Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tea plantation workers

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tea plantation workers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tea plantation workers"

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Mittal, Ashish. "SS17-01 MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE TEA PLANTATION SECTOR." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0129.

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Abstract Introduction The Indian tea industry being almost 172 years old, occupies a significant and distinct position in the Indian economy. The majority of tea plantations in India are located in rural hills and backward regions of the Northern, Eastern and Southern states. With more than 13,000 gardens and over two million workers, the Indian tea industry is one of the largest in the world. The majority of the labour force in tea plantation are migrants and their descendants. Materials and Methods A secondary literature review was combined with personal conversations with workers and managers of tea estates from tea plantation states of India - Assam, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Results The colonial British, heavily influenced by the experiences of cotton plantations in North America and the sugar plantations of British Guyana and the Caribbean Islands, continued to employ migrant labour in tea plantations of Assam and the plains of Darjeeling. They were mainly from the tribal belt of Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana regions of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa belonging to scheduled castes, tribes and ethnic minorities. In Darjeeling hills, almost the entire labour force are descendants of migrants from Nepal. There were consistent poor living and working conditions, lowest wages, malnutrition, minimal health services and legal coverage, increasing number of accidents and natural disasters and closure of many tea plantations pushing these workers to the edge of survival. Conclusions Depleted conditions of migrant tea plantation workers need further research with focus on improving their living and working conditions, especially of the women labourers.
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Basu, Uttiya, and Kaushik Banerjee. "Scope of Collective Bargaining Process in the Small Tea Garden – A Study with Special Reference to Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal." Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Technology 02, no. 04 (2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46977/apjmt.2022v02i04.003.

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The Tea Board of India (TBI) has defined a Small Tea Growers (STGs) as an entity having tea plantation areas of up to 10.12 hectares (or 25 acres) without any processing facility since the early 1990s. The mode of production in tea plantations has undergone a major structural shift from a centralized estate sector system to the emerging small tea growers (STG) bought leaf factory (BLF) system, which broadly represents a flexible and decentralized production system. The labour relations in tea gardens are well defined in the organized sector and covered under the Plantation Labour Act 1951. However, the small tea growers (STG) and Bought-Leaf Factories (BLF) specializing solely in tea manufacturing do not have the distinct industrial identity categorized under the unorganized sector in the tea plantation industry. STGs are no longer a small or marginalized group, as they produce more than half of India's green-leaf output while depriving organized-sector workers of the benefits they should get. The moment has come for small tea garden owners to think about their employees' occupational safety, health, and working circumstances. Given the substantial changes in tea plantation methods, the authors sought to determine the scope of collective bargaining for workers in tiny tea gardens in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri region.
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Banerjee, Supurna. "From ‘Plantation Workers’ to Naukrānī." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118785269.

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The tea plantations of Dooars in West Bengal are founded on a gendered division of labour. The recent economic crisis faced by the tea plantations brought long-established labour practices into question. Mounting expenses and closures led to rising migration of plantation workers to distant urban areas in North and South India, in search of alternative employment. Many of these women found employment as domestic workers and care workers in Delhi and Gurgaon. Drawing on the in-depth narratives of these migrant domestic workers, this article explores self-perceptions and representations of work and brings to the forefront the ongoing process of skill acquisition on the one hand and its constant invisibilization on the other. This reproduces paid domestic and care work not only as women’s natural labour but as low skilled and low status work that is particularly suitable for migrant women. The women’s own perceptions help problematize and nuance otherwise monolithic understandings of labour in general and domestic labour in particular.
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Borkotoky, Namrata. "Locating 'Coolie' Women's Health in Tea Plantation Environments in Colonial Assam." Environment and History 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734021x16076828553502.

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The history of Assam tea plantations in India is well-documented, yet a gender sensitive environmental history of these colonially-introduced plantation landscapes is absent. The colonial tea planters saw advantages in a growing female presence in their plantations, in terms of increased male ties to the plantation, lower wages for female workers and the added benefit of biological reproduction that would fulfil the need for manual labour in these plantations for generations. This paper attempts to understand how this plantation structure in general and the work regime in particular relied on a particular type of gender identity, which in turn had a detrimental effect on the health of the women labourers in this new landscape.
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Helanjanani, Shammuganathan. "Health Affliction and Medical Service of Tea Plantation Women Workers in Sri Lanka: An Anthropological Study Based on Alton Estate-2021." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.01.05.

