Journal articles: 'TCO'

1

Arty, Indyah Sulistyo. "SYNTHESIZE AND CITOTOXICITY TEST OF SEVERAL COMPOUNDS OF MONO PARA-HIDROXY CHALCON." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (June 21, 2010): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21489.

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Five compounds of mono para-hidroxy chalcon were synthesized (TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, and TC5) and tested their cytotoxicity against HeLa cell and Raji cell. The difference in substituent of TC1 (R4 =H), TC2 (R4 = OCH3), and TC3 (R4 = F), showed the difference of their citotoxicity against HeLa cell. The citotoxicity of TC1 (LC50 = 16.08 µg/mL) ≈ TC3 (LC50 = 13.37 µg/mL), but the substituent difference of TC2 (LC50 = 147.43 µg/mL), decreasing it citotoxicity 10 times. Like wise their citotoxicity against Raji cell of TC1 (LC50 = 36.44 µg/mL) ≈ TC3 (LC50 = 30.46 µg/mL), but the substituent difference of TC2 (LC50 = 468.94 µg/mL), decreasing it citotoxicity activity 15 times. Nevertheless the strength of citotoxicity TC4 (LC50 = 98.74 µg/mL) and TC5 (LC50 = 110.97 µg/mL) against Raji cell are stronger than the citotoxicity of two of them against HeLa cell (LC50 of TC4 = none, LC50 of TC5 = 576.53 µg/mL). Keywords: mono para-hidroxy chalcon, HeLa cell, Raji cell, citotoxicity activity

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Yin, Guangxing, Qing Ruan, Yuhao Jiang, and Junbo Zhang. "Radiolabeling and Biological Evaluation of Novel 99mTc-Nitrido and 99mTc-Oxo Complexes with 4-Methoxy-L-Phenylalanine Dithiocarbamate for Tumor Imaging." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102196.

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To develop novel radiolabeled amino acid tumor imaging agents, 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine dithiocarbamate (MOPADTC) was synthesized successfully, and two kinds of 99mTc-labeled complexes ([99mTc]TcN-MOPADTC and [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC) with high radiochemical purities (RCP > 95%) were obtained. The in vitro stability and partition coefficient were determined, and the results show that both of these complexes have good in vitro stability; [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC is hydrophilic, while [99mTc]TcN-MOPADTC is slightly lipophilic. The biodistribution of [99mTc]TcN-MOPADTC and [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC in mice bearing S180 tumors shows that the tumor uptake and tumor/muscle ratio of [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC were higher than the tumor uptake and tumor/muscle ratio of [99mTc]TcN-MOPADTC. In addition, the tumor retention of [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC is better than the tumor retention of [99mTc]TcN-MOPADTC. A competitive inhibition assay was performed, and the results indicate that [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC may enter cells primarily via the L-alanine/L-serine/L-cysteine (ASC) system. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC shows obvious accumulation in tumor sites, suggesting that [99mTc]TcO-MOPADTC is a novel potential tumor-imaging agent.

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Uruilal, Costanza, Abraham Talahaturuson, Wihelmina Rumahlewang, and Jogeneis Patty. "ISOLASI Trichoderma spp. DAN DAYA ANTAGONISMENYA TERHADAP SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII SACC. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT LAYU PADA TANAMAN CABAI (Capsicum anuum) SECARA IN-VITRO." JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2017.13.2.64.

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The objective of this study is to isolation and agonistic test ability of Trichoderma spp. againts Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. cause of wilting on pepper plants and has been conducted in Pathogenicity Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Unpatti. The study use 5 treatment of isolate Trichoderma spp. (Tc3, Tc4, Tc5, Tc6 and Tc7) with 3 replications so that there are 15 experimental units. The results showed that the five isolates Trichoderma spp. has an antagonistic power to S. rolfsii with an average percentage of inhibition of S. rolfsii of 26,01%. Percentage of inhibition bolth of isolate ware not significantly different at 95% level test results between treatment. Average percentage inhibition of S. rolfsii by Trichoderma spp. each treatment was Tc6 = 27,31%, Tc3 = 26,63%, Tc5 = 26,05%, Tc7 = 25,69% and Tc4 = 24,37%. Keywords: antagonism, Trichoderma spp., Sclerotium rolfsii Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan menguji kemampuan antagonis Trichoderma spp. terhadap Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. penyebab layu pada tanaman cabai dan telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Patogenisitas Fakultas Pertanian Unpatti, dengan menggunakan 5 perlakuan isolat Trichoderma spp. (Tc3, Tc4, Tc5, Tc6 dan Tc7) dengan 3 ulangan sehingga terdapat 15 satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelima isolat Trichoderma sp. mempunyai daya antagonis terhadap S. rolfsii dengan rata-rata persentase penghambatan S. rolfsii sebesar 26%. Hasil analisis varians pada taraf 95% menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata antara perlakuan. Rata-rata persentase penghambatan S. rolfsii oleh Trichoderma spp. masing-masing perlakuan berturut-turut adalah Tc6 = 27,31%, Tc3 = 26,63%, Tc5 = 26,05%, Tc7 = 25,69% dan Tc4 = 24,37%, dengan rata-rata 26,01%. Kata kunci: antagonisme, Trichoderma spp., Sclerotium rolfsii

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Weinman, Laina, Katherine Running, Nicholas Carey, Erica Stevenson, Danielle Swaney, Brenda Chow, Nevan Krogan, and Naden Krogan. "TCO, a Putative Transcriptional Regulator in Arabidopsis, Is a Target of the Protein Kinase CK2." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010099.

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As multicellular organisms grow, spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression are strictly regulated to ensure that developmental programs are invoked at appropriate stages. In this work, we describe a putative transcriptional regulator in Arabidopsis, TACO LEAF (TCO), whose overexpression results in the ectopic activation of reproductive genes during vegetative growth. Isolated as an activation-tagged allele, tco-1D displays gene misexpression and phenotypic abnormalities, such as curled leaves and early flowering, characteristic of chromatin regulatory mutants. A role for TCO in this mode of transcriptional regulation is further supported by the subnuclear accumulation patterns of TCO protein and genetic interactions between tco-1D and chromatin modifier mutants. The endogenous expression pattern of TCO and gene misregulation in tco loss-of-function mutants indicate that this factor is involved in seed development. We also demonstrate that specific serine residues of TCO protein are targeted by the ubiquitous kinase CK2. Collectively, these results identify TCO as a novel regulator of gene expression whose activity is likely influenced by phosphorylation, as is the case with many chromatin regulators.

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5

Lanza, G., D. Appel, and N. Stricker. "TCO 2.0." wt Werkstattstechnik online 103, no. 7-8 (2013): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2013-7-8-605.

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6

Guillén, C., and J. Herrero. "TCO/metal/TCO structures for energy and flexible electronics." Thin Solid Films 520, no. 1 (October 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.06.091.

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Boscarino, S., I. Crupi, S. Mirabella, F. Simone, and A. Terrasi. "TCO/Ag/TCO transparent electrodes for solar cells application." Applied Physics A 116, no. 3 (January 17, 2014): 1287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8222-9.

