Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TEBAC'

Se describe un método novedoso, fácil y menos caro que el método estándar para alquilar el átomo de nitrógeno de heterociclos nitrogenados aromáticos.
En el presente trabajo se describe el desarrollo de la N-bencilación de varios heterociclos derivados del pirrol e indol utilizando como materia prima un catalizador de transferencia de fase. El desarrollo de cada ensayo se hizo posible con el uso de cloruro de trietilbencilamonio (TEBAC) como catalizador de transferencia y empleado al mismo tiempo en este proyecto como el agente de alquilación para la generación de productos N-bencilados. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos de los heterociclos empleados para este trabajo mostrados en la figura 1, es posible discernir que los tiempos de reacción y los rendimientos de los ensayos son variables, es decir, que dependen del sustrato heterocíclico utilizado, correspondiendo a los compuestos heterocíclicos sustituidos en posición 2 (en cualquier derivado de pirrol e indol) con grupos electroatractores los tiemposde reacción más cortos y rendimientos más favorables respectivamente.
Secretaría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Orientador: Flavio Ribeiro de Oliveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A proposta da nossa dissertação de mestrado é a tradução da tragédia Os Sete Contra Tebas, de Ésquilo, acompanhada de comentários e de um estudo introdutório
Abstract: The proposal of our master's dissertation is the translation of the tragedy The Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus, followed of commentaries and an introductory study
Mestrado
Letras Classicas
Mestre em Linguística

O Terminal Almirante Barroso – TEBAR, de propriedade da Petrobrás, está localizado no Canal de São Sebastião – CSS, onde lança seus efluentes através de dois emissários submarinos com sistema difusor, ambos de polietileno de alta densidade - PEAD. Cada seção difusora é constituída de três risers com 0,15m de diâmetro e 1,5m de altura, a uma profundidade que varia entre 19,15 e 25,45m. A intensidade média de corrente no canal é da ordem de 0,40 a 0,60m/s, com direção preferencial NE. O efluente possui altas concentrações de amônia (máxima de 125,5,mg/L em abril de 2001) que ultrapassam o padrão de emissão estabelecido pela Resolução Conama 20/86 (Artigo 21 - 5,0mg NH3/L), além de ser caracterizado como um efluente denso devido a alta concentração de salinidade. Para compreender o processo de dispersão do contaminante amônia e o perfil hidrodinâmico da pluma do efluente dos emissários submarinos do TEBAR, utilizou-se a modelagem computacional como uma ferramenta de análise do processo da dispersão de efluentes em corpos d’água, e também como suporte na decisão das agências ambientais e dos processos industriais frente a exigência de atendimento à legislação. Dois diferentes métodos foram utilizados, o método integral (software CORMIX) e o método dos volumes finitos (software FLUENT). O CORMIX é um programa especialista largamente utilizado na análise do campo próximo do lançamento de efluentes por emissários submarinos, enquanto que, no FLUENT pode-se considerar os efeitos da batimetria (Carta Náutica n0 1643 da Marinha do Brasil) e analisar tanto o campo próximo quanto o campo distante. Os resultados de ambos os métodos apresentaram uma pluma com empuxo negativo, que submerge após alguns metros do lançamento, acarretando em um forte impacto bêntico na área circunvizinha do sistema difusor. Os resultados da dispersão do contaminante apresentados pelo CORMIX, para este estudo, foram extremamente conservadores, onde o padrão de qualidade das águas somente é atingido a grandes distâncias do lançamento (200m). Os resultados do FLUENT estão de acordo com os estudos de monitoramento da qualidade da água e de diluição de traçadores fluorimétricos, atingindo o padrão de qualidade das águas a poucos metros do lançamento (15m).
The Almirante Barroso Oil Terminal – TEBAR, property of Petrobrás, is located at São Sebastião Channel – CSS, which effluent is discharged through two submarine outfalls build of HDPE – High Density Polyethylene. Both of them has three risers with 0.15m of diameter and 1.5m of height, and are located between 19.15m and 25.45m of depth. The medium current velocity is between 0.40m/s and 0.60m/s to northward (NW). The effluent was sampled from April 2000 to March 2002 by Petrobrás. In this period, it was founded high concentrations of ammonia (125.5mg/L in April 2001), trespassing the limit value for emission of CONAMA 20 Resolution – Art.21 (5mg/L). The salinity of effluent is of order 52.8% at a temperature of 27.3ºC for the same period. This range of values results in a density of 1037 kg/m3. Computer modeling uses for the waste water dispersion process and the hydrodynamic profile description in water bodies is a modern tool as a decision support for the environmental agencies and for the industries in order to verify the standard water quality. Two different computer techniques are used in this present work, integral methods (software CORMIX) ), which conduct to the dilution results of the plume in the near field, and finite volume methods (software FLUENT) where its possible to analyze the effects of a variable batimetries (Nautical Map n0 1643 - Marinha do Brasil) and to consider the near and far dispersion process. Both softwares showed that effluent plume has negative buoyancy, ocurring a strong impact benthic in the vicinity area of submarine outfall. The FLUENT application permits obtain results for near-field and far-field with no restrictions of bathymetry and port discharge geometry but the computational cost is higher compared with classical software used to prevent plume dispersion from submarine outfalls and which are based in gaussian integral methods (CORMIX). In this present work, the CONAMA 20 Resolution for ammonia (C = 0,4mg/L) is attended around 15m for FLUENT and 200m for CORMIX, far from ports.

As antocianinas compreendem o maior conjunto de pigmentos solúveis em água do reino vegetal. Responsáveis pelas cores vermelha, azul e roxa da maioria das frutas e flores, estas pertencem ao grupo dos flavonóides (polifenois). A cor apresentada por uma determinada antocianina depende do padrão de substituição, presença ou não de íons metálicos ou de outras moléculas capazes de estabilizar a cor, co-pigmentos, do pH local do meio e da natureza do microambiente em que a antocianina se encontra. Neste projeto, realizou-se um estudo de especiação e das propriedades antioxidantes de uma série de compostos análogos às antocianinas: os sais de 3\' -hidroxiflavílio (3\'-HF), 4\'- hidroxiflavílio (4\'-HF), 7,4-dihidroxiflavílio (7,4\'-DHF), 3\',4\'-dihidroxiflavílio (3\',4\'-DHF), 5,7-dihidroxi-4-metilflavílio (5,7-DH-4-MF), 7-hidroxi-4-metilflavílio (7-H-4-MF) e 7- metoxi-4-metilflavílio (7-metox-4-MF). No estudo de especiação, foram determinados o pK imediatamente após a preparação da amostra e o pKfinal após 1 dia. Para 3\'-HF, os valores do pK e pKfinal foram 2,88±0,05 e 1,94±0,15; para 4\'-HF, 4,56±0,10 e 4,23±0,20. Para os flavílios com dois grupos hidroxila ionizáveis, as constantes pK1, pK2, pK1final e pK2final para 7,4\'-DHF foram 4,12±0,07, 7,85±0,01, 3,29±0,01 e 7,40±0,03; para 3\',4\'-DHF, 3,98±0,10, 8,80±0,40, 3,70±0,01 e 7,01±0,22. Para o 5,7-DH-4-MF, que não sofre hidratação devido à presença do grupo metílico na posição 4, o pK1 e pK2 foram 4,87±0,01 e 7,97±0,01. Para a determinação da atividade antioxidante, foi utilizado o método de ABTS em que o poder antioxidante é obtida comparando-se a descoloração do radical 2,2\'-azino-bis(3- etilbenzoiltiazolina-6-sulfônico) (ABTS+), a 734 nm, pela amostra com a do composto padrão Trolox (ácido 6-hidroxi-2,5,7,8-tetrametilcroman-2-carboxílico), sendo expressa como a TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). A cinética da reação com os flavílios é bifásica, com uma fase lenta devido à atividade antioxidante residual dos subprodutos da reação. Utilizou-se a primeira derivada das curvas cinéticas para identificar o fim da fase rápida e, portanto, o tempo ótimo para a determinação do valor da TEAC. Os monohidroxiflavílios (3\'-HF e 4\'-HF) e o 7,4\'-DHF não apresentaram poder antioxidante em solução aquosa a pH 2,1 (H3PO4/H2PO4-). Por outro lado, o grupo catecol presente no anel B do 3\',4\'-DHF e o grupo resorcinol no anel A do 5,7-DH-4-MF conferem propriedades antioxidantes, mesmo em pH baixo. Também apresentaram atividade antioxidante a pH 2,1 o 7-H-4-MF e o 7-metox-4-MF. Em pHs acima do pK, a formação de cis- e trans-chalconas, devido à hidratação, tautomerização e isomerização dos flavílios, resultou num aumento do valor da TEAC.
Anthocyanins are the major water-soluble pigments of the plant kingdom. Responsible of the red, blue and purple colors of the majority of fruit and flowers, they belong to the group of flavonoids (polyphenols). The color presented by an anthocyanin depends on the pattern of substitution, the presence or not of metal ions or other molecules capable to stabilize the color (co-pigments), the local pH of the solution and the nature of the microenvironment of the anthocyanin. In this project, a study was made of the speciation and the antioxidant properties of a series of compounds analogous to anthocyanins: 3\'-hydroxyflavylium (3\'-HF), 4\'- hydroxyflavylium (4\'-HF), 7,4\'-dihydroxyflavylium (7,4\'-DHF), 3\',4\'-dihydroxyflavylium (3\',4\'-DHF), 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium (5,7-DH-4-MF), 7-hydroxy-4- methylflavylium (7-H-4-MF) and 7-methoxy-4-methylflavylium (7-Methox-4-MF). In the study of the speciation, the pK is determined immediately after preparation of the samples and the pKfinal after 1 day. For 3\'-HF, the values of pK and pKfinal were 2.88±0.05 and 1.94±0.15; for 4\'-HF, 4.56±0.10 and 4.23±0.20. For the flavyliums with two ionizable hydroxyl groups, the constants pK1, pK2, pK1final and pK2final for 7,4\'-DHF were 4.12±0.07, 7.85±0.01, 3.29±0.01 and 7.40±0.03; for 3\',4\'-DHF, they were 3.98±0.10, 8.80±0.40, 3.70±0.01 and 7.01±0.22. For 5,7-DH-4-MF, which does not hydrate due to the presence of the methyl group at position 4, pK1 and pK2 were 4.87±0.01 and 7.97±0.01. For the determination of the antioxidant activity, the ABTS method was employed, in which the antioxidant power is obtained by comparing the rate of bleaching of the 2,2\'-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical (ABTS+), at 734 nm, by the sample with that of the standard compound Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), the result being expressed as the TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). The reaction kinetics with the flavyliums are biphasic, with the slower phase due to the residual antioxidant activity of the reaction subproducts. The first derivative of the kinetic curves was employed to determine the end of the faster phase and thus the optimum time for measuring the TEAC value. The monohydroxyflavyliums (3\'-HF and 4\'-HF) and 7,4\'DHF showed no antioxidant power in aqueous solution at pH 2.1 (H3PO4/H2PO4-). However, the catechol group in ring B of 3\',4\'-DHF and the resorcinol group in ring A of 5,7-DH-4-MF conferred antioxidant properties even at low pH. In addition, 7-H-4-MF and 7-Methox-4-MF also showed antioxidant activity at pH 2.1. At pH above the pK, the formation of the cis- and trans-chalcones via hydration, tautomerization and isomerization resulted in an increase in the value of the TEAC.

