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Journal articles on the topic 'TDMA protocols'

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Published: 7 September 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Uppalapati, Srilakshmi. "Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Optimization Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, no. 5 (2020): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190510.

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A wide range of applications include in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and it is being used extensively in data collection specifically to process the mission-critical tasks. The implementation of routing protocols of energy-efficient (EE) is one of the significant challenging jobs of Sensor Networks (MC-SSN) and Mission Critical Sensors. In hierarchical routing protocols, higher EE can reach when compared to the flat routing protocols. The network’s scheduling process doesn’t support enhanced balanced Energy-efficient network-integrated super-heterogeneous (E-BEENISH), which discusses earlier. An Energy. Energy efficient Time scheduling based particle swarm optimization unequal fault tolerance clustering protocol (EE-TDMA-PSO-UFC) is proposed in this paper. Based on the distance parameter, an efficient cluster head (CH) is selected in this protocol. Owing to the unexpected failure of MCH (Master Cluster Head), an additional “CH” is chosen that is termed as Surrogate cluster head (SCH) for the restoration of network’s connectivity in the protocol of PSO-UFC. Based on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) protocols, the consumption of Energy. Energy is reduced with the allocation of timeslots during transmission of data. Using the technique of EE-TDMA-PSOUFC, the network’s lifespan improves than CEEC and E-BEENISH protocols according to the assessment of simulation results.

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LIM, ALVIN, and KUI MOK. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR PERVASIVE WIRELESS NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 03, no. 03n04 (2002): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265902000665.

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As pervasive and high-density wireless networks become increasingly common, it is critical to address the problems of intermittent disconnection, high error rate and collision that cause degradation in the performance of wireless media access control protocols, such as slotted ALOHA Time Division Multiple Access (slotted ALOHA/TDMA) and Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS/CDMA). We propose adaptive techniques for improving performance of media access protocols through awareness of the mobile communication environment. These techniques involve detection of intermittent disconnection, high error rates, and collisions. Upon detection and notification of these conditions by snooping devices, the media access control layer adapts its operation and synchronization accordingly to reduce delay and loss of bandwidth. Results from our simulation studies show that adaptive TDMA improves performance by as much as 12 times over basic TDMA and adaptive CDMA improves by as much as 4 times over basic CDMA in wireless network with high density cells. Overall, adaptive CDMA still performs better than adaptive TDMA by about 4 times.

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Aslam, Aqsa, Pedro M. Santos, Frederico Santos, and Luís Almeida. "Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications." Electronics 8, no. 11 (2019): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111334.

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Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) enable vehicles to exchange information on traffic conditions, dynamic status and localization, to enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. A typical VANET application is platooning, which can take advantage of exchanging information on speed, heading and position to allow shorter inter-vehicle distances without compromising safety. However, the platooning performance depends drastically on the quality of the communication channel, which in turn is highly influenced by the medium access control protocol (MAC). Currently, VANETs use the IEEE 802.11p MAC, which follows a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) policy that is prone to collisions and degrades significantly with network load. This has led to recent proposals for a time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC that synchronize vehicles’ beacons to prevent or reduce collisions. In this paper, we take CSMA/CA and two TDMA-based overlay protocols, i.e., deployed over CSMA/CA, namely PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp, and carry out extensive simulations with varying platoon sizes, number of occupied lanes and transmit power to deduce empirical models that provide estimates of average number of collisions per second and average busy time ratio. In particular, we show that these estimates can be obtained from observing the number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours, i.e., number of distinct sources of the packets received by each vehicle per time unit. These estimates can enhance the online adaptation of distributed applications, particularly platooning control, to varying conditions of the communication channel.

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Kim, Seungmin, and JeongGil Ko. "IB-MAC: Transmission Latency-Aware MAC for Electro-Magnetic Intra-Body Communications." Sensors 19, no. 2 (2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020341.

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Intra-body Communication (IBC) is a communication method using the human body as a communication medium, in which body-attached devices exchange electro-magnetic (EM) wave signals with each other. The fact that our human body consists of water and electrolytes allows such communication methods to be possible. Such a communication technology can be used to design novel body area networks that are secure and resilient towards external radio interference. While being an attractive technology for enabling new applications for human body-centered ubiquitous applications, network protocols for IBC systems is yet under-explored. The IEEE 802.15.6 standards present physical and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols for IBC, but, due to many simplifications, we find that its MAC protocol is limited in providing an environment to enable high data rate applications. This work, based on empirical EM wave propagation measurements made for the human body communication channel, presents IB-MAC, a centralized Time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol that takes in consideration the transmission latency the body channel induces. Our results, in which we use an event-based simulator to compare the performance of IB-MAC with two different IEEE 802.15.6 standard-compliant MAC protocols and a state-of-the art TDMA-based MAC protocol for IBC, suggest that IB-MAC is suitable for supporting high data rate applications with comparable radio duty cycle and latency performance.