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Torrisi, G., E. Cavaliere, F. Banfi, G. Benetti, R. Raciti, L. Gavioli, and A. Terrasi. "Ag cluster beam deposition for TCO/Ag/TCO multilayer." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 199 (September 2019): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.04.025.

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9

Hohmann, Uwe, Winfried Busch, Katia Badaeva, Bernd Friebe, and Bikram S. Gill. "Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Agropyron chromatin specifying resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in wheat." Genome 39, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-044.

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Nine families of bread wheat (TC5, TC6, TC7, TC8, TC9, TC10, TC14, 5395-(243AA), and 5395) with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus and containing putative translocations between wheat and a group 7 chromosome of Agropyron intermedium (L1 disomic addition line, 7Ai#1 chromosome) induced by homoeologous pairing or tissue culture were analyzed. C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in combination with repetitive Agropyron-specific sequences and deletion mapping in wheat were used to determine the relative locations of the translocation breakpoints and the size of the transferred alien chromatin segments in hexaploid wheat–Agropyron translocation lines. All homoeologous compensating lines had complete 7Ai#1 or translocated 7Ai#1–7D chromosomes that substitute for chromosome 7D. Two complete 7Ai#1 (7D) substitution lines (5395-(243AA) and 5395), one T1BS–7Ai#1S∙7Ai#1L addition line (TC7), and two different translocation types, T7DS–7Ai#1S∙7Ai#1L (TC5, TC6, TC8, TC9, and TC10) and T7DS∙7DL–7Ai#1L (TC14), substituting for chromosome 7D were identified. The substitution line 5395-(243AA) had a reciprocal T1BS∙1BL–4BS/T1BL–4BS∙4BL translocation. TC14 has a 6G (6B) substitution. The RFLP data from deletion mapping studies in wheat using 37 group 7 clones provided 10 molecular tagged chromosome regions for homoeologous and syntenic group 7 wheat or Agropyron chromosomes. Together with GISH we identified three different sizes of the transferred Agropyron chromosome segments with approximate breakpoints at fraction length (FL) 0.33 in the short arm of chromosome T7DS–7Ai#1S∙7Ai#1L (TC5, TC6, TC8, TC9, and TC10) and another at FL 0.37 of the nonhomoeologous translocated chromosome T1BS–7Ai#1S∙7Ai#1L (TC7). One breakpoint was identified in the long arm of chromosome T7DS∙7DL–7Ai#1L (TC14) at FL 0.56. We detected some nonreciprocal translocations for the most proximal region of the chromosome arm of 7DL, which resulted in small duplications. Key words : C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), physical mapping, translocation mapping, RFLP analysis.

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10

Zhou, Peng, Youyue Wen, Jian Yang, Leiku Yang, Minxuan Liang, Tingting Wen, and Shaoman Cai. "Spatiotemporal Variation, Driving Mechanism and Predictive Study of Total Column Ozone: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 4576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184576.

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Total column ozone (TCO) describes the amount of ozone in the entire atmosphere. Many scholars have used the lower resolution data to study TCO in different regions, but new phenomena can be discovered using high-precision and high-resolution TCO data. This paper used the long time, high accuracy, and high-resolution MSR2 dataset (2000–2019) to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of TCO over the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration to explore the relationship between the TCO and meteorological and socio-economic factors. The correlations between the TCO and climatic factors and the driving forces of meteorological and socio-economic factors on the spatial and temporal variability of TCO were also analyzed, and different mathematical models were constructed to fit the TCO for the past 20 years and predict the future trend of the TCO. The results show the following. (1) The TCO over the study area exhibited a quasi-latitudinal distribution, following a slight downtrend during 2000–2019 (0.01 ± 0.18 DU per year) and achieved its maximum in 2010 and minimum in 2019; throughout the year, an inverted V-shaped cycle characterizes the monthly variability of TCO; TCO was significantly higher in spring than in summer and autumn than winter. (2) Precipitation and the absorbed aerosol index (AAI) had critical effects on the spatial distribution of TCO, but meteorological factors were weakly correlated with the annual variation of TCO subject to the game interactions between different external driving factors. The monthly changes in the TCO were not in synergy with that of other meteorological factors, but with a significant hysteresis effect by 3–5 months. Socio-economic factors had a significant influence on TCO over the study area. (3) The Fourier function model can well describe the history and future trend of the annual TCO over the study area. The TCO over the study area shows a fluctuating upward trend (0.27 ± 1.35 DU per year) over the next 11 years. This study enriches the theoretical and technical system of ozone research, and its results can provide the necessary theoretical basis for ozone simulation and forecasting.

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11

Bosch, R., G. Lay, and C. Lerch. "Verfügbarkeitssteigerung durch TCO-Konzepte *." wt Werkstattstechnik online 100, no. 7-8 (2010): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2010-7-8-632.

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Choi, Kiwoon, Jaehoon Jung, Jongyoung Kim, Joonho Lee, Han Sup Lee, and Il-Suk Kang. "Antireflective Transparent Conductive Oxide Film Based on a Tapered Porous Nanostructure." Micromachines 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11020206.

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A new architecture for antireflection (AR) has been developed to break the trade-off between the optical transmittance and the electrical conduction impeding the performance of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films. The tapered porous nanostructure with a complex continuous refractive index effectively eliminates reflections from the interfaces between air and the TCO and TCO and the substrate. Compared to the conventional TCO film, the AR TCO film exhibited the same electrical conduction, with an average transmittance of 88.7% in the 400–800 nm range, a 10.3% increase. The new AR TCO film is expected to improve the performance of various optoelectronic devices.

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Migdał-Mikuli, Anna, and Elżbieta Szostak. "Phase Polymorphism of [Mn(DMSO)6](ClO4)2 Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2005-0413.

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Abstract Six solid phases of [Mn(DMSO)6](ClO4)2 have been detected by differential scanning calorimetry. The phase transitions were found between the following solid phases: stable KIc ↔ stable KIb at TC5 = 225 K, metastable KIII ↔ metastable KII at TC4 = 322 K, stable KIb ↔ stable KIa at TC3 = 365 K, metastable KII↔overcooled K0 at TC2 = 376 K and stable KIa→stable K0 at TC1 = 379 K. The title compound melts at Tm = 488 K.

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Park, Sang Seo, Sang-Woo Kim, Chang-Keun Song, Jong-Uk Park, and Kang-Ho Bae. "Spatio-Temporal Variability of Aerosol Optical Depth, Total Ozone and NO2 Over East Asia: Strategy for the Validation to the GEMS Scientific Products." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142256.

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In this study, the spatio-temporal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD), total column ozone (TCO), and total column NO2 (TCN) was identified over East Asia using long-term datasets from ground-based and satellite observations. Based on the statistical results, optimized spatio-temporal ranges for the validation study were determined with respect to the target materials. To determine both spatial and temporal ranges for the validation study, we confirmed that the observed datasets can be statistically considered as the same quantity within the ranges. Based on the thresholds of R2>0.95 (temporal) and R>0.95 (spatial), the basic ranges for spatial and temporal scales for AOD validation was within 30 km and 30 min, respectively. Furthermore, the spatial scales for AOD validation showed seasonal variation, which expanded the range to 40 km in summer and autumn. Because of the seasonal change of latitudinal gradient of the TCO, the seasonal variation of the north-south range is a considerable point. For the TCO validation, the north-south range is varied from 0.87° in spring to 1.05° in summer. The spatio-temporal range for TCN validation was 20 min (temporal) and 20–50 km (spatial). However, the nearest value of satellite data was used in the validation because the spatio-temporal variation of TCN is large in summer and autumn. Estimation of the spatio-temporal variability for respective pollutants may contribute to improving the validation of satellite products.