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Esta dissertação desenvolve suas questões a partir de duas obras de Nélida Píñon: o romance Tebas do meu coração (1974) e a obra crítica Presumível coração da América (2002). A autora recorre aos recursos do (neo)barroco de modo a desconstruir a representação convencional do mundo e ampliar o sentido da obra. Segundo nossa leitura, o discurso (neo)barroco pode ser utilizado como uma forma de refletir (sobre) a formação mestiça da América Latina, levantando e problematizando questões que envolvem sua história, sua memória e sua identidade. Trabalhamos ainda com a idéia da utopia, pois lemos na obra a tentativa de elaboração de um projeto utópico, que põe em xeque o antigo projeto utópico-civilizatório europeu, baseado na dominação e repressão da alteridade. A partir de categorias teóricas, como utopias, contra-utopias, não-lugar e heterotopia, estabelecemos um contraponto à Utopia européia. Utilizamos a heterotopia como uma noção válida para a América Latina por se basear em novos conceitos como descentramento, negociação e abertura, os quais discutem antigos paradigmas. O trabalho reflete também sobre a complexa relação entre Literatura e subalternidade e sobre o exercício inclusivo da literatura (neo)barroca que representa o subalterno como alteridade e apresenta a razão mestiça como uma forma de pensar e produzir literatura e teoria.
This dissertation develops its questions from two works from Nélida Píñon: the novel Tebas do meu coração (1974) and the critical work Presumível coração da América (2002). The author turns to the (neo)baroque resources in order to disconstruct the conventional world representation and to widen the meaning of the work. According to our reading, the (neo)baroque discourse can be utilized as a way to reflect (about) the mestiza formation of Latin America, raising and discussing questions that involve its history, its memory and its identity. We still work with the utopia idea, because we read in the work the tentative of elaboration of a utopian project, which debates the old utopian-civilizing project, based on the alterity domination and repression. From theoretical categories, like utopias, counter-utopia, no-place and heterotopia, we establish a counterpoint to the European Utopia. We utilize the heterotopia as a valid notion to Latin America because it is based on new concepts like decentrality, negotiation and openness, which discuss old paradigms. The paper also reflects about the complex relation between Literature and subalternity and about the inclusive exercise of (neo)baroque literature that represents the subaltern as alterity and presents the mestiza reason as a way to think and produce literature and theory.

Foi preparada uma série de quatro betalaínas com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da metilação do nitrogênio imínico e da presença de uma hidroxila fenólica na posição 3 do anel aromático sobre a estabilidade e propriedades antirradicalares, fotofísicas e redox desta classe de pigmentos vegetais. O estudo destes compostos, chamados de m-betalainofenol, N-metil-m-betalainofenol, fenilbetalaína e N-metil-fenilbetalaína, revelou que os derivados metilados apresentam um deslocamento hipsocrômico sutil dos máximos de absorção e fluorescência em relação aos compostos não metilados. Os deslocamentos de Stokes são maiores em cerca de 4 kJ mol-1 para os derivados metilados e os rendimentos quânticos de fluorescência cerca de três vezes menores. A hidrólise destas betalaínas foi investigada na faixa de pH entre 3 e 7. Todas as betalaínas são mais persistentes em pH = 6 e a metilação da porção imínica aumenta significativamente a estabilidade da betalaína em meio aquoso. A presença da porção fenólica, em comparação a um grupo fenila, não afeta as propriedades fotofísicas dos compostos e tem um efeito menos pronunciado do que o da metilação sobre a estabilidade destes em meio aquoso. O comportamento eletroquímico dos compostos foi estudado por voltametria cíclica, nas mesmas condições de pH. A N-metilação foi novamente mais significativa do que a hidroxilação, provocando aumento de até 200 mV no potencial de pico anódico. O aumento do pH diminuiu o potencial de pico anódico dos quatro compostos, com uma razão entre prótons e elétrons igual a 1 para a maioria dos picos. A capacidade antirradicalar foi quantificada pelo ensaio colorimétrico TEAC baseado na redução de ABTS•+. Os dois derivados N-metilados apresentaram, em média, o mesmo valor de TEAC, apesar de um ser fenólico e o outro não. Já entre os não metilados, que têm TEAC de 2 a 3 unidades inferior à dos outros, a presença do fenol provoca elevação da capacidade antirradicalar. Os resultados sugerem a participação dos elétrons do anel 1,2,3,4-tetraidropiridínico, acoplados ao próton do nitrogênio imínico na ação antirradicalar de betalaínas.
A series of four artificial betalains was prepared in order to determine the effect of imine nitrogen methylation and phenyl hydroxylation (position 3) over stability and antiradical, photophysical and redox properties of this class of natural pigments. The study of m-betalainophenol, N-methyl-m-betalainophenol, phenylbetalain and N-methylbetalain, revealed that the methylated compounds present a small hypsochromic shift of both absorption and fluorescence maxima when compared to the others. The Stokes shifts are around 4 kJ mol-1 higher for methylated betalains, whereas the quantum yields are approximately three times lower. Their hydrolysis was investigated between pH 3 and 7. All compounds are more persistent in pH = 6, and imine methylation increases the overall stability in aqueous medium. The presence of a phenol group, in comparison with a phenyl substituent, has a minor effect on the photophysical properties of betalains and has a less pronounced effect over stability than that of methylation. The electrochemical behavior was studied by cyclic voltammetry, in the same pH range, and is also more significantly affected by methylation, rather than by hydroxylation. Methylation increases anodic peak potential up to 200 mV, and the potential is also much higher in more acidic media for all compounds. The number of protons involved in the electrochemical oxidation is the same as the number of electrons for most peaks The antiradical capacity was quantified using the TEAC assay, and ABTS•+ as radical. The methylated betalains presented, in average, the same TEAC value, although only one of them is phenolic. Among the non methylated, which are 2 to 3 units more efficient than the others, the phenolic one has a greater TEAC. These results suggest a participation of the 1,2,3,4-tetraidropiridinic ring electrons in the oxidation by ABTS•+, coupled to the imine nitrogen proton.

Medamud, fue una ciudad situada a 5 kilómetros al Noreste de Karnak en Tebas, dominada por el emplazamiento del templo dedicado principalmente al dios Montu, desde al menos el Reino Medio y hasta la época bizantina. Este templo fue excavado por el IFAO desde 1925 a 1932 por F. Bisson de la Roque y desde 1933 a 1939 por Cl. Robichon y Alexandre Varille. El objetivo principal de nuestra investigación ha sido el estudio y análisis de todos los materiales cerámicos descubiertos y conservados en el IFAO y el Museo del Louvre, fruto de estas antiguas campañas de excavación. Para ello, primeramente hemos tratado el contexto arqueológico en el cual todos estos objetos fueron encontrados, teniendo en cuenta además, que Medamud fue un centro de producción cerámica de especial importancia desde al menos el II Periodo Intermedio a la Época Tardorromana. En segundo lugar, hemos clasificado y catalogado todas las piezas cerámicas en grupos funcionales divididos en cada periodo histórico, incluyendo figuras de terracota y lucernas. En este catálogo hemos incluido además, los fragmentos cerámicos más relevantes encontrados en el marco de nuestras prospecciones arqueológicas en el yacimiento de Medamud, durante 2014 y 2015. En tercer lugar, hemos analizado los datos aportados a partir del estudio de estos conjuntos cerámicos, en el contexto de la producción cerámica del yacimiento, para poder resaltar las características técnicas de la alfarería local, atendiendo a las diferencias cronológicas de cada periodo, así como a las características técnicas de las producciones y los medios de fabricación (los hornos cerámicos), así como el impacto productivo y económico que haya podido deducirse. El conjunto de esta investigación nos ha permitido proponer que Medamud puede considerarse, no sólo un lugar de especial importancia histórica o religiosa en el área tebana, como se desprende de sus restos monumentales, sino uno de los centros de producción cerámica más importantes de la región, especializado en una variedad de pasta cerámica, basada en las arcillas de naturaleza calcárea, durante más de 1500 años y cuya producción puede constatarse en múltiples lugares de Egipto a lo largo de los distintos periodos históricos.
Medamud, was a city located at 5 kilometres at north-east of Karnak in Thebes. It was dominated by the temple of the god Montu from the Middle Kingdom until the byzantine times. This temple was excavated by the IFAO from 1925 until 1939, under the direction of Bisson de la Roque and later Cl. Robichon and A. Varille. The main objective of our research has been the study and the analysis of all ceramic objects discovered and preserves in the IFAO and the Musée du Louvre. In order to do this, first of all we have studied the archaeological context in which these objects were found, keeping in mind that Medamud was a centre of pottery production of especial importance from, at least the Second Intermediated Period until the Late Roman period. Secondly, we have classified and catalogued all pottery pieces, terracotta and lamps, dividing into functional groups for each historical period. In this catalogue we have included the most important pottery fragments found during the archaeological surveys at the site, during 2014 and 2015. Thirdly, we have analysed the data obtained from the study of the previous enssemblages and his contexts to stand out the technical characteristics of the local pottery industry for each period. Also we analyse the features of the production and manufacture (for example the pottery kilns). And finally the productive and economic impact in the region. The whole of this research has allowed us to propose that Medamud can be considered not only a place of special historical or religious significance in the Theban area, as is clear from its monumental remains, but one of the most important centres of ceramic production in the region specializing in a variety of ceramic paste, based on calcareous clays, for over 1500 years and whose production can be seen in many places in Egypt along the different historical periods.