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Lu, Jun, and De Zhi An. "TDMA-Based Time Slots Assignment Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2445.

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In this paper we studied timeliness of TDMA-based MAC scheduling mechanisms. TDMA-based MAC protocols require sensor nodes to deliver data individually so as to eliminate collisions in shared channel. This scheduling mechanism can assist sensor nodes in managing energy efficiently since data resending that collisions induced has a significant impact on battery life. But during medium access arbitration, the elected central node has to receive other nodes’ state messages one by one before assigning time slots for each node. While in large-scale sensor networks, the waiting time would be a relatively long duration and result in timeliness decrease in time-sensitive environments. We propose a novel time slots assignment algorithm for TDMA-based MAC protocols that allows sensor nodes to deliver state messages simultaneously to central node for medium access arbitration and present an analysis in which these two approaches are compared in respect to timeliness. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation. Simulation results have confirmed the timeliness of our new algorithm.

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Nosheen, Irum, Shoab A. Khan, and Umar Ali. "A Cross-Layer Design for a Multihop, Self-Healing, and Self-Forming Tactical Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (April 9, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1523906.

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In mission and time critical applications, bandwidth and delay optimizations are the key goals of communication systems. This paper presents a cross-layer framework design that reduces the call setup time, provides collision-free communication, and reuses the empty slots of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol which otherwise causes low throughput and large delay. As number of communicating nodes in tactical networks is small as compared to commercial mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), classical TDMA will yield huge number of empty slots and any Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) technique may cause more delay in some critical scenarios. Proposed methodology gives a Cross-Layer Architecture for Network (NET) Layer and Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer. Our design provides bandwidth efficient, collision-free communication to Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) in self-forming and self-healing tactical networks with low call setup time and multihop routing. For this purpose TDMA as MAC layer protocol and Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as Network Layer Routing Protocol are used. Our slot allocation (SA) algorithm, Cross-Layer TDMA (CL-TDMA), consists of control phase where AODV control packets are exchanged and data transfer phase where transmission of data and voice occurs. All active radios in vicinity gather information about communicating nodes based on the exchange of control packets by SDRs. Our algorithm then uses this information to help all active SDRs find slot(s) that will be used for collision-free transmission. A number of experiments are performed to establish improved performance of the proposed technique compared to other established techniques and protocols.

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Fatima, Dr Syeda Gauhar. "Interference Minimization in TDMA MAC Protocols for WSNs." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 4 (2019): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4122.

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Jovanovic, Milica D., and Goran L. Djordjevic. "Reduced-frame TDMA protocols for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Communication Systems 27, no. 10 (2012): 1857–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.2439.

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Oikonomou, Konstantinos, and Ioannis Stavrakakis. "Energy considerations for topology-unaware TDMA MAC protocols." Ad Hoc Networks 4, no. 3 (2006): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2004.10.003.

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Chauhan, Gargi, Usha Sharma, Seema Verma, and G. N. Purohit. "TDMA Scheduling Algorithm Using Independent Sets in Network Graph." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 10 (2013): 2071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v10i10.1195.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a distributed wireless network consists of large amount of sensor nodes which gather useful information from a variety of environment and these sensor nodes communicate with each other in a multi-hop radio networks, with the end goal of handing their processed data to the data collector or access point (AP) [1,2]. WSNs have many issues such as self-configuration, fault-tolerance, adaptation, flexibility, energy efficiency, security, scalability, interference, architectural issues, mobility and delay tolerance [3]. Amongthese issues the most critical issue is to save energy and interference. The aim of this study is to construct the network graph which is conflict free and has minimum interference and minimum energy consumption. We have MAC Access protocols but TDMA protocol is more efficient than other protocols because TDMA can eliminate collisions and remove the need for a back-off [4]. A TDMA scheduling algorithm is constructed for the wireless sensor network, which is based on the creation of separate independent sets of the representing network graph. Independent sets are employed to minimize the time slots needed for the complete transmission of data packets in the network. An algorithm has been developed to implement it and there are three different steps in the implementation of this algorithm. In first phase, the minimum independent sets of the network are constructed. In second phase, the conflict graph of given network graph has been created. In third phase, time slots are assigned to all the transmissions according to the independent sets which were created in first phase, so that all the data packets are transmitted to the access point (AP) or data collector. The simulation results indicate that the TDMA scheduling algorithm reduce the interference and energy consumption in the network graph.

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Sivakumar, V., and D. Rekha. "Underwater Acoustic Sensor Node Scheduling using an Evolutionary Memetic Algorithm." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (March 28, 2018): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.116217.