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Li, Sheng-You, Ze-Kun Sun, Xue-Yi Zeng, Yue Zhang, Meng-Ling Wang, Sheng-Cao Hu, Jun-Rong Song, et al. "Potent Cytotoxicity of Novel L-Shaped Ortho-Quinone Analogs through Inducing Apoptosis." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 4138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224138.

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Twenty-seven L-shaped ortho-quinone analogs were designed and synthesized using a one pot double-radical synthetic strategy followed by removing methyl at C-3 of the furan ring and introducing a diverse side chain at C-2 of the furan ring. The synthetic derivatives were investigated for their cytotoxicity activities against human leukemia cells K562, prostate cancer cells PC3, and melanoma cells WM9. Compounds TB1, TB3, TB4, TB6, TC1, TC3, TC5, TC9, TC11, TC12, TC14, TC15, TC16, and TC17 exhibited a better broad-spectrum cytotoxicity on three cancer cells. TB7 and TC7 selectively displayed potent inhibitory activities on leukemia cells K562 and prostate cancer cells PC3, respectively. Further studies indicated that TB3, TC1, TC3, TC7, and TC17 could significantly induce the apoptosis of PC3 cells. TC1 and TC17 significantly induced apoptosis of K562 cells. TC1, TC11, and TC14 induced significant apoptosis of WM9 cells. The structure-activity relationships evaluation showed that removing methyl at C-3 of the furan ring and introducing diverse side chains at C-2 of the furan ring is an effective strategy for improving the anticancer activity of L-shaped ortho-quinone analogs.

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Wouters, M. "Welke factoren dragen bij aan de invoering van total cost of ownership?" Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.83.21882.

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Samenwerking tussen bedrijven die een klant-leverancierrelatie hebben, kan worden ondersteund door betere kosteninformatie. Dit artikel gaat over total cost of ownership (TCO) informatie ten behoeve van inkoopbeslissingen. TCO-informatie heeft betrekking op inkoopgerelateerde kosten naast de aanschafprijs. Bijvoorbeeld: een machine kan duurder zijn bij aanschaf, maar lagere kosten voor energieverbruik en onderhoud veroorzaken. Het concept TCO wordt besproken en een structureel model met acht factoren die bijdragen aan de invoering van TCO wordt empirisch geschat. Daarna wordt kort stilgestaan bij inkoopbeslissingen tijdens productontwikkeling en bij het gebruik van TCO voor marketing.

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Ajani, Emmanuel Kolawole, Olugbenga Orisasona, Oladeji Kazeem Kareem, Friday Elijah Osho, Aminat Omosalewa Adeyemo, Bamidele Oluwarotimi Omitoyin, and Abimbola Olumide Adekanmbi. "Growth Performance, Gut Ecology, Immunocompetence and Resistance of Oreochromis niloticus Juveniles Fed Dietary Curcumin longa." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 78, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2020-0014.

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AbstractThe growth, gut ecology and immunocompetence of Oreochromis niloticus and the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila were investigated after been fed with diets containing dietary Curcumin longa for 12 weeks. Diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with diet TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4 and TC5 having 0% (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% turmeric powder, respectively. Diets were allotted to groups of O. niloticus (mean weight of 1.29± 0.15 g) and replicated thrice for 84 days. Results showed that the highest mean final weight (4.79±0.04 g) was obtained in TC3 and corresponded to the treatment with the highest feed intake. A significantly high (p<0.05) specific growth rate (SGR) was observed in TC3 (0.73±0.03 %day−1) while TC4 (0.57±0.02 %day−1) gave the lowest value. The highest microbial load in the gut was observed in TC1 groups and the least in TC4 groups. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume did not show significant variation (p>0.05) across treatments. However, white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly higher in TC1 (control). There was an improved immunocompetence, as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) progressively reduces in fish fed supplements. Similarly, there was a better oxidative response in the treated groups with reduced hydrogen peroxidase, increased total protein and glutathione peroxidase. Mortality ranged from 25% in TC4 to 95% in TC1 after the challenge test with A. hydrophila. This study showed that C. longa inclusion at 0.5% is more beneficial when growth and health status of O. niloticus juveniles are considered.

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Kim, Sunbo, Jaehyeong Lee, Vinh Ai Dao, Shihyun Ahn, Shahzada Qamar Hussain, Jinjoo Park, Junhee Jung, et al. "Investigation of Electrical and Optical Properties of Highly Transparent TCO/Ag/TCO Multilaye." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 2247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.10247.

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Habis, Christelle, Jean Zaraket, and Michel Aillerie. "Transparent Conductive Oxides. Part I. General Review of Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of TCOs Related to the Growth Techniques, Materials and Dopants." Defect and Diffusion Forum 417 (June 28, 2022): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-97c472.

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This contribution, based on literature review, presents a general overview of properties and applications of transparent conductive oxides, TCO. The requested properties of TCO are a high conductivity associated to high transparency in a wide wavelength range. The relation between the techniques used for deposition or growing TCO and the possibility of their doping with appropriate dopant and concentration were discussed relatively to their applications and properties. Thus, we present in this part, the various possible techniques for growing TCO and discuss the effect of the temperature on the functional properties. This self-consistent presentation is also considered to introduce a better understanding of the expected requirements for TCO integrated as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic cells and modules. These developments of TCO for photovoltaic applications will be presented in a second publication.

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Habis, Christelle, Jean Zaraket, and Michel Aillerie. "Transparent Conductive Oxides. Part II. Specific Focus on ITO, ZnO-AZO, SnO2-FTO Families for Photovoltaics Applications." Defect and Diffusion Forum 417 (June 28, 2022): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6fqmfi.

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This contribution is the second part of a presentation of transparent conductive oxides, TCO. After a general overview in the first publication of properties and applications of TCO related to the type of oxide and dopant, the growth techniques and the temperature, we focus in the current one on three families of TCO used as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic, PV, cells and modules. Indeed, new generations of solar cells need optimizing TCO with improved conductivity and transparency depending on substrate, type of PV cells, and conditions of used. Thus, ITO, ZnO-AZO, and SnO2-FTO TCO families are considered. ITO presents the best combination of electrical and optical properties but TCO based on the two other families are challenging in many photovoltaic applications for obtaining low cost and environmental friendly electrodes with comparable performances. Due to the high number of publications on TCO for PV applications, this contribution does not claim to be exhaustive but makes it possible to summarize the main information concerning these materials by approaching them in a common methodology.

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Bacchetti, Andrea, Stefano Bonetti, Marco Perona, and Nicola Saccani. "Investment and Management Decisions in Aluminium Melting: A Total Cost of Ownership Model and Practical Applications." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093342.