Einleitung: Es ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich das antioxidative System von Kälbern nach der Geburt entwickelt, welche Faktoren darauf Einfluss nehmen und wie sich antioxidative Parameter in ihren Aktivitäten resp. Konzentrationen unter physiologischen Bedingungen verändern. Zielstellung: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zum einen die altersabhängige Entwicklung antioxidativer Parameter bei gesunden Kälbern und Jungrindern bis zum 18. Lebensmonat zu verfolgen und zum anderen zu evaluieren, ob bei metabolisch gering belasteten Jungrindern jahreszeitliche Differenzen bezüglich Superoxiddismutase (SOD), Glutathionperoxidase (GPX) und Trolox Equivalent Antioxidative Capacity (TEAC) bestehen. Material und Methoden: Es wurden gesunde weibliche Kälber bzw. Jungrinder der Rasse Holstein Friesian / Deutsche Schwarzbunte aus drei Betrieben am 1. (n = 33) und 7. (n = 31) Tag sowie im 1. (n = 33), 3. (n = 33), 6. (n = 5), 9. (n = 5), 12. (n = 32) und 18. (n = 31) Monat post natum (p. n.) klinisch und labordiagnostisch untersucht. Weiterhin wurden in einem Betrieb während eines Jahres im September, November, Januar, März, Mai und Juli jeweils 6 gesunde weibliche Jungrinder, die zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt 12 Monate alt waren, kontrolliert. Die Tiere wurden im Stall in Anbindehaltung gehalten, ausgenommen der im Mai in Weidehaltung untersuchten Tiere. Analysiert wurden im Blut die antioxidativen Parameter SOD, GPX und TEAC, der Hämatokrit (Hkt) und die Stoffwechselparameter Gesamtprotein, Albumin, Bilirubin, Haptoglobin, Harnstoff, Cholesterol, ß-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB), AST, AP, GLDH, CK, Ca, anorganisches Phosphat (Pi) und Fe. Ergebnisse: Ein betrieblicher Einfluss war statistisch nicht nachweisbar. Vom 1. Tag bis zum 18. Monat p. n. zeigten die antioxidativen Parameter SOD, GPX und TEAC einen gleichartigen Verlauf mit einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg bis zum 6. Monat p. n.. Die GPX-Aktivitäten stiegen von 50-80 U/ml Hkt am 1. Tag p. n. auf 100-190 U/ml Hkt im 6. Monat p. n. an. Die niedrigsten Aktivitäten (p<0,05) bestanden am 1. und 7. Tag (62-90 U/ml Hkt) p. n.. Die SOD-Aktivitäten am 1. (4500-5600 U/g Hb) und 7. Tag (4600-5450 U/g Hb) p. n. waren niedriger als im 1. (5400-6800 U/g Hb) und 3. Monat (5600-7800 U/g Hb) p. n. (p<0,05). Der Anstieg der TEAC-Konzentration vom 1. Tag p. n. (220-290 µmol/l) zum 6. Monat p. n. (260-340 µmol/l) war nicht signifikant. Nach dem 6. Monat p. n. fielen die Akti-vitäten resp. Konzentrationen ab, wobei die SOD-Aktivitäten mit 12 (4000-5000 (U/g Hb) und 18 Monaten (3700-5000 U/g Hb) p. n. signifikant niedriger waren als im 1. und 3. Mo-nat p. n.. Die GPX-Aktivitäten lagen mit 12 (118-152 U/ml Hkt) und 18 Monaten (105-150 U/ml Hkt) p. n. signifikant über denen der ersten Lebenswoche. Die TEAC-Konzentrationen waren im 12. Monat p. n. mit 260-320 µmol/l größer als vom 1. Tag bis zum 1. Monat (240-280 µmol/l) p. n. (p<0,05). Die SOD, GPX und TEAC korrelierten außer mit 9 Monaten p. n. zu allen Untersuchungszeitpunkten signifikant positiv. Für AST, AP, CK und Bilirubin wurden am 1. Tag p. n. die signifikant höchsten Aktivitäten resp. Konzen-trationen ermittelt, für Haptoglobin am 7. Tag p. n.. Gesicherte Korrelationen bestanden zwischen Albumin, Bilirubin und der TEAC, zwischen BHB und TEAC, GPX sowie SOD außerdem zwischen Ca und Pi. Im Jahresverlauf waren die GPX-Aktivitäten im September und Januar mit 73-103 U/ml Hkt niedriger als von März bis Juli mit 104-142 U/ml Hkt (p<0,05). Erniedrigte TEAC-Konzentrationen wurden besonders im Januar (272-302 µmol/l) und signifikant im März (265-299 µmol/l) gegenüber September und November (319-345 µmol/l) ermittelt. Die SOD-Aktivitäten differierten nicht gesichert. GPX und SOD korrelierten im ganzen Jahr gesichert, TEAC und SOD außer im Januar ebenfalls, GPX und TEAC nur im November, März, Mai und Juli. Die Stoffwechselparameter befanden sich im physiologischen Bereich, mit Ausnahme von Harnstoff im November und Juli sowie Pi im Mai. Schlussfolgerungen: Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass das antioxidative System der neu-geborenen Kälber zur Geburt noch unreif ist und sich bis zum sechsten Monat p. n. stabilisiert. Die durch den Abbau des fetalen Hämoglobins und die Vormagenentwicklung vermehrt entstehenden ROS tragen zu einer weiteren Aktivitäts- resp. Konzentrationssteigerung der antioxidativen Parameter bis zu einem Maximum im 6. Monat p. n. bei. Danach stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Pro- und Antioxidantien ein. Auf die GPX-Aktivitäten und TEAC-Konzentrationen konnte ein jahreszeitlicher Einfluss bei Jungrinden ermittelt werden.

This thesis (i) presents a critical analysis of the political allegory and dramatic elements employed by Antón Arrufat in Los siete contra Tebas in order to comment upon the conflict in Cuban society during and immediately after the Cuban revolution; and (ii) further analyzes that conflict using an anthropological approach in order to establish partial reintegration as an additional final phase in the rites of passage journey.

A estrutura da macrofauna bentônica no Canal de São Sebastião (CSS) foi estudada durante o verão e o inverno de 2005. Na região monitorada pelo Terminal Almirante Barroso (TEBAR) foram coletadas amostras de sedimento (pegador de fundo van Veen 0,03 m2) para as análises químicas e biológicas. As estações próximas ao emissário do TEBAR, emissário de esgotos municipais do Araçá e do Porto de São Sebastião apresentaram as maiores concentrações de matéria orgânica, metais e hidrocarbonetos. Além de uma alta complexidade e heterogeneidade, o padrão sedimentar mostrou que do sul para norte houve um aumento na contribuição de sedimentos mais grossos. As análises multivariadas mostraram que os organismos coletados estiveram relacionados às características sedimentares do canal. Ao norte, um ambiente de alta energia, ocorreram espécies predadoras e suspensívoras relacionadas aos sedimentos mais grossos, refletindo maior abundância, riqueza e diversidade. A região centro-norte apresentou sedimentos areno-lodosos com ocorrência de espécies onívoras. A região centro-sul, um ambiente de baixa energia, apresentou sedimentos mais lodosos que favoreceram a retenção de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos, bem como a ocorrência de espécies oportunistas comedoras de depósito, resultando em baixa abundância, riqueza e diversidade. O padrão sedimentar (tamanho de grão), bem como as características relacionadas a ele (capacidade de adsorção a compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos) pareceram condicionar o padrão da estrutura macrozoobentônica no CSS.
A study of benthic macrofauna was carried out along the São Sebastião Channel (SSC) during summer and winter of 2005. Sediment samples were undertaken (van Veen grab 0.03 m2) to chemical and biological analysis, in an area influenced by anthropogenic activities. The stations nearby the Terminal Almirante Barroso (TEBAR) oil terminal, Araçá sewage system and São Sebastião harbor showed the highest concentrations of organic matter, metals and hydrocarbons. The sediment distribution was very complex and heterogeneous, with a northward grain size increasing. The organisms collected presented correlation to the SSC sedimentary characteristics. The north stations, a high energy system, were characterized by a coarse grain size bottom and carnivorous motile species, which reflected highest abundance, richness and diversity values. The center-north stations were muddy-sand bottom and omnivorous species were observed there. The center-south stations, which are influenced by a low hydrodynamic energy, were predominated by a muddy bottom, leading to a high retention of organic and inorganic compounds. In these stations were found opportunistic deposit feeders species resulting in low abundance, richness and diversity. The sedimentary pattern (i.e. grain size) as well as their characteristics (adsortion capacity) seems to determine the macrozoobenthic community pattern in SSC.

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo entender como o espaço portuário de São Sebastião organizou-se ao longo do século XX, destacando sua participação na geografia portuária nacional. No que tange à sua abordagem, o inserimos no ramo denominado geografia da circulação e dos transportes, dedicando dentro deste especial atenção à atividade portuária. Adotamos como premissa fundamental a ideia de que os portos, como objetos técnicos viabilizadores do transporte de mercadorias na interface terra-mar, foram e continuam a ser importantes elementos para o entendimento da organização e produção do espaço, especialmente em sua fachada litorânea, mas também no âmbito da hinterlândia portuária. O espaço portuário de São Sebastião, localizado no Litoral Norte do estado de São Paulo, é tratado, nesta dissertação, como a porção do espaço geográfico que abriga o porto público de São Sebastião e o terminal marítimo privativo Almirante Barroso, da Petrobrás (TEBAR), bem como suas respectivas retroáreas. O primeiro centra sua movimentação em granéis sólidos e cargas gerais, enquanto o segundo é especializado em granéis líquidos (óleos e derivados). O quadro apresentado pela pesquisa, levantado por meio de trabalhos de campo e análise de informações e estatísticas oficiais, bem como de revisão bibliográfica, revelou que, apesar de comporem, juntos, o mesmo espaço portuário, esses distintos objetos técnicos engendram dinâmicas claramente diferentes, visíveis, especialmente, quando nos voltamos para a movimentação de cargas que realizam: o Tebar, ocupando posição de destaque em escala nacional, enquanto o porto público tem uma movimentação de pequeno porte, com significância regional. Nesse sentido, apesar de constituírem fixos com dinamicidades distintas buscou-se destacar como, juntos, contribuem para o entendimento das relações entre o fragmento espacial de que fazem parte e a totalidade-Brasil, no que concerne à circulação de mercadorias em escala nacional por meio da atividade portuária. Buscou-se também contribuir para o entendimento de como as transformações que se anunciam para o espaço em questão, decorrentes do Projeto de Ampliação do Porto Público e da posição estratégica do Tebar nas descobertas petrolíferas na Bacia de Santos (Pré-Sal), podem influenciar seu lugar na geografia portuária brasileira, enfatizando a pertinência de uma abordagem geográfica da circulação e dos transportes no território brasileiro.
This study aimed to understand how the portuary space of São Sebastião was organized throughout the twentieth century, highlighting its participation in the portuary national geography. In terms of the approach, we place this study in the branch called geography of movement and transportation, in which we devote special attention to the port activity. We adopt as a fundamental premise the idea that ports, as technical objects which make possible freight transport in land-sea interface, have been and continue to be important elements for understanding the organization and production of space, especially in coastal areas, but also in the portuary hinterland. The portuary space of São Sebastião, located in the northern coast of São Paulo, was here understood as the portion of geographic space that houses the sites of the public port of São Sebastião and the maritime terminal Almirante Barroso of Petrobras (Tebar), as well as their retroarea. The first one concentrates the movement of solid bulk freight and general cargo, while the second one is specialized in liquid bulk freight (oil and derivates). The picture presented by the research, raised through field work and analysis of official statistics, as well as bibliographic review revealed that, despite the geographical proximity of these two technical objects, they engender dynamics clearly different, which can be visible, especially, when we turn our attention to the size of the cargo movement that they perform: the Tebar, occupying a prominent position on a national scale, while the public port only performs a movement with regional significance. In this sense, although composing the same portuary space, these fixos have distinct dynamics, we aimed to highlight how, together, they contribute and have contributed over time, for the production and organization of the São Sebastião space, as well as, how they make possible for us to understand the relationship that this portion of the space establish with the totality, specially concerning to the movement of goods on a national scale via maritime activity. We also tried to contribute to the understanding of how the changes that have been announced for the space in question, due to the public port expansion project and the strategic position of TEBAR in the oil discoveries in the Santos Basin (Pré-Sal), will influence its place in the Brazilian portuary geography, emphasizing the relevance of a geographical approach about transportation in Brazil.

