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Bengtsson, Viktor, and Robert Ljungberg. "Beslutsmodell för outsourcing." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-24736.
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Syfte – Examensarbetets syfte är att skapa förståelse kring ett outsourcingbeslut genom att utveckla en beslutsmodell för outsourcing. För att uppnå syftet ska följande frågeställningar besvaras: Vilka faktorer bör påverka ett outsourcingbeslut? Vilka kostnader bör analyseras för att ett outsourcingbeslut ska bli väl avvägt? Vilka komponenter bör ingå i en beslutsmodell för outsourcing? Metod – Examensarbetet bygger på en analytisk konceptuell studie med ett deduktiv och induktiv förhållningssätt, där påverkansfaktorer togs fram genom litteraturstudier. Jämförelser och analyser av redan befintliga teorier gjordes för att identifiera påverkansfaktorer, utifrån dessa faktorer skapades en beslutsmodell för outsourcing. Resultat – Resultatet från studien visar att det finns ett flertal olika faktorer som påverkar ett outsourcingbeslut och kan sammanfattningsvis placeras som påverkansfaktorer, strategiska- och konkurrensfaktorer samt kostnadsfaktorer. Den utvecklade beslutsmodellen för outsourcing består av sju steg där varje steg innefattar olika analyser och beslut, de sju stegen baseras på de faktorer som bör påverkas vid outsourcing. Förslag till fortsatta studier – För att utveckla beslutsmodellen skulle fler teorier och faktorer som möjligen kan beröras i samband med outsourcing adderas. En ytterligare studie skulle kunna vara att utveckla ett verktyg där organisationen kan gradera hur organisationen förhåller sig till de faktorer som påverkas vid ett outsourcingbeslut och därmed utöka beslutsunderlaget. Praktiska konsekvenser – För att underlätta för beslutsfattaren och få en helhetsbild över faktorer och kostnader som påverkas vid outsourcing kan beslutsmodellen användas. Originalitet – Det finns enligt författarnas vetskap ingen fullständig beslutsmodell som belyser alla faktorer som kan påverkas vid ett outsourcingbeslut.Purpose – The purpose of the thesis is to create understanding of the outsourcing decision making by developing a decision model for outsourcing. To achieve this, the following questions are answered: What factors should influence the outsourcing decision? What costs should be analyzed so that an outsourcing decision should be balanced? What components should be included in a decision model for outsourcing? Method – The thesis is based on an analytical conceptual study with a deductive and inductive approach, where the influencing factors was generated through literature reviews. Comparison and analysis of existing theories were made to identify the influencing factors, based on the generated influencing factors a decision model for outsourcing was created. Findings – Results from the study shows that there are several factors that influence the outsourcing decision and can in summary be positioned as strategic and competitive factors and cost factors. The developed decision model for outsourcing consists of seven steps, where each step includes various analyzes and decisions, the seven steps are based on the factors that should be affected by outsourcing. Research limitations/implications – The results in this thesis are based only on theory. The model can still be generalized by being adaptable for different Organization. Practical implications – Decision model can be used to aid and support in an outsourcing decision. To facilitate the decision-maker and get an overview of the factors and costs that are affected by the outsourcing decision model can be used. With the decision model, the organization can analyze factors and costs to obtain a comprehensive decision-making. Originality – Since many organizations are making outsourcing decision wrongly without taking into account all the factors affected by the outsourcing decision. There is, in the authors' knowledge no complete decision model that highlights all the factors that may be affected by an outsourcing decision.
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Lima, Vítor Luís Gomes de. "Ferramenta TCO: selecção de fornecedores na China." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1828.
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Park, Saehan. "Electrochemical Evaluation of TCO Modifications Using Substituted Ferrocenes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242380.
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The modifications of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) have been studied using an electrochemical evaluation technique (cyclic voltammetry (CV)). Substituted ferrocenes were chemically adsorbed onto the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). The electroactive surface coverage, the redox potential, and the charge transfer rate of the adsorbed modifiers were evaluated using CV. The highest electroactive surface coverage was produced by ferrocene phosphonic acid while ferrocene acetic acid showed the fastest charge transfer rate. The charge transfers with the modified electrodes were evaluated in the presence of a solution electroactive probe. The charge transfer rate of the solution probe was enhanced with the modified electrodes compared to the charge transfer rate measured with unmodified electrodes. Even though the cause of the enhancement in the charge transfer rate is not clear, the results suggest that the modification of TCO may improve the charge collection efficiency of TCO, which is desirable for the application of TCO in devices such as organic photovoltaic cells.
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Pospíchalová, Iveta. "Výběr dodavatele z hlediska TCO s vazbou na logistické náklady." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224728.
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Diploma thesis is focused on a selection of a supplier with regard of total costs. In an introductory part of the thesis there is theoretical background about selection of the supplier, logistic costs and analysis of total costs. In practical part of the thesis, the problematic is applied on two concrete examples in Bosch concern.
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Rößler, Robert [Verfasser], Lars [Akademischer Betreuer] Korte, Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Rech, Marcus [Akademischer Betreuer] Bär, and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Szyszka. "Transparente leitfähige Oxide (TCO) in Silizium-Heterostruktursolarzellen : elektronische Eigenschaften des TCO/a-Si:H Kontakts / Robert Rößler. Gutachter: Bernd Rech ; Marcus Bär ; Bernd Szyszka. Betreuer: Lars Korte." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1067386777/34.
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Prabhakar, Tejas. "Study of Earth Abundant TCO and Absorber Materials for Photovoltaic Applications." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1382269621.
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Irlinger, Irma. "TCO och kvinnorna tidsperioden 1944-1974 : studie av TCOs och SIFs arbetsmarknadspolitik och behandling av principen lika lön för lika arbete /." Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355125093.
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Lalanne, Maëva. "Étude de phases delafossite CuFe1-xCrxO2 : vers de nouveaux TCO de type p." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1257/.
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Ces travaux ont pour objectif d'élaborer sous forme de couches minces des phases delafossite CuFe1-xCrxO2:Mg par pulvérisation cathodique radiofréquence, en vue de leur utilisation potentielle en tant que conducteurs transparents. Différentes poudres de composition CuFe1-xCrxO2 (0 = x = 1) ont été élaborées par réaction à l'état solide. Ces oxydes cristallisent avec la structure delafossite et une solution solide complète a été obtenue. L'étude thermostructurale de ces composés nous a permis de définir leur domaine de stabilité sous atmosphère oxydante et réductrice. Des caractérisations physico-chimiques ont également été effectuées sur ces matériaux. Nous avons ainsi montré que le domaine de stabilité des phases CuFe1-xCrxO2 augmente avec la quantité de chrome et que les composés riches en chrome sont les plus conducteurs et les moins absorbants. Au vue de ces résultats, des films minces de delafossite de composition CuFeO2:Mg et CuCrO2:Mg ont été obtenus par pulvérisation cathodique RF à température ambiante à partir des cibles céramiques. Après recuit sous vide à 450°C, les propriétés optoélectroniques des dépôts de CuFeO2:Mg se sont avérées limitées pour une utilisation en tant que TCO de type p dans le domaine du visible ; toutefois ces composés restent prometteurs pour des applications dans l'infra-rouge ou comme matériaux absorbeurs dans le visible. Les couches minces de CuCrO2:Mg présentent, après recuit sous vide à 450°C, une conductivité de type p de l'ordre de 0,1 S. Cm-1 et un gap optique de 3,13 eV. Ces valeurs peuvent être augmentées par des recuits à des températures supérieures à 450°CThis work concerns the development of CuFe1-xCrxO2:Mg delafossite oxide thin films deposited by RF-magnetron sputtering for the potential transparent conductor applications. Various CuFe1-xCrxO2 (0 = x = 1) powders were synthesized by a standard solid-state reaction. These oxides crystallize with the delafossite structure and a complete solid solution was obtained. Thermo-structural study has revealed the stability range of CuFe1-xCrxO2 compounds under oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. Their physical properties were also characterized. Thus, we showed that the stability range increases with the chromium quantity and chromium-rich delafossites are the most conductive and the least absorbent. Then, CuFeO2:Mg and CuCrO2:Mg delafossite thin films were prepared at room temperature by RF-magnetron sputtering from ceramic targets. After annealing under vacuum at 450°C, CuFeO2:Mg thin films have too low optoelectronic properties for p-type TCO application in the visible range; however these compounds are promising for infra-red TCO applications and/or absorber for photovoltaic application. After annealing under vacuum at 450°C, the p-type conductivity and the bandgap of CuCrO2:Mg thin films are about 0,1 S. Cm-1 and 3,13 eV respectively. These values can be increased by annealing at higher temperature than 450°C
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Markalous, David. "VLIV MODELU ?SOFTWARE JAKO SLUŽBA? NA DODAVATELSKOU A UŽIVATELSKOU STRANU A NA JEJICH PRODUKTIVITU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2785.
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Cílem diplomové práce je seznámit čtenáře s modelem ?software jako služba? (SaaS, Software as a Service) a popsat jeho vliv na dodavatelskou a uživatelskou stranu a na jejich produktivitu. Jelikož se na trhu objevuje stále více softwarových produktů a modelů jejich prodeje, měla by práce pomoci především uživatelům. Hlavním cílem je, aby čtenář po přečtení této práce získal jasnou představu o tom, co znamená termín ?software jako služba? a jaké služby v jakém množství jsou na trhu k dispozici. Práce je rozdělena do dvou částí. První poskytuje teoretický základ nutný pro pochopení poskytování aplikací formou SaaS, výběr vhodné metriky pro měření přínosů modelu a její použití v porovnání nákupu SW licence oproti outsourcingu SW. Autor se zde věnuje možnostem měření zvyšování produktivity organizace dosažené prostřednictvím IS/ICT, charakterizuje jednotlivé formy outsourcingu a popisuje souvislosti, které vedly ke vzniku ASP (Application Services Providing) a následně k SaaS. Hlavní přínos práce je v závěru první části, kde jsou popsány výhody a rizika spojená s modelem SaaS, která jsou doložena analýzou nákladů na aplikaci nasazenou formou outsourcingu a její porovnání s klasickým nákupem licence. Ve druhé části diplomové práce se autor zaměřil na popis jednotlivých aplikací, které jsou dostupné na trhu formou SaaS. Po důkladné analýze trhu vybral autor služby nabízené největším vyhledávačem Google a jedním z největších dodavatelů IS/ICT společností IBM. Právě velký význam těchto společností může mít značný vliv na další rozvoj modelu SaaS, v závislosti na úspěchu či neúspěchu jimi nabízených služeb a produktů.
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Olivares, Velasco Natividad Fernanda Lorena Marisol. "Metodología basada en Tco para adquisición de equipos en hospitales públicos de alta complejidad." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/140159.