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The well-established Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) concept has been applied to several durable goods industries, including machinery. However, none of the existing TCO models explicitly focus on such highly energy-intensive equipment as metal melting furnaces. In this paper, an application of the TCO concept to aluminium melting furnaces is explored. A TCO model is created and tested through seven case studies in the aluminium die casting industry. Results indicate that the capital expenditure (CAPEX) incurred by the sample companies accounts for only 3–5% of a furnace TCO. Moreover, the melting technology implemented in the furnace highly impacts its TCO, as both the furnace’s thermal efficiency and melting loss (i.e., the fraction of aluminium burnt during the melting process) significantly affect the costs incurred. Moreover, the sample furnaces’ cost effectiveness clearly relies on scale. This evaluation leads to identify technological and managerial levers to reduce a furnace TCO, e.g., by adopting energy-efficient furnaces and by installing centralized, large-sized furnaces to pursue scale economies.

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Egli, Luca, Julian Gröbner, Gregor Hülsen, Herbert Schill, and René Stübi. "Traceable total ozone column retrievals from direct solar spectral irradiance measurements in the ultraviolet." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 6 (March 29, 2022): 1917–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1917-2022.

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Abstract. Total column ozone (TCO) is commonly measured by Brewer and Dobson spectroradiometers. Both types of instruments use solar irradiance measurements at four wavelengths in the ultraviolet radiation range to derive TCO. For the calibration and quality assurance of the measured TCO both instrument types require periodic field comparisons with a reference instrument. This study presents traceable TCO retrievals from direct solar spectral irradiance measurements with the portable UV reference instrument QASUME. TCO is retrieved by a spectral fitting technique derived by a minimal least square fit algorithm using spectral measurements in the wavelength range between 305 and 345 nm. The retrieval is based on an atmospheric model accounting for different atmospheric parameters such as effective ozone temperature, aerosol optical depth, Rayleigh scattering, SO2, ground air pressure, ozone absorption cross sections and top-of-the-atmosphere solar spectrum. Traceability is achieved by fully characterizing and calibrating the QASUME spectroradiometer in the laboratory to SI standards (International System of Units). The TCO retrieval method from this instrument is independent from any reference instrument and does not require periodic in situ field calibration. The results show that TCO from QASUME can be retrieved with a relative standard uncertainty of less than 0.8 % when accounting for uncertainties from the measurements and the retrieval model, such as different ozone absorption cross sections, different reference top-of-the-atmosphere solar spectra, uncertainties from effective ozone temperature or other atmospheric parameters. The long-term comparison of QASUME TCO with TCO derived from a Brewer and a Dobson in Davos, Switzerland, reveals that all three instruments are consistent within 1 % when using the ozone absorption cross section from the University of Bremen. From the results and method presented here, other absolute SI calibrated cost-effective solar spectroradiometers, such as array spectroradiometers, may be applied for traceable TCO monitoring.

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Zhao, Xiaoyi, Kristof Bognar, Vitali Fioletov, Andrea Pazmino, Florence Goutail, Luis Millán, Gloria Manney, Cristen Adams, and Kimberly Strong. "Assessing the impact of clouds on ground-based UV–visible total column ozone measurements in the high Arctic." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 2463–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2463-2019.

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Abstract. Zenith-Sky scattered light Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (ZS-DOAS) has been used widely to retrieve total column ozone (TCO). ZS-DOAS measurements have the advantage of being less sensitive to clouds than direct-sun measurements. However, the presence of clouds still affects the quality of ZS-DOAS TCO. Clouds are thought to be the largest contributor to random uncertainty in ZS-DOAS TCO, but their impact on data quality still needs to be quantified. This study has two goals: (1) to investigate whether clouds have a significant impact on ZS-DOAS TCO, and (2) to develop a cloud-screening algorithm to improve ZS-DOAS measurements in the Arctic under cloudy conditions. To quantify the impact of weather, 8 years of measured and modelled TCO have been used, along with information about weather conditions at Eureka, Canada (80.05∘ N, 86.41∘ W). Relative to direct-sun TCO measurements by Brewer spectrophotometers and modelled TCO, a positive bias is found in ZS-DOAS TCO measured in cloudy weather, and a negative bias is found for clear conditions, with differences of up to 5 % between clear and cloudy conditions. A cloud-screening algorithm is developed for high latitudes using the colour index calculated from ZS-DOAS spectra. The quality of ZS-DOAS TCO datasets is assessed using a statistical uncertainty estimation model, which suggests a 3 %–4 % random uncertainty. The new cloud-screening algorithm reduces the random uncertainty by 0.6 %. If all measurements collected during cloudy conditions, as identified using the weather station observations, are removed, the random uncertainty is reduced by 1.3 %. This work demonstrates that clouds are a significant contributor to uncertainty in ZS-DOAS TCO and proposes a method that can be used to screen clouds in high-latitude spectra.

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Drury, D. H. "It TCO: Facts and Fantasies." Journal of Cost Analysis & Management 5, no. 2 (January 2003): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15411656.2003.10462415.

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Al Turkestani, M. K., and K. Durose. "Rectification in CdS/TCO bilayers." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.09.008.

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Zeibig, Stefan. "Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)." Controlling 17, no. 11 (2005): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2005-11-691.

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Bodeker, Greg E., and Stefanie Kremser. "Indicators of Antarctic ozone depletion: 1979 to 2019." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 5289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5289-2021.

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Abstract. The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research/Bodeker Scientific (NIWA–BS) total column ozone (TCO) database and the associated BS-filled TCO database have been updated to cover the period 1979 to 2019, bringing both to version 3.5.1 (V3.5.1). The BS-filled database builds on the NIWA–BS database by using a machine-learning algorithm to fill spatial and temporal data gaps to provide gap-free TCO fields over Antarctica. These filled TCO fields then provide a more complete picture of wintertime changes in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The BS-filled database has been used to calculate continuous, homogeneous time series of indicators of Antarctic ozone depletion from 1979 to 2019, including (i) daily values of the ozone mass deficit based on TCO below a 220 DU threshold; (ii) daily measures of the area over Antarctica where TCO levels are below 150 DU, below 220 DU, more than 30 % below 1979 to 1981 climatological means, and more than 50 % below 1979 to 1981 climatological means; (iii) the date of disappearance of 150 DU TCO values, 220 DU TCO values, values 30 % or more below 1979 to 1981 climatological means, and values 50 % or more below 1979 to 1981 climatological means, for each year; and (iv) daily minimum TCO values over the range 75 to 90∘ S equivalent latitude. Since both the NIWA–BS and BS-filled databases provide uncertainties on every TCO value, the Antarctic ozone depletion metrics are provided, for the first time, with fully traceable uncertainties. To gain insight into how the vertical distribution of ozone over Antarctica has changed over the past 36 years, ozone concentrations, combined and homogenized from several satellite-based ozone monitoring instruments as well as the global ozonesonde network, were also analysed. A robust attribution to changes in the drivers of long-term secular variability in these metrics has not been performed in this analysis. As a result, statements about the recovery of Antarctic TCO from the effects of ozone-depleting substances cannot be made. That said, there are clear indications of a change in trend in many of the metrics reported on here around the turn of the century, close to when Antarctic stratospheric concentrations of chlorine and bromine peaked.