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Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UWASNs) play an important role in monitoring the aqueous environment which has created a lot of interest for researchers and scientists. Utilization of underwater acoustic sensor node (UASN) scheduling for transmission remains, due to the limited acoustic bandwidth available, a challenge in such an environment. One of the methods to overcome this problem is to efficiently schedule UASN data using time division multiple access (TDMA) protocols the parallel transmissions, simultaneously avoiding interference. The paper shows how to optimize the utilization of acoustic sensor node bandwidth by maximizing the possible node transmissions in the TDMA frame and also by minimizing the node's turnaround wait time for its subsequent transmissions by using an evolutionary memetic algorithm (MA). The simulation of MA-TDMA proves that as the size of the network increases, every node in UWASN transmits with an average minimal turnaround transmission time. It also proves that as the TDMA cycle repeats, the overall network throughput gets maximized by increasing the possible node transmissions in the MA-TDMA frame.

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Wang, Sheng Quan, Da Jun Sun, and You Wen Zhang. "An Efficient Intra-Cluster MAC Protocol in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1790.

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Efficient intra-cluster communication on the MAC layer in the underwater acoustic sensor networks has always been the primary concern. However, the existing MAC protocols are not suitable for the intra-cluster communication. In this paper, we analyze some typical MAC protocols and the reasons for their unsuitability. We propose IC-MAC, an Intra-cluster MAC protocol based on a model of intra-cluster nodes location. This protocol realizes the slot synchronization between nodes, sleep mechanism and collision avoidance. Finally, we simulate IC-MAC, TDMA and T-Lohi for comparison. The results show IC-MAC has better performance in terms of throughput and end-to-end delay. Our design is also energy-efficient.

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Kaur, Mukhwinder. "Types Routing Protocols based one Energy Efficiency." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (2021): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38057.

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Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of autonomous sensors distributed in space to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, and pressure, and to coordinate communications. The information collected reaches its destination through the network infrastructure. Energy-efficient routing protocols are becoming more important because sensor nodes are power-limited devices. Several tiered routing protocols have recently been proposed to minimize power consumption. For example, LEACH is a basic hierarchical routing protocol that uses clustering to achieve energy efficiency. Much research has been done to eliminate the shortcomings and improve the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. WSN hierarchical routing protocols and analyzes the capabilities and performance of existing hierarchical routing protocols. It also compares existing routing protocols, highlights key technical differences, and provides a performance comparison of some LEACH-based routing protocols. Finally, this article highlights the issues and challenges of existing WSN routing protocols. It supports future research on the selection of appropriate research areas and provides guidance on the selection of energy saving methods in the energy efficient design of WSN routing protocols. Keywords: wireless sensor network, routing protocols, CSMA, CH, TDMA

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Jiang, Yu, Yan Chun Liang, Li Li He, Ying Hui Cao, and Cheng Quan Hu. "WSN Networking Protocol Based on Dynamic Changing Channel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.844.

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Based on the analysis of the wireless sensor networks in the application of the public utilities, a new approach which can change channel dynamically in buildings using wireless sensor networks was designed and implemented. In this paper, the WSN platform supported for AES encryption. And on the basis of the TDMA protocol, using linear regression and BBS generator, a new WSN protocol which has the ability to change communication channel dynamically was designed. Compared with traditional network protocols, the proposed method can decrease the degree of network congestion, energy consumption, program complexity and easy to achieve.

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Saravanan, M., Rajeev Sukumaran, M. R. Christhuraj, and T. T. Manikandan. "Stochastic Network Calculus Model for Delay Distribution of Time Division Multiple Access and Carrier Sense Multiple Access in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Communication." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (2021): 2885–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2325.

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Underwater Acoustic wireless communication becomes a popular research area for transmitting and receiving data between the communicators in the ocean environment. High accuracy in data communication can be succeeded by proficient modeling of carrier sense multiple access and time division access. For such innovations, the system has to proceed with an appropriate framework to make constant data traffic and limitations on start to finish data traffic delays. There are two major wireless communication multiple access methods that can be utilized in real-time underwater networks. One of the multiple access schemes is TDMA and another one is CSMA/CA. This paper concentrated on the modeling of TDMA and CSMA/CA also proposes the comparison of delay (end-end) of both multiple access protocols. The results using SNC to obtain delay bounds and are associated with simulation. The results show TDMA has a lesser efficiency than CSMA/CA in the acoustic environment.

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PHUA, VALANCE, and AMITAVA DATTA. "A LINK STATE DEPENDENT TDMA PROTOCOL FOR INDUSTRIAL WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK APPLICATIONS IN PERIODICALLY CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 09, no. 03 (2008): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265908002254.

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Existing TDMA-based MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks are not specifically built to consider communication channels that are prone to fading. We describe the impact of periodically changing environment on small-scale fading effects in industrial indoor wireless networks. Using a site-specific ray tracer, we show that the position of nodes and the periodic movements of objects with constant velocities in the environment have significant impact on signal fading. Finding that fading is approximately periodic, we propose a TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks built for industrial applications that uses link state dependent scheduling. In our approach, nodes gather samples of the channel quality and generate prediction sets from the sample sets in independent slots. Using the prediction sets, nodes only wake up to transmit/receive during scheduled slots that are predicted to be clear and sleep during scheduled slots that may potentially cause a transmitted signal to fade. We simulate our proposed protocol and compare its performance with the well published Z-MAC protocol. We found that our protocol significantly improves packet throughput and energy consumption as compared to Z-MAC. We also found that in conditions which are not perfect under our assumptions, the performance of our protocol degrades gracefully.