Problem: Die Hyperlipidämie der Ponys ist eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung, die nicht selten letal endet. Eckpunkt der Pathogenese ist die Insulinresistenz in Verbindung mit proinflammatorischen Zytokinen sowie Antioxidantien. Wenn einerseits die grundlegenden pathophysiologischen Abläufe bekannt sind, gelingt nicht immer eine erfolgreiche Therapie. Es ist auch nicht bekannt, inwieweit der Übergang von der Trächtigkeit zur Laktation ätiologische Risiken birgt. Zielstellung: Ziel dieser Studie war es zu prüfen, inwieweit bei Shetlandponystuten der Übergang von der Hochträchtigkeit über das Abfohlen zur Säugeperiode Risiken für die Hyperlipidämie birgt. Neben den Parametern des Energie-Fett-Leberstoffwechsels wurde auch analysiert, ob bei Endotoxinen und Antioxidantien (TEAC) belastende Veränderungen in diesem Zeitraum auftreten, die eine gesteigerte Fettmobilisation begünstigen. Versuchsanordnung: Es wurden 15 gesunde, gut genährte Shetlandpony-Stuten ohne Fohlen bei Fuß ca. vier bis acht Wochen nach der erfolgreichen Bedeckung, maximal 24 Stunden (h) ante partum (a. p.), maximal vier Stunden, 12-16 Stunden und drei Wochen post partum (p. p.) klinisch untersucht und Blutproben (Vena jugularis externa) entnommen. Im Blutserum wurden die Parameter Triacylglycerole (TG), Freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Cholesterol, β-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB), Glucose, Gesamtbilirubin, Aspartat-Amino-Transferase (ASAT), Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH), γ-Glutaminsäure-Transaminase (GGT), Alkalische Phosphatase (AP), Totalprotein (TP), Albumin, Harnstoff, Creatinin, Creatinkinase (CK), Endotoxin sowie der antioxidative Summenparameter TEAC untersucht. Ergebnisse: Trächtigkeit, Abfohlen sowie Säugeperiode verliefen bei den Stuten physiologisch. Unter den Blutbefunden waren die Hauptveränderungen bei den TG und FFS sowie bei den Endotoxinen und bei der CK 24 h a. p. zu beobachten. Die TG waren mit \"x\" ̅ = 0,18 mmol/l (0,15-0,38 mmol/l I. bis III. Quartil) 4–8 Wochen (Wo) post conceptionem (p. c.) bereits erhöht und stiegen bis 24 h a. p. auf \"x\" ̅ = 0,27 mmol/l (0,16–0,44 mmol/l) (p ≤ 0,05); ab 4 h p. p. bis 3 Wo p. p. bewegten sie sich zwischen \"x\" ̅ = 0,14 und \"x\" ̅ = 0,19 mmol/l auf gleichem Niveau. Die TG korrelierten am engsten und häufigsten mit Cholesterol (0,66), Albumin (0,58), Creatinin (0,81) und Harnstoff (-0,61), was vor allem aus deren Zusammensetzung resultiert. Die TG-Konzentrationssteigerung direkt vor dem Abfohlen ist durch den Cortisolanstieg zum Partus erklärbar. Die Mediane der FFS-Konzentrationen lagen 4-8 Wo p. c. sowie 4 h p. p. bei \"x\" ̅ = 128 µmol/l (95-197 µmol/l), sanken 24 h a. p. auf \"x\" ̅ = 75 µmol/l (64–198 µmol/l) und pegelten sich von 12–16 h bis 3 Wo p. p. bei \"x\" ̅ = 80 µmol/l (70–100 µmol/l) ein. Die FFS-Korrelationen mit Bilirubin (0,35) und Creatinin (0,35) basieren auf den pathophysiologischen Beziehungen, ohne dass damit ätiologische Bezüge ausgewiesen werden. Die Glucose-Konzentrationen waren immer im Referenzbereich. Die höchsten Konzentrationen bestanden partusbedingt 4 h (5,24 ± 1,39 mmol/l) bis 12-16 h p. p. (4,92 ± 1,67 mmol/l). Die Beziehungen der Glucose zum Energiestoffwechsel werden durch gesicherte Korrelationen zu BHB (-0,41) und der AP (-0,29) sichtbar. Beziehungen zu den FFS oder Endotoxinen sind statisitisch nicht gesichert. Die CK-Aktivitäten schwankten im Kontrollzeitraum zwischen \"x\" ̅ = 330 bis 420 U/l (300-500 U/l); 24 h a. p. lagen sie mit \"x\" ̅ = 277 U/l (197–334 U/l) als potentielle Folge der partusbedingten Cortisolsteigerung signifikant niedriger. Das Abfohlen an sich führt zu moderater CK-Aktivitätssteigerung. Die Harnstoff-Konzentrationen zeigten einen signifikanten Anstieg von 4-8 Wo p. c. mit \"x\" ̅ = 5,75 ± 1,01 mmol/l bis auf \"x\" ̅ = 6,42 ± 1,10 mmol/l 3 Wo p. p. Gesicherte Korrelationen des Harnstoffs zum BHB machen die Stoffwechselsteigerung p. p. für den Konzentrationsanstieg wahrscheinlich. Die Bilirubin-Konzentration nimmt von 12 auf 8 µmol/l im Kontrollverlauf ab, ebenso die AP-Aktivitäten von 780 auf 580 U/l und ASAT-Aktivitäten von 395 auf ca. 300 U/l. Die GGT- sowie GLDH-Aktivitäten sind zu Beginn der Untersuchungen mit 17 bzw. 6 U/l niedrig und steigen bei der letzten Kontrolle 3 Wo p. p. um ca. 50% signifikant, aber immer noch im physiologischen Bereich, an. Eine stärkere Leberbelastung lässt sich aus diesen Parametern nicht ableiten. Die Endotoxin-Konzentrationen sind p. p. am niedrigsten und an der Nachweisgrenze. Die signifikante Konzentrationssteigerung 24 h a. p. lässt an Beziehungen zu den gesteigerten TG und den erniedrigten FFS sowie der CK als Folge der ansteigenden Cortisol-Konzentration vor dem Partus denken. Gesicherte Korrelationen bestehen vor allem zu den Antioxidantien (TEAC), d. h., dass die Endotoxine den antioxidativen Status belasten. Die Cholesterol-, TP-, Albumin-, Creatinin- sowie TEAC-Konzentrationen blieben im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum praktisch physiologisch konstant. Schlussfolgerungen: Gesunde, gut genährte Shetlandponystuten zeigen während der Trächtigkeit, dem Abfohlen und in der Säugeperiode einen stabilen Stoffwechsel. Eine stärkere Belastung wird 24 h vor dem Partus anhand der TG und Endotoxine erkennbar, die offensichtlich Folge der steigenden partusinduzierenden Cortisol-Konzentration sind.

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Na talassemia beta, o acúmulo das cadeias alfa livres, bem como a liberação do grupo heme e do ferro durante o processo hemolítico, ocasionam aumento de danos oxidativos que podem resultar em lipoperoxidação de membranas celulares, desnaturação de proteínas e oxidação da hemoglobina. Na deficiência de glicose- 6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD), esse aumento é decorrente da diminuição da produção de nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato reduzido (NADPH) que pode resultar em hemólise intravascular. Diante da possibilidade de estresse oxidativo nos portadores de beta talassemia heterozigota e nos indivíduos com deficiência de G6PD, neste trabalho avaliou-se a expressão fenotípica das afecções genéticas por meio da identificação das mutações e análise de marcadores para estresse oxidativo. Para o estabelecimento dos grupos controle e com deficiência de G6PD foram avaliadas 544 amostras de sangue periférico de indivíduos da região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo 426 doadores de sangue e 118 indivíduos de uma instituição de ensino superior. Para a composição do grupo com talassemia beta heterozigota foram avaliadas 46 amostras de sangue de indivíduos com diagnóstico clínico de talassemia beta da cidade de São Carlos/SP. Foram realizados métodos de triagem e confirmatórios para a identificação da talassemia beta heterozigota e da deficiência de G6PD, e dosagens bioquímicas para quantificação das espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), utilizado como marcador de estresse oxidativo, e para a determinação da capacidade antioxidante em equivalência ao Trolox (TEAC). Os polimorfismos da glutationa S-transferase (GST) GSTM1 e GSTT1 foram avaliados por PCR multiplex o de GSTP1 por PCR/RFLP. No grupo com talassemia beta heterozigota foram encontradas 18 (39%) amostras com a mutação CD39; 22 (48%) com a mutação...
In beta thalassemia, the excess of unpaired alpha chains, as well as the heme group and iron released during the hemolytic process increase the oxidative damage. In G6PD deficiency, this increase is caused by a reduced production of NADPH that results in an intravascular hemolysis. Thus, facing the oxidative stress possibility in beta thalassemia carriers and G6PD deficiency individuals, it was aimed to evaluate the fenotypic expression of this genetic disorders through the mutation identification, as well as the oxidative stress marker analysis. We used 544 peripheral blood samples of individuals from São Paulo’s northwestern to control group and to G6PD deficiency group establishment. For beta thalassemia heterozygote group were evaluated 48 blood samples of São Carlos/SP city. Tests were carried out aiming the screening and confirmation of beta thalassemia and G6PD deficiency, as well as the analysis of lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Were determined the frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms. The analysis with beta thalassemia carriers allowed to establish in the study group a frequency of 39% for CD39 mutation, 48% for IVS-I-110 mutation and 2% for IVS-I-6 mutation. For G6PD deficiency was founded a frequency of 3.86%. The beta thalassemic group evaluation showed an increase of TBARS and TEAC values, when compared to the control group. There was a tendency to increase lipid peroxidation in beta0 CD39 mutants compared to beta+ IVS-I-110 mutants, because there is more free chains amount in beta0 thalassemia than beta+ thalassemia. In the G6PD deficiency analysis was found a lower G6PD activity in men than in women, but there was no interference of gender in the TBARS and TEAC assays results. The comparison between the control group and the G6PD deficiency group... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La ricerca è stata svolta presso il Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura di Forlì (CRA-FRF) ed ha riguardato lo studio delle caratteristiche qualitative e di alcuni composti bioattivi dei frutti di 10 diverse accessioni varietali di fragola (6 varietà: Alba, Nora, Garda, Jonica, Brilla, Pircinque; 4 selezioni in avanzata fase di studio ottenute nell’ambito dei programmi di breeding pubblico-privati condotti e coordinati dal CRA-FRF: CE 51, CE 56, VR 177.2, VR 4) coltivate per un biennio nello stesso ambiente (cesenate). Sono state considerate due differenti tipologie di piante: frigoconservata (tipologia tradizionale) e fresca “cima radicata” (tipologia innovativa che si sta sempre più affermando presso i produttori). L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è finalizzato alla caratterizzazione qualitativa e nutrizionale dei frutti raccolti dalle due tipologie di pianta. L’interesse di monitorare l’effetto di questa innovativa tecnica di coltivazione deriva dalla sua sempre maggiore affermazione in quanto consente una significativa riduzione dei costi di produzione. Lo studio delle 10 accessioni di fragola (tra cui quelle che attualmente stanno dominando lo standard varietale del Nord Italia) può permettere di aggiungere informazioni importanti sulla loro caratterizzazione qualitativa, in particolare sulle caratteristiche sensoriali mediante un approccio quantitativo descrittivo. Infine, la ripetizione dello studio per due annate differenti può consentire di valutare l’influenza del fattore “anno” sui caratteri studiati.