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This research Studies “Health affliction and medical service of tea plantation women workers in Sri Lanka: An anthropological study based on Alton – 2021” This study focused on women workers in the tea plantation. This study problem highlights general health conditions of the women workers. The plantation management provides not quality of the medical specialties for the tea estate. Thereby most of the women workers are facing challenges to get proper medical services. Women workers more contributed for the economic sector in the Sri Lanka. Therefore the government should protect them. According to this study use primary and secondary data collection method, in short time; to selected sample size 12 from tea estate of Alton in Horana plantation. Women workers and health issues research relating women workers are suffering from fever, cough, cold, stomach pain, weakness, eye pain, headache, skin diseases, chest pain, asthma, breathing trouble, Hand pain , leg pain and Pregnancy. This study argues why they cannot get in correct way of the government medical service in the tea plantation. According to this issues, what are the problem are overcome. And provide good medical service and treatment for women worker in the tea plantation. Manage the situation to develop the hill country community. This is the way to research in this area. As well as I suggested some of the idea and commons in this problem. 12 samples were selected from a simple resource among the people belonging to 660 families living in study area and numerical and characteristic data on the conditions of the study area were read. This study concern research place situation to choice to use qualitative research method and used sample random sampling method to observed and read to get many idea and knowledge relevant the research problem to done this research. This research mainly focused what are different between nation and plantation medical service system. This research should be given the important for hill country community people. They are structurally different for other Sri Lankan community people. They are not receiving Sri Lanka welfare schemes in equally. According to this study provides a critical analysis and suggestions.
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Gokula, V., and C. Thangatamil. "USE OF TEA PLANTATION BY WILD MAMMALS IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA." TAPROBANICA 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v6i1.123.

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Wild mammals that live in the fragmented primary forests in Western Ghats often leave the fragment due to resource shortages and use the nearby tea plantation either to forage or as a corridor to connect other fragments, during which time human-wildlife conflict is inevitable. Hence, understanding the need of wild mammals using the tea plantations is essential to minimize this conflict. We researched the use of tea plantations by wild mammals between October 2011 and January 2012 in Kolacamby, Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India. Walks were made to determine the relative abundance of wild mammals inside the plantation. Scats of sloth bear (Melursus urisnus[i]), tiger ([i]Panthera tigiris), and leopard (Panthera pardus) found inside the plantation were analyzed to determine food habit. In addition, workers were informally interviewed about man-wildlife conflict. All major carnivores of the Western Ghats ecosystem were recorded in the area. Despite the richness of the fauna in the fragments, minimal human-wildlife conflict was reported.
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Muzrif, Munas M., Dinusha Perera, Kumudu Wijewardena, Berit Schei, and Katarina Swahnberg. "Domestic violence: a cross-sectional study among pregnant women in different regions of Sri Lanka." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e017745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017745.

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ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to assess the regional differences in domestic violence among pregnant women in the capital district and in the tea plantation sector of Sri Lanka, to explore potential contributory factors and to assess whether healthcare workers addressed domestic violence and disclosure among survivors.DesignA cross-sectional study was carried out using interviewer-administered Abuse Assessment Screen.SettingFifty-seven antenatal clinic centres in the capital district and 30 in the tea plantation sector.ParticipantsPregnant women between 6 and 40 weeks of gestational age. In the capital district, 1375 women were recruited from antenatal clinic centres in the urban (n=25) and in the rural areas (n=32), and 800 women from 30 centres in the tea plantation sector. The response rate in the capital district was 95.6% and 96.7% in the tea plantation sector.ResultsAmong the total sample of pregnant women (n=2088), the prevalence of ‘ever abused’ was 38.6%, and the prevalence of ‘currently abused’ was 15.9%. ‘Ever abused’ (31.5% vs 50.8%) and ‘currently abused’ (10% vs 25.8%) were significantly higher (P<0.001) among the women living in the tea plantation sector. ‘Ever abused’ was associated with living in the tea plantation sector, being employed, living far from gender-based violence care centre and of Muslim ethnicity, after adjusting for age, education and family income. Only 38.8% of all participants had been asked by healthcare workers about abuse. Living in the tea plantation sector and lower level of education were associated with not being asked. Among those who reported ‘ever abused’, only 8.7% had disclosed the experience to a healthcare worker.ConclusionDomestic violence was prevalent and highest among women in the tea plantation sector compared with the capital district. The capacity of healthcare workers in addressing domestic violence should be increased.
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Banerjee, Supurna. "Laboring Femininities: Skill, Body, and Class-making Among Beauty Workers in India." International Labor and Working-Class History 104 (2023): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547923000236.