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Huang, Jiawei, Qi Li, Shaohua Zhong, et al. "Synthesizing Existing CSMA and TDMA Based MAC Protocols for VANETs." Sensors 17, no. 2 (2017): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17020338.

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Atapattu, S., N. Rajatheva, and C. Tellambura. "Performance Analysis of TDMA Relay Protocols Over Nakagami-$m$ Fading." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 59, no. 1 (2010): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2009.2029980.

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Abbas, Ghulam, Ziaul Haq Abbas, Shahab Haider, Thar Baker, Saadi Boudjit, and Fazal Muhammad. "PDMAC: A Priority-Based Enhanced TDMA Protocol for Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010045.

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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the key enabling technology for intelligent transportation systems. Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the de facto media access standard for inter-vehicular communications, but its performance degrades in high-density networks. Time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based protocols fill this gap to a certain extent, but encounter inefficient clock synchronization and lack of prioritized message delivery. Therefore, we propose a priority-based direction-aware media access control (PDMAC) as a novel protocol for intra-cluster and inter-cluster clock synchronization. Furthermore, PDMAC pioneers a three-tier priority assignment technique to enhance warning messages delivery by taking into account the direction component, message type, and severity level on each tier. Analytical and simulation results validate the improved performance of PDMAC in terms of clock synchronization, channel utilization, message loss rate, end-to-end delays, and network throughput, as compared with eminent VANET MAC protocols.

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Hussain, I., N. Sarma, and D. K. Saikia. "TDMA MAC Protocols for WiFi-based Long Distance Networks: A Survey." International Journal of Computer Applications 94, no. 19 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/16496-5702.

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Batth, Ranbir Singh. "A Survey and Analysis on TDMA Based MAC Protocols for VANETs." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. X (2017): 1570–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.10227.

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Ohta, Atsushi, and Kazuyasu Okada. "Protocols to accommodate asynchronous transfer mode cells in satellite TDMA links." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 78, no. 9 (1995): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410780904.

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Lenka, Manas Ranjan, and Amulya Ratna Swain. "An Efficient Dynamic Slot Scheduling Algorithm for WSN MAC: A Distributed Approach." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 21, no. 2 (2020): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v21i2.1672.

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In the current scenario, the growth of IoT based solutions gives rise to the rapid utilisation of WSN. With energy constraint sensor nodes in WSN, the design of energy efficient MAC protocol along with timeliness requirement to handle collision is of paramount importance. Most of the MAC protocols designed for a sensor network follows either contention or scheduled based approach. Contention based approach adapts well to topology changes, whereas it is more costly in handling collision as compared to a schedule based approach. Hence, to reduce the collision along with timeliness, an effective TDMA based slot scheduling algorithm needs to be designed. In this paper, we propose a TDMA based algorithm named DYSS that meets both the timeliness and energy efficiency in handling the collision. This algorithm finds an effective way of preparing the initial schedule by using the average two-hop neighbors count. Finally, the remaining un-allotted nodes are dynamically assigned to slots using a novel approach. The efficiency of the algorithm is evaluated in terms of the number of slots allotted and time elapsed to construct the schedule using the Castalia simulator.

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Valkanis, Anastasios, Petros Nicopolitidis, and Georgios Papadimitriou. "A Hybrid Link-TDMA MAC Protocol for Conventional and Radio over Fiber WLANs." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (August 4, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9340272.

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During the last two decades, the IEEE 8201.11 family has multiplied data rate transmissions in wireless local area networks (WLANs). This progress is based on the adoption of new technologies concerning physical layer (PHY), combined with the enhancements in the medium access control (MAC) layer. Radio over Fiber (RoF) is a technology which can further extend this progress, combining the benefits of optical fiber and wireless networks. The current IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is contention based, which leads to low utilization of the RoF PHY data rate and on the other hand cannot handle the effects of long propagation delays in RoF networks. In this paper, we present a new Hybrid Link Time Division Multiple Access (HL-TDMA) MAC protocol which addresses the above shortcomings and enhances the performance of both conventional and RoF WLANs. Then, through simulation, we evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol, which is shown to be superior to relevant RoF WLAN protocols in the literature.

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Mahfoudh, Saoucene, Gerard Chalhoub, Pascale Minet, Michel Misson, and Ichrak Amdouni. "Node Coloring and Color Conflict Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks." Future Internet 2, no. 4 (2010): 469–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi2040469.