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Ferhati, H., and F. Djeffal. "Performance assessment of TCO/metal/TCO multilayer transparent electrodes: from design concept to optimization." Journal of Computational Electronics 19, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-020-01459-9.

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Márquez Marín, J., G. Torres Delgado, M. A. Aguilar Frutis, R. Castanedo Pérez, and O. Zelaya Ángel. "Au/Cu2Te/CdTe/CdS/TCO/Glass Solar Cells withCdIn2O4Obtained by Sol-Gel as TCO." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/920785.

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An Au/Cu2Te/CdTe/CdS/TCO/glass heterostructure based superstrate solar cells with 2.5 mm2of area, where the CdTe layer was prepared by means of closed spaced sublimation (CSS) and the CdS by chemical bath, reached an efficiencyηvalue of 12.1%. As transparent conductive oxide (TCO), a thin film of cadmium-indium oxide (CdIn2O4:CIO), obtained by sol-gel technique, was used. A systematic optimization of the thermal activation of the CdTe/CdS/CIO central part of the device with a CdCl2vapor ambient made the conversion efficiency of the Au/Cu2Te/CdTe/CdS/CIO/glass heterostructure reaches 9.94% for the CdTe layer with thickness of 1.8 μm. This efficiency was reached only through an open circuit voltageVOCoptimization. A maximumηof 12.1% was reached with the established procedure of optimization and when the CdTe layer thickness was increased to 3.1 ± 0.05 μm. The substitution of CIO by commercial ITO provoked in the cell a decrease ofηfrom 12.1% to 7.2%, both devices prepared under the same conditions. Starting from these results, we can say that CIO was a better TCO than commercial ITO in our solar cell, with the advantage that CIO was obtained by sol-gel, which is a simple and economical technique.

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Bernal-Correa, R., A. Morales-Acevedo, J. Montes-Monsalve, and A. Pulzara-Mora. "Design of the TCO (ZnO:Al) thickness for glass/TCO/CdS/CIGS/Mo solar cells." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 49, no. 12 (February 24, 2016): 125601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/12/125601.

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Lai, Ming-Hong, Auttasit Tubtimtae, Ming-Way Lee, and Gou-Jen Wang. "ZnO-Nanorod Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: New Structure without a Transparent Conducting Oxide Layer." International Journal of Photoenergy 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/497095.

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Conventional nanorod-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated by growing nanorods on top of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO, typically fluorine-doped tin oxide—FTO). The heterogeneous interface between the nanorod and TCO forms a source for carrier scattering. This work reports on a new DSSC architecture without a TCO layer. The TCO-less structure consists of ZnO nanorods grown on top of a ZnO film. The ZnO film replaced FTO as the TCO layer and the ZnO nanorods served as the photoanode. The ZnO nanorod/film structure was grown by two methods: (1) one-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (2) two-step chemical bath deposition (CBD). The thicknesses of the nanorods/film grown by CVD is more uniform than that by CBD. We demonstrate that the TCO-less DSSC structure can operate properly as solar cells. The new DSSCs yield the best short-current density of 3.96 mA/ and a power conversion efficiency of 0.73% under 85 mW/ of simulated solar illumination. The open-circuit voltage of 0.80 V is markedly higher than that from conventional ZnO DSSCs.

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Maeda, Tatsuro, Kazuaki Oishi, Hiroto Ishii, Hiroyuki Ishii, Wen Hsin Chang, Tetsuji Shimizu, Akira Endoh, Hiroki Fujishiro, and Takashi Koida. "Schottky barrier contact on In_0.53Ga_0.47As with short-wave infrared transparent conductive oxide." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 232102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129445.

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In this study, we fabricate and investigate Schottky barrier contact on n- and p-type In0.53Ga0.47As with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) that transmits light from the visible to short-wave infrared (SWIR) region. The TCO/p-In0.53Ga0.47As contact exhibits explicit rectifying behavior in current–voltage measurement, with an effective Schottky barrier height of 0.587 eV ( I– V) and 0.567 eV ( C– V). Conversely, the TCO/n-In0.53Ga0.47As exhibits the Ohmic behavior. From high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations, we identified two types of interfacial layers between TCO and InGaAs: an In/Ga-rich InGaAs oxide layer and an In/Ga-deficient InGaAs layer. These interfacial layers may have a significant impact on the performance of the Schottky barrier contact. An ultra-thin Ni-layer insertion at the TCO/n+-InGaAs interface reduces the contact resistivity by more than an order of magnitude while maintaining high transparency. The TCO/p-InGaAs Schottky barrier contact also performs broadband light detection from the visible to SWIR region in a front-side illumination manner, which is highly promising for detecting wavelengths covering the optical communication band.

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Dey, Biswajit, Archana Hemant Deshpande, Sanjeev Hosdurg Bhat, and Ashok Singh. "Tuberculosis cutis orificialis with underlying pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent man." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 10, no. 04 (October 2018): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_4_18.

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis cutis orificialis (TCO) is a rare form of tuberculosis more often secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis. TCO has varied differential diagnoses and thus results in delayed diagnosis and treatment leading to serious consequences. The diagnosis of TCO is confirmed by biopsy and nucleic acid amplification tests in majority of cases. We report a case of TCO with underlying pulmonary tuberculosis in a 50-year-old male, who presented with a painful nonhealing ulcer of the right buccal mucosa. Biopsy and real-time polymerase chain reaction helped in confirming the diagnosis. The patient was treated with antitubercular therapy.

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Zaleski, J., G. Bator, and R. Jakubas. "Dielectric Properties and Characterisation of the Superionic Phase of [C(NH2)3]2SbCl5*[C(NH2)3]Cl (GHCA)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1995-0916.

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GHCA undergoes four phase transitions at Tc1 = 402 K, Tc2 = 373 K, Tc3 = 162 K, and Tc4 = 146 K. Below Tc3 it possesses pyroelectric properties with the spontaneous polarization vector (Ps) in the ac plane and the maximum along the c axis equal to 8 μC/m2. Dielectric dispersion studies of GHCA show that the main dielectric dispersion connected probably with collective motions of chlorine ions is above 1GHz. For the phase transition at Tc2 to a superionic phase the thermal dilatation and electric conductivity were measured. The anomalies of the electric conductivity at Tc2 and Tc1 were observed with large values of σ(10-3 S/m) above Tc3. The guanidinium cations above Tc2, besides reorientational motions, undergo slow self diffusion.

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Edem, Patricia E., Jesper T. Jørgensen, Kamilla Nørregaard, Rafaella Rossin, Abdolreza Yazdani, John F. Valliant, Marc Robillard, Matthias M. Herth, and Andreas Kjaer. "Evaluation of a 68Ga-Labeled DOTA-Tetrazine as a PET Alternative to 111In-SPECT Pretargeted Imaging." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030463.

