Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) test on non-sputum specimens (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF], tracheal aspirates, and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) from South African patients with suspected TB (the accuracy of Xpert using these fluids was unknown at the time this work was performed). Methodology: Biological samples (sputum, tracheal aspirates, BALF, or CSF) were collected from patients with suspected TB. Liquid culture served as the reference standard for the diagnosis of definite TB. Accuracy was evaluated according to HIV and smear microscopy status, where appropriate. The relationship between test performance and bacterial load (culture time-to-positivity [TTP]) was also compared. For the evaluation of LAMP, 2 spot sputa of approximately 4 ml were collected from 301 patients (60 μl of sputum was used for the assay). For the evaluation of Xpert on BALF, 152 patients who were sputum scarce or smear-negative were recruited (1 ml of the BALF aliquot or a re-suspended pellet from 10 ml BALF was used). For the evaluation of Xpert on tracheal aspirates, 120 tracheal aspirates from patients enrolled in the intensive care unit (ICU) were tested. For the evaluation of Xpert on CSF, 235 patients with suspected TBM had a lumbar puncture with 1 ml of CSF or where available a re-suspended pellet from 3 ml of CSF evaluated using Xpert.
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Peter, Jonathan G. "Approaches to the diagnosis of smear-negative and sputum-scarce TB in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3453.

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In South Africa, an HIV-endemic setting, the burden of smear-negative (SN) and sputum-scarce (SS) TB is a major public health catastrophe. Diagnostic delay or failure is a key bottleneck. We hypothesised that i) assisted sputum smpling using sputum induction (SI), and ii) the use of the newer diagnostic tools (Xpert MTB/RIF and urine LAM strip), could improve diagnosis of SN or SSTB and impact clinical care. We investigated the accuracy and impact of these approaches at different levels in the health-system.
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Yilma, Lemma. "Pathways to diagnosis and treatment : TB patients' experiences in London : a narrative enquiry and analysis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1379947/.

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The purpose of this study was to understand TB patients' experiential accounts of access to TB diagnosis and treatment and more specifically about their experiences of medical help from health care professionals. METHOD: This narrative enquiry was undertaken in three boroughs of London, including two boroughs with the highest TB notification rates in the UK. The study involved pilot interviews with ten patients to develop the research question. In-depth narrative interviews with 32 additional patients were then undertaken. All participants were over eighteen years of age. The analysis of narratives involved descriptive; holistic-form and categorical content (themes) approaches to identify story 'plot' and 'subplots' and themes covering the whole of the patients' journeys to treatment. RESULTS: Seven narrative plots and thirty subplots were grouped into six categories of medical help and specific themes embedded in them were grouped in three stages of patients' pathways 'before' 'during' and 'after' diagnosis. These themes are listed below sequentially to illustrate these patients' pathways. 1. Symptoms were misinterpreted and misdiagnosed. 2. Kept on ineffective antibiotics/painkillers for many visits. 3. Referred quickly for suspected TB or other serious illnesses. 4. Referred only when critically ill. 5. Referred when antibiotics and pain killers not helping. 6. Referred only after pushing for referral. 7. Sought help from A&E. 8. Diagnosed immediately after TB testing. 9. Referred to wrong specialist and waited too long. 10. Had to fight for TB test. 11. Had lots of tests but no results. 12. Doubts about diagnosis. 13. Felt ignored and had no information. 14. Felt listened and cared for. 15. Quickly began my treatment. 16. Felt better after treatment, no side-effects. 17. Felt better after treatment with side-effects. 18. Felt needed longer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The accounts of two thirds of the study participants suggest that their doctors' misunderstanding of their illness and miscommunication with them contributed to delayed diagnosis and treatment ranging from one month to twelve months. TB service providers and commissioners need to raise clinical staff awareness about TB and review the factors hindering doctor-patient communication about TB care. The findings in this research indicate that health service related delay is likely to contribute to increased TB transmission rates in the two research settings in London.
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Truyts, Alma. "Towards paper-based micro bio-sensing of biomarker anti-mycolic acid antibodies for TB diagnosis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/72118.