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Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta el 5/5/2021.Magíster en Gestión y Dirección de Empresas
La metodología de Costo Total de la Propiedad (TCO) corresponde a un análisis que permite determinar los costos totales en que incurre la organización al realizar inversiones de alto costo, considerando conceptos adicionales de operación, mantención, entrenamiento de personal, obras complementarias y otras propias de la naturaleza de cada proyecto. La metodología TCO para adquisición de equipamiento médico en hospitales públicos de alta complejidad, resuelve el problema de evaluación de los costos que asumirá la institución para que el gasto en inversión de equipamiento médico sea eficiente, optimizando la oportunidad de la compra. El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar una metodología basada en (TCO) con el fin de determinar el costo final en el que incurre el establecimiento al adquirir equipamiento médico de alto costo. Para ser utilizada como por ejemplo en casos de evaluación con otros mecanismos de adquisición de un bien o servicio, tales como arriendo, leasing o arrendamiento financiero, externalización o comodatos, y posteriormente tomar la mejor opción de adquisición. Los diferentes tipos de costos incluidos en la metodología diseñada, consideran los gastos en que incurre el establecimiento en adquisición, recursos humanos, mantenimiento, insumos, capacitación, entre otros, gastos que son recurrentes en cualquier institución, pero que difícilmente se evalúan en conjunto para determinar el costo total de operación en un dispositivo médico. La metodología desarrollada incorpora una etapa de definición de costos a considerar en el análisis, para luego establecer las fuentes de información válidas de cada ítem. En la siguiente etapa, se define el periodo en que efectuará el análisis y posteriormente se establece la planilla de cálculo para obtener los flujos correspondientes. Una vez determinado el flujo, se ingresan los resultados para cada variable y finalmente se calcula el TCO, utilizado la herramienta de valor presente neto. El valor agregado de la metodología corresponde a la información generada, ya que los datos utilizados para el cálculo siempre han estado a la vista del establecimiento, sin embargo, no se han apreciado en forma conjunta para la toma de decisiones.
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POLINO, GIUSEPPINA. "Toward large scale and roll-to-roll fabrication of tco-free organic solar cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203353.
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Solar electricity is one of the renewable energy sources that contribute to the energy world’s request. Organic solar cells (OPV) represent an attractive 3rd generation solar technology that can be produced cheaply and very fast from solution with printing processes. Indeed, in the last few decades, the use of organic materials for the realization of electronic devices, especially solar cells, has gained the attention of the research community. This is due to the possibility to use solution-processing techniques that allow a low-cost fabrication, suitable also on flexible substrates, and the tailoring of the material properties for specific applications. All solution processed bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells could be a promising answer for solar energy conversion. This work is mainly focused on the use of spray-coating technique as a practical and simple way to deposit thin organic films; it is demonstrated the possibility to realize all organic layer by this technique including the active layer with low band gap polymers. With the aim to realize all-solution processed devices an investigation about inkjet printing technique to realize both electrode was carried out, and in order to realize a process Roll-to-Roll compatible, it was considered an alternative sintering method (photonic flash sintering) that allows to obtain high conductivity in very short time.
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Kanwal, Bushra, and Frias Sandino Flores. "Etableringsprocessen på en tillväxtmarknad : En fallstudie om Scanias etableringsprocess på den indiska marknaden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-25553.
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Objective: The objective of this thesis is to investigate how Scania has attained success to establish on the Indian market and to inquire into the establishment process of Scania and their entrance in the Indian market. The thesis describes different factors such as the product, mode of entry, time of entry and choice of market that play a role when a company establishes and invest in a foreign market. Method: This thesis is limited to the process of establishing Scania on the Indian truck market. A qualitative approach has being utilized in this study, consisting of interviews with Staffan Sjöström, development manager at the R&D department, Koen Knoops, vice president at Financial Services and Henrik Fagrenius, former managing director for Scania in India. Data collection from various journals and articles have been conducted for the presentation of the number of sold newly registered trucks in comparison to the number of sold newly registered trucks in India by Volvo, Tata Motors and Ashok Leyland during 2010, 2011, 2012 and the first three quarters of 2013. Theory: With a starting-point in empirism, we have used a theoretical frame of reference to describe Scania´s establishment process. Scania makes use of an internationalization strategy, namely Market Selection, Time of Entry and Entry mode and the network model, which describes the process of establishing on a foreign market as a business association with various players on the market. Scania has made the choice to establish on the Indian growth market, which is still economically unexploited in many aspects since it is a young and growing market and has positive opportunities for profitability. Conclusions: The concept that Scania follows as it establishes on a growth market, be it an industrialized country or a newly industrialized country, is that supreme quality always should be the primary choice. Customers are interested in lower overall costs and not in low prices. Scania believes that entrepreneurs worldwide have the same need for high quality and that psychological distance, meaning cultural differences should not be an obstacle on the path of establishment. A cheap work force, improving infrastructure and political reforms have carved the path for Scania’s establishment on the Indian growth market. According to Fagrenius Scania has wasted no time on excessive observation although they have taken precautions in forming partnerships and creating a broad network before entering the Indian market.
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Zhou, Y. "The production and properties of TCO coatings prepared by pulsed magnetron sputtering from powder targets." Thesis, University of Salford, 2005. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2167/.
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Mith their unique transparent and conductive properties, TCO (transparent conductive oxide) coatings are becoming increasingly studied These commercially important coatings have a promising future due to their various applications as components in optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic solar cells, flat panel displays, electroluminescent devices, etc. Their high transmittance and low resistivity are generally achieved through the use of specific dopant materials, whilst adjustments are made to the deposition processes to improve the structure of the coatings. TCO coatings are commonly deposited by the magnetron sputtering process. Sputtering normally takes place from a solid plate, known as the target, of the material to be deposited. Clearly, each solid target can only be of a single composition. Thus, to change the compositions ofthe coatings, the whole target has to be replaced Furthermore, alloy, or doped targets can be very expensive and the choice ofavailable compositions is likely to be limited. In this project, instead of using solid targets, metal or ceramic powder blends were used as the targets. The powder blends were spread across the surface of a magnetron and lightly tamped down to produce a smooth surface. The benefits of this approach are that any material that is available in powderform can be considered as a target material and alloy or multi-component compositions can be readily blended The basic aim of this project, therefore, was to produce novel TCO coatings by magnetron sputteringfrom powder targets. The coatings were deposited in a specially designed rig with a number of important features, including a pulsed DC power supply and a closed magnetic field. The project concentrated on the production of commercially useful zinc oxide-based TCO coatings. Coatings were produced with different dopant materials and concentrations, and their optical and electrical properties were measured. After the coatings were annealed at 500 *Cfor 2 hours in vacuo, aluminum and gallium doped zinc oxide coatings showed their low resistivity, which were no larger than 5.19xI0-3S2cm, and the lowest resistivity was obtained from 3at% A 1-doped ZnO coating; 1.95 xI 00cm. The average transmittance in the visible range of the ZnO coatings was 90%. From this, optimal compositions were identified For comparison purposes, coatings were also produced of the TCO material most commonly used at present; namely ITO (Indium tin oxide). The results showed that ITO coatings generally had lower resistivity and visible transmittance, (4-6xlO-492cm and 80-8216), than doped ZnO coatings. Also, the electrical and optical properties of ITO coatings were very sensitive to the content of oxygen in the deposition atmosphere. Finally, theflexibility offered by this approach was exploited through the use of multi-component target compositions to produce TCO coatings with tailored optical and electrical properties.
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Topolová, Ivana. "Využití cloudových technologií v podniku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264261.
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The thesis deals with decision-making about how to operate the system for communication and collaboration in a company - groupware. Compares two different ways of operating systems. Using cloud-based services and systems which the company operates on its own hardware. In the thesis the decision-making model is created. The essential criterion for decision making are total cost of ownership (TCO), the work therefore contains a procedure to calculate the TCO. Decision-making model and the calculation procedure is tested using simulation and in the case study. The simulation also responds to issues of economic suitability cloud-based systems in small and in large companies.
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Mariotti, Silvia. "Sintesi e caratterizzazione di nanoparticelle di ossido di stagno dopate." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6535/.
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In the last years, new materials have been developed in the broad area of nanoscience. Among them, an emergent class characterized by excellent electrical conductivity properties as well as high optical transmittance in the visible region are TCOs (Transparent Conducting Oxides). Due to their versatile properties, they have found many applications in a lot of optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, liquid crystal displays, touch-panel displays, gas sensors, to cite a few examples.
Different research groups have studied and characterized the TCOs. In this context, a new synthetic method has been developed to produce FTO nanocrystals (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide NCs) in Prof. Pinna’s lab at the Humboldt University in Berlin. FTO belongs to the TCO category, and they have been studied as a promising alternative to ITO NCs (Indium Tin Oxide) which represent the standard TCO material in terms of properties and performances.
In this work, FTO NCs have been synthesized using the “benzyl alcohol route” (a non-aqueous sol-gel method) via microwave, which permits to produce FTO particles with good properties as revealed by the characterizations performed, employing a cheap, fast and clean method.
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SARDINHA, THIAGO GARCIA. "MATRIX OF PURCHASING PORTFOLIO: A METHODOLOGY BASED ON AHP AND TCO CONCEPTS AND IT S APPLICATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31933@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A gestão do processo de compras ganhou grande importância recentemente, tornando-se hoje um elemento essencial para as organizações empresarias. Essa gestão é um processo complexo e customizado, devido à enorme variedade de produtos e serviços comprados atualmente por uma organização. Portanto, essas empresas precisam de uma ferramenta para agrupar seus bens adquiridos de forma que se possa utilizar a mesma estratégia de compra para todos os grupos de itens com características similares. Neste sentido, muitas organizações vêm utilizando as matrizes de portfólio para ajudá-las a identificar não só o tipo de estratégia que deve ser adotada na aquisição de seus itens, mas também a profundidade da relação com o fornecedor desses itens (e.g. desenvolver ou não uma aliança estratégica). Apesar da crescente utilização dessas matrizes, a literatura ainda carece de ferramentas para ajudar as organizações a inserir seus produtos e serviços de compras em suas matrizes. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo oferecer uma metodologia de elaboração de matrizes de portfólios que permita definir o que impacto no lucro e risco de suprimento (eixos da matriz) realmente significam e como uma organização pode mensurar essas dimensões. No intuito de verificar a viabilidade prática de sua aplicação, essa metodologia contou com uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão, o Processo de Análise Hierárquica – AHP, e com o Custo Total de Propriedade – TCO. A metodologia foi aplicada com sucesso em uma empresa de mídia ao longo do segundo semestre de 2008.