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The bioorthogonal reaction between a tetrazine and strained trans-cyclooctene (TCO) has garnered success in pretargeted imaging. This reaction was first validated in nuclear imaging using an 111In-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-linked bispyridyl tetrazine (Tz) ([111In]In-DOTA-PEG11-Tz) and a TCO functionalized CC49 antibody. Given the initial success of this Tz, it has been paired with TCO functionalized small molecules, diabodies, and affibodies for in vivo pretargeted studies. Furthermore, the single photon emission tomography (SPECT) radionuclide, 111In, has been replaced with the β-emitter, 177Lu and α-emitter, 212Pb, both yielding the opportunity for targeted radiotherapy. Despite use of the ‘universal chelator’, DOTA, there is yet to be an analogue suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) using a widely available radionuclide. Here, a 68Ga-labeled variant ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-PEG11-Tz) was developed and evaluated using two different in vivo pretargeting systems (Aln-TCO and TCO-CC49). Small animal imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies were performed and revealed target specific uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-PEG11-Tz in the bone (3.7 %ID/g, knee) in mice pretreated with Aln-TCO and tumor specific uptake (5.8 %ID/g) with TCO-CC49 in mice bearing LS174 xenografts. Given the results of this study, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-PEG11-Tz can serve as an alternative to [111In]In-DOTA-PEG11-Tz.

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Quan, N., and C. M. Blatteis. "Intrapreoptically microdialyzed and microinjected norepinephrine evokes different thermal responses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): R816—R821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.4.r816.

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Norepinephrine (NE) microdialyzed into the medial preoptic area (MPO) evokes a core temperature (Tco) fall in contrast to the rise when it is microinjected. Because prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a contaminant of the microinjection procedure per se, we determined whether it might account for these differential thermal responses. NE (1 microgram/microliter) was bilaterally microinjected into the MPO of conscious guinea pigs treated 20 min prior with a PG synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (Indo, 10 mg/kg, im). Under these conditions, the latency of the NE-induced Tco rise was prolonged (138 +/- 18 min). When Indo was administered both 20 min before and 20 min after NE microinjection, NE was hypothermizing. NE (10 micrograms/microliter at 2 microliters/min for 3 h) microdialyzed into the MPO, lateral septum, or anterior hypothalamus caused Tco falls, whereas it induced no Tco change when dialyzed into the lateral preoptic area, indicating site specificity. PGE2 (1 microgram/microliter) caused a Tco rise when it was dialyzed intra-MPO. Microdialysis of PGE2 and NE together neutralized each other's effects. Indo given at the end of intra-MPO NE dialysis blocked the usual recovery of Tco from its lowered value. These results indicate that NE and PGE2 in the MPO may reciprocally influence the Tco of guinea pigs. The data further suggest that PGE may account for the different responses to microinjected and microdialyzed NE.

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Krähenbühl, Nicola, Peter Kvarda, Roman Susdorf, Arne Burssens, Roxa Ruiz, Alexej Barg, and Beat Hintermann. "Assessment of Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity Using Semiautomated 3D Measurements Derived From Weightbearing CT Scans." Foot & Ankle International 43, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10711007211049754.

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Background: In progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), hind- and midfoot deformities can be hard to characterize based on weightbearing plain radiography. Semiautomated 3-dimensional (3D) measurements derived from weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) scans may provide a more accurate deformity assessment. In the present study, automated 3D measurements based on WBCT were used to compare hindfoot alignment of healthy individuals to patients with PCFD. Methods: The WBCT scans of 20 patients treated at our institution with either a flexible (N = 10) or rigid (N = 10) PCFD were compared with the WBCT scans of a control group of 30 healthy individuals. Using semiautomated image analysis software, from each set of 3D voxel images, we measured the talar tilt (TT), hindfoot moment arm (HMA), talocalcaneal angle (TCA; axial/lateral), talonavicular coverage (TNC), and talocalcaneal overlap (TCO). The presence of medial facet subluxation as well as sinus tarsi/subfibular impingement was additionally assessed. Results: With the exception of the TCA (axial/lateral), the analyzed measurements differed between healthy individuals and patients with PCFD. The TCA axial correlated with the TNC in patients with PCFD. An increased TCO combined with sinus tarsi impingement raised the probability of predicting a deformity as rigid. Conclusion: Using 3D measurements, in this relatively small cohort of patients, we identified relevant variables associated with a clinical presentation of flexible or rigid PCFD. An increased TCO combined with sinus tarsi impingement raised the probability of predicting a deformity as rigid. Such WBCT-based markers possibly can help the surgeon in decision-making regarding the appropriate surgical strategy (eg, osteotomies vs realignment arthrodesis). However, prospective studies are necessary to confirm the utility of the proposed parameters in the treatment of PCFD. Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.

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Bodeker, Greg E., Jan Nitzbon, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Stefanie Kremser, Alexander Schwertheim, and Jared Lewis. "A global total column ozone climate data record." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 3885–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3885-2021.

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Abstract. Total column ozone (TCO) data from multiple satellite-based instruments have been combined to create a single near-global daily time series of ozone fields at 1.25∘ longitude by 1∘ latitude spanning the period 31 October 1978 to 31 December 2016. Comparisons against TCO measurements from the ground-based Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometer networks are used to remove offsets and drifts between the ground-based measurements and a subset of the satellite-based measurements. The corrected subset is then used as a basis for homogenizing the remaining data sets. The construction of this database improves on earlier versions of the database maintained first by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and now by Bodeker Scientific (BS), referred to as the NIWA-BS TCO database. The intention is for the NIWA-BS TCO database to serve as a climate data record for TCO, and to this end, the requirements for constructing climate data records, as detailed by GCOS (the Global Climate Observing System), have been followed as closely as possible. This new version includes a wider range of satellite-based instruments, uses updated sources of satellite data, extends the period covered, uses improved statistical methods to model the difference fields when homogenizing the data sets, and, perhaps most importantly, robustly tracks uncertainties from the source data sets through to the final climate data record which is now accompanied by associated uncertainty fields. Furthermore, a gap-free TCO database (referred to as the BS-filled TCO database) has been created and is documented in this paper. The utility of the NIWA-BS TCO database is demonstrated through an analysis of ozone trends from November 1978 to December 2016. Both databases are freely available for non-commercial purposes: the DOI for the NIWA-BS TCO database is https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1346424 (Bodeker et al., 2018) and is available from https://zenodo.org/record/1346424. The DOI for the BS-filled TCO database is https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908787 (Bodeker et al., 2020) and is available from https://zenodo.org/record/3908787. In addition, both data sets are available from http://www.bodekerscientific.com/data/total-column-ozone (last access: June 2021).

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Giesbrecht, G. G., G. K. Bristow, A. Uin, A. E. Ready, and R. A. Jones. "Effectiveness of three field treatments for induced mild (33.0 degrees C) hypothermia." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2375.

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Three field applicable treatments for hypothermia were compared. Subjects were cooled in stirred cold water (8.0 degrees C) to a core temperature (Tco) as low as 33 degrees C and rewarmed in a random order by each of three techniques: shivering, external heat, and treadmill exercise. Tco was monitored with an esophageal thermistor probe at the level of the heart. Treatment effectiveness was determined by calculating the amount of Tco afterdrop, length of afterdrop period, rate of Tco increase, and total recovery time. Rate of Tco increase for exercise (4.9 degrees C/h) was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than shivering (3.5 degrees C/h) but not external heat (3.7 degrees C/h). Exercise afterdrop amount and afterdrop length values (0.95 degrees C and 24 min, respectively) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than both shivering (0.33 degrees C, 15 min) and external heat (0.32 degrees C, 14 min). Therefore, although rate of Tco increase during recovery for exercise was faster than for shivering or external heat, as it was preceded by a greater afterdrop length and amount, total recovery time did not differ among the three treatments.