Orientador: Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos
Banca: Antonio Fabron Junior
Banca: Luiz Carlos de Mattos
Banca: Sonia Maria Oliani
Banca: Wilson Araújo Silva Junior
Resumo: Na talassemia beta, o acúmulo das cadeias alfa livres, bem como a liberação do grupo heme e do ferro durante o processo hemolítico, ocasionam aumento de danos oxidativos que podem resultar em lipoperoxidação de membranas celulares, desnaturação de proteínas e oxidação da hemoglobina. Na deficiência de glicose- 6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD), esse aumento é decorrente da diminuição da produção de nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato reduzido (NADPH) que pode resultar em hemólise intravascular. Diante da possibilidade de estresse oxidativo nos portadores de beta talassemia heterozigota e nos indivíduos com deficiência de G6PD, neste trabalho avaliou-se a expressão fenotípica das afecções genéticas por meio da identificação das mutações e análise de marcadores para estresse oxidativo. Para o estabelecimento dos grupos controle e com deficiência de G6PD foram avaliadas 544 amostras de sangue periférico de indivíduos da região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo 426 doadores de sangue e 118 indivíduos de uma instituição de ensino superior. Para a composição do grupo com talassemia beta heterozigota foram avaliadas 46 amostras de sangue de indivíduos com diagnóstico clínico de talassemia beta da cidade de São Carlos/SP. Foram realizados métodos de triagem e confirmatórios para a identificação da talassemia beta heterozigota e da deficiência de G6PD, e dosagens bioquímicas para quantificação das espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), utilizado como marcador de estresse oxidativo, e para a determinação da capacidade antioxidante em equivalência ao Trolox (TEAC). Os polimorfismos da glutationa S-transferase (GST) GSTM1 e GSTT1 foram avaliados por PCR multiplex o de GSTP1 por PCR/RFLP. No grupo com talassemia beta heterozigota foram encontradas 18 (39%) amostras com a mutação CD39; 22 (48%) com a mutação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In beta thalassemia, the excess of unpaired alpha chains, as well as the heme group and iron released during the hemolytic process increase the oxidative damage. In G6PD deficiency, this increase is caused by a reduced production of NADPH that results in an intravascular hemolysis. Thus, facing the oxidative stress possibility in beta thalassemia carriers and G6PD deficiency individuals, it was aimed to evaluate the fenotypic expression of this genetic disorders through the mutation identification, as well as the oxidative stress marker analysis. We used 544 peripheral blood samples of individuals from São Paulo's northwestern to control group and to G6PD deficiency group establishment. For beta thalassemia heterozygote group were evaluated 48 blood samples of São Carlos/SP city. Tests were carried out aiming the screening and confirmation of beta thalassemia and G6PD deficiency, as well as the analysis of lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Were determined the frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms. The analysis with beta thalassemia carriers allowed to establish in the study group a frequency of 39% for CD39 mutation, 48% for IVS-I-110 mutation and 2% for IVS-I-6 mutation. For G6PD deficiency was founded a frequency of 3.86%. The beta thalassemic group evaluation showed an increase of TBARS and TEAC values, when compared to the control group. There was a tendency to increase lipid peroxidation in beta0 CD39 mutants compared to beta+ IVS-I-110 mutants, because there is more free chains amount in beta0 thalassemia than beta+ thalassemia. In the G6PD deficiency analysis was found a lower G6PD activity in men than in women, but there was no interference of gender in the TBARS and TEAC assays results. The comparison between the control group and the G6PD deficiency group... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Esta tese estuda a adivinhação nas sete tragédias supérstites de Ésquilo entendendo-se a adivinhação não no sentido estrito de revelação de fatos futuros, mas no sentido mais amplo de um diálogo que se estabelece entre as instâncias divina e humana valendo-se de formas e recursos variados. Assim, a análise e interpretação destas tragédias priorizam os diversos aspectos deste diálogo divinatório para mostrar a adivinhação como fundamento da construção de estratégias dramáticas na tragédia esquiliana, por informar e definir tanto a peculiaridade desta poética quanto sua visão do mundo.
This thesis studies divination in the seven surviving tragedies of Aeschylus. Divination is taken here not in the strict sense of revelation of future events, but in the broader sense of a dialogue that is established between divine and human levels through a variety of forms and resources. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of these tragedies prioritises the different aspects of this divinatory dialogue, in order to show that divination is the basis for constructing the dramatic strategies in the tragedies of Aeschylus, since it informs and defines both the particular features of this poetics and its view of the world.

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This research aims to demonstrate the process of developing a martyr stereotype for the hermit Copts monks, through which we believe we can analyze the hagiographic representation drawn to these religious, from textual traces found in primary sources Vita Antonii (357) and Vita Pauli (374-379), written, respectively, by Athanasius of Alexandria (296-373) and Jerome of Stridon (347-420), about the desert monks Anthony the Great (251- 356) and Paul of Thebes (228-330). We understand that the martyrdom of the content is present in this stereotype monastic hermit Copt, introduced by the authors of the sources, this will allow us greater strength in proving our hypothesis about the development of a patristic representation, which aimed to raise the monks as the authentic successors of the martyrs and establishes guidelines and patristic models defined for these religious and those who followed them.
Nesta pesquisa pretende-se demonstrar o processo de elabora??o de um estere?tipo de m?rtir para os monges eremitas coptas, atrav?s do qual acreditamos ser poss?vel analisar a representa??o hagiogr?fica elaborada para esses religiosos, a partir de vest?gios textuais encontrados nas fontes prim?rias Vita Antonii (357) e Vita Pauli (374-379), de autoria, respectivamente, de Atan?sio de Alexandria (296-373) e Jer?nimo de Estrid?o (347-420), acerca dos monges Ant?o do deserto (251-356) e Paulo de Tebas (228-330). Entendemos que se o conte?do do mart?rio estiver presente neste estere?tipo mon?stico erem?tico copta, introduzido pelos autores das fontes, isto nos permitir? maior solidez na comprova??o de nossa hip?tese acerca da elabora??o de uma representa??o patr?stica, que visava al?ar os monges como os aut?nticos sucessores dos m?rtires, al?m de estabelecer diretrizes e modelos patr?sticos definidos para esses religiosos e aqueles que os seguiam.

Ce travail de thèse s'attache à identifier des plantes et/ou molécules à activités cytotoxique, antioxydante, anti-inflammatoire et antivirale ciblant le virus du chikungunya (CHIKV) dans le but de trouver des alternatives thérapeutiques vis-à-vis du stress oxydatif et de l'inflammation, mécanismes impliqués dans les maladies chroniques non transmissibles (diabète, obésité…), et de la maladie du chikungunya, maladie vectorielle réémergente. La première partie de ces travaux présente les résultats obtenus lors d'un criblage d'activités biologiques réalisé sur une sélection de dix-huit plantes endémiques et indigènes de La Réunion. Les activités ciblées ont été les activités cytotoxiques sur une lignée cellulaire humaine (cellules THP-1), les activités antioxydantes évaluées par un test in cellulo d'hémolyse et par quatre tests chimiques (TEAC/DPPH/FRAP/ORAC) ainsi qu'une évaluation de la teneur en composés phénoliques (test FOLIN) et les activités anti-inflammatoires testées sur des macrophages murins (cellules RAW-BlueTM). Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre, plus particulièrement, en évidence les activités de différents extraits : cytotoxique pour Carissa spinarum, antioxydantes pour Agarista buxifolia et Dryopteris wallichiana et anti-inflammatoire pour Stillingia lineata et Indigofera ammoxylum. La deuxième partie du travail est consacrée à l'étude phytochimique d'une espèce indigène de La Réunion, Stillingia lineata, choisie en raison des résultats obtenus lors de ce criblage biologique préliminaire et de ceux du programme Phytochik. Un fractionnement bioguidé par un test antiviral, réalisé sur des cellules Vero (cellules rénales de singe vert Cercopithecus aethiops) contaminées par le CHIKV, a conduit à l'isolement de trois macrocycles diterpéniques rares de type tonantzitlolone dont l'un présente une structure non caractérisée jusque-là, et d'un pimarane de structure nouvelle. La 4'-acétoxytonantzitlolone a été identifiée comme molécule candidate contre le CHIKV (CE50 = 7 μM). Des relations structure-activité ont pu être définies ; la présence d'un groupement oxygéné sur la chaîne latérale des tonantzitlolones semble jouer un rôle important sur la réponse antivirale de ces squelettes diterpéniques
The aims of this PhD work were to identify plants and/or molecules with cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antiviral (chikungunya virus , CHIKV) activities in order to find therapeutic alternatives towards oxidative stress and inflammation, mechanisms involved in chronic noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, obesity ...), and chikungunya disease, reemerging vector-borne disease. The first part of this work presents the results obtained from a biological screening carried out on a selection of eighteen endemic and indigenous plants of La Réunion. The targeted activities were cytotoxicity on a human cell line (THP-1), antioxidant activities evaluated using an in cellulo hemolysis assay and four chemical tests (TEAC / DPPH / FRAP / ORAC) together with an evaluation of the content of phenolic compounds (FOLIN test) and anti-inflammatory activity tested in murine macrophages (RAW cells-BlueTM). The results allowed to highlight activities of different extracts in particular : cytotoxic for Carissa spinarum, antioxidant for Dryopteris wallichiana and Agarista buxifolia and anti-inflammatory for Stillingia lineata and Indigofera ammoxylum.The second part of this work is devoted to the phytochemical study of Stillingia lineata, an indigenous species of La Réunion chosen because of the results obtained in this preliminary biological screening and those carried out in Phytochik programme. Bioassay-guided fractionation performed on Vero cells (green monkey kidney cells Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with CHIKV led to the isolation of three rare macrocycle-type diterpenes called tonantzitlolone and a new pimarane. The 4'-acetoxytonantzitlolone was identified as a candidate molecule against CHIKV (EC50 = 7 μM). Structure-activity relationships have been defined, the presence of an oxygenated group on the side chain of tonantzitlolones seems to play an important role in the antiviral response of the diterpene skeleton