Management of procurement process is now seen as an essential element to enterprise organizations. This management is a complex process, and customized due to the huge diversity of products and services that must be bought by any company. Therefore, each and every company needs some kind of tool to group its assets, in order to use the same procurement strategy for all groups of items sharing similar characteristics. Many companies have started to use portfolio matrix to help identifying not only the right procedure to purchase items, but also the right depth of the relationship with the people who are going to supply these items – e.g., developing the right strategy to supply or not these items through a strategic alliance. Despite the growing use of this matrix, literature still lacks tools to help organizations to insert their products and procurement services in their specific matrix. The present dissertation aims to offer a way of building a methodology able to elaborate a portfolio matrix that will disclose what profit impact and supply risk (matrix axes) really mean, and in which way any organization can evaluate these dimensions. In order to verify its practical viability, this methodology relies upon the Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP and Total Cost of Ownership - TCO. This methodology was successfully applied on a media company along the second semester of 2008.
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Alencar, John Roosevelt RogÃrio de. "AvaliaÃÃo da EficiÃncia da Lavratura do Termo Circustanciado de OcorrÃncia - TCO pela PolÃcia Civil do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5115.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel SuperiorEste trabalho tem como objetivo principal ser um referencial de avaliaÃÃo da eficiÃncia da lavratura do Termo Circunstanciado de OcorrÃncia (TCO) pela PolÃcia Civil do Cearà (PCCE), perpassando pelo desenvolvimento do exercÃcio da atividade policial militar no enfrentamento das infraÃÃes penais de menor potencial ofensivo, desde o inÃcio da ocorrÃncia policial atà o tÃrmino do seu registro na delegacia de polÃcia. O TCO trata do registro das infraÃÃes penais de menor potencial, que sÃo todas as contravenÃÃes penais e os crimes cuja pena mÃxima à de atà 2 (dois) anos de cerceamento de liberdade, cumulada ou nÃo com multa, conforme a Lei n 9.099/95. Para se chegar ao resultado final, a seguranÃa pÃblica foi analisada sob os aspectos da violÃncia, sensaÃÃo de inseguranÃa, desenvolvimento sÃcio-urbano, cidadania, papel constitucional das polÃcias estaduais, policiamento comunitÃrio, competÃncia para se lavrar TCO e avaliaÃÃo da polÃtica de seguranÃa pÃblica. A pesquisa revelou que o tempo mÃdio total gasto policiais militares entre o recebimento da ocorrÃncia e a liberaÃÃo da delegacia de polÃcia foi de 3h43min, sendo que, desse total, 25min foi o tempo que eles levaram para se deslocar atà a delegacia de polÃcia e 2h41min, o tempo que ficaram imobilizados na delegacia de polÃcia para registrar um TCO. As consideraÃÃes finais nada mais sÃo do que uma reelaboraÃÃo de percurso e a apresentaÃÃo de algumas das trilhas possÃveis para a continuaÃÃo de um trabalho essencial em prol da sociedade.
This work has as main objective to be a benchmark for evaluating the efficiency of the drawing up of Detailed Term of Occurrence (TCO) by the civil police of Cearà (CHP), identifying the development of the military police activities in confronting the criminal infractions of less offensive potential, since the beginning of the police occurrence until the end of your registration at the police station. TCO handles the registry of criminal infractions of smaller potential, which are all criminals infringements and the crimes with maximum penalty of up to 2 (two) years of retrenchment of freedom, with fine or not, according to law n 9.099/95. To reach the final result, the public security was examined under the aspects of violence, insecurity sensation, urban and social development, citizenship, constitutional role of the police state, community policing, jurisdiction to draw up the TCO and evaluation of the public security policy. The research revealed that the total average time spent between receiving military police of the occurrence and the release of the police station was 3h43min, and of this total, 25min was the time they took to get to the police station and 2h41min, the time they were detained at the police station to register a TCO. The final considerations are nothing more than a re-scheduling pathway and the presentation of some possibles trails to the continuation of essential work in favor of society.
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ALENCAR, John Roosevelt Rogério de. "Avaliação da Eficiência da Lavratura do Termo Circustanciado de Ocorrência - TCO pela Polícia Civil do Ceará." www.teses.ufc.br, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/5936.
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ALENCAR, John Roosevelt Rogério de. Avaliação da Eficiência da Lavratura do Termo Circustanciado de Ocorrência - TCO pela Polícia Civil do Ceará. 2010. 145f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2010.Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-27T17:24:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-JRRALENCAR.pdf: 1609685 bytes, checksum: 88bdfbc7988f554f44420a145da65fc9 (MD5)
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This work has as main objective to be a benchmark for evaluating the efficiency of the drawing up of Detailed Term of Occurrence (TCO) by the civil police of Ceará (CHP), identifying the development of the military police activities in confronting the criminal infractions of less offensive potential, since the beginning of the police occurrence until the end of your registration at the police station. TCO handles the registry of criminal infractions of smaller potential, which are all criminals infringements and the crimes with maximum penalty of up to 2 (two) years of retrenchment of freedom, with fine or not, according to law nº 9.099/95. To reach the final result, the public security was examined under the aspects of violence, insecurity sensation, urban and social development, citizenship, constitutional role of the police state, community policing, jurisdiction to draw up the TCO and evaluation of the public security policy. The research revealed that the total average time spent between receiving military police of the occurrence and the release of the police station was 3h43min, and of this total, 25min was the time they took to get to the police station and 2h41min, the time they were detained at the police station to register a TCO. The final considerations are nothing more than a re-scheduling pathway and the presentation of some possibles trails to the continuation of essential work in favor of society.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal ser um referencial de avaliação da eficiência da lavratura do Termo Circunstanciado de Ocorrência (TCO) pela Polícia Civil do Ceará (PCCE), perpassando pelo desenvolvimento do exercício da atividade policial militar no enfrentamento das infrações penais de menor potencial ofensivo, desde o início da ocorrência policial até o término do seu registro na delegacia de polícia. O TCO trata do registro das infrações penais de menor potencial, que são todas as contravenções penais e os crimes cuja pena máxima é de até 2 (dois) anos de cerceamento de liberdade, cumulada ou não com multa, conforme a Lei nº 9.099/95. Para se chegar ao resultado final, a segurança pública foi analisada sob os aspectos da violência, sensação de insegurança, desenvolvimento sócio-urbano, cidadania, papel constitucional das polícias estaduais, policiamento comunitário, competência para se lavrar TCO e avaliação da política de segurança pública. A pesquisa revelou que o tempo médio total gasto policiais militares entre o recebimento da ocorrência e a liberação da delegacia de polícia foi de 3h43min, sendo que, desse total, 25min foi o tempo que eles levaram para se deslocar até a delegacia de polícia e 2h41min, o tempo que ficaram imobilizados na delegacia de polícia para registrar um TCO. As considerações finais nada mais são do que uma reelaboração de percurso e a apresentação de algumas das trilhas possíveis para a continuação de um trabalho essencial em prol da sociedade.
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Meyer, Eric. "Strukturuntersuchungen an Oxidkristalloberflächen mittels der streifenden Streuung schneller Atome." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17442.
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Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Bestimmung der Oberflächenstruktur von Oxidkristallen. Die strukturelle Charakterisierung fand mittels der streifenden Streuung schneller Atome und Moleküle statt. Bei dieser Methode werden Atome oder Moleküle mit Energien im keV Bereich unter streifendem Einfall an einer Einkristalloberfläche gestreut. Sie werden unter axialer Gitterführung entlang niedrig-indizierter Kristallrichtungen gestreut und können mittels eines ortsauflösenden Detektors nachgewiesen werden. Bei hinreichend kleinen Energien werden Beugungserscheinungen beobachtet, die auf die Interferenz von Materiewellen zurückzuführen sind. Durch eine Analyse der Streuverteilung der Projektile, können Rückschlüsse auf das Wechselwirkungspotential und somit auf die Struktur der Oberfläche gezogen werden. Durch die Untersuchung der (100)- und (001)-Fläche konnten alle Gitterparameter des Ga2O3-Systems bestimmt werden. Die Messungen an der (100) Fläche lieferten Aufschluss über die Terminierung, für die ein alternatives Strukturmodell entwickelt wurde. Aufbauend auf der Entdeckung der longitudinalen Kohärenz bei der streifenden Streuung von Atomen an der Al2O3(11-20)-Fläche konnten die vorhandenen Messungen erweitert und ein effektives Auswerteprogramm entwickelt werden. Bei Messungen an der Al2O3(0001)-Fläche wurde ebenfalls das Auftreten einer longitudinalen Kohärenz beobachtet. Für beide Flächen wurden die jeweiligen Gitterparameter mit höchster Präzision bestimmt und die Intensitätsverteilung der Streubilder durch ein einfaches Modell beschrieben. Erstmalig in dieser Arbeitsgruppe konnte ein Wechselwirkungspotential für die Streuung von H2-Molekülen an einer KCl(001)-Fläche abgeleitet werden. Der im Experiment beobachtete drastische Unterschied in der Intensitätsmodulation der Beugungsreflexe mit der senkrecht-de Broglie Wellenlänge für gestreute Atome und Moleküle konnte mit Simulationen unter Verwendung des abgeleiteten Wechselwirkungspotentials erklärt werden.This PhD thesis deals with the investigation of surface structures of oxide crystal surfaces. Therefore, the method of grazing scattering of fast atoms and molecules was applied. The projectiles are scattered with energies in the keV range under grazing incidence from a single crystal surface along low-indexed surface directions. They are recorded with a position sensitive detector. For sufficiently low energies diffraction patterns are observed that can be understood in terms of the interference of matter waves. By analyzing these patterns the interaction potential and in this manner the surface structure can be derived. The investigation of the (100) and (001) surface led to a determination of all lattice parameters of the Ga2O3 system so that it was possible to determine the termination of the (100) surface. An alternative structural model for this termination could be derived. After the discovery of a longithudinal coherence for the grazing scattering process on a Al2O3(11-20) surface, the existing measurements were expanded and an effective evaluation procedure was developed. In measurements on the Al2O3(0001) surface the longithudinal coherence was observed as well. For both surfaces, the lattice parameters could be determined with very high accuracy and the intensity distribution was described by a very simple model. For the first time in this working group the interaction potential for the scattering of H2 molecules from a KCl(001) surface could be deviated. The observed difference in the intensity distribution in dependence of the perpendicular de Broglie wavelength for scattered atoms and molecules could be explained by applying simulations using the deviated interaction potential.
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Kainikkara, Vatakketath Rithwik. "Investigation of the Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) material used in CIGS thin film solar cell in Midsummer AB." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423109.
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Micheletti, Michele. "Organizing interest and organized protest difficulties of member representation for the Swedish Central Organization of Salaried Employees (TCO) /." [Stockholm] : Dept. of Political Science, University of Stockholm, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13797549.html.
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Fors, Per. "Översättandet av grön IT : Fallet GITaudit." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179600.