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In wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency is mainly achieved by making nodes sleep. In this paper, we present the combination of SERENA, a new node activity scheduling algorithm based on node coloring, with TDMA/CA, a collision avoidance MAC protocol. We show that the combination of these two protocols enables substantial bandwidth and energy benefits for both general and data gathering applications. As a first contribution, we prove that the three-hop node coloring problem is NP-complete. As a second contribution, the overhead induced by SERENA during network coloring is reduced, making possible the use of these protocols even in dense networks with limited bandwidth. The third contribution of this paper is to show that applying any slot assignment algorithmwith spatial reuse based on node neighborhood without taking into account link quality can lead to poor performances because of collisions. The use of good quality links will prevent this phenomenon. The fourth contribution consists of optimizing end-to-end delays for data gathering applications, by means of cross-layering with the application. However, color conflicts resulting from topology changes, mobility and late node arrivals can give rise to collisions. As a fifth contribution, we show how the MAC layer can detect color conflicts, and cope with them at the cost of a slightly reduced throughput. Then, we discuss the tradeoffbetween requesting SERENA to solve the color conflicts and dealing with them at the MAC layer, our third contribution. The combination of SERENA and TDMA/CA is evaluated through simulations on realistic topologies.

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Zhang, Jun, Zhi Hu, Yan Xiong, and Gengxin Ning. "A Collision-Free Hybrid MAC Protocol Based on Pipeline Parallel Transmission for Distributed Multi-Channel Underwater Acoustic Networks." Electronics 9, no. 4 (2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040679.

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The transmission rate between two nodes is usually very low in underwater acoustic networks due to the low available bandwidth of underwater acoustic channels. Therefore, increasing the transmission parallelism among network nodes is one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of underwater acoustic networks. In this paper, we propose a new collision-free hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol for distributed multi-channel underwater acoustic networks. In the proposed protocol, handshaking and data transmission are implemented as a pipeline on multiple acoustic channels. Handshaking is implemented using the time division multiple access (TDMA) technique in a dedicated control channel, which can support multiple successful handshakes in a transmission cycle and avoid collision in the cost of additional delay. Data packets are transmitted in one or multiple data channels, where an algorithm for optimizing the transmission schedule according to the inter-nodal propagation delays is proposed to achieve collision-free parallel data transmission. Replication computation technique, which is usually used in parallel computation to reduce the requirement of communication or execution time, is used in the data packet scheduling to reduce communication overhead in distributed environments. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the slotted floor acquisition multiple access (SFAMA), reverse opportunistic packet appending (ROPA), and distributed scheduling based concurrent transmission (DSCT) protocols in throughput, packet delivery rate, and average energy consumption in the price of larger end-to-end delay introduced by TDMA based handshaking.

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Papadimitriou, G. I., and A. S. Pomportsis. "Learning-automata-based TDMA protocols for broadcast communication systems with bursty traffic." IEEE Communications Letters 4, no. 3 (2000): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4234.831040.

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Li, Shuai, Frank Singhoff, Stéphane Rubini, and Michel Bourdellès. "Scheduling analysis of tasks constrained by TDMA: Application to software radio protocols." Journal of Systems Architecture 76 (May 2017): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2016.11.003.

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Chandnani, Manali, Mukesh Kumar Khandelwal, and Meeta Sharma. "A Survey on Synchronization Approach in MAC Layer Protocols." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 13, no. 1 (2017): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2017010102.

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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes the layered approach for communication between two networked systems. The Data link layer of OSI model consists of a sub layer known as MAC layer for achieving coordination among the communicating nodes to access the shared channel. This channel is shared between multiple nodes in a communication network and the packets transmitted at same time by different nodes collide with each other. This situation leads to loss of data and bandwidth gets wasted. To avoid this situation, MAC layer supports various protocols: TDMA, ALOHA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA and many hybrid techniques which employ their own criteria of synchronization for minimizing the collisions. In this paper the authors discuss about the MAC layer and the multiple access protocols which it supports for achieving synchronization among the nodes in the channel.

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Zhang, Yan. "Precise Location Technology Based on Chirp Spread Spectrum." Applied Mechanics and Materials 40-41 (November 2010): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.40-41.1000.

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This article introduces chirp spread spectrum technology (CSS for short), and location algorithm is optimized. Symmetric double-sided two way ranging technique (SDS–TWR for short) is applied to improve measurement accuracy and range. Linear frequency modulation ranging technology uses protocols combining CSMA / CA and TDMA, and adjusts dynamically transmission rate and frame length according to noise, interference and multipath to ensure optimal throughput and accurate distance information. System has anti-jamming capability and covers great distance.

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Zhu, Feng Xia, Zai Yu Zhang, and Ma Jia Wu. "Broadband Self-Organizing Network Channel Allocation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.910.

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This paper discussed the current variety of effective multi-channel self-organizing network channel allocation techniques and proposed a combination of two access methods CSMA and TDMA. By using broadband wireless self-organizing network channel and OPNET simulation tools,the methods can build self-organizing network simulation scenarios that proposed network protocols performance analysis. This self-organizing network channel allocation can effectively transmit information and avoid the conflict of different communication node distribution of the corresponding channel.