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AbstractTea plantation workers in India have historically been a part of the feminized workforce, constituting somewhat exceptionally formal labor in a country with high informalization of women's employment. In the past decade, however, a combined fallout of neo-liberalization and globalization contextualized within the local history of varying phases of incorporation, accumulation/dispossession and shifting relations of production brought about a crisis in the tea plantations leading to closures, retrenchment, and casualization. The women workers from tea plantations joined the burgeoning casualized urban labor force. Through ethnography and interviews I traced women workers from tea plantations in West Bengal, India, who migrated to the beauty industry in Hyderabad and Delhi-NCR. The paper focuses on the construction of women's labor in the beauty industry with continuities and contrasts from the tea plantations to understand the makings of gendered labor and skill. The women's frequent invocation of femininity as skill foregrounds the woman's body as central to woman's labor and the workplace but also provides a scope to unsettle understanding of femininity as a specific and naturalized concept. Using the lens of migration from one sector of feminized labor to another, this paper interrogates the production of the feminine worker and the workplace in different but related contexts. Their reflections on their work, skill, and workplace allows us an insight into the ways in which the body as the woman and the worker is deployed as skilled/natural and how they themselves co-construct, negotiate, and subvert the construction of femininity and feminine labor in the workplace.
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Raj, Jayaseelan. "Rumour and gossip in a time of crisis: Resistance and accommodation in a South Indian plantation frontier." Critique of Anthropology 39, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x18790803.

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This article examines rumour and gossip among the tea workers in the south Indian state of Kerala in the context of recent economic crisis in the Indian tea industry. It argues that gossip and rumour may have distinct effects with regard to resistance and accommodation in the crisis-ridden plantations. The analysis of the gossip shows that the workers are critical of the plantation management, trade unions and the Kerala state for failing to ensure their means of livelihood during the crisis period. In this context, gossip functions as a form and agent of resistance which further shows that the workers were conscious of their exploitation. On the other hand, the ethnographic data presented in this article suggest that rumour is an effective instrument for the control and disciplining of workers in the crisis context.
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Bhowmik, Sharit K. "Ethnicity and Isolation: Marginalization of Tea Plantation Workers." Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 4, no. 2 (January 2011): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.2.235.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tea plantation workers"

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Banerjee, Supurna. "Nurturing resistance : agency and activism of women tea plantation workers in a gendered space." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9837.

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This thesis offers an analysis of labour relations and social space in the tea gardens of north-east India. Existing literature provides us with an understanding of how the plantations operate as economic spaces, but in so doing they treat workers as undifferentiated economic beings defined only by their class identity. Space, however, has to be animated to be meaningful. Through participant observation and semi-structured interviews I explore the plantations as actual lived spaces where people are bound by and resist constraints. Multiple intersecting identities play out within these social spaces making them ethnic, religious, and caste spaces in addition to being gendered. Focusing on these intersectional identities, I demonstrate how region, ethnicity, party affiliation, caste, religion are played out and how they are invoked at certain points by the women workers. The articulations of identity not only determine a sense of belonging or non-belonging to a space but also how one belongs. Within the physical sites of the plantation, I examine how the women perceive these spaces and how, in moving between ideas of home/world, public/private, these very binaries are negated. The strict sexual division of labour primarily in the workplace but also in the household and villages inscribe the physical sites with certain gendered meanings and performances. The women negotiate these in their everyday lives and shape these spaces even as they are shaped by them. Conditioned by gender norms and the resultant hierarchy their narratives can be read as stories of deprivation and misery, but looking deeper their agency can also be uncovered. The lives of my research participants show how the social spaces within which they operate are not static; in spite of spatial controls there are the many minute acts of resistance through which the women work the existing restraints to their least disadvantage. Focussing on the minute acts of insubordination, deceit and even confrontation I elucidate how the women made use of the relations of subordination to pave spaces of resistance and sometimes even of autonomy. Furthermore, not all acts of agency are minute or unspectacular. I map instances of highly visible, volatile and aggressive protests apparently challenging the accepted social codes within which they function. In expressing themselves, the women use the available political repertories of protest in forms of strikes, blockades, street plays, etc. Through these instances of activism they appropriate and become visible in the public realm and challenge the accepted ways in which social spaces and norms play out. Despite their articulate nature, these protests usually seek to address immediate demands and do not escalate into social movements. Also while volatile in action, the protests seek legitimacy within the accepted gender codes that operate in their everyday life in the plantation.
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Evans, Barbara A. (Barbara Ann). "British tea planters and the Madras planters' labour law of 1903 : the creation and coercion of a migrating labour force in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India." Phd thesis, Department of History, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8914.