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De senaste årtiondenas intensiva teknikutveckling har på många sätt inneburit att tillvaron förenklats för en stor del av västvärldens befolkning. Informationstekniken har effektiviserat industrin och gjort den till en mer dräglig arbetsplats för de som arbetar där. Den har även gjort vår vardag både enklare och roligare i och med smartphones, bärbara datorer och mp3-spelare. Något man tidigare inte reflekterar nog över är hur denna explosionsartade teknikutveckling och teknikkonsumtion påverkar vårt klimat och närmiljö. 2007 släppte Gartner Institutes en rapport som visade att IT står för nästan 2 % av världens totala koldioxidutsläpp (Mingay 2007). Flygindustrin som länge blivit kritiserad ur miljösynpunkt står för ungefär lika mycket. Detta tillsammans med att många företag framförallt i tjänstesektorn insett att drift av IT och annan teknisk utrustning kan kosta enorma summor pengar i elförbrukning har bidragit till att många har börjat att systematiskt arbeta med att minska dessa kostnader och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen (Murugesan 2008). I och med detta har många insett att IT inte bara är en miljöbov utan även kan användas till att minska elförbrukningen i andra delar av till exempel en organisation. Styrning av belysning och ventilation är två exempel på detta. Utifrån detta har begreppet grön IT uppkommit. De två huvudaspekterna är kort beskrivna innan och brukar benämnas som greening of IT och greening by IT. Det finns egentligen inga vedertagna översättningar av dessa begrepp, men jag har valt att kalla dem miljöförbättring av IT respektive miljöförbättring med IT på grund av att detta är de begrepp som just nu används inom arbetsgruppen för SIS TK 550. Den förstnämnda avser framförallt tillverkning och disponering av IT-utrustning samt energieffektivisering av själva produkten medan den andra främst syftar till att ta upp möjligheterna med att använda IT som hjälpmedel när övriga delar av en organisation energieffektiviseras. De flesta anser att den senare har större potential i miljösynpunkt trots att detta är omtvistat, till exempel av Håkan Nordin. Håkan Nordin är en av de som var med och grundade Greenpeace Sverige och har även varit med och tagit fram de viktiga energi- och strålningscertifieringarna för bildskärmar åt TCO 1992 och nu senast 2003. Han har även givit ut boken “GREEN IT – From problem to possibility” och ger snart ut sin andra bok som kommer att fokusera på grön IT ur ett organisatoriskt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Den första boken fokuserar mer kring problematiken kring begreppet ur en privatpersons perspektiv. Håkan Nordin har bland andra varit en stor inspirationskälla när jag själv undersökt problematiken kring grön IT. Med det sagt har jag ingen personlig åsikt var krutet först och främst bör läggas, utan jag är intresserad av både miljöförbättring med och av IT. Förespråkarna av miljöförbättring med IT anser att miljöeffektivisering av IT endast kan bidra med en minskning av de 2 % av världens totala koldioxidutsläpp medan miljöeffektivisering med IT kan bidra med att minska resterande 98 %. Problemet som skeptikerna, däribland Håkan Nordin, ofta tar upp är att energieffektiviseringen som man tjänar in på att använda IT som miljöteknik bidrar till att utsläppen från IT-sektorn ökar i och med det ökande behovet av IT i denna process. Oavsett vilken sida i den debatten man står på finns ett samförstånd i att miljöarbetet inom IT- och tjänstesektorn måste fortsätta och bli mer systematiskt än det är nu.
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Jubault, Marie. "Etude de la formation et du rôle des nanoparticules dans l'élaboration de couches minces d'oxyde d'étain par PECVD." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464688.
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Les couches minces d’oxyde d’étain sont largement utilisées dans différents domaines d’applications comme les électrodes transparentes, ou les détecteurs de gaz. Il a été montré que la nanostructure des films permettait d’améliorer sensiblement les propriétés optiques et électriques des couches minces de semiconducteurs. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de synthétiser des films minces de SnO2, en contrôlant leur nanostructure et leur composition. Lors de la croissance de couches minces dans notre système de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma (PECVD), des poudres nanométriques, polymérisées en phase plasma, peuvent s’incorporer dans le film. Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi l’influence des paramètres du procédé sur l’évolution de la VDC, et relié ses variations à la granulométrie du film observé par miMEB. Nous avons ensuite étudié les dépôts obtenus en mode PECVD pulsé. Nous avons ainsi pu discuter différentes hypothèses sur les mécanismes de formations des poudres dans un plasma Ar/O2/(CH3)4Sn. La présence de nanocristallites incorporées au film d’oxyde d’étain a pu être établie.
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Axelsson, Mathias. "Transparent conductive oxides deposited by magnetron sputtering: synthesis and characterization." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390150.
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The thesis has dealt with transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials, with a focus on Al:ZnO and with studies on Sn:In2O3 and ZnO. TCOs are a material group that is used for its properties of being conductive and at the same time transparent. In solar cells, a top layer of TCO is often used to allow light to transmit into the cell and then conduct the resulting current. A set of growth parameters was chosen and optimized through a literature study and experiments. The depositied thin films were characterized by optical and electrical characterization methods. Rf-magnetron-sputtering was used as the deposition method, where the influence of O2, argon and substrate temperature were the parameters to be studied. As a part of the characterization a model for spectroscopic ellipsometry on Al:ZnO was made, enabling faster measurement of transport properties. The main parameter affecting the TCO properties was found to be oxygen flow and the optimum flow value for each material has been determined. Substrate heating did not show any significant improvement on the resistivity of Al:ZnO with a minimum value of ~5.0*10-4 Ωcm while no heating resulted in a value of ~6.0*10-4 Ωcm. These values are comparable to the state-of-the-art from the literature. As a demonstration of application, the developed AZO and ZnO were applied to CIGS solar cells and these were compared to a reference. The newly developed AZO and ZnO was comparable to the reference but a lower mean fill factor indicates that improvements can be made.
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Masse, de la Huerta César Arturo. "Développement de la technique dépôt par couche atomique spatiale (SALD) pour la fabrication de couches minces type P d'oxyde de cuivre (I) conductrices." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI067.
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Pour concevoir avec succès l'instrumentation nécessaire aux nouvelles technologies de fabrication avec une précision nanométrique, la méthodologie de conception doit prendre en compte de nombreux sujets différents liés à la chimie, à la physique, à la mécanique, à l'électronique et à l'automatisation, travaillant ensemble pour atteindre l'objectif souhaité. Dans cette thèse, cette méthodologie de conception a été mise en œuvre avec un grand nombre d’outils et d’approches permettant d’optimiser avec succès une méthode de nanofabrication appelée dépôt par couche atomique spatiale (SALD) afin de déposer des couches minces d’un matériau potentiellement utile en tant que composant du dispositifs à énergie solaire non-silicium, séparateurs d’eau photoélectrochimiques et composants électroniques transparents à couche mince, entre autres: oxyde cuivreux (Cu2O).En ce qui concerne la technologie de fabrication et la conception mécatronique, SALD est une technique de fabrication prometteuse qui permet la fabrication de films minces avec une précision nanométrique et avec la capacité de contrôler leurs propriétés mécaniques, électriques et cristallographiques. De plus, l'approche SALD utilisée dans cette thèse et dans le Laboratoire des matériaux et du génie physique (LMGP) fonctionne à l'air libre (sans chambre de dépôt) et constitue donc potentiellement une approche compatible avec l'industrie pour les films minces homogènes de grande surface fabrication avec un débit élevé. De plus, SALD peut être utilisé dans des conditions qui le rendent compatible avec les substrats flexibles et avec les approches de rouleau à rouleau (R2R). Enfin, SALD offre une flexibilité sur le processus de dépôt afin qu’il puisse être ajusté pour obtenir différentes propriétés sur les films fabriqués avec un minimum de modification de l’instrumentation.À l'aide de simulations CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), les phénomènes de la mécanique des fluides qui se produisent pendant le processus de dépôt dans le système SALD ont été analysés pour différentes configurations du réacteur. L'influence sur les propriétés du film a été étudiée et une validation avec des dépôts expérimentaux a été effectuée. Ensuite, en utilisant les connaissances et les directives obtenues avec les simulations CFD, et afin de réduire le coût et la complexité de la modification de certains composants mécaniques du système, un flux de travail comprenant la conception assistée par ordinateur (CAO) et la fabrication additive (également appelé impression 3D) impression) a été mis en place au LMGP pour la fabrication de l’un des composants principaux du système SALD à LMGP: la tête de dépôt. Ici, c'est la première fois qu'une telle technique de fabrication innovante est appliquée aux processus de nanofabrication en couches minces, offrant de nombreuses applications potentielles dans le domaine. Dans cette thèse, un tel flux de travail est présenté et expliqué, ainsi que les directives apprises et les limitations découvertes également présentées.Enfin, couches minces de Cu2O ont été déposé avec succès avec la méthode SALD. Le Cu2O est l’un des rares matériaux aux propriétés électroniques prometteuses en tant que semi-conducteur transparent de type p. Ici, les films de Cu2O fabriqués utilisant le système SALD à LMGP sont rapportés et leur conductivité de type p et leur cristallographie sont analysées.Les résultats de ces travaux fournissent des directives initiales pour la conception industrielle d’un système de fabrication à haut débit basé sur la technologie SALD, dans lequel la conception de ses composants est optimisée pour chaque matériau souhaité. Cette approche de conception rend également ce travail utile pour augmenter la quantité de matériaux compatibles avec le SALD, ainsi que pour développer davantage la méthodologie SALD dans des processus de fabrication innovants de matériaux et de dispositifsTo successfully design the instrumentation needed for new manufacturing technologies with nanoscale precision, the design methodology must take into account many different topics related to chemistry, physics, mechanics, electronics and automation, working together to achieve the desired goal. In this thesis, this design methodology has been implemented with a large number of tools and approaches to successfully optimize a nanofabrication method called spatial atomic layer deposition (SALD) in order to deposit thin films. a potentially useful material as a component of non-silicon solar energy devices, photoelectrochemical water separators and transparent thin-film electronic components, among others: cuprous oxide (Cu2O).With respect to manufacturing technology and mechatronics design, SALD is a promising manufacturing technique that enables the fabrication of thin films with nanoscale precision and the ability to control their mechanical, electrical and crystallographic properties. In addition, the SALD approach used in this thesis and in the Laboratoire des Matèriaux et du Génie Physique(LMGP) works in the open air (without a repository) and is therefore potentially an industry-compatible approach to film Thin homogeneous high-area manufacturing with high throughput. In addition, SALD can be used under conditions that make it compatible with flexible substrates and roll-to-roll approaches (R2R). Finally, SALD offers flexibility on the deposit process so that it can be adjusted to obtain different properties on films manufactured with a minimum of instrumentation modification.Using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations, the fluid mechanics phenomena that occur during the deposition process in the SALD system were analyzed for different reactor configurations. The influence on the properties of the film was studied and a validation with experimental deposits was carried out. Then, using the knowledge and guidance obtained with CFD simulations, and to reduce the cost and complexity of modifying certain mechanical components of the system, a workflow that includes computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing additive (also called 3D printing) printing) was set up at the LMGP for the manufacture of one of the main components of the LMGP SALD system: the deposit head. Here, it is the first time that such an innovative manufacturing technique has been applied to thin-film nanofabrication processes, offering many potential applications in the field. In this thesis, such a workflow is presented and explained, along with learned guidelines and discovered limitations also presented.Finally, thin layers of Cu2O have been successfully deposited with the SALD method. Cu2O is one of the few materials with promising electronic properties as a p-type transparent semiconductor. Here, Cu2O films made using the LMGP SALD system are reported and their p-type conductivity and crystallography are analyzed.The results of this work provide initial guidance for the industrial design of a high throughput manufacturing system based on SALD technology optimized for each desired material. This design approach also makes this work useful for increasing the amount of SALD compatible materials, as well as for further developing the SALD methodology in innovative materials and device manufacturing processes
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Brinkmann, Nils H. [Verfasser]. "Analyse der elektrischen, optischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften von Emitter und TCO Schichten für kristalline Silizium-Heterosolarzellen / Nils H. Brinkmann." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050331974/34.