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Afre, Rakesh A., Nallin Sharma, Maheshwar Sharon, and Madhuri Sharon. "Transparent Conducting Oxide Films for Various Applications: A Review." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0006.

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Abstract This review encompasses properties and applications of polycrystalline or amorphous, Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO) semiconductors. Coexistence of electrical conductivity and optical transparency in TCO depends on the nature, number and atomic arrangements of metal cations in oxides, on the resident morphology and presence of intrinsic or introduced defects. Therefore, TCO semiconductors that are impurity-doped as well as the ternary compounds and multi-component oxides consisting of combinations are discussed. Expanding use of TCO is endangered by scarcity, cost of In, fragility of glass, limited transparency to visible light, instability above >200 °C, non-flexible for application of flexible solar cell; thus driving search for alternatives such as graphene or CNT, that are more stable under acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, reducing and elevated temperature. There are reasons to conclude that there is need to develop large area deposition techniques to produce TCO films with high deposition rate. TCOs are mostly n-type semiconductors, but p-type are also being researched

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Watty, Krystian, Andreas Bablich, Konstantin Seibel, Christian Merfort, and Markus Boehm. "Development of Three-Terminal Photodiodes Based on a-Si:H with an Additional Buried TCO Electrode." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1016.

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ABSTRACTThis work presents the development of three-terminal photodiodes which have their origin in bipolar pinipip-diode-structures [1,2]. The idea is to develop an unipolar diode and to contact a buried p-layer by an interior TCO-anode (transparent conductive oxide) instead of nip-stacking. The simulation of the optical material properties shows promising results. At first, both parts of the diode-structure were produced separately. The manufactured bottom (Cr/nip/TCO) and top (TCO/pip/TCO) parts were measured optically and electrically. These measurements are required to simulate the SR of the total-diode. Finally, a Cr/nip-a-Si:H/TCO/pip-a-Si:H/TCO multi-layer stack was deposited. The measured SR of the integrated diode validates the simulated data. The SR maximum shift amounts to 100nm, from 540nm by contacting the interior anode, to 640nm at the top anode. Furthermore, the curves are clearly split and do not enclose each other. The presented approach, with additional bandgap engineering, promises good prospects to improve color separation compared to currently existing detectors and should lead to a tunable multi-spectral photodiodes for high quality color recognition. Such a diode can be used in photonic devices, e.g. for safety and security applications.

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M. M. Songa, Carolyne, Jared H. O. Ndeda, and Gilbert Ouma. "Statistical Study of Solar Forcing of Total Column Ozone Variation Over Three Cities in Kenya." Applied Physics Research 8, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n3p77.

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In this study, a statistical analysis between three solar activity indices (SAI) namely; sunspot number (ssn), F10.7 index (sf) and Mg II index (mg) and total column ozone (TCO) time series over three cities in Kenya namely; Nairobi (1.17º S; 36.46º E), Kisumu (0.03º S; 34.45º E) and Mombasa (4.02º S; 39.43º E) for the period 1985 - 2011 are considered. Pearson and cross correlations, linear and multiple regression analyses are performed. All the statistical analyses are based on 95% confidence level. SAI show decreasing trend at significant levels with highest decrease in international sunspot number and least in Mg II index. TCO are highly correlated with each other at (0.936< r < 0.955, p < 0.001). SAI are also highly correlated with each other at (0.941< r < 0.976, p < 0.001) and are significantly positively correlated with TCO over the study period except Mg II index at Kisumu. TCO and SAI have correlations at both long and short lags. At all the cities, F10.7 index has an immediate impact and Mg II index has a delayed impact on TCO. A linear relationship exists between the two variables in all the cities. An increase in TCO of about 2 – 3 % (Nairobi), 1 – 2% (Kisumu) and 3 – 4 % (Mombasa) is attributed to solar activity indices. The multiple correlation coefficients and significant levels obtained show that 3 – 5% of the TCO at Nairobi, Kisumu and Mombasa can be predicted by the SAI.

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Al-Kallas, Saleha, Motirh Al-Mutairi, Heshmat Abdel Basset, Abdallah Abdeldym, Mostafa Morsy, and Ayman Badawy. "Climatological Study of Ozone over Saudi Arabia." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101275.

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In this work, analysis of the variability of total column ozone (TCO) over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been conducted during the 1979–2020 period based on the ECMWF-ERA5 dataset. It is found that the highest values of TCO appear in the spring and winter months especially over north KSA, while the lowest values of TCO occur in the autumn months. The highest values of the coefficient of variation (COV) for TCO occur in winter and spring as they gradually decrease southward, while the lowest COV values appear in summer and autumn. The Mann–Kendall test indicates that the positive trend values are dominant for the annual and seasonal TCO values over KSA, and they gradually increase southward. The study of long-term variability of annual TCO at KSA stations shows negative trend values are the dominant behavior during the 1979–2004 period, while positive trend values are the dominant behavior during the 2004–2020 period. The Mann–Whitney test assessed the abrupt change of the annual TCO time series at 28 stations in KSA and confirmed that there is an abrupt change towards increasing values around 2000, 2005, and 2014. The climatological monthly mean of the ozone mass mixing ratio (OMR) is studied at three stations representing the north, middle, and south of KSA. The highest values of OMR are found in the layer between 20 and 4 hPa with the maximum in summer and early autumn, while the lowest values are found below 100 hPa.

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Wang, Tao, Wenshou Tian, Jiankai Zhang, Fei Xie, Ruhua Zhang, Jinlong Huang, and Dingzhu Hu. "Connections between Spring Arctic Ozone and the Summer Circulation and Sea Surface Temperatures over the Western North Pacific." Journal of Climate 33, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2907–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0292.1.

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AbstractUsing various observations, reanalysis datasets, and a general circulation model (CESM-WACCM4), the relationship between the Arctic total column ozone (TCO) and the tropospheric circulation and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the western North Pacific (30°–45°N, 130°E–170°W) was investigated. We find that anomalies in the circulation and SSTs over the western North Pacific in June are closely related to anomalies in the Arctic TCO in March; that is, when the Arctic TCO in March decreases, the anomalous tropospheric cyclone and negative SST anomalies (SSTAs) will occur over the western North Pacific in June. Further analysis indicates that the decreased Arctic TCO in March tends to result in positive Victoria mode (VM)-like SSTAs over the North Pacific in April, which persist and develop an anomalous cyclone over the eastern North Pacific in May via atmosphere–ocean coupling. This anomalous cyclone over the eastern North Pacific subsequently induces an anomalous cyclone over the western North Pacific in June via westward-propagating Rossby waves in the lower troposphere. Furthermore, the negative SSTAs over the western North Pacific are enhanced by the anomalous northerly wind related to the anomalous cyclone in June. The effects of increased Arctic TCO in March on the tropospheric circulation and SSTs are almost opposite to those of decreased Arctic TCO. These results are also supported by our numerical simulations. Moreover, 10%–20% of the anomalies in the tropospheric circulation and SSTs over the western North Pacific in June are affected by the anomalies in the Arctic TCO in March.