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Hebal, Sara, Lemia Louail, and Saad Harous. "Latency and Energy Optimization Using MAC-Aware Routing for WSNs." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 16, no. 1 (2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2020010102.

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Protocols for wireless sensor networks are generally designed following the layered protocol stack where layers are independent. Uncorrelated decisions coming from different layers may affect certain metrics such as the latency of communications, the energy consumption, etc. Cross-layer approaches overcome this problem by exploiting the dependencies between the layers. In this article, the authors propose latency and energy mac-aware routing for wireless sensor networks (LEMAR-WSN), a new cross-layer routing approach using information of the TDMA schedule and exploiting the information of the energy consumed by each node in order to optimize the latency of communications and the energy consumption when relaying information to the sink in a wireless sensor network. Simulation results show that the proposed approach improves the average latency of communications up to 20% and the average.

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Watfa, Mohamed K., Samir Selman, and Hovig Denkilkian. "A Battery-Aware High-Throughput MAC Layer Protocol in Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 6, no. 1 (2010): 259809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/259809.

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Energy savings have always been the primary concern in wireless sensor network protocols, however there are applications where latency and throughput are prioritized over energy efficiency and are so significant that the application would not be able to satisfy its requirements without them. The communication unit and the antenna operation consume most of the battery-powered energy of the node. Thus, the access to the medium must be controlled in a very strict manner in order to avoid collisions which result in lost transmissions and have a dramatic impact on the lifetime of the network. Although existing duty cycle MAC protocols are power efficient, they introduce significant end-to-end delivery latency and provide poor throughput. In this paper, we propose SN-MAC, a CDMA-based power controlled medium access protocol that uses both transmitter-based and receiver-based CDMA inside a formed cluster, and uses a TDMA schedule to make the cluster heads communicate with the base station. Our algorithm targets latency and throughput needs in addition to its ability to increase the overall network lifetime. We provide a head-to-head comparison with other protocols through extensive simulations focusing on the performance in terms of latency, throughput, and energy consumption.

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Theodoridis, K. A., G. I. Papadimitriou, and A. S. Pomportsis. "On the Performance of TDMA Protocols Under Self-Similar Traffic: A Simulation Study." SIMULATION 78, no. 8 (2002): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549702078008003.

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Nabi, Majid, Marc Geilen, Twan Basten, and Milos Blagojevic. "Efficient Cluster Mobility Support for TDMA-Based MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 10, no. 4 (2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2594793.

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Papadimitriou, G. I., and A. S. Pomportsis. "Self-adaptive TDMA protocols for WDM star networks: a learning-automata-based approach." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 11, no. 10 (1999): 1322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.789731.

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Bekmezci, Ilker, and Fatih Alagoz. "A New Distributed Slot Assignment Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Under Convergecast Data Traffic." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 2, no. 4 (2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v2i4.278.

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The scarcest resource for most of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is energy and one of the major factors inenergy consumption for WSNs is due to communication. Notonly transmission but also reception is the source of energyconsumption. The lore to decrease energy consumption is toturn off radio circuit when it is not needed. This is why TDMA has advantages over contention based methods. Time slot assignment algorithm is an essential part of TDMA based systems. Although centralized time slot assignment protocols are preferred in many WSNs, centralized approach is not scalable. In this paper, a new energy efficient and delay sensitive distributed time slot assignment algorithm (DTSM) is proposed for sensor networks under convergecast traffic pattern. DTSM which is developed as part of the military monitory (MILMON) system introduced in [27], aims to operate with low delay and low energy. Instead of collision based periods, it assigns slots by the help of tiny request slots. While traditional slot assignment algorithms do not allow assigning the same slot within two hop neighbors, because of the hidden node problem, DTSM can assign, if assignment is suitable for convergecast traffic. Simulation results have shown that delay and energy consumption performance of DTSM is superior to FPRP, DRAND, and TRAMA which are the most known distributed slot assignment protocols for WSNs or ad hoc networks. Although DTSM has somewhat long execution time, itsscalability characteristic may provide application specific time durations.

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Bekmezci, Ilker, and Fatih Alagöz. "Delay Sensitive, Energy Efficient and Fault Tolerant Distributed Slot Assignment Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks under Convergecast Data Traffic." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 5, no. 5 (2009): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15501320802300123.