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Accessible point of care diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) is an essential development to better manage the global epidemic that infects 10 million people annually. Current diagnostics are centralised, causing patient loss to follow up or delays in treatment. Although serological diagnosis using finger-prick blood has been historically insensitive in the diagnosis of TB, the detection of anti-mycolic acid (MA) antibodies in patient sera has been shown to allow accurate diagnosis in HIV-positive, previously infected and TB exposed patients. MA is a unique lipid antigen of mycobacteria with anti-MA antibodies being formed early upon infection in a T-cell independent pathway. This work aimed to contribute towards the development of a lateral flow immunoassay termed MALIA (Mycolate Antibodies Lateral flow Immuno Assay). This diagnostic has the unique lipid antigen MA as the immobilised capture agent and custom developed monoclonal anti-MA chicken antibodies (gallibodies) as the labelled bio-recognition element. Casein hydrolysate was newly applied as a blocker in enzyme-immuno assay (EIA) to characterise the functionality of the gallibodies in order to circumvent import restrictions on bovine milk products. MA dissolved in hexane and immobilised on nitrocellulose was not detected by the passively conjugated gold labelled gallibody conjugate in the lateral flow test (LFT) format, despite the confirmation with lipid staining and EIA that MA remained immobilised and antigenic on nitrocellulose. Various substrates, blockers and running buffers were explored for the LFT to attempt to detect MA. The method of passive conjugation of the gallibodies to gold nanoparticles was chosen as this is a commonly successful and simple strategy for conjugate preparation in LFTs. Initial characterisation of gold labelled gallibody conjugate suggested that the orientation of the gallibody on the nanoparticle may be favourable for binding by anti-chicken antibody (the control) but not MA. The biological activity (MA binding) of the gold labelled conjugate was probed on alternative methods. The results showed that in EIA, gold labelling caused the loss of MA binding but not anti-chicken immunoglobulin binding. This is possibly due to the extra force in the wash steps caused by the presence of the gold nanoparticle. Interaction of gold labelled gallibody conjugate with antigenic MA nanoparticles in transmission electron microscopy showed loss of biological activity, while dynamic light scattering intensity measurement of the same interaction showed a weak interaction similar to that seen between gold labelled bovine serum albumin conjugate with fatty acid coated nanoparticles. To address the challenges uncovered by this research, gallibodies can be re-engineered to increase functional affinity (by increasing the valency) to be able to compensate for activity losses due to labelling. In addition, labelling of MA, rather than gallibodies may result in a successful, inverted MALIA to meet the ultimate aim to drastically change the face of the TB epidemic at the critical fault line – point of care diagnosis. The promising avenues uncovered by this key explorative research must be pursued to actualise this critically important and non-standard LFT technology.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Biochemistry
MSc
Unrestricted
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Li, Ying, John Ehiri, Shenglan Tang, Daikun Li, Yongqiao Bian, Hui Lin, Caitlin Marshall, and Jia Cao. "Factors associated with patient, and diagnostic delays in Chinese TB patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BioMed Central, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610046.

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BACKGROUND:Delay in seeking care is a major impediment to effective management of tuberculosis (TB) in China. To elucidate factors that underpin patient and diagnostic delays in TB management, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that are associated with delays in TB care-seeking and diagnosis in the country.METHODS:This review was prepared following standard procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and checklist. Relevant studies published up to November 2012 were identified from three major international and Chinese literature databases: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure).RESULTS:We included 29 studies involving 38,947 patients from 17 provinces in China. Qualitative analysis showed that key individual level determinants of delays included socio-demographic and economic factors, mostly poverty, rural residence, lack of health insurance, lower educational attainment, stigma and poor knowledge of TB. Health facility determinants included limited availability of resources to perform prompt diagnosis, lack of qualified health workers and geographical barriers.Quantitative meta-analysis indicated that living in rural areas was a risk factor for patient delays (pooled odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.79 (1.62, 1.98)) and diagnostic delays (pooled OR (95% CI): 1.40 (1.23, 1.59)). Female patients had higher risk of patient delay (pooled OR (95% CI): 1.94 (1.13, 3.33)). Low educational attainment (primary school and below) was also a risk factor for patient delay (pooled OR (95% CI): 2.14 (1.03, 4.47)). The practice of seeking care first from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TMC) providers was also identified as a risk factor for diagnostic delay (pooled OR (95% CI): 5.75 (3.03, 10.94)).CONCLUSION:Patient and diagnostic delays in TB care are mediated by individual and health facility factors. Population-based interventions that seek to reduce TB stigma and raise awareness about the benefits of early diagnosis and prompt treatment are needed. Policies that remove patients' financial barriers in access to TB care, and integration of the informal care sector into TB control in urban and rural settings are central factors in TB control.
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Books on the topic "TB diagnosis"

