Academic literature on the topic 'Technical assistance, West German'

The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras was established between 1959 and 1974 with assistance of the Federal Republic of Germany, which was the largest West German enterprise in the field of technical education abroad. The support consisted of German experts for teaching and in setting up laboratories and workshops. In this article, I argue that the engagement of the Federal Republic at IIT Madras must be understood primarily as a political project. The Federal Republic saw itself in direct competition with the Soviet Union, but also with the USA and the UK, which in turn supported the establishment of the IITs in Bombay, Kanpur and Delhi. While West Germany’s engagement had initially been motivated by influencing India’s position on divided post-war Germany, this changed towards the end of the 1960s to the vested interest of German policymakers in long-term scientific and technical cooperation. The German assistance was reoriented, from workshop-based engineering education to setting up a technological research university. Planning and policy were guided by political premises, to which the educational and scientific aspects were subordinate, and German staff was controlled and restricted in its scientific freedom. The German faculty saw themselves confronted with implementing a project which had been politically predefined as a successful Indo-German collaboration, by establishing meaningful research and engineering training. As a case study, the article contributes to the important history of aid in technical educational as part of Westas well as East German development aid during the Cold War, which so far has received little if any attention among historians.

In September 1980 at the International Aeromedical Evacuation Congress held in Munich, West Germany, the International Society of Emergency Medical Services (ISEMS) was formed. The purpose of this new society is to develop, promote, and improve EMS throughout the world. The founding members came from sixteen nations and represented such regions as Africa, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East.This new organization, ISEMS, provides a permanent, ongoing focal point for studies and serves as a global clearinghouse for EMS technical assistance, training, management, and evaluation. The Society remains on an international level, and its eligible membership consists of all persons who participate in EMS throughout the world. The publication of a scientific journal for all EMS personnel is planned. Through ISEMS, International Centers of Excellence will be established to provide technical assistance to countries for improvement of their EMS programs; training seminars and educational programs will also be sponsored. In addition, annually sponsored meetings in key cities in various countries of the world are planned.

Major disasters require extensive activity by the fire-fighting, technical and emergency services. Simultaneously, victims have to be rescued, fires have to be fought and other technical aspects of assistance have to be employed. Ill and injured patients have to be removed from danger, prepared for transport, and taken by ambulance, under the care of skilled personnel, to hospitals. The responsibility for these actions lies in West Germany in the hands of the Fire Brigades.The Alert. Emergency calls arriving at Fire Brigade communication centers or emergency service control centers are often inaccurate. It is necessary for professional emergency personnel to give detailed information from the incident site. This should include the nature and gravity of the damage, the number of injured and their severity, and the best possible access.Exploration of the Site. In major medical incidents it is highly important to gain a full overview of the scale of the danger and damage. Often incident sites with a great number of injured are difficult to reach and to survey.Searching for the Injured. It is a matter of high priority to search all over the site for injured persons and those suffering from shock. In large areas, which are difficult to survey, this must still remain a priority. Additional personnel may have to be called in.