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Chakravarty, Shubhamanyu. "Changing medical behaviour of the tribal workers of tea industry: a study of medical sociology in some tea plantations of the Terai region of West Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/346.

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Karunanayake, Geetha Priyanthi. "Identity as discursive practice : historical, social-cultural and political interactions in understanding workers' identities in tea plantations in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6231.

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This study examines how the self-identities of workers in Sri Lankan up-country tea plantations are produced, reproduced and modified in their day-to-day interactions. According to the social constructionist assumptions underpinning the research, I suggest that individual self-identity is how individuals experience and shape their social reality as an outward-inward process which takes place as they interact in public and private spaces. Accordingly, the first research objective is to analyse the interplay of historical, sociocultural, and political macro discourses in the formation of worker self-identities. The second objective is to analyse how micro discourses and processes affect the multiple identities of workers in the Sri Lankan up-country tea plantations. The research methodology incorporates a combination of ethnography and discourse analysis into a single analysis to examine how plantation workers incorporate macro discourses and micro discourses/processes in constructing, reconstructing and changing their self-identity as an ongoing process. By adapting discourse analysis as the method of data analysis, this study threads gender, caste, ethnicity and class differences as multiple dimensions of understanding self-identity and collective identity to show how self-identities in this context are simultaneously traditional and new, ongoing and fragile. This research can be considered as a theoretical contribution to identity scholarship and discusses subjectivity associated with self-identity. Through data, by interweaving of macro discourses and micro interactions, convincing grounds are provided to understand self-identity construction as an ongoing process of compliance and contestation. It is suggested that historical, social-cultural and political realities that workers encounter as objective structures are socially constructed by workers through their daily practices and conversation. Within this context, how workers articulate the fundamentally ambiguous and contradictory nature of their self-identity as singular and collective is discussed. It is stable and emergent, and contested as it becomes intertwined with public and private experiences. The research also makes a contribution to our understanding of cultural identities, because it is the first study of self-identity carried out in a Sri-Lankan tea plantation context, which incorporates both public and private spaces, gender, ethnicity and caste into a single analysis.
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Chaudhuri, Soma. "Tempest in a tea pot analysis of contemporary witch hunts in the tea plantations of Bengal /." Diss., 2008. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-07292008-211236/.

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Books on the topic "Tea plantation workers"

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Khemraj, Sharma. The Himalayan tea plantation workers. Dibrugarh: N.L. Publishers, 2000.

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Society for Environment and Human Development (Dhaka, Bangladesh), ed. The story of tea workers in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Society for Environment and Human Development, 2009.

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Bhowmik, Sharit. Tea plantation labour in India. New Delhi: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1996.

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Bhadra, Mita. Women workers of tea plantations in India. New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers, 1992.

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Jain, Shobhita. Sexual equality: Workers in an Asian plantation system. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1988.

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Ilangakoon, Sepala. My memories of the plantations of Ceylon: Lest we forget, the golden years 1948 onwards. Colombo: Yijitha Yapa Publications, 2003.

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author, Sukthankar Ashwini 1974, ed. "The more things change ... ": The World Bank, Tata and enduring abuses on India's tea plantations. New York, NY]: Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute, 2014.

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Generations: The story of a tea estate worker. Chennai, [India]: Notion Press, 2016.

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Glendinning, Jim. Tale of a tea planter. Bognor Regis: Felpham, 1990.

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Bhadra, Ranajit K. Social dimension of health of tea plantation workers in India. Dibrugarh: N.L. Publishers, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tea plantation workers"

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Lama, Smritima Diksha. "Tea Plantation Workers and the Human Cost of Darjeeling Tea." In Caste, COVID-19, and Inequalities of Care, 333–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6917-0_17.

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Goduka, Suresh, and Amarendra Kumar Das. "Awareness Campaign Design for Assam Tea Plantation Workers." In Design in the Era of Industry 4.0, Volume 3, 625–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0428-0_51.

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Lama, Smritima Diksha. "Casualisation and Tea Plantation Labour in India: Does Fair Trade Ensure ‘Fairness’ in a Plantation System?" In Health, Safety and Well-Being of Workers in the Informal Sector in India, 147–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8421-9_12.

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Gupta, Ananda Das. "Human Resource Strategies and Responsible Management: Case Study of Tea Plantation Workers in Assam." In A Casebook of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility, 117–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5719-1_8.

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Bhattacharya, Priyadarshini. "The Social World of the Women Tea Plantation Workers of Rural Dooars in North Bengal." In Administration in India, 70–96. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003433187-7.