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Program, Wyoming Tuberculosis. Public health TB protocol, January 2004. Cheyenne, Wyo: Preventive Health and Safety Division, 2004.

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Diagnosis & treatment facilities on TB and HIV/AIDS in SAARC member states. Bhaktapur: SAARC Tuberculosis & HIV/AIDS Centre, 2012.

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Askarova, Roza. Tasks for independent work and control of students ' knowledge of children's Phthisiology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082951.

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The textbook is prepared taking into account modern achievements of TB in accordance with the curriculum for children's Phthisiology for independent work and control of knowledge of students as an additional educational literature on the main theoretical issues, methods of detection of tuberculosis, clinical manifestations and course of tuberculosis of the respiratory system, differential diagnosis of tuberculosis with non-specific pathology of the respiratory system, complications of tuberculosis, the combination of pulmonary tuberculosis with other diseases, treatment of tuberculosis. For students of the pediatric faculty, residents, TB doctors.
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Centers for Disease Control (U.S.), ed. Tuberculosis, the connection between TB and HIV (the AIDS virus). [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, 1991.

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WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Reaching the Poor: Challenge to the TB Programme in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization, 2004.

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Tuberculosis in the Americas. 2019 Regional Report. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122730.

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Tuberculosis is one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide, and still represents a major public health problem in the Region of the Americas. The Region has made great strides in TB prevention and control; nevertheless, at the current rate of decline in the number of TB deaths and incidence of TB, the proposed targets and milestones needed to end TB will not be achieved. Countries must thus ramp up their efforts to meet these targets. Tuberculosis in the Americas: Regional Report presents the situation of tuberculosis in the Region, as well as the progress made by countries in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and elimination of TB under the framework of the End TB Strategy, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the commitments made at the high-level TB meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in 2018. Epidemiological analyses and programmatic data provide an overview of the TB situation in the Region, with emphasis on case detection, preventive treatment, treatment outcomes, drug-resistant TB, TB/HIV co-infection, and vulnerable groups, among other aspects. An analysis of TB funding in the Region is also included. The authors hope that this report will facilitate understanding of the situation of TB in the Region and serve as an example for similar country-level analyses, with a view to promoting better decision-making and ending TB.
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Cruz, Andrea T., and Jeffrey R. Starke. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0154.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in areas with high HIV prevalence and its diagnosis often is delayed in industrialized nations. Children (particularly infants) and immunocompromised persons are at higher risk of developing TB meningitis. Lymphocytic meningitis, high CSF protein, and (in children) frequently an abnormal chest radiograph should raise clinician index of suspicion for TB meningitis. Neuroimaging may show hydrocephalus, basilar leptomeningeal enhancement, ischemia, and/or tuberculomas. Prompt recognition and initiation of antituberculous antibiotics and corticosteroids can decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Comunicación rápida: Análisis moleculares como pruebas diagnósticas iniciales de la tuberculosis y la resistencia a la rifampicina. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275322383.