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Geißdörfer, Klaus. "Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) und Life Cycle Costing (LCC) : Einsatz und Modelle: Ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und USA /." Münster, Westf : LIT, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017077387&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Geissdörfer, Klaus. "Total cost of ownership (TCO) und life cycle costing (LCC) Einsatz und Modelle: ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und USA." Berlin Münster Lit, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991447794/04.
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Babin, Anthony. "Optimisation du coût de revient global (TCO) d’un véhicule utilitaire électrique 3,5t ; modélisation multi-physique, dimensionnement et recharge intelligente." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS356.
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Le véhicule électrique est une des solutions de transport respectueuses de l’environnement, n’émettant pas de polluant lors de son utilisation. Gruau, constructeur carrossier pour véhicules utilitaires, se lance activement dans le transport écologique sur le segment de l’utilitaire 3,5t. Afin d’accroitre les ventes de véhicules utilitaires électriques, il est nécessaire d’en réduire le coût total de possession (ou TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier et de modéliser le comportement des composants de ce véhicule électrique pour simuler des calculs de TCO. Le composant principal étudié est la batterie, dont la durée de vie limitée conditionne la rentabilité du véhicule. La première partie des travaux fut consacrée à la modélisation du comportement du véhicule en fonction d’une mission client donnée. Une étude des cellules de batterie est réalisée dans le but de construire un modèle multi-physique complet en prenant en considération le vieillissement calendaire et le vieillissement en cyclage. Un modèle énergétique global, comprenant ce modèle batterie, permet de déterminer l’énergie nécessaire pour un parcours donné et de simuler le vieillissement des cellules électrochimiques afin de calculer le TCO. Une seconde partie est orientée vers le calcul du TCO. La mise en oeuvre d’un algorithme d’optimisation avec une méthodologie d’accélération des calculs a permis de réaliser les calculs dans des temps raisonnables (passage de 13h à 15min par itération). Après étude de l’impact du dimensionnement de la batterie sur le TCO, il en ressort que la réduction de la capacité n’entraine pas systématiquement la réduction du TCO. Il existe pour chaque mission un point de TCO optimal (jusqu’à 17% d’éconnomie). Afin d’améliorer le TCO, des stratégies de recharge intelligentes sont élaborées et permettent rentabilité accrue du VUE (jusqu’à 29%). Ce travail a été intégré dans un logiciel d’aide à la décision de la capacité de la batterie suivant les besoins du client, destiné aux forces de ventes commercialesThe electric vehicle is one of the environmentally friendly transport solutions that emit no pollutant during its use. Gruau, manufacturer-converter for light commercial vehicles (LCV), is actively involved in green transport in the 3.5t segment. In order to increase sales of electric LCV, it is necessary to reduce its total cost of ownership (TCO). The objective of this thesis is to study and model the behavior of the components of this electric vehicle in order to simulate TCO. The main component studied is the battery, whose limited lifetime will determine the profitability of the vehicle. The first part of the work was devoted to modeling the behavior of the vehicle according to a given customer mission. The study of battery cells was done with the aim of building a complete multi-physics model taking into account calendar aging and cycling aging. Then, this battery model is integrated in a complete energy model taking into account all the components of the studied vehicle. Then a global model, including this battery model, makes it possible to determine the energy required for a given path and to simulate the aging of the electrochemical cells in order to calculate the TCO. A second part is oriented towards the calculation of the TCO. The implementation of an optimization algorithm, with a methodology of computing acceleration, allowed to achieve the computations in reasonable times (reduction from 13h to 15min by iteration). After studying the impact of battery sizing on the TCO, it appears that the reduction of the battery capacity does not systematically lead to the reduction of the TCO. There is therefore an optimum TCO point for each mission (up to 17% savings). In order to improve the TCO, smart recharging strategies are developed and allow increasing e-LCV profitability (up to 29%). This work is integrated into a decision support software relative to the battery capacity according to customer needs, intended for commercial sales forces
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Pozzetti, André. "Une méthodologie d’aide à la décision pour l’optimisation de services aéronautiques basés sur la performance." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0013.
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Pour rester compétitives dans l'industrie aéronautique, les entreprises développent des stratégies diverses pour gagner un avantage concurrentiel comme l'augmentation du Coût Total de Possession (TCO) avec l'acquisition aéronautique complexe et des programmes de support. Les clients concentrent leurs besoins sur la disponibilité opérationnelle de tels systèmes et ne sont plus enclins à payer un prix supplémentaire pour un tel service, par conséquent le fournisseur est amené à minimiser le TCO tout en conservant un haut niveau de performance de flotte. Dans de tels accords, une partie du risque de performance opérationnelle est transférée vers le fournisseur sous forme de pénalité financière, engendrant ainsi un risque financier sur la rentabilité du contrat. Cette recherche aborde le problème du point de vue du fournisseur en considérant différentes options stratégiques pour la commercialisation de l'offre de services aéronautiques basés sur la performance, garantissant la disponibilité de la flotte. La méthodologie considère un système complexe, représentatif des systèmes aéronautiques actuels et les mécanismes de support rattachés, avec de multiples objectifs contradictoires à atteindre en tant que fournisseur. La méthodologie proposée couvre les catégories suivantes : disponibilité, fiabilité, maintenabilité et supportabilité. Elle considère le système complexe comme un tout incluant l'ensemble des interactions dans ce système et les relations entre la performance de disponibilité et le coût. D'autres facteurs de contribution additionnels sont aussi considérés dans ce mécanisme de support, comme les types d'incertitude de la performance du système, des données, des risques financiers et des coûts. Un modèle de pénalité pour l'utilisation avec les Services Basés sur la Performance (PBS) des offres dans l'industrie aéronautique est aussi fourni. Une méthodologie d'analyse de pénalité est proposée au travers de deux études de cas présentées dans cette thèse, offrant un avantage compétitif au fournisseur, de par la capacité de prévoir la distribution de probabilité de performance du système, et de quantifier le risque financier pour le modèle de pénalité en question. La méthodologie d'analyse démontre aussi que la capacité d'effectuer une analyse de risque sur des pénalités contractuelles est tout aussi importante pour le fournisseur que la capacité de prévoir la performance globale du système. Les conclusions montrent qu'il est tout à fait possible d'avoir une grande exposition de risque financier si un scénario de pénalité inadapté est choisi, même si la performance de disponibilité de la flotte prévue est au-dessus du taux ciblé ou contractéTo remain competitive within the aeronautic industry, companies are developing various strategies to gain a competitive edge as the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) increases with complex aeronautical acquisition and support programs. Customers are focusing their needs on the operational availability of such systems and are no longer willing to pay a premium for such a service, consequently the supplier is challenged to minimize the TCO whilst retaining a high level of fleet performance. In such accords, some of the operational performance risk is transferred back to the supplier and are usually in the form of financial penalties, which consequently creates a financial risk on the profitability of the contract for the supplier. This research addresses the problem from the point of the supplier when considering different strategic options for the sale and offer of performance-based aeronautic services that guarantee fleet availability. The methodology considers the complex system, as is typical with current aeronautic systems, relating support mechanisms, and the multiple yet contradictory objectives to achieve as a supplier. The methodology proposed covers the categories of Availability, Reliability, Maintainability and Supportability; it considers the complex system as a whole including the interactions within this system and the relationships between availability performance and cost. Additional other contributing factors are also considered within this support mechanism, such as the types of uncertainty on system performance, data, financial risks and costs. The introduction of a penalty model for use with Performance-Based Service (PBS) offers within the aeronautic industry is also provided. A methodology for penalty analysis is proposed through the two case studies presented in this thesis, giving the supplier a competitive advantage through the ability to predict the probability distribution of system performance and to quantify the financial risk for the penalty model in question. The analysis 5 methodology also demonstrates that the ability to perform risk analysis on contractual penalties is just as important to the supplier as the ability to predict overall system performance, as the findings present that it is quite possible to have a large financial risk exposure if the wrong penalty scenario is chosen even if the predicted Fleet Availability performance is above the targeted or contracted rate
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Mahabaduge, Hasitha Padmika. "Influence of a Front Buffer Layer on the Performance of Flexible CdS/CdTe Solar Cells." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1384445244.
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Noronha, Jos? Fernando Valverde. "Obten??o e caracteriza??o de filmes SnO2 depositados em vidro borosilicato por silk-screen modificado: SnCl2.2H2O como precursor." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18578.
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Previous issue date: 2007-08-24O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as caracter?sticas de filmes de SnO2 depositados em substrato de vidro borosilicato por um processo de silk-screen modificado para obten??o de espessura fina compat?vel com a aplica??o em c?lulas solares policristalinas de baixo custo. O filme de SnO2 ? um dos mais apropriados para obten??o de vidro TCO (transparent conductive oxide) para uso em c?lulas solares devido a sua baixa resistividade el?trica e alta transmit?ncia, sendo quimicamente inerte, mecanicamente duro e tem resist?ncia a altas temperaturas, o que facilita ent?o a calcina??o das amostras entre 500? C a 550? C. Os filmes foram obtidos a partir de uma solu??o precursora b?sica, preparada pela dissolu??o de SnCl2.2H2O em Etanol (99,5 %). Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 2(3-1) para analisar a influ?ncia dos par?metros concentra??o da solu??o precursora (CETN), temperatura de calcina??o (TC) e taxa de aquecimento (tX) na calcina??o, sendo a concentra??o CETN o par?metro que apresentou maior efeito sobre os par?metros de respostas investigados: espessura do filme (?), resistividade de superf?cie (?) e a transmit?ncia relativa (?). Foi poss?vel obter com a metodologia utilizada, filmes com espessuras da ordem de 1 Nm com resistividade de superf?cie de 10 / e transmit?ncia relativa entre 70 e 80 %.
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Bapanapalli, Srilatha. "Cds/cdte thin film solar cells with zinc stannate buffer layer." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001004.