A história política da polis tebana do século IV a.C. tem sido geralmente retratada pela historiografia em contexto integrado às duas potências hegemónicas do sul da península balcânica: Atenas e Esparta. Esta perspectiva é, todavia, redondamente redutora e demasiado simplista para se compreender a extensão político-estratégica real de Tebas no cenário helénico. O presente estudo surge, portanto, com o desígnio de corrigir essa lacuna, estabelecendo uma análise singular do percurso da cidade de Cadmo através da óptica tebana. Posto este princípio, e tendo em conta os cerca de 50 anos que se propõem abordar, três objectivos tomam forma. Em primeiro lugar, identificar as dinâmicas político-sociais internas, os agentes de poder e as principais facções tebanas, assim como, as directrizes de cada um destes grupos, quer no plano local, quer regional. A este objectivo articula-se, aliás, ao segundo que visa descortinar a orgânica política e a posição de Tebas no quadro regional beócio, ajustado ao patrios boiotia. Por último, compreender as relações diplomáticas entre a Cadmeia e o restante mundo grego, em particular com a Pnix e o Eurotas.
Abstract: The political history of Thebes in the fourth century BC has been generally portrayed by the historiography as integrated into the two hegemonic powers of the southern Balkan Peninsula: Athens and Sparta. This outlook is, however, sadly reductive and far too simplistic in order to understand the real political-strategic extension of Thebes in Greece. The present study, therefore, arises with the ambition of rectifying this gap, stablishing a singular path analysis of the city of Cadmus through a theban perception. Placed this principle, and considering the approximately 50 years in study, three goals take shape. In the first place, identify the internal politics and social dynamics, the agents of power and the main political factions, as well the strategies of each of these groups, either at a local or regional ground. To this, is articulated the second goal which aims to unveil the political organic and position of Thebes in Boeotia background, adjusted to patrios boiotia. The last aim is dedicated to a comprehension of the diplomatic relations between Cadmeia and the rest of the Greek world, in particular, with Pnyx and Eurotas.

Tese de doutoramento em Estudos Clássicos, na especialidade de Poética e Hermenêutica, apresentada apresentada ao Departamento de Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra.
A tese trabalha sobre as tragédias Persas (472 a. C.) e Sete contra Tebas (467 a.C.) de Ésquilo e procura elaborar uma análise da linguagem e do simbolismo em ambas a partir das categorias fenomenológicas peirceanas. Em concreto, estuda os modos de representação do símbolo e do símbolo-metáfora – que se inscrevem na terceiridade – e suas presenças no interior da tríade semiótica – na forma de objeto imediato do signo –, as quais provocam na mente o reconhecimento das normas estabelecidas pelo uso comum desenvolvido por convenção e hábito. A partir dessa abordagem verifica-se que o modo como a informação se apresenta no símbolo, a um nível maior de semioticidade, em estado de terceiridade, permite um processo de semioses ilimitadas.
The thesis works upon the tragedies Persians (472 BC) and Seven Against Thebes (467 BC) of Aeschylus and aims to establish an analysis of the language and symbolism in both of them from the perspective of Peirce’s phenomenological categories. Exemplary, it studies the means of representation of the symbol and the symbol-metaphor (both inscribed in the thirdness) and their presence in the semiotic triad (in the shape of the immediate object), which cause in human mind the acknowledgment of the rules established by common use, i.e., by convention and habit. From this one realises how information is present in the symbol, at a major level of semiotic theory (thirdness), thus enabling an unlimited semiotic process.

碩士
淡江大學
航空太空工程學系碩士班
94
Along with the global industrial level rising, there is more and more mankind''s electric consumption of the demand, different kinds of electric motor is required the energy offered becomes greater; therefore the volume and power of the motor move towards and melt to develop enormously. Since the used heat relatively produced is accumulated increasingly, unable to discharge fast enough; it will reduce life-span of the motor and dependability. Therefore, the studies of motor cooling become extremely important. The motor cooling method can be divided into the air cooling, hydrogen cooling, and water cooling. For air cooling, we utilize the variation way, for example, the design of motor heat exchanger efficiency include the motor heat dissipation, and lead the way of putting of the wind district baffle. But the experiment study is too time consume and unable to provide optimize design. Using the CFD simulation approach, it is parameter and position of altering the size of the component that can get the results needed , whether can really be regarded as the last result as for calculating the result received, than to the model prototype and error, experiment of value, once error generally acknowledge acceptable range in everybody, this motor approves that in order to there is space carried out, this model can bring change movements after carrying out, reduce the time and cost greatly. In this study we analyzed five TEAAC motors and study the most suitable for the motor and dispose the parameter with consistency to establish. Finally, we find that auto mesh much closer to experiment in simple cases, but not suitable in complex cases. Manual mesh can solve these problems. In k-ε model, we find the MARS and LUD differential schemes are much accuracy than lower differential scheme (UD). The best up-cover design is taking apart the middle diversion device. Using ICEM-CFD as the pre-processor and commercial CFD software STAR-CD as solver, and the post-processor is Tecplot.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Geociências apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Na presente dissertação estudou-se a Formação Teba do Cretácico Superior da Bacia do Kwanza, aflorante na região de Cabo Ledo (Oeste de Angola). A caracterização sedimentológica e estratigráfica desta unidade envolveu na fase inicial o levantamento de perfis em nove afloramentos, nunca estudados, onde foram recolhidas 50 amostras para estudos mineralógicos (difração de RX) e análise petrográfica.Da análise estratigráfica e sedimentológica realizada nesta região, constata-se que a Formação Teba reparte-se em duas subunidades, embora a ausência de marcadores estratigráficos (bio e lito) não permitiram uma correlação estratigráfica entre os perfis nem uma avaliação correta da sua espessura (superior a 100 metros). A unidade mais basal, aflorante na porção mais ocidental, é caracterizada por alternâncias de dolomias, lutitos e margas mais ou menos ricas em matéria orgânica. A unidade superior é composta por intercalações de margas calcárias com calcários margosos com o aparecimento ocasional de calcarenito. Os litótipos mais carbonatados repartem-se entre dolosparitos e biomicritos/wackestone, particularmente ricos em foraminíferos planctónicos e com frequente contribuição siliciclástica, constituída por quartzo, moscovite e feldspato. As associações de minerais argilosos são dominadas pela esmectite, ocorrendo ainda ilite + interstratificados ilite/esmectite e, muito localmente, caulinite. A interpretação paleoambiental da sucessão estudada mostra uma sedimentação marinha, de carácter hemipelágico em grande parte da unidade. A ocorrência esporádica de caulinite parece estar associada a ambientes particularmente secos. Os resultados obtidos foram alvo de uma comparação com os poucos dados estratigráficos e sedimentológicos existentes do mesmo intervalo temporal nas restantes bacias angolanas, bem como com as bacias sedimentares da margem análoga brasileira.
The aim of the present dissertation was the stratigraphic and sedimentologic analysis of the Upper Cretaceous Teba Formation of the Kwanza Basin that crops out in the Cabo Ledo region (West of Angola). The study of this unit involved the analysis of nine outcrops, where 50 samples were collected for mineralogical studies (X-ray diffraction) and petrographic analysis.Despite the absence of clear stratigraphic markers (bio and litho), which did not allow a stratigraphic correlation between the studied sections, the Teba Formation seems to show in outcrops of this area more than 100 meters. From the stratigraphic and sedimentologic analysis, it is possible to subdivide the Teba Formation into two subunits. The most basal unit, outcropping in the western part of the studied area, is characterized by alternations of dolostones, shales and marls more or less rich in organic matter. The upper unit is generally composed of limestone and marly limestone alternations with the occasional appearance of calcarenites. Dolosparites and biomicrites/wackestone are the two dominant microfacies occurring in the studied succession. The latter is particularly rich in planktonic foraminifera and with frequent siliciclastic contribution, consisting of quartz, muscovite and feldspar. The clay minerals associations are dominated by smectite, occurring also illite + illite/smectite mixed-layer minerals and, more locally, kaolinite, which assume predominantly arid conditions. The paleoenvironmental interpretation of the studied succession shows a marine sedimentation, of hemipelagic character in great part of the unit. The sporadic occurrence of kaolinite may be associated with slightly humid environments.The obtained results were compared with the few available sedimentologic and stratigraphic data of the same time interval in other Angolan basins, as well as the sedimentary basins from the analogous Brazilian margin.

碩士
國立中山大學
教育研究所
98
This study explored the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC) and the evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan-related issues that provide to educational authorities to implement the reference teacher education accreditation system in the future. The quality of teacher education is one of the important factors which are connected with national development and competitiveness. In view of the fact that the evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan is important in determining quality of teacher education, improving the progress of teacher education program, and to pursue excellence of system. The study aims to explore TEAC and its implications for the evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan. The study employs three methods of collecting data, including literature review, G. Z. F. Bereday''s Comparative Method, and Delphi Method. So we use the methods to explore of TEAC and its implications for the evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan. According to the results, the following conclusions have been concluded: 1. Lacking of teacher education accreditation institutions dedicated units 2. Evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan lacks characteristics of self-evaluation 3. Evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan must be a standardized set of teacher education accreditation principles, objectives and process sequence 4. Evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan experts and members of the organization to be defined 5. Lacking of regular evaluation procedures and appeal procedures 6. Results of the using are the difference between TEAC and Evaluation of teacher education in Taiwan Based upon the above conclusions, some suggestions have been raised by the researcher to play a solid basis for teacher education accreditation and to upgrade the quality of future institution.