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Desde la aprobación por parte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) de Xpert® MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, EUA, en adelante denominado “Xpert MTB/RIF”) en el 2010, se ha generado un cúmulo considerable de evidencia sobre su uso como prueba diagnóstica inicial de la TB y la TB-RR. En los últimos meses también se han obtenido nuevos datos sobre el uso de Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, EUA, en adelante denominado “Xpert Ultra”) y sobre la última versión del sistema Truenat® MTB y MTB Plus (Molbio Diagnostics, Goa, India, en adelante denominado “Truenat”). La OMS encargó una revisión sistemática de todos los datos existentes en el 2019. Los resultados se evaluaron en la reunión del Grupo de Elaboración de Directrices (GDG) independiente, convocada por la OMS del 3 al 6 de diciembre del 2019. Las recomendaciones detalladas se publicarán en el 2020 en el marco de la actualización de las directrices consolidadas de la OMS sobre el diagnóstico de la TB. El objetivo de esta comunicación rápida es informar a los programas nacionales de tuberculosis y a otros interesados directos acerca de las principales implicaciones de la evidencia más reciente sobre el uso de análisis moleculares específicos como pruebas diagnósticas iniciales de la TB pulmonar y extrapulmonar y de la TB-RR, tanto en adultos como en niños. La actualización de las directrices consolidadas de la OMS del 2020 también incorporará las recomendaciones recientes de la OMS sobre otras pruebas rápidas como los ensayos con sondas en línea, los análisis de flujo lateral de lipoarabinomanano en orina y los análisis moleculares de amplificación isotérmica de ADN mediada por bucles. Versión oficial en español de la obra original en inglés: Molecular assays intended as initial tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and rifampicin resistance in adults and children: rapid communication. Policy update. © World Health Organization 2020. ISBN: 978-92-4-000033-9.
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Abdulkader, Rita, and Richard A. Watts. Mycobacterial diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0103.

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The main diseases caused by mycobacterial infection are tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. Despite a fall in the prevalence of these diseases over the last decade, they are still significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atypical mycobacterial infections are encountered less frequently. Immigration patterns, the frequency of human immunodeficiency infection, and the increased numbers of patients on immunosuppressive treatments render mycobacterial infections relevant not only to physicians in the developing world where they traditionally occurred but also in the developed world. Skeletal TB occurs in 1–3% of cases of TB infection, and is more frequently encountered in the immunocompromised. A high index of suspicion is required, diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical features and radiological, histological, and microbiological tests. Multidrug regimens are required for treatment with surgery in selected cases. Leprosy is caused by M. leprae infection. The disease is still a leading cause of disability worldwide. Diagnosis is usually clinical. The course of the disease is indolent but may be interrupted by acute inflammatory reactions, which contribute to nerve damage and disability. Treatment aims at eliminating the mycobacteria using multidrug regimens, and management of complications including leprosy reactions and long-term nerve damage. Atypical mycobacterial infections affecting bone and joints are uncommon; they usually follow direct inoculation of the pathogen. Haematogenous dissemination is encountered in immunocompromised patients. These microorganisms are not usually susceptible to the same drug regimens used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Newell-Price, John, Alia Munir, and Miguel Debono. Swelling in the neck. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0034.

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A number of conditions may present with a swelling or lump in the neck. A detailed history and an examination defining the site of the swelling are paramount in reaching a diagnosis. The commonest cause is enlarged lymph nodes secondary to infection, of which non-specific infection is most common (followed by infectious mononucleosis, TB, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and cat scratch fever). After infection, the next most common cause is secondary metastatic deposits, followed by lymphoproliferative diseases, and sarcoid.
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Book chapters on the topic "TB diagnosis"

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García-Elorriaga, Guadalupe, and Guillermo del Rey-Pineda. "TB Infection." In Practical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis, 55–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20478-9_5.

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McNulty, Moira. "Elderly Man with Fever and Cough: TB or Not TB?" In The Infectious Disease Diagnosis, 161–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64906-1_30.

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Lalvani, Ajit, Clementine Fraser, and Manish Pareek. "Diagnosis of Latent TB Infection." In Clinical Tuberculosis, 153–71. Sixth edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351249980-9.

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Kulchavenya, Ekaterina. "Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis of TB Infection." In Urogenital Tuberculosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapy, 55–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04837-6_6.