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Kim, Hanhee, Niklas Hartmann, Maxime Zeller, Renato Luise, and Tamer Soylu. "Comparative TCO Analysis of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Public Transport System in Small to Midsize Cities." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144384.

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This paper shows the results of an in-depth techno-economic analysis of the public transport sector in a small to midsize city and its surrounding area. Public battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses are comparatively evaluated by means of a total cost of ownership (TCO) model building on historical data and a projection of market prices. Additionally, a structural analysis of the public transport system of a specific city is performed, assessing best fitting bus lines for the use of electric or hydrogen busses, which is supported by a brief acceptance evaluation of the local citizens. The TCO results for electric buses show a strong cost decrease until the year 2030, reaching 23.5% lower TCOs compared to the conventional diesel bus. The optimal electric bus charging system will be the opportunity (pantograph) charging infrastructure. However, the opportunity charging method is applicable under the assumption that several buses share the same station and there is a “hotspot” where as many as possible bus lines converge. In the case of electric buses for the year 2020, the parameter which influenced the most on the TCO was the battery cost, opposite to the year 2030 in where the bus body cost and fuel cost parameters are the ones that dominate the TCO, due to the learning rate of the batteries. For H2 buses, finding a hotspot is not crucial because they have a similar range to the diesel ones as well as a similar refueling time. H2 buses until 2030 still have 15.4% higher TCO than the diesel bus system. Considering the benefits of a hypothetical scaling-up effect of hydrogen infrastructures in the region, the hydrogen cost could drop to 5 €/kg. In this case, the overall TCO of the hydrogen solution would drop to a slightly lower TCO than the diesel solution in 2030. Therefore, hydrogen buses can be competitive in small to midsize cities, even with limited routes. For hydrogen buses, the bus body and fuel cost make up a large part of the TCO. Reducing the fuel cost will be an important aspect to reduce the total TCO of the hydrogen bus.

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46

Morssinkhof, S., L. Warlop, and M. Wouters. "Total Cost of Ownership en samenwerking tussen organisaties." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 79, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.79.21833.

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Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is een benadering die vraagt om een relatie tussen ondernemingen die elkaar met open vizier benaderen. De bruikbaarheid van TCOinformatie is grotendeels afhankelijk van de bereidheid van ondernemingen om informatie uit te wisselen. De auteurs bespreken het concept TCO op basis van de literatuur en gaan in op vier aspecten van de toepassing van TCO: In hoeverre worden ‘technische’ attributen van inkoopalternatieven vertaald naar economische gevolgen? Worden alleen kosten, of ook ontvangsten die samenhangen met inkoopalternatieven in beschouwing genomen? Heeft de analyse betrekking op economische gevolgen voor één partij of voor een keten van samenwerkende bedrijven? Dient een TCO-berekening voor analyse, of wordt ze ook onderdeel van de contractuele afspraken tussen bedrijven? Vervolgens worden implicaties voor onderzoek besproken.

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Diao, Chien Chen, Chao Chin Chan, Chia Ching Wu, and Cheng Fu Yang. "Influence of Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of AZOY Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Film." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.653.

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“GfE Coating Materials Company” had developed a novel AZOY transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material that used ZnO as raw material and contained a small amount of Y2O3 and Al2O3. In this study, the AZOY material developed by GfE company is used as the based TCO material and we will develop the influences of substrate temperatures on the characteristics of AZOY TCO films by RF sputtering method, under optimal O2/argon ratio and depositing pressure. After deposition, the sheet resistance of AZOY films is measured with a four point probe, and surface morphology and cross-sections are studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). And finally, the UV-Vis spectrophotometer is used to find the transmittance of AZOY TCO films.

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Yen, Chih Ta, Ing Jr Ding, Hsu Chih Cheng, Jhe Wen Ye, and Jyun Min Shih. "Integrated Multi-Object Taguchi Method with Optical Design for Contact Lenses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.166.

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In this research, a contact lens design for myopia and astigmatism eyes was proposed. With two spherical surfaces assembled in the optical system, the design could take advantage of compacting overall volume size. But in this design, the value of spherical aberration (SA) at wide radius of contact lenses seems lower. If we corrected the design to improve the value of SA, Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and coma aberration (TCO) value would become lower relatively. In this study, we integrated the Taguchi method and principal component analysis (PCA) to optimize the multiple quality characteristics (SA, TCO and MTF) of the contact lenses. With the combination of the methods, a set of optimum design parameters was well selected to balance the values of SA, TCO and MTF that improve the SA 25.63%, TCO 91.88% and MTF 2.4%. It was concluded that the integration of the Taguchi method and PCA succeeded in optimizing the SA, TCO and MTF values, and the contact lenses could be well designed without sacrificing system performance.

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Ajay Ahuja and Vinayshil Gautam. "Towards Cost Effective Data Centers." Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 3, no. 2 (October 29, 2012): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2012.32009.

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Data Centers are sub organizations within an IT organization and form an integral part of e-enabled services infrastructure. Their effectiveness is essential for effectiveness of overall IT organization leading to efficient and effective delivery of e-services. Data Center organizations aim for Organizational Effectiveness. Many factors and measures can contribute to Organizational Effectiveness of Data Centers. This paper presents some of the findings from a research study on “Select aspects of Organizational Effectiveness of Data Centers”. As an outcome of this study, amongst other measures, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) was derived as a critical measure for effective Data Centers. Lower TCO leads to cost effective Data Centers, leading to overall effectiveness. In this paper, we briefly introduce various measures of Data Centers’ Organizational Effectiveness and present a detailed analysis of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as a key measure of Data Centers’ Organizational Effectiveness. We also present various factors contributing to reduced TCO and a comparison between the factors contributing to TCO for Government and Corporate Data Centers.

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Kumar, M. Melvin David, Ju-Hyung Yun, and Joondong Kim. "Metal/Semiconductor and Transparent Conductor/Semiconductor Heterojunctions in High Efficient Photoelectric Devices: Progress and Features." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/160379.

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Metal/semiconductor and transparent conductive oxide (TCO)/semiconductor heterojunctions have emerged as an effective modality in the fabrication of photoelectric devices. This review is following a recent shift toward the engineering of TCO layers and structured Si substrates, incorporating metal nanoparticles for the development of next-generation photoelectric devices. Beneficial progress which helps to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost, has been sequenced based on efficient technologies involved in making novel substrates, TCO layers, and electrodes. The electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films can be enhanced by structuring the surface of TCO layers. The TCO layers embedded with Ag nanoparticles are used to enhance the plasmonic light trapping effect in order to increase the energy harvesting nature of photoelectric devices. Si nanopillar structures which are fabricated by photolithography-free technique are used to increase light-active surface region. The importance of the structure and area of front electrodes and the effect of temperature at the junction are the value added discussions in this review.

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Journal articles on the topic 'TCO'

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