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De, Paz Torres Silvana Merly, Vílchez Hans Peter Herrera, Yrigoyen Rolando Pachas, and Boullosa Claudio Alberto Saavedra. "Reducción del Total Cost Of Ownership (TCO) de la flota vehicular de una empresa de servicios de telecomunicaciones de última milla." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654960.
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El presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en la idea de formular propuestas de mejora para la reducción del TCO por atención de la gestión de flotas de una empresa que brinda servicio a las principales empresas de telecomunicaciones. Actualmente, el costo de esta gestión representa el 42% del total de costos de la compañía, por tanto, representa una oportunidad importante para iniciar un análisis de su TCO e identificar potenciales de ahorro. Esta empresa tiene como reto convertirse en el proveedor de servicios de red de referencia para las empresas de comunicaciones y energía de manera rentable, por este motivo una adecuada gestión de sus costos es el camino para ser competitivos.
El problema identificado radica en el no cumplimiento de los presupuestos asignados a la gestión de flotas, siendo este presupuesto repartido entre todas sus sedes. El impacto negativo de esta situación radica en sobrecostos para la organización y posibles pérdidas de clientes debido a no poder ofertar precios competitivos en las licitaciones que participa.
Para resolver la problemática, el trabajo de investigación se compone de cinco capítulos: El primero se centra en la definición del problema y la justificación de por qué es necesario el análisis de la presente. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta los conceptos relacionados al TCO y gestión de flotas, así como de herramientas lean que serán la base para formular las propuestas tanto para reducción de TCO e incremento de atenciones; adicionalmente el estado del arte con investigaciones académicas relacionadas al tema. En el tercer capítulo, se describe la situación actual de la gestión de flota relacionado al TCO y nivel de atenciones, se analiza y delimita la sede y componentes del costo para mejora, además de identificar las causas que originan los problemas. Con la identificación de las causas, en el cuarto capítulo, se procede a desarrollar la propuesta de mejora apoyada en herramientas Lean, para finalmente terminar con los cálculos de beneficios esperados y principalmente el impacto en el TCO y presupuesto actual de la gestión. Por último, en el capítulo quinto se muestran las conclusiones y recomendaciones finales para la implementación.
El trabajo realizado espera como resultado final la reducción en el TCO por atención y el cumplimiento de los presupuestos asignados de la gestión de flotas, optimizando la gestión de costos de la compañía y contribuir de manera positiva incrementando las posibilidades de abrir nuevos negocios ofreciendo precios competitivos en las licitaciones.This research work was carried out with the idea of formulating improvement proposals for the reduction of the TCO for fleet management by attention of a company that provides service to the main telecommunications companies. Currently, the cost of this management represents 42% of the company's total costs, therefore, it represents an important opportunity to start an analysis of its TCO and identify potential savings. The challenge of this company is to become the reference network service provider for communications and energy companies in a profitable manner, for this reason an adequate management of their costs is the way to be competitive. The problem identified is about the non-compliance with the budgets assigned to fleet management, this budget being distributed among all its offices. The negative impact of this situation generates over costs for the organization and possible loss of customers due to not being able to offer competitive prices in the tenders it participates. To solve the problem, the thesis is divided in five chapters: The first focuses on the definition of the problem and the justification of why the analysis of this thesis is necessary. In the second chapter, the concepts related to TCO and fleet management are presented, as well as lean tools that will be the basis for formulating proposals for both reductions of TCO and increase of attentions; additionally, the state of the art with academic research related to the topic. In the third chapter, the current situation of fleet management related to the TCO and level of attentions are described, the office and the cost components for improvement are analyzed and defined, in addition to identifying the causes that originate the problems. With the identification of the causes, in the fourth chapter, we proceed to develop the improvement proposal supported by Lean tools, to finally finish with the calculations of expected benefits and mainly the impact on the TCO and current management budget. Finally, the fifth chapter shows the final conclusions and recommendations for implementation. The work performed expects as a final result the reduction in the TCO by attention and compliance with the assigned budgets of fleet management, optimizing the company's cost management and contributing positively by increasing the possibilities of opening new businesses by offering competitive prices in tenders.
Trabajo de investigación
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Bouras, Karima. "Re-doped SnO2 oxides for efficient UV-Vis to infrared photon conversion : application to solar cells." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD011/document.
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Ce travail a porté sur la synthèse et caractérisations structurales, optiques et électriques des films d’oxyde d'étain (SnOx) dopés avec des éléments de terres rares (RE: Néodyme, Praséodyme ou Ytterbium). L’objectif est de démontrer la conversion de photons UV voire Visible en photons rouges via ces films RE :SnOx, tout en conservant leurs propriétés d’oxydes transparents conducteurs. Les films ont été produits par des méthodes chimiques (sol-gel, précipitation) ou physiques (pulvérisation cathodique). Grâce à des analyses fines, nous avons pu corréler les propriétés structurales et de composition des couches RE :SnOx avec leurs propriétés d’émission de photons. Nous avons pu établir les conditions optimales de conversion photonique dans des systèmes à une seule ou double terre rare. Les mécanismes régissant le transfert dans ces films ont été avancés. Enfin, nous avons appliqué ces couches minces RE :SnOx optimisés sur des cellules solaires en silicium et en CIGS et nous avons montré une amélioration des paramètres photovoltaïques du dispositif ainsi qu’un net gain dans la réponse spectrale de la cellule dans l’UVSpectral conversion using lanthanide doped materials with excellent performances is a great challenging topic and of particular interest for photovoltaic. This work aims at functionalizing transparent conductive oxide materials with rare earth elements for photons conversion purpose without affecting transparency and transport properties of the TCO. The spectral conversion targeted in this thesis is of type “down”, in other words, we aim at converting high energy UV photons into low energy visible or NIR photons useful to solar cells. For this purpose we investigated the doping process of SnO2 as a host material with different rare earths such as Nd, Tb, Pr, and Yb. To understand the insertion process and the optical activation of the rare earth, RE-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (powders) have been synthesised by two chemical methods: co-precipitation and sol-gel. The results have shown an efficient insertion of the RE into the SnO2 structure with excellent emission properties. In view of application of RE-doped SnOx thin films to solar cells, studies concerning NIR emitting RE have been conducted (Nd, Yb, and co-doping with Yb and Nd) using sputtering. Several deposition parameters and post deposition treatments have been done in order to find the best chemical environment favourable to the RE emission. We have precisely identified the region of the UV light converted into NIR photons and proposed several energy transfer mechanisms occurring between the host SnOx and the REs. In case of co-doping, a second spectral conversion process has been identified; visible photons can be efficiently converted into NIR photons through energy transfer from Nd3+ to Yb3+ ions. Finally, application of these conversion layers to solar cells such as CIGS and Si based have shown an improvement of the cells characteristics, among others the Field factor, the cell efficiency and the increase of the spectral response of the cell in the UV region, thanks to the conversion of the UV photons into NIR photons. The good electrical properties of the RE-doped SnOx layers have been highlighted as well. We believe that these conversion layers will provide a step ahead towards better solar cells performances
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Danebergs, Janis. "Techno-economic Study of Hydrogen as a Heavy-duty Truck Fuel : A Case Study on the Transport Corridor Oslo – Trondheim." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264253.
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Norway has already an almost emission-free power production and its sales of zero-emission light-duty vehicles surpassed 30% in 2018; a natural next challenge is to identify ways to reduce emissions of heavyduty vehicles. In this work the possibilities to deploy Fuel Cell Electric Trucks (FCET) on the route Oslo-Trondheim are analyzed by doing a techno-economic analysis. The literature study identified that in average 932 kton goods where transported between the cities. The preferred road choice goes through Østerdalen and that an average load for a long-distance truck is 16 tons. The methodology used in the study is based on cost curves for both truck and infrastructure, and a case study with various scenarios is evaluated to find a profitable business case for both an FCET fleet and its infrastructure. The cost curves for trucks are based on total cost of ownership (TCO) as a function of hydrogen price, while the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is used to present the cost of infrastructure. An analysis was made to identify the trucks component sizes and a FCET for this route would require an onboard hydrogen storage of 46 kg, a fuel cell stack with a nominal power of 200 kW, a battery of 100 kWh (min SOC 22%), and an electric motor with a rated power of 402 kW. TCO was calculated both for an FCET based on the dimensioned components and a biodiesel truck. The results show that an FCET purchased in 2020 can be competitive with biodiesel with a hydrogen price of 38.6 NOK/kgH2. While the hydrogen price can increase to 71.8 NOK/ kgH2 if the FCET is purchased in 2030. To identify the most suitable infrastructure, four different designs of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) were compared. Furthermore, hydrogen production units (HPUs) with both alkaline or PEM type water electrolyzer were compared. The analysis in this study showed that the most cost competitive option was a 350-bar HRS without cooling, which only can serve type III onboard storage tanks. A HPU with alkaline electrolyzer was the most price competitive alternative. In case each HRS is refueling more than 7 FCETs per day, an HPU in direct connection to HRS is the preferred infrastructure setup. Three HRS are required along the route to ensure a minimum service level for the FCETs. When the TCO of the fuel cell truck and LCOH of the hydrogen infrastructure were compared for a 2020 scenario, no feasible solution was identified. The cost of installing three HRS in 2020, serving a fleet of 14-24 trucks, would cost 16.0 – 17.6 million NOK/year more than a fleet based on biodiesel trucks. In a future scenario, where both the FCET and infrastructure costs decrease due to expected learning curves, a business case can be found if at least 5 FCETs were refueling at each HRS on daily basis, which corresponds to a total fleet of approx. 24 FCETs. Finally, a set of clear recommendations on how to improve the techno-economic analysis in future studies are provided. Both by identifying areas lacking sufficient documentation and by providing steps how the tecno-economic model could be enhanced.Norge har redan en nästintill utsläppsfri elproduktion och nollutsläppsbilar stod för mer än 30% av nybilsförsäljningen under år 2018. En naturlig nästa utmaning är att finna sätt att minska utsläpp från lastbilar. I detta examensarbete analyseras möjligheterna att introducera bränslecellslastbilar (FCET) efter dess engelska förkortning) på sträckan Oslo - Trondheim genom att göra en teknisk-ekonomisk bedömning. Litteraturstudien visade att i genomsnitt 932 kton gods fraktas mellan städerna, att vägen genom Østerdalen är att föredra och att genomsnittlig last för en långtradare är 16 ton. Arbetets metod bygger på att identifiera kostnadskurvor för både lastbilar och infrastruktur. Dessa kurvor kombineras i olika scenarier för att finna omständigheter där både en FCET-flotta och dess infrastruktur är lönsamma. Kostnadskurvorna för lastbilar baseras på den totala ägandekostnaden (TCO) efter dess engelska förkortning) som en funktion av vätgaspriset, medan den utjämnade kostnaden för vätgas (LCOH) efter dess engelska förkortning) används för att presentera kostnaden för infrastruktur. En analys gjordes för att finna passande storlek på FCET drivlina. För den specifika sträckan krävs en hydrogentank på 46 kg, en bränslecellstack med nominell effekt på 200 kW, ett batteri på 100 kWh (min SOC 22%) och en elmotor med nominell effekt på 402 kW. TCO beräknades både för en FCET baserat på de dimensionerade komponenterna och en lastbil som går på biodiesel. En FCET som köps 2020 blir konkurrenskraftig om vätgaspriset är 38,6 NOK/kgH2, medan vätgaspriset kan öka till 71,8 NOK/kgH2 om FCET köps 2030. Skillnaden är baserad på en framtida prisnedgång för FCET. För att finna den mest lämpliga lösningen på infrastruktur; analyserades fyra olika utformningar av vätgaspåfyllningsstationer (HRS). I tillägg jämfördes vätgasproduktionsenheter (HPU) baserat på antingen alkalisk eller PEM-typ av elektrolysator. Resultaten visade at en 350 bar HRS utan kylning, som endast kan fylla typ III lagringstankar, som det billigaste alternativet. Den alkaliska elektrolysatorn kunde producera vätgas för något lägre kostnad. Det billigaste alternativet för infrastruktur av de olika framtagna scenarios var att placera HPU bredvid HRS om minst 7 FCET tankar dagligen på varje station. Minst 3 HRS krävs längs rutten för att tillhandahålla en minsta servicenivå för FCET. När TCO för bränslecellslastbil och LCOH för infrastruktur jämfördes för ett 2020-scenario så fanns det ingen lönsam lösning. Kostnaden för att installera 3 HRS år 2020 som betjänar en lastbilflotta mellan 14-24 lastbilar skulle kosta 16,0 - 17,6 miljoner NOK/år mer än en lastbilsflotta som går på biodiesel. I ett framtida scenario där både FCET- och infrastrukturkostnaderna minskar på grund av större produktionsvolymer så kan vätgassatsning bli lönsam om minst 5 FCET tankar dagligen på varje HRS. Det motsvarar en lastbilsflotta på omkring 24 lastbilar för hela rutten. Till slut finns en rad klara rekommendationer om hur den tekno-ekonomiska analysen kan förbättras. Det upptäcktes både områden med otillräcklig dokumentation och summerades hur den teknoekonomiska modellen kan förbättras.