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Sood, Sanchit, Rakesh Arya, Nirmita Dutta, Abhishek Paul, Rajendra Kumar Behera, Ranjan Kumar Nanda, and Gorachand Dutta. "Current Methods and Future of Tuberculosis (TB) Diagnosis." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 163–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9612-4_7.

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Shawa, Remmy, Fons Coomans, Helen Cox, and Leslie London. "Access to Effective Diagnosis and Treatment for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Deepening the Human Rights-Based Approach." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 155–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_10.

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Abstract The lack of access to effective diagnosis and treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a persistent ethical, human rights and public health challenge globally. In addressing this challenge, arguments based on a Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) to health have most often been focused on the Right to Health. However, a key challenge in multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-) TB is the glaring absence of scientific research; ranging from basic science and drug discovery through to implementation science once new tools have been developed. Although the Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications (REBSP) is a little theorised human right, it has the potential to enrich our understanding and use of the Rights-Based Approach to health. In this chapter, we argue that States’ duties to respect, protect and fulfil the REBSP within and outside their borders is an important vehicle that can be drawn on to redress the lack of research into new drug development and appropriate use of existing drugs for DR-TB in high burden settings. We call for urgent attention to minimum core obligations for the REBSP and the need for a General Comment by a UN human rights monitoring body to provide for its interpretation. We also note that conceptualization of the REBSP has the potential to complement Right to Health claims intended to enhance access to treatment for DR-TB on a global scale.
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Liu, Shou-jiang, and Wei Wei. "Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of TB in the Migrating Population." In Tuberculosis Control in Migrating Population, 63–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9763-0_4.

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Kim, Jong-Hoon, Kyong-Hoon Lee, Gerard A. Cangelosi, and Jae-Hyun Chung. "Immunofluorescence Microtip Sensor for Point-of-Care Tuberculosis (TB) Diagnosis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 57–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2172-0_4.

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Borsuk, Sibele, Fabiana Kommling Seixas, Daniela Fernandes Ramos, Caroline Rizzi, and Odir Antonio Dellagostin. "Identification of Proteins from Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) with Potential for TB Diagnosis Using Bioinformatics Analysis." In Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, 151–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03223-3_15.

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Zhao, Yanlin, and Shengfen Wang. "New Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of TB." In Handbook of Global Tuberculosis Control, 283–301. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6667-7_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "TB diagnosis"

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Inoue, Shinnosuke, Woon-Hong Yeo, Jong-Hoon Kim, Jae-Hyun Chung, Kyong-Hoon Lee, Dayong Gao, Kieseok Oh, and Gerard Cangelosi. "Amplification-Free DNA Detection Using a Microtip-Sensor Decorated With LNA Probes for Rapid TB Screening." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64378.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic affecting one-third of the world’s population, mostly in developing and low-resource settings. People having active pulmonary TB are considered highly infectious; therefore, it is critical to identify and treat these patients rapidly before spreading to others. However, the most reliable TB diagnostic methods of bacterial culture or nucleic acid amplification are time-consuming and expensive. The challenge of TB diagnosis lies in highly sensitive and specific screening with low cost. Here, we present an LNA-modified microtip-sensor, which is capable of selectively detecting low-abundance DNA from bacteria. When genomic DNA of Bacillus Calmette-Gue´rin (BCG, a surrogate marker of Mycobacterium bovis), and genomic DNA of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epi) are used, the microtip-sensor yields the detection limit of 1,000 copies/mL within 20 minutes. The high sensitivity and specificity approaching nucleic acid amplification methods can potentially overcome the current challenges for rapid TB screening.
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Nega, Adane. "Localized hybrid reasoning system for TB disease diagnosis." In IEEE AFRICON 2015. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2015.7332015.

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Amansahedov, Rasul, Lyudmila Dmitrieva, Oksana Komissarova, Rizvan Abdullaev, and Atadzhan Ergeshov. "The diagnosis of bronchogenic dissemination in pulmonary TB." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.859.

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Jakimova, Marina Artemovna, Victor Punga, and Oksana Komissarova. "Level of expertise in TB diagnosis among general practitioners." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa1480.