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Sundas, Sandeep, and Subrata Saha. "Education Attainment Policy and Practices: A Study on Tea Plantation Workers and Their Children of Kurseong Tea Estate in Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 243–63. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3696-0_14.

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Atanu Sen. "Problems and Prospects of Woman Tea Plantation Workers: A Case Study of Lebong, Darjeeling." In CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL RESEARCH: PEOPLE, SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT: [VOLUME 1]. REDSHINE London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/1387453440.014.

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In this present research study, the problems of earning livelihood of tea plantation women workers are given thrust. This operational research focused the inconveniences faced by the women tea workers of village, Lebong. The daily schedule of tea workers like performing multiple tasks at their respective tea gardens or tea factories are tried to give thrust here. The diversified tasks like tea leaves plucking, weeding, nurturing, column cutting, cleaning of drainages and miscellaneous factory work etc are important amongst those. This study was carried out in Lebong village of Darjeeling. The Lebong tea garden is taken to be considered as the field area. A total no of 42 women’s tea workers were selected through purpose sample techniques. The present research study intends to focus on analysis of demographic and socio-economic background of women tea workers along with diagnosis of major problem and prospect of this tea industry in said village.
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Elnagdy, Hanan M. F. M. M. "People-Oriented Teaching Intervention for Tea Plantation Workers in Assam." In Safety and Health Competence, 165–80. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429465253-12.

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Thapa, Namrata. "Employment status and human development of tea plantation workers in West Bengal." In Globalisation, Development and Plantation Labour in India, 82–108. Routledge India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315620510-4.

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Sooryalekshmi, Miss, and Dr Aabha Benjamin. "LIFE IN LAYAM WITH ENDLESS LAMENTATIONS-A STUDY ON CRISIS IN TEA PLANTATION AND LIVELIHOOD ISSUES OF THE WORKERS." In Futuristic Trends in Social Sciences Volume 3 Book 26, 107–16. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3baso26p5ch2.

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In Kerala, the tea plantation industry is a significant part of the economy. Both directly and indirectly, it is essential for generating income, earning foreign currency, and creating jobs. However, this sector's overall performance is deemed to be underwhelming. Since tea is a commodity that is traded all over the world, trade liberalisation has had a considerable negative impact on the sector's success. The unfettered import of tea, the import of tea of inferior quality, and the re-export of that tea combined with the traditional product have all caused problems for both home and international markets. Due to the expansion of the tea market, there is competition among tea producers on a global scale. When their manufacturing costs are greater than the average price across the globe, those units find it challenging to continue operating. Consider Kerala's situation as a proof. As a result, many of Kerala tea factories were forced to close. Following this, the Kerala sector became too fragile to sustain because to high production costs, weak international competitiveness, low price realization, and severe union lobbying. These factors together have brought Kerala's tea industry to a standstill. This study documented the crisis that engulfed the Kerala tea business as well as the growth of the tea industry in India
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Reports on the topic "Tea plantation workers"

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Choubey, Aishwarya, Annewies Hilberink, Biju Mushahary, Christina Nyhus Dhillon, and Saroj Mohanta. Healthy Line Shops for Last-Mile Delivery: improving the supply chain to deliver more nutritious food options for tea plantation workers of Assam. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36072/wp.33.

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Ton, Giel, Jodie Thorpe, Dominic Glover, Jacqueline Hicks, Ana Moraes Coelho, Tatiana Rivera, Donni Edwin, et al. Dispositions Towards the Living Wage Proposition: Baseline Report of the Rainforest Alliance Living Wage Strategy Evaluation. Institute of Development Studies, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2024.002.

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This paper reflects on the changes induced by modifications in the Rainforest Alliance certification system that require wage transparency from plantation owners, a comparison with the local living wage benchmark, and a wage improvement plan. The paper synthesises the findings of four case studies in Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, and Kenya, covering plantations of coffee, bananas, and tea. It finds that the socio-technological proposition is highly contested in the sector. Certification holders fear the costs of the wage improvement plans without credible long-term commitments from downstream firms and brands to support them financially. The effects of the change in the Rainforest Alliance 2020 Sustainable Agriculture Standard, Farm Requirements, Version 1.2 (RA2020) are still limited and largely constrained to sectors where downstream buyers have piloted living wage premium modalities. The paper highlights the limits to the private regulation of wages in a segmented value chain and recommends a standard volume-based living wage premium paid by international brands, which is transferred to local committees with producer and worker representatives that could manage a cash transfer system using mobile banking and support collective bargaining.
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