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Mattei, Alessia. "Analisi dei costi di manutenzione per una linea di impacchettamento siringhe. Il caso Marchesini Group." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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La tesi è volta alla definizione di un costo specifico delle politiche manutentive che sia comprensivo di costo ispettivo, manutentivo e acquisto dei ricambi. Un capitolo è volto all'analisi dei ricambi con i relativi ricavi rispetto alla natura degli stessi. Il progetto è stato svolto a fronte di un caso aziendale.
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Khan, Afzal. "Synthèse de Cuprates de Strontium (SrCu2O2) par MOCVD comme couche mince d'oxyde transparent conducteur de type P." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576634.
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Les semi-conducteurs transparents de type oxyde, communément appelés TCO (Transparent Conducting Oxides) sont utilisés comme électrodes transparentes dans des nombreux d'applications telles que les cellules solaires, les écrans à cristaux liquides, les écrans tactiles et autres. Toutefois, les applications technologiques sont actuellement limitées puisque les TCO possédant des propriétés électriques et optiques satisfaisantes sont uniquement des semi-conducteurs de type n. Les oxydes de cuire de structures delafossite ACuO2 ou du type SrCu2O2, présentent des prometteuses avec un comportement de semi-conduction de type P et une faible absorption optique dans le spectre visible. Dans cette thèse, le systèm MOCVD (Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur du métal organique) a été utilisé pour le dépôt des couches minces de SrCu2O2. Cette phase est obtenue après quelques étapes de recuit sous oxygène puis argon, ou azote uniquement avec en particulier la nécessité de réalier des recuit rapaides. Les propriétés électriques et optiques mesurées pour la couche mince de SrCu2O2 ont un ordre de grandeur similaire à ce qui est publié dans la littérature.
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Andersson, Klas, and Johannes Johansson. "Livscykelkostnad." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19221.
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Examensarbetet har utförts på företaget AP&T Presses AB i Tranemo. AP&T tillverkar hydrauliska pressar med en presskraft från 100 ton upp till 20000 ton. Kunderna finns främst inom bilindustrin men även vitvaru- och inomhusklimatbranscherna finns representerade. Syftet med arbetet har varit att utarbeta ett underlag för LCC-kalkyler avseende hydrauliska pressar. Därefter skall mallen tillämpas på en press av modell ZM-8000-30/22. Det finns inga generella regler eller krav för LCC beräkningar utan de får anpassas utifrån aktuell industri och produkt.För att bestämma livscykelkostnaden listas alla kostnader som uppkommer i samband med inköp och efterföljande drift. LCC-kalkylen utgår från 8 stycken kostnadsrubriker. Det framgick att inköpskostnaden låg på 51 % av totalkostnaden efter 10 år. Livscykelkostnaden över 10 år blev 38,6 miljoner SEK. Antalet möjliga detaljer att tillverka under tio år blev 2 500 000 st. Om totalkostnaden slås ut över hur många detaljer man tillverkat kommer priset att hamna på 15,80 kr/st då endast hänsyn till kostnaden för pressen tagits. Till detta kommer materialkostnader, verktygskostnader, m.m.LCC- modellen kan användas som försäljningsargument gentemot kund, men även i förbättringsarbetet hos AP&T för att se var det uppkommer stora kostnader under maskinernas livslängd för att på så sätt bygga ännu mer kostnadseffektiva pressar i framtiden. Vidare kan LCC- kalkylen användas internt hos konstruktionsavdelningen vid AP&T för att motivera dyrare mer kvalitativa komponentinköp. På så sätt kan maskinerna görs mer kostnadseffektiva under sin livstidUppsatsnivå: C
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Nunes, Marília Mendes da Silva. "A importância do total cost of ownership no gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70025.
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Tendo em vista a necessidade das empresas, de estabelecer relacionamentos estreitos entre fornecedores e compradores, através de vínculos de cooperação imprescindíveis para a competitividade das empresas nos dias de hoje, este estudo aborda a importância do Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ou Custo Total da Propriedade no gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar o papel do TCO como ferramenta de contabilidade gerencial que dá suporte à decisão, no que diz respeito a seleção de fornecedores, tendo em vista que a área de compras é fundamental para o gerenciamento da área de suprimentos de uma empresa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de estudo exploratório, com uma aplicação prática na área de compras de uma empresa no ramo da educação. Observa-se que através da utilização da ferramenta de TCO é possível que as empresas consigam visualizar melhor seus custos, para uma correta tomada de decisão, no que diz respeito a uma compra de determinado fornecedor.Given the need for companies, to establish close relationships between suppliers and buyers through cooperative ties essential for the competitiveness of companies nowadays, this study addresses the importance of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) or Total Cost of property management in the supply chain. This paper aims to demonstrate the role of TCO as a tool of management accounting that supports decision regarding the selection of suppliers, in order that the shopping area is critical to managing the supply area of a company. This is an exploratory study of literature, with a practical application in the shopping area of a company in the business of education. It is observed that by using the tool TCO is possible that companies are able to better visualize their costs, for a correct decision, with regard to a purchase of a particular vendor.
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Ramalingam, Madhan Raj. "Cadmium zinc telluride solar cells by close spaced sublimation." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000408.
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de, Barros Correia Kyotoku Bernardo. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de imageamento usando a tomografia por coerência óptica no domínio temporal e de Fourier." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2006. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6638.
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Previous issue date: 2006Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Nesta dissertação, descrevemos a teoria básica e os detalhes de implementação experimental de três sistemas de tomografia por coerência óptica, dois no regime temporal e outro no regime espectral (Fourier). Tomografia por coerência óptica (TCO) é um método de imageamento óptico não invasivo, capaz de gerar imagens da seção transversal de materiais e tecidos biológicos. A técnica de TCO tem como base a interferência entre dois feixes de luz de baixa coerência, cuja resolução espacial longitudinal é determinada pela largura de banda espectral da fonte, e a profundidade de penetração na amostra é função dos coeficientes de espalhamento e absorção. Nos sistemas desenvolvidos neste trabalho, utilizamos como fonte de luz incidente em um interferômetro de Michelson (ar livre) um laser de Titânio-Safira com espectro alargado por efeitos não lineares em uma fibra óptica, obtendo-se uma largura espectral de 50 nm, centrado em 800nm, a partir do qual calculamos a resolução longitudinal de 5,6 mm. Para os sistemas operando no regime temporal, em umdos braços do interferômetro colocouse a amostra e no outro foram utilizadas duas linhas de atraso (não simultaneamente). Em um dos casos, a linha de atraso consistia de um espelhomóvelmontado em um transladador controlado por computador. No segundo caso, introduzimos uma linha de atraso de Fourier, composta de uma grade de difração, lente, um espelho montado sobre um motor galvo e um espelho fixo. A amostra a ser estudada foi fixada sobre uma base, que foi deslocada lateralmente durante a aquisição dos dados. No sistema de detecção, o sinal foi pré-processado e digitalizado. Todo o sistema de controle, deteção e geração de imagens foi desenvolvido usando o software Labview. Os tempos de aquisição de dados em uma única varredura em profundidade foram de 12 s e 50 ms para a primeira e segunda montagens, respectivamente. No sistema operando no domínio de Fourier, no lugar da linha de atraso, foi introduzido um espelho fixo e o sinal de interferência era dirigido a um espectrômetro. Um novo programa foi desenvolvido em Labview para controle de deslocamento lateral e aquisição de imagens, cujo tempo de aquisição de uma varredura em profundidade é de 500 ms. A sensibilidade foi de 98dB para uma potência incidente na amostra de 1 mW. O novo sistema também pode ser controlado remotamente, inclusive via internet, para aquisição de dados. Como exemplo de aplicação, os sistemas desenvolvidos foram utilizados para gerar imagens em dentes humanos in vitro, e as imagens obtidas foram bastante satisfatórias, quando comparadas com análises de microscopia óptica ou com outros resultados descritos na literatura
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Corrêa, Sergio Luis Lima. "Análise de relevância de elementos de custo em manutenção e suporte de sistemas ERP nas IFES: uma abordagem baseada em TCO e ITIL." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6985.