Einleitung: Es ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich das antioxidative System von Kälbern nach der Geburt entwickelt, welche Faktoren darauf Einfluss nehmen und wie sich antioxidative Parameter in ihren Aktivitäten resp. Konzentrationen unter physiologischen Bedingungen verändern. Zielstellung: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zum einen die altersabhängige Entwicklung antioxidativer Parameter bei gesunden Kälbern und Jungrindern bis zum 18. Lebensmonat zu verfolgen und zum anderen zu evaluieren, ob bei metabolisch gering belasteten Jungrindern jahreszeitliche Differenzen bezüglich Superoxiddismutase (SOD), Glutathionperoxidase (GPX) und Trolox Equivalent Antioxidative Capacity (TEAC) bestehen. Material und Methoden: Es wurden gesunde weibliche Kälber bzw. Jungrinder der Rasse Holstein Friesian / Deutsche Schwarzbunte aus drei Betrieben am 1. (n = 33) und 7. (n = 31) Tag sowie im 1. (n = 33), 3. (n = 33), 6. (n = 5), 9. (n = 5), 12. (n = 32) und 18. (n = 31) Monat post natum (p. n.) klinisch und labordiagnostisch untersucht. Weiterhin wurden in einem Betrieb während eines Jahres im September, November, Januar, März, Mai und Juli jeweils 6 gesunde weibliche Jungrinder, die zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt 12 Monate alt waren, kontrolliert. Die Tiere wurden im Stall in Anbindehaltung gehalten, ausgenommen der im Mai in Weidehaltung untersuchten Tiere. Analysiert wurden im Blut die antioxidativen Parameter SOD, GPX und TEAC, der Hämatokrit (Hkt) und die Stoffwechselparameter Gesamtprotein, Albumin, Bilirubin, Haptoglobin, Harnstoff, Cholesterol, ß-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB), AST, AP, GLDH, CK, Ca, anorganisches Phosphat (Pi) und Fe. Ergebnisse: Ein betrieblicher Einfluss war statistisch nicht nachweisbar. Vom 1. Tag bis zum 18. Monat p. n. zeigten die antioxidativen Parameter SOD, GPX und TEAC einen gleichartigen Verlauf mit einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg bis zum 6. Monat p. n.. Die GPX-Aktivitäten stiegen von 50-80 U/ml Hkt am 1. Tag p. n. auf 100-190 U/ml Hkt im 6. Monat p. n. an. Die niedrigsten Aktivitäten (p<0,05) bestanden am 1. und 7. Tag (62-90 U/ml Hkt) p. n.. Die SOD-Aktivitäten am 1. (4500-5600 U/g Hb) und 7. Tag (4600-5450 U/g Hb) p. n. waren niedriger als im 1. (5400-6800 U/g Hb) und 3. Monat (5600-7800 U/g Hb) p. n. (p<0,05). Der Anstieg der TEAC-Konzentration vom 1. Tag p. n. (220-290 µmol/l) zum 6. Monat p. n. (260-340 µmol/l) war nicht signifikant. Nach dem 6. Monat p. n. fielen die Akti-vitäten resp. Konzentrationen ab, wobei die SOD-Aktivitäten mit 12 (4000-5000 (U/g Hb) und 18 Monaten (3700-5000 U/g Hb) p. n. signifikant niedriger waren als im 1. und 3. Mo-nat p. n.. Die GPX-Aktivitäten lagen mit 12 (118-152 U/ml Hkt) und 18 Monaten (105-150 U/ml Hkt) p. n. signifikant über denen der ersten Lebenswoche. Die TEAC-Konzentrationen waren im 12. Monat p. n. mit 260-320 µmol/l größer als vom 1. Tag bis zum 1. Monat (240-280 µmol/l) p. n. (p<0,05). Die SOD, GPX und TEAC korrelierten außer mit 9 Monaten p. n. zu allen Untersuchungszeitpunkten signifikant positiv. Für AST, AP, CK und Bilirubin wurden am 1. Tag p. n. die signifikant höchsten Aktivitäten resp. Konzen-trationen ermittelt, für Haptoglobin am 7. Tag p. n.. Gesicherte Korrelationen bestanden zwischen Albumin, Bilirubin und der TEAC, zwischen BHB und TEAC, GPX sowie SOD außerdem zwischen Ca und Pi. Im Jahresverlauf waren die GPX-Aktivitäten im September und Januar mit 73-103 U/ml Hkt niedriger als von März bis Juli mit 104-142 U/ml Hkt (p<0,05). Erniedrigte TEAC-Konzentrationen wurden besonders im Januar (272-302 µmol/l) und signifikant im März (265-299 µmol/l) gegenüber September und November (319-345 µmol/l) ermittelt. Die SOD-Aktivitäten differierten nicht gesichert. GPX und SOD korrelierten im ganzen Jahr gesichert, TEAC und SOD außer im Januar ebenfalls, GPX und TEAC nur im November, März, Mai und Juli. Die Stoffwechselparameter befanden sich im physiologischen Bereich, mit Ausnahme von Harnstoff im November und Juli sowie Pi im Mai. Schlussfolgerungen: Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass das antioxidative System der neu-geborenen Kälber zur Geburt noch unreif ist und sich bis zum sechsten Monat p. n. stabilisiert. Die durch den Abbau des fetalen Hämoglobins und die Vormagenentwicklung vermehrt entstehenden ROS tragen zu einer weiteren Aktivitäts- resp. Konzentrationssteigerung der antioxidativen Parameter bis zu einem Maximum im 6. Monat p. n. bei. Danach stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Pro- und Antioxidantien ein. Auf die GPX-Aktivitäten und TEAC-Konzentrationen konnte ein jahreszeitlicher Einfluss bei Jungrinden ermittelt werden.

This thesis studies an influence of hemp added to feed rations on the organism of tested animals. In this feeding experiment the effect of supplied hemp to weight increments and antioxidant activity was observed. The tested animals were rats of strain Wistar albino. The experiment was performed with 20 male rats which were divided into 4 groups. Two groups were fed with hemp mixture and other two with control mixture. During the experiment subjects were weighed once a week and weight gain and feed consumptions were recorded. Spectrofotometric method Folin-Ciocalteu for determinations of polyphenolic compounds was used. Antioxidant activity was measured for the individual samples of feed and liver tissues of tested animals. They were FRAP and TEAC method used. The results of measurement of antioxidant activity in liver tissue proved inconclusive for both methods. Demonstrable differences were found only in samples of feed. The processing was used ANOVA statistical method using the Scheffe test.

碩士
南華大學
企業管理系管理科學碩博士班
99
School plays an important role in education; it’s the main place for children to obtain knowledge and correct values. Therefore, the success of schools’ educational development and the effective teaching of teachers led by the principal will be the key points to affect teaching efficiencies. The purpose of this study was to understand the differences of principals’ transformational leadership, teachers’ knowledge management, schools’ organizational culture , teachers’ personality traits and teaching effectiveness among elementary school teachers in Chiayi County and to examine the influences of the aspects of research on teaching effectiveness. The study adopted questionnaire. The subjects were teachers in 22 public elementary schools in Chiayi County. 391 teachers were selected as the samples and a total of 349 valid questionnaires were received. The valid response rate was 89.3%. The results were as follows: (1)Principals’ transformational leadership had a significant positive effect on teachers’ knowledge management. (2)Teachers’ knowledge management had a significant positive effect on teaching effectiveness. (3)Principals’ transformational leadership had a significant positive effect on teaching effectiveness. (4)Schools’ organizational culture had a significant positive effect on teachers’ knowledge management. (5)Schools’ organizational culture had a significant positive effect on teaching effectiveness. (6)Teachers of internal-controlled personality trait had a significant positive effect on teaching effectiveness, but teachers of external-controlled personality trait did not have a significant effect on teaching effectiveness. (7)Teachers’ knowledge management had a partial meditating effect between principals’ transformational leadership and teaching effectiveness. (8)Teachers’ knowledge management had a partial meditating effect between schools’ organizational culture and teaching effectiveness. (9)The influences of teachers’ personality traits on teachers’ knowledge management and teaching effectiveness were not obvious.

Student Number : 0105964W - MPH research report - Faculty of Health Sciences
The Employment Bureau for Africa (TEBA Limited) established in 1902 recruits mineworkers from Lesotho and neighbouring countries for South African mines. Information on mineworkers’ health and welfare from Lesotho is scarce. Tuberculosis prevalence ranged between 159/100000 and 506/100000 from 1991 to 2001 in Lesotho. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the proportion of mineworkers affected with tuberculosis among adult male patients attending TB clinics in Maseru District’s three main hospitals and ascertain compensation of mineworkers affected by occupational lung disease including tuberculosis. A structured questionnaire was used to interview 421 adult male TB patients at Queen Elizabeth II, Saint Joseph and Scott hospitals in Maseru. 38.5% of participants in the study were mineworkers (former and active) in South African mines. Among these mineworkers, 70.4% were employed in goldmines. 30.7% of mineworkers were considered eligible for compensation. 42 mineworkers received compensation for previous and current tuberculosis whilst 33 mineworkers had not.