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The scarcest resource for most of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is energy and the major factor in energy consumption for WSNs is communication. Not only transmission, but also reception is the source of energy consumption. The lore to decrease energy consumption is to turn off the radio circuit when it is not needed. This is why TDMA is advantageous over contention based methods. A time slot assignment algorithm is an essential part of TDMA based systems. Although centralized time slot assignment protocols are preferred in many WSNs, a centralized approach is not scalable. In this article, a new energy efficient, delay sensitive, and fault tolerant distributed time slot assignment algorithm, referred to as ft_DTSM, is proposed for sensor networks under convergecast traffic pattern. ft_DTSM aims at operating with low delay and low energy under faulty nodes assumption. Instead of random access based periods, it assigns slots with the help of tiny request slots. While traditional slot assignment algorithms do not allow assigning the same slot within two hop neighbors, because of the hidden node problem, ft_DTSM can assign, if the assignment is suitable for convergecast traffic. Simulation results have shown that both delay and energy consumption performances of ft_DTSM is superior to existing distributed slot assignment protocols for WSNs. ft_DTSM can also distribute the slots so that the network can continue its operation against a single point of failure. Although ft_DTSM has a somewhat longer execution time, its scalability characteristic may provide application specific time durations.

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Koneri Chandrasekaran, Suresh, Prakash Savarimuthu, Priya Andi Elumalai, and Kathirvel Ayyaswamy. "Primary Path Reservation Using Enhanced Slot Assignment in TDMA for Session Admission." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/405974.

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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is a self-organized collection of nodes that communicates without any infrastructure. Providing quality of service (QoS) in such networks is a competitive task due to unreliable wireless link, mobility, lack of centralized coordination, and channel contention. The success of many real time applications is purely based on the QoS, which can be achieved by quality aware routing (QAR) and admission control (AC). Recently proposed QoS mechanisms do focus completely on either reservation or admission control but are not better enough. In MANET, high mobility causes frequent path break due to the fact that every time the source node must find the route. In such cases the QoS session is affected. To admit a QoS session, admission control protocols must ensure the bandwidth of the relaying path before transmission starts; reservation of such bandwidth noticeably improves the admission control performance. Many TDMA based reservation mechanisms are proposed but need some improvement over slot reservation procedures. In order to overcome this specific issue, we propose a framework—PRAC (primary path reservation admission control protocol), which achieves improved QoS by making use of backup route combined with resource reservation. A network topology has been simulated and our approach proves to be a mechanism that admits the session effectively.

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Chiluveru, Rajeshwari, Nishu Gupta, and Ariel Soares Teles. "Distribution of Safety Messages Using Mobility-Aware Multi-Hop Clustering in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network." Future Internet 13, no. 7 (2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13070169.

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Reliability and security when distributing safety messages among vehicles in an extremely mobile environment are prominent issues in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). In VANET, data transfer becomes challenging because of inherent features such as excessive speed, geographically constrained topologies, unsteady communication links, diversity in the capacity of the channel, etc. A major challenge in the multi-hop framework is maintaining and building a path under such a rigid environment. With VANET, potency in the traffic safety applications has performed well because of the proper design of medium access control (MAC) protocols. In this article, a protocol is proposed pertaining to the distribution of safety messages named mobility-aware multi-hop clustering-based MAC (MAMC-MAC) to accomplish minimum communication overhead, high reliability, and delivery of safety messages in real-time environments. MAMC-MAC has the ability to establish clustering-based multi-hop sequence using the time-division multiple access (TDMA) technique. The protocol was specially developed for highway outlines to achieve network enhancement and efficient channel usage and guarantees integrity among the vehicles. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated using Network Simulator (NS-2), and it demonstrates its superiority over various standard protocols in terms of a number of quality-of-service (QoS)-based parameters. The criteria to select and assess these parameters are their sensitivity and importance to the safety-based applications they provide.

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Poudel, Sabitri, and Sangman Moh. "Energy-Efficient and Fast MAC Protocol in UAV-Aided Wireless Sensor Networks for Time-Critical Applications." Sensors 20, no. 9 (2020): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092635.

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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) can be effectively used for time-critical sensing applications. UAVs can be used to collect the sensed data from sensors and transfer them to a base station. The real-time transfer of data is highly desired in the time-critical applications. However, the medium access control (MAC) protocols designed for UWSNs so far are primarily focused on the efficient use of UAVs to collect data in the sensing areas. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient and fast MAC (EF-MAC) protocol in UWSNs for time-critical sensing applications. EF-MAC adopts carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) for the registration of sensor nodes with a UAV and time division multiple access (TDMA) with variable slot time for the transmission of collected data. The UAV is equipped with two transceivers to minimize both energy consumption and delay in air-to-ground communication. The energy consumption and delay are formally analyzed and the performance of EF-MAC is evaluated via extensive simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed EF-MAC outperforms the conventional MAC protocols in terms of energy efficiency and communication delay.

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Joshi, Abhishek, Sarang Dhongdi, Rishabh Sethunathan, Pritish Nahar, and K. R. Anupama. "Energy Efficient Clustering Based Network Protocol Stack for 3D Airborne Monitoring System." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8921261.