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PROQUALI (UFJF)
Sistemas Integrados de Gestão Empresarial, conhecidos como ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), são desenvolvidos e mantidos pelas IFES (Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior) para o desempenho das atividades que lhes competem, além disso, sua abrangência permite obtenção de informações gerenciais tornando-se valioso recurso estratégico. Recentes orientações dos órgãos de fiscalização e controle governamental, visando o aumento da eficiência, maior produtividade da máquina pública, e redução de custos têm levado as IFES a adotar políticas de governança de TI. Sistemas ERP geralmente são muito abrangentes e caros, por isso seus custos devem ser mensurados, não somente custos de aquisição, mas principalmente custos de manutenção e suporte. Neste sentido, com objetivo de determinar os elementos de custo para mensurar os custos de manutenção e suporte na gestão de sistemas ERP, houve motivação para esta pesquisa sobre a metodologia TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) suportada pelos processos do framework ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library). O presente trabalho, de caráter descritivo, identificou e relacionou, a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica, os elementos de custo mais evidentes no TCO e ITIL. Em seguida, foi aplicado um questionário web, junto a Especialistas em gestão de Sistemas ERP das IFES, visando mapear sua percepção de relevância sobre esses elementos de custo elencados na pesquisa. Os resultados mostram os elementos de custo ordenados por relevância e frequência aplicáveis à manutenção e suporte de sistemas ERP e a contribuição esperada é a de facilitar a mensuração desses custos.
Integrated Systems Management, known as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), are developed and maintained by IFES (Federal Institutions of Higher Education) for the performance of activities that concern them, in addition, its scope allows obtaining management information becoming valuable strategic resource. Recent guidelines of the supervisory bodies and government control, aimed at increasing efficiency, higher productivity of public administration, and cost reduction have led IFES to adopt IT governance policies. ERP systems are usually very comprehensive and expensive, so their costs should be measured, not only acquisition costs, but mainly maintenance and support costs. In this regard, in order to determine the cost elements to measure the costs of maintenance and support in managing ERP systems, there was motivation for this research on the TCO methodology (Total Cost of Ownership) supported by ITIL framework processes (Information Technology Infrastructure Library). This work, descriptive, identified and listed from the literature, the most obvious cost elements in TCO and ITIL. Then a web questionnaire was administered, along with experts in ERP systems management of IFES, aiming to map their perception of relevance of these cost factors listed in the survey. The results show the cost elements ordered by relevance and frequency that the maintenance and ERP systems support and the expected contribution is to facilitate the measurement of these costs.
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Tosoni, Olivier. "Conception, élaboration et intégration d'électrodes transparentes optimisées pour l'extraction des charges dans des dispositifs photovoltaïques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955867.
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Les oxydes transparents conducteurs (TCO) ont la rare propriété de concilier haute transparence et conductivité élevée, ce qui en fait des matériaux-clés pour de nombreuses applications requérant des électrodes transparentes comme les cellules photovoltaïques, les diodes organiques et les écrans plats. Avec une résistivité de l'ordre de 10^(-4) ohm.cm et une transmittance de 85% dans le domaine visible, l'oxyde d'indium dopé à l'étain (ITO) est le matériau privilégié. Toutefois, sa fragilité, son instabilité aux procédés plasma et son coût croissant du fait de sa haute teneur en indium sont autant de raisons de rechercher des matériaux alternatifs. Cette thèse a pour but de comprendre les points clefs permettant d'améliorer les performances d'une électrode transparente en oxyde de zinc dopé à l'aluminium (AZO) sur les plans optique, électrique et au niveau des interfaces ; des cellules photovoltaïques en silicium amorphe hydrogéné (a-Si:H) servent de dispositif-test à cette étude. Réalisées par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron sous des conditions de dépôt variées, les couches minces d'AZO obtenues ont une structure microcristalline et, pour des paramètres déterminés, des performances optoélectroniques approchant celles de l'ITO. Un modèle adapté d'après la théorie de Drude a permis de rendre compte du lien entre transparence et conduction et de confirmer la saturation en porteurs du matériau. L'efficacité d'une électrode au sein d'un dispositif dépend également très fortement de l'interface entre celle-ci et l'absorbeur, les porteurs devant être extraits rapidement pour ne pas se recombiner. Quelques voies ont été explorées pour réduire la barrière de potentiel entre le silicium amorphe et l'électrode tout en favorisant l'efficacité optique des cellules. Il ressort que l'insertion d'une couche tampon d'oxyde de titane ou de tungstène permet d'obtenir un gain notable dans les performances des cellules.
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Havlová, Jana. "Posuzování efektivnosti využití vozového parku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193204.
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This thesis is focused on the monitoring system in the fleet management. Frauds are increasingly caused due to company cars. The emphasis is put especially on costs saving resulting from the introduction of the monitoring and a more effective control. The work defines modern elements of control, their functions and impact on costs. It outlines pros and cons connected with the journey log. Practical examples are given as an illustration, including an alternative solution with a savings calculation.
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Ricco, Quiroga Daniela. "Los Dueños del Monte: Las relaciones sociales que se tejen en la actualidad en torno a la extracción de madera en la TCO Mosetén." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2010. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2010/ricco_qd/html/index-frames.html.
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Durante el siglo XX, el incremento de los precios en mercados internacionales para productos de la región amazónica introdujo nuevas modalidades de reclutamiento de la fuerza de trabajo. La Amazonía es una de las regiones de menor densidad demográfica en el país, ésto impulsó a un sin número de empresarios a buscar mecanismos para retener trabajadores. Uno de los métodos más utilizados para este fin fue el sistema de habilito o enganche, que se inicia con los adelantos de dinero y bienes manufacturados que le son entregados al trabajador y que posteriormente debe cancelar con el producto de su labor productiva. Estos bienes son entregados con un significativo sobreprecio, lo que genera que para el trabajador sea muy difícil cancelar este anticipo y en no pocos casos los trabajadores incurren en una espiral de deudas con los habilitadores.
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Liljedahl, Magnus, and Robert Näsholm. "Life Cycle Cost för datanätverk -en ekonomisk jämförelse av operativsystem." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-685.
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Bakgrund: Företag behöver i dagens samhälle robusta och pålitliga datasystem. För att bygga ett väl fungerande nätverk måste dessa baseras på bra operativ- systemprogramvara. Den fria programvaran, Linux, har stärkt konkurrensen på marknaden för operativsystem. Att konkurrensen hårdnat gör det intressant att undersöka ifall kostnaderna för anskaffning och användning skiljer sig åt mellan olika operativsystem.
Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att skapa en LCC-modell vilken skall appliceras på operativsystem i datanätverk. Vidare skall vi använda modellen till att jämföra totalkostnaden för att anskaffa och nyttja operativsystem i datanätverk under nätverkets livstid.
Genomförande: För att uppnå vårt syfte har vi genomfört personliga intervjuer med ekonomi- och dataansvariga på tio olika organisationer. Utifrån dessa intervjuer har vi tillsammans med litteraturstudier konstruerat en LCC-modell. Denna har vi sedan använt för att skapa en reviderad LCC-modell som vi ansatt för att jämföra totalkostnaden för att nyttja Linux respektive Windows NT i sitt nätverk.
Resultat: Resultatet är en LCC-modell som kan användas i en rad olika syften. Vår reviderade modell visade att ett renodlat Linuxsystem är ett billigare alternativän ett renodlat Windows NT-system. Behovet har dock visat sig vara viktigare än priset vid val av system. För att reducera kostnader är det viktigt att satsa på utbildning och kvalitet.
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Jubault, Marie. "Étude de la formation et du rôle des nanoparticules dans l'élaboration de couches minces d'oxyde d'étain par PECVD." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464688.
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Les couches minces d'oxyde d'étain sont largement utilisées dans différents domaines d'applications comme les électrodes transparentes, les détecteurs de gaz, ou encore les catalyseurs. Il a été montré que la nanostructure des films permettait d'améliorer sensiblement les propriétés optiques et électriques des couches minces de semiconducteurs. L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de synthétiser des films minces de SnO2, en contrôlant leur nanostructure et leur composition. Lors de la croissance de couches minces dans notre système de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma (PECVD), des poudres nanométriques, polymérisées en phase plasma, peuvent s'incorporer dans le film. Les propriétés électriques du plasma sont grandement affectées par la croissance de ces poudres, et il est ainsi possible de suivre leur évolution par des mesures de la tension d'autopolarisation (VDC) de l'électrode de tension. Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi l'influence des paramètres du procédé sur l'évolution de la VDC, et relié ses variations à la granulométrie du film observé par microscopie électronique à balayage. Nous avons ensuite modifié les temps d'allumage et d'extinction du plasma, en faisant fonctionner notre générateur en mode pulsé. Nous avons ainsi pu discuter différentes hypothèses sur les mécanismes de formations des poudres dans un plasma argon/oxygène/tétraméthylétain. Un lien entre les conditions de modulation du plasma et la présence de nanocristallites incorporées au film d'oxyde d'étain a pu être établi.
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Landscheidt, Steffen. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis in the Swedish Automation Industry : A Case Study for developing a Total Cost of Ownership Model for Industrial Robots." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44743.
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Automation plays an important role when dealing with changes caused by globalization. The introduction of industrial robots is widely seen as an effective strategy against rising competition and outsourcing to low-cost countries. With the launch of amongst other the “Industrie 4.0” initiative, automation has been put into focus more than ever before and it is seen as the future way of production. Although the investment decisions for industrial robots are quite complex, the final purchasing decision is often only based on the initial offering. Procurement decisions based only the initial price are often poor decisions since they do not consider the hidden costs such as maintenance costs or energy consumption. A far better alternative is to calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) of industrial robots and use this as the fundament in the decision making process. The TCO incorporates all costs from acquisition to the disposal of the industrial robot cell. The study develops, based on a TCO and total value of ownership (TVO) model for industrial robots, an operational template, which can be used in the sales process. By applying the case study research methodology, the model is developed based on a literature review as well as on expert knowledge from employees of Yaskawa Nordic AB (YNR). Qualitative and quantitate data is gathered at two customer companies and the most crucial factors are identified in order to create a simple, operational template. As most important factors, operators’ wages, spare parts and energy consumptions have been identified. However, while the development of a general model is accomplished in a satisfying way, the realization of the template is hindered due to too few available data. The study shows that many companies cannot control the costs, which are created by their automation equipment. This leads to the conclusion that with further implementation of tools for “Industrie 4.0” the model and template can be revised allowing far more precise TCO/TVO calculations.
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Björnsson, Lars-Henrik, Sten Karlsson, and Frances Sprei. "Objective functions for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery range optimization and possible effects on the vehicle fleet." Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72804.
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This study analyzes how, in a possible electrification of the car fleet through plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), the choice of objective function, which potentially reflects different stakeholders’ interests, may influence the resulting optimal PHEV battery range, the PHEV share in the vehicle fleet, the fleet total cost of ownership (TCO) savings, and the fleet electric drive fraction under various economic conditions and policy options.
The optimal battery range can differ considerably among objective functions, especially between the objectives of maximizing the number of PHEVs and maximizing driving on electricity. Increased viability of the PHEV, for instance, through lower battery costs, higher running cost savings, or PHEV-promoting subsidies, will strengthen this effect. Therefore, a high share of viable PHEVs in the vehicle fleet does not necessarily result in a high share of electric driving. When designing policies to promote PHEVs, both the short- and long-term policy objectives and their potential effects need to be considered explicitly.