Problem: Die Hyperlipidämie der Ponys ist eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung, die nicht selten letal endet. Eckpunkt der Pathogenese ist die Insulinresistenz in Verbindung mit proinflammatorischen Zytokinen sowie Antioxidantien. Wenn einerseits die grundlegenden pathophysiologischen Abläufe bekannt sind, gelingt nicht immer eine erfolgreiche Therapie. Es ist auch nicht bekannt, inwieweit der Übergang von der Trächtigkeit zur Laktation ätiologische Risiken birgt. Zielstellung: Ziel dieser Studie war es zu prüfen, inwieweit bei Shetlandponystuten der Übergang von der Hochträchtigkeit über das Abfohlen zur Säugeperiode Risiken für die Hyperlipidämie birgt. Neben den Parametern des Energie-Fett-Leberstoffwechsels wurde auch analysiert, ob bei Endotoxinen und Antioxidantien (TEAC) belastende Veränderungen in diesem Zeitraum auftreten, die eine gesteigerte Fettmobilisation begünstigen. Versuchsanordnung: Es wurden 15 gesunde, gut genährte Shetlandpony-Stuten ohne Fohlen bei Fuß ca. vier bis acht Wochen nach der erfolgreichen Bedeckung, maximal 24 Stunden (h) ante partum (a. p.), maximal vier Stunden, 12-16 Stunden und drei Wochen post partum (p. p.) klinisch untersucht und Blutproben (Vena jugularis externa) entnommen. Im Blutserum wurden die Parameter Triacylglycerole (TG), Freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Cholesterol, β-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB), Glucose, Gesamtbilirubin, Aspartat-Amino-Transferase (ASAT), Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH), γ-Glutaminsäure-Transaminase (GGT), Alkalische Phosphatase (AP), Totalprotein (TP), Albumin, Harnstoff, Creatinin, Creatinkinase (CK), Endotoxin sowie der antioxidative Summenparameter TEAC untersucht. Ergebnisse: Trächtigkeit, Abfohlen sowie Säugeperiode verliefen bei den Stuten physiologisch. Unter den Blutbefunden waren die Hauptveränderungen bei den TG und FFS sowie bei den Endotoxinen und bei der CK 24 h a. p. zu beobachten. Die TG waren mit \"x\" ̅ = 0,18 mmol/l (0,15-0,38 mmol/l I. bis III. Quartil) 4–8 Wochen (Wo) post conceptionem (p. c.) bereits erhöht und stiegen bis 24 h a. p. auf \"x\" ̅ = 0,27 mmol/l (0,16–0,44 mmol/l) (p ≤ 0,05); ab 4 h p. p. bis 3 Wo p. p. bewegten sie sich zwischen \"x\" ̅ = 0,14 und \"x\" ̅ = 0,19 mmol/l auf gleichem Niveau. Die TG korrelierten am engsten und häufigsten mit Cholesterol (0,66), Albumin (0,58), Creatinin (0,81) und Harnstoff (-0,61), was vor allem aus deren Zusammensetzung resultiert. Die TG-Konzentrationssteigerung direkt vor dem Abfohlen ist durch den Cortisolanstieg zum Partus erklärbar. Die Mediane der FFS-Konzentrationen lagen 4-8 Wo p. c. sowie 4 h p. p. bei \"x\" ̅ = 128 µmol/l (95-197 µmol/l), sanken 24 h a. p. auf \"x\" ̅ = 75 µmol/l (64–198 µmol/l) und pegelten sich von 12–16 h bis 3 Wo p. p. bei \"x\" ̅ = 80 µmol/l (70–100 µmol/l) ein. Die FFS-Korrelationen mit Bilirubin (0,35) und Creatinin (0,35) basieren auf den pathophysiologischen Beziehungen, ohne dass damit ätiologische Bezüge ausgewiesen werden. Die Glucose-Konzentrationen waren immer im Referenzbereich. Die höchsten Konzentrationen bestanden partusbedingt 4 h (5,24 ± 1,39 mmol/l) bis 12-16 h p. p. (4,92 ± 1,67 mmol/l). Die Beziehungen der Glucose zum Energiestoffwechsel werden durch gesicherte Korrelationen zu BHB (-0,41) und der AP (-0,29) sichtbar. Beziehungen zu den FFS oder Endotoxinen sind statisitisch nicht gesichert. Die CK-Aktivitäten schwankten im Kontrollzeitraum zwischen \"x\" ̅ = 330 bis 420 U/l (300-500 U/l); 24 h a. p. lagen sie mit \"x\" ̅ = 277 U/l (197–334 U/l) als potentielle Folge der partusbedingten Cortisolsteigerung signifikant niedriger. Das Abfohlen an sich führt zu moderater CK-Aktivitätssteigerung. Die Harnstoff-Konzentrationen zeigten einen signifikanten Anstieg von 4-8 Wo p. c. mit \"x\" ̅ = 5,75 ± 1,01 mmol/l bis auf \"x\" ̅ = 6,42 ± 1,10 mmol/l 3 Wo p. p. Gesicherte Korrelationen des Harnstoffs zum BHB machen die Stoffwechselsteigerung p. p. für den Konzentrationsanstieg wahrscheinlich. Die Bilirubin-Konzentration nimmt von 12 auf 8 µmol/l im Kontrollverlauf ab, ebenso die AP-Aktivitäten von 780 auf 580 U/l und ASAT-Aktivitäten von 395 auf ca. 300 U/l. Die GGT- sowie GLDH-Aktivitäten sind zu Beginn der Untersuchungen mit 17 bzw. 6 U/l niedrig und steigen bei der letzten Kontrolle 3 Wo p. p. um ca. 50% signifikant, aber immer noch im physiologischen Bereich, an. Eine stärkere Leberbelastung lässt sich aus diesen Parametern nicht ableiten. Die Endotoxin-Konzentrationen sind p. p. am niedrigsten und an der Nachweisgrenze. Die signifikante Konzentrationssteigerung 24 h a. p. lässt an Beziehungen zu den gesteigerten TG und den erniedrigten FFS sowie der CK als Folge der ansteigenden Cortisol-Konzentration vor dem Partus denken. Gesicherte Korrelationen bestehen vor allem zu den Antioxidantien (TEAC), d. h., dass die Endotoxine den antioxidativen Status belasten. Die Cholesterol-, TP-, Albumin-, Creatinin- sowie TEAC-Konzentrationen blieben im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum praktisch physiologisch konstant. Schlussfolgerungen: Gesunde, gut genährte Shetlandponystuten zeigen während der Trächtigkeit, dem Abfohlen und in der Säugeperiode einen stabilen Stoffwechsel. Eine stärkere Belastung wird 24 h vor dem Partus anhand der TG und Endotoxine erkennbar, die offensichtlich Folge der steigenden partusinduzierenden Cortisol-Konzentration sind.:Abkürzungen 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 3 2.1 Das Shetlandpony 3 2.1.1 Rassebeschreibung 3 2.1.2 Lipidstoffwechsel 4 2.1.3 Leberverfettungen 5 2.1.3.1 Hyperlipidämie der Shetlandponys 5 2.1.3.2 Mit der Hyperlipidämie vergesellschaftete Erkrankungen 8 2.1.3.3 Equines Metabolisches Syndrom/ Equines Cushing Syndrom 8 2.2 Geburtsauslösende Hormone 10 2.3 Stoffwechselparameter 11 2.3.1 Lipidstoffwechsel 11 2.3.1.1 Triacylglycerole (TG) 11 2.3.1.2 Cholesterol 12 2.3.1.3 Freie Fettsäuren (FFS) 12 2.3.1.4 β-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB) 13 2.3.2 Leberstoffwechsel 13 2.3.2.1 Gesamtbilirubin 13 2.3.2.2 Aspartat-Amino-Transferase (ASAT) 14 2.3.2.3 Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH) 15 2.3.2.4 γ-Glutaminsäure-Transaminase (GGT) 15 2.3.2.5 Glucose 16 2.3.2.6 Alkalische Phosphatase (AP) 17 2.3.3 Protein- und Muskelstoffwechsel 17 2.3.3.1 Totalprotein (TP) 17 2.3.3.2 Albumin 18 2.3.3.3 Harnstoff 18 2.3.3.4 Creatinin 19 2.3.3.5 Creatinkinase (CK) 19 2.4 Leukozyten 20 2.5 Endotoxine 21 2.5.1 Definition der Endotoxine 21 2.5.2 Endotoxinwirkungen 22 2.5.3 Endotoxinämie 23 2.5.4 Endotoxinschock 23 2.5.5 Neutralisation und Inaktivierung der Endotoxine 24 2.5.6 Endotoxin-bedingte Erkrankungen beim Pferd 25 2.5.6.1 Hufrehe 26 2.5.6.2 Kolik 28 2.5.6.3 Typhlocolitis 29 2.5.6.4 Fohlen-Sepsis 30 2.5.6.5 COPD 31 2.5.6.6 Kreislauf und DIC 31 2.5.7 Endotoxinbestimmung 31 2.6 Antioxidativer Status 32 2.6.1 Freie Radikale – oxidativer Stress 32 2.6.2 Antioxidantien 35 2.6.3 Antioxidative Kapazität 38 2.6.4 Bestimmung des antioxidativen Status mittels TEAC 40 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODEN 41 3.1 Tiere 41 3.2 Probenentnahme und Aufbereitung 42 3.3 Untersuchung der Blutproben 43 3.3.1 Stoffwechselparameter 43 3.3.2 Leukozyten 43 3.3.3 Endotoxine 45 3.3.4 TEAC 46 3.4 Statistische Auswertung 49 4 ERGEBNISSE 51 4.1 Lipidstoffwechsel 51 4.1.1 Triacylglycerole (TG) 51 4.1.2 Cholesterol 53 4.1.3 Freie Fettsäuren (FFS) 54 4.1.4 β-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB) 55   4.2 Leberstoffwechsel 57 4.2.1 Gesamtbilirubin 57 4.2.2 Aspartat-Amino-Transferase (ASAT) 58 4.2.3 Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH) 60 4.2.4 γ-Glutaminsäure-Transaminase (GGT) 61 4.2.5 Glucose 62 4.2.6 Alkalische Phosphatase (AP) 64 4.3 Protein- und Muskelstoffwechsel 65 4.3.1 Totalprotein (TP) 65 4.3.2 Albumin 67 4.3.3 Harnstoff 68 4.3.4 Creatinin 70 4.3.5 Creatinkinase (CK) 71 4.4 Leukozyten 73 4.5 Endotoxine 74 4.6 TEAC 75 5 DISKUSSION 76 5.1 Lipidstoffwechsel 77 5.1.1 Triacylglycerole (TG) 78 5.1.2 Cholesterol 80 5.1.3 Freie Fettsäuren (FFS) 81 5.1.4 β-Hydroxy-Butyrat (BHB) 83 5.2 Leberstoffwechsel 84 5.2.1 Gesamtbilirubin 85 5.2.2 Aspartat-Amino-Transferase (ASAT) 86 5.2.3 Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH) 87 5.2.4 γ-Glutaminsäure-Transaminase (GGT) 87 5.2.5 Glucose 88 5.2.6 Alkalische Phosphatase (AP) 89 5.3 Protein- und Muskelstoffwechsel 90 5.3.1 Totalprotein (TP) 91 5.3.2 Albumin 91 5.3.3 Harnstoff 92 5.3.4 Creatinin 93 5.3.5 Creatinkinase (CK) 93   5.4 Leukozyten 94 5.5 Endotoxine 95 5.6 TEAC 96 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 98 7 SUMMARY 100 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 102 9 ANHANG 124 9.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 124 9.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 126 DANKSAGUNG 127