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Litau, I. S., M. V. Alvarez Figueroa, A. A. Kazyulina, and L. V. Domotenko. "EVALUATION OF ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TB DIAGNOSTIC REAGENT KITS ON DOMESTIC CONTROL PANEL OF EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT SAMPLES." In Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-216.

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The WHO tuberculosis eradication strategy includes early diagnosis of the disease through rapid diagnostic tests using molecular diagnostic techniques. For their correct use, it is necessary to improve the quality of laboratory services, including external quality assessment (EQA). In the course of the study on evaluation of analytical characteristics of TB diagnostic kits, 100% sensitivity and specificity are shown on the domestic control panel of EQA samples over a 5-year period. When determining the reproducibility of both sets of reagents, the CV did not exceed 15%.
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Chakrabarti, Parul. "Early, Easy, Inexpensive Diagnosis An Urgent Need for Global TB Control." In 2007 Frontiers in the Convergence of Bioscience and Information Technologies. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fbit.2007.153.

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Kruisselbrink, Rebecca J., and William D. Anderson. "CNS Blastomycosis Masquerading As TB Meningitis: A Rare And Difficult Diagnosis." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a4605.

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Gallo, Carmela, Alessia Del Duca, Monica Losi, Alba Grifoni, Roberta Bernardini, Alfonso Altieri, Gregorino Paone, Maurizio Mattei, Cesare Saltini, and Massimo Amicosante. "Pan-genomic and immunomic identification of novelmycobacterium tuberculosisantigens for TB diagnosis." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.oa3485.

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Xiaojing Huo, Haoshu Pi, Quan Qiu, and Yang Xu. "Condition evaluation for 10 kV cables of Shenzhen Bureau based on CIGRE TB 358." In 2016 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmd.2016.7757901.

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Reshma, S. R., and T. Rehannara Beegum. "Microscope image processing for TB diagnosis using shape features and ellipse fitting." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems (SPICES). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spices.2017.8091342.

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Reports on the topic "TB diagnosis"

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Gopinath, Ranjani, Rajesh Bhatia, Sonalini Khetrapal, Sungsup Ra, and Giridhara R. Babu. Tuberculosis Control Measures in Urban India: Strengthening Delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Services. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200409-2.

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Approximately 2.69 million tuberculosis (TB) cases—about a quarter of the global cases—were reported in India on The Global TB Report 2019. There are nearly half a million “missing” cases every year, either undiagnosed, unaccountable, or inadequately diagnosed and treated. This paper analyzes the magnitude of TB transmission and the quality of interventions in urban areas and migrant populations in India. It identifies key factors and areas that need to be further strengthened for the country to achieve its goal of eliminating TB by 2025. The study is aligned with the government’s objective to strengthen the provision of comprehensive primary health care services for the urban poor as part of India’s National Strategic Plan, 2017–2025.
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Gopinath, Ranjani, Rajesh Bhatia, Sonalini Khetrapal, Sungsup Ra, and Giridhara R. Babu. Tuberculosis Control Measures in Urban India: Strengthening Delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Services. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200409-2.

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Approximately 2.69 million tuberculosis (TB) cases—about a quarter of the global cases—were reported in India on The Global TB Report 2019. There are nearly half a million “missing” cases every year, either undiagnosed, unaccountable, or inadequately diagnosed and treated. This paper analyzes the magnitude of TB transmission and the quality of interventions in urban areas and migrant populations in India. It identifies key factors and areas that need to be further strengthened for the country to achieve its goal of eliminating TB by 2025. The study is aligned with the government’s objective to strengthen the provision of comprehensive primary health care services for the urban poor as part of India’s National Strategic Plan, 2017–2025.
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Zhong, Xiaoling, Qin Guo, Jing Zhao, Yinyue Li, Xue Li, Min Ren, and Min Shu. Diagnostic significance of long non-coding RNAs expression in TB patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.7.0043.

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Anderson de Cuevas, Rachel, Sally Theobald, Najla Al-Sonboli, and Nasher Al-Aghbari. Obtaining the perspective of the TB patient attending diagnostic services in Yemen: A qualitative study employing In Depth Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Unknown, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii004.

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