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Wireless Sensor Network consists of large number of nodes densely deployed in ad hoc manner. Usually, most of the application areas of WSNs require two-dimensional (2D) topology. Various emerging application areas such as airborne networks and underwater wireless sensor networks are usually deployed using three-dimensional (3D) network topology. In this paper, a static 3D cluster-based network topology has been proposed for airborne networks. A network protocol stack consisting of various protocols such as TDMA MAC and dynamic routing along with services such as time synchronization, Cluster Head rotation, and power level management has been proposed for this airborne network. The proposed protocol stack has been implemented on the hardware platform consisting of number of TelosB nodes. This 3D airborne network architecture can be used to measure Air Quality Index (AQI) in an area. Various parameters of network such as energy consumption, Cluster Head rotation, time synchronization, and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) have been analyzed. Detailed description of the implementation of the protocol stack along with results of implementation has been provided in this paper.

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Jain, Richa. "Comparative analysis of contention based and TDMA based MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Information Technology 12, no. 1 (2018): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41870-018-0152-x.

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Ferrero, Renato, Filippo Gandino, Bartolomeo Montrucchio, and Maurizio Rebaudengo. "Improving Colorwave with the probabilistic approach for reader-to-reader anti-collision TDMA protocols." Wireless Networks 20, no. 3 (2013): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-013-0611-z.

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Jin, Rencheng, Xiaolei Fan, and Ting Sun. "Centralized Multi-Hop Routing Based on Multi-Start Minimum Spanning Forest Algorithm in the Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 5 (2021): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051775.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely applied in environmental monitoring, target tracking, military, and industrial fields. However, the battery energy of sensor nodes in WSNs is limited, which limits its development. Previous studies have shown that clustering protocols and multi-hop communication are beneficial to reduce nodes energy consumption. The multi-hop protocol based on low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proven to significantly reduce energy dissipation. However, LEACH-based multi-hop protocols generally have the problem of unbalanced energy dissipation and data conflicts. In this paper, we propose a centralized multi-hop routing based on multi-start minimum spanning forest (LEACH-CMF) to optimize LEACH. In order to realize multi-hop communication, we introduced a multi-start minimum spanning tree algorithm to select relay nodes with the minimum relay cost and generate appropriate multi-hop paths. To avoid data collision in multi-hop communication and make nodes including the cluster heads sleep as much as possible in the non-working state, we design a bottom-up continuous time slot allocation method to improve the time division multiple access (TDMA) cycle. We performed simulation in NS2. The simulation results show that the network lifetime is approximately doubled compared to LEACH and centralized low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH-C). The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can effectively balance the energy dissipation of nodes and prolong network lifetime.

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Carlson, Edward A., Pierre-Philippe J. Beaujean, and Edgar An. "Location-Aware Source Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks of AUVs." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/765924.

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Acoustic networks of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) cannot typically rely on protocols intended for terrestrial radio networks. This work describes a new location-aware source routing (LASR) protocol shown to provide superior network performance over two commonly used network protocols—flooding and dynamic source routing (DSR)—in simulation studies of underwater acoustic networks of AUVs. LASR shares some features with DSR but also includes an improved link/route metric and a node tracking system. LASR also replaces DSR's shortest-path routing with the expected transmission count (ETX) metric. This allows LASR to make more informed routing decisions, which greatly increases performance compared to DSR. Provision for a node tracking system is another novel addition: using the time-division multiple access (TDMA) feature of the simulated acoustic modem, LASR includes a tracking system that predicts node locations, so that LASR can proactively respond to topology changes. LASR delivers 2-3 times as many messages as flooding in 72% of the simulated missions and delivers 2–4 times as many messages as DSR in 100% of the missions. In 67% of the simulated missions, LASR delivers messages requiring multiple hops to cross the network with 2–5 times greater reliability than flooding or DSR.

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Ning, Zhao Long, Yu Huai Peng, and Lei Guo. "Performance Comparison for Routing Protocols in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Multi-Hop Wireless Networks." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 5107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5107.

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In this paper, we consider a TDMA-based wireless network and address two major issues, fading and interference, existing in wireless networks since fading will lead to low quality links and interference may lead to unfair channel allocation. Because channel allocation selects the proper channel for each logical link and routing determines through which logical links the packets should be forwarded, there is strong interaction between MAC layer and network layer. In this paper, we seek for the performance trend with more channels allocated and further compare the performances of Bellman-Ford and AODV routing protocols based on the Packet Deliver Rate (PDR) to MAC layer in multi-radio multi-channel multi-hop wireless networks. Numerical results are given and discussions as well as insights into performance aspects for multi-radio multi-channel deployment are provided.

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Yu, Fan, and Subir Biswas. "Self-Configuring TDMA Protocols for Enhancing Vehicle Safety With DSRC Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 25, no. 8 (2007): 1526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2007.071004.

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Su, Hang, and Xi Zhang. "Battery-dynamics driven tdma mac protocols for wireless body-area monitoring networks in healthcare applications." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 27, no. 4 (2009): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2009.090507.

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Giner, Vicente Casares. "An approximate analysis of TDMA out-of-slot random access protocols for microcellular mobile communications." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 3, no. 1 (1996): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02106661.

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