The article deals period of Gustav Gustavovich Yakobovsky’s life – an ethnic German, a Soviet citizen who initially built his career in the field of education, but during the years of the Nazi occupation of Ukraine he took the path of collaboration. The main attention is paid to collaboration of Gustav Yakobovsky with the invaders as a translator of the SD in Dnepropetrovsk. During his work in the SD G.G.Yakobovsky was involved in Nazi war crimes, that is why a study of the collaborator’s biography helps to understand the period of occupation in Dnepropetrovsk region in 1941–1943 and the history of the local Resistance movement.In particular, the archival materials of the case compiled as a result of the investigation of Yakobovsky in 1948 provide the following information. Gustav Yakobovsky was born on 19.05.1912 in the village of Karlovka in Katerinoslav province in a family of ethnic Germans – descendants of colonists. After leaving Shevchenko Nikopol Labour School in 1928, he graduated from Nikolaipolsky technical school (1933) and the biological faculty of Dnepropetrovsk State University (1938). After receiving a university diploma, he worked as an assistant in the Department of Biochemistry and at the same time he was the Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Biology. Being a university student he married to a former classmate in the technical school О.A. Herzenok. They raised daughter Adele. The unremarkable life of the Soviet intellectual changed in 1941 with the outbreak of the German-Soviet military conflict. At the beginning of German occupation of Dnepropetrovsk he got a job in a death squadron (Einsatzgruppe) as a translator with SD investigator Erich Bing, where he worked from October 9, 1941 to March 1942. Later, from the beginning of 1942 he worked as a personal translator of SD head in Dnepropetrovsk (Hauptsturmführer Plata, and after a change of leadership from January 1942, Sturmbanführer Mulde). From March to September 1942, he worked in department ІІІ of the SD, and from September (?) 1942 to August 1943 in department IV of the SD in Dnipropetrovsk.During the period of service he translated interrogations of arrested Soviet citizens, worked with agents, processed information for the SD, went to arrests, and took part in destroying local underground organizations. In Juny 1943, participating in the rout of a clandestine group (Sinelnikovskaya operation), he was seriously wounded and afterwards was taken to Germany for treatment, where he remained until the Nazi regime surrendered. During his service in the Third Reich, he was awarded Iron Cross 2nd class for military contributions and the Wound Badge 3rd class. To study the future fate of the collaborator is a promising direction of the scientific research. His work for the Wehrmacht in Germany, attempts to legalize after the war and ways to avoid punishment for collaboration, the circumstances of his arrest in the Soviet zone of Germany, the investigation and the court in the Ukrainian SSR – all these are the subjects of research in the following scientific publications.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the aftermath of the Second World War, the development challenges facing Third World countries - those that were independent, those emerging from colonialism and those still under colonialism - led to the proliferation of bilateral and multilateral development institutions. These institutions were intended to assist the developing countries in terms of the provision of both human (technical) skills and material resources as well as to formulate programmes that would promote co-operation for socio-economic development and transformation. If the enormous development problems facing Africa including poverty, hunger, disease can be alleviated, then multilateral institutions have a major role to play in its scientific and technological development as well as in helping to create the appropriate institutional mechanisms for regional and sub-regional co-operation in science and technology (S&T) in Africa. The United Nations system, including UN-affiliated institutions, has therefore come to represent the best hope of realising the dream of most developing countries in their quest for development, due to its institutional capacity to provide development assistance as well as influence the international development agenda which affects Africa. For example, among the institutions in this study, the World Bank Group remains the biggest donor organisation in terms of the funding of development projects and programmes. UNESCO has a leading role as the UN agency whose mandate relates directly to S&T development and peace. The ECA is the representative body of the UN in Africa and therefore able to influence the direction of development policy and programmes. Similarly, the need to develop also led African countries to establish their own regional and sub-regional institutions for co-operation to draw together both human and material resources. However, the development issues discussed and promoted in the developing world over the years have focused more on national income, terms of trade, market access and in recent times on structural adjustment and poverty reduction strategy programmes. But the most important aspect of the development process - the knowledge capability gap (in terms of S&T) - has been much neglected especially at the regional and sub-regional levels. Therefore, in using regional and sub-regional levels of analyses, the research project looks at the programmes supported by the following institutions: the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Development Bank (AIDB), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Thus the study uses a theorydriven evaluation based on INEXSK (INfrastructure, EXperience and Skills, and Knowledge) approach broadly, to investigate the extent to which these multilateral institutions live up to their stated goals of improving the knowledge base for development in the African continent. An important aspect of the study also entails a historical review of science, technology and institutional co-operation in Africa. Furthermore, an important outcome of the study reveals the lack of functional regional and sub-regional organisational frameworks to promote rigorous scientific and technological research and development in the African continent, except for a few centres and programmes supported by some multilateral and bilateral institutions including NGOs. In spite of many years of structural adjustment the World Bank's lending for S&T has marginalised African countries; while the AIDB support for S&T and regional programmes is woefully inadequate. This is a momentous task it has to address if the NEP AD Initiative is to be successful in the years ahead. To guide future initiatives the study draws on the lessons and experiences of the European Union's and the Association of South East Asian Nations' (ASEAN) regional scientific and technology co-operation programmes. The study advocates a knowledge-based development paradigm, which is transnational in approach, and it makes specific recommendations for regional and sub-regional programmes and strategies to promote the socio-economic development and transformation of Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OPSOMMING Ná afloop van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het Derde Wêreldlande - dié reeds onafhanklik, óf besig om kolonialisme af te skud, óf nog steeds onder 'n koloniale moondheid se bewind - sekere ontwikkelingstruikelblokke en -uitdagings in die gesig gestaar. Dit het gelei tot die totstandkoming van verskeie bilaterale en multilaterale ontwikkelingsinstellings. Die doel met sulke instellings se hulpverlening aan ontwikkelende lande was drieledig: om tegniese vaardighede aan te bied; om materiële hulpmiddele te verskaf; en om programme, wat samewerking vir sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en transformasie sou bevorder, te formuleer. Indien die las van die geweldige ontwikkelingsprobleme in Afrika (insluitend armoede, hongersnood en siektes) verlig sou kon word, het multilaterale instellings 'n belangrike rol om te vervul: om te help met, enersyds, die wetenskaplike en tegnologiese ontwikkeling van die kontinent, en andersyds die ontwikkeling van toepaslike institusionele meganismes vir streek- en sub-streeksamewerking in wetenskap en tegnologie (W&T). As gevolg van die Verenigde Nasies se institusionele kapasiteit om ontwikkelingshulp te verskaf, asook om die internasionale ontwikkelingsagenda te beïnvloed, verteenwoordig dié stelsel die beste hoop van die meeste ontwikkelende lande om hulle ontwikkelingsdrome te verwesenlik. Van die instellings wat by die VN geaffillieer is, en wat in hierdie ondersoek geëvalueer word, is die Wêreldbankgroep, die grootste skenkerorganisasie vir die befondsing van ontwikkelingsprogramme en -projekte. So ook het UNESCO 'n leiersrol as die VN agentskap van wie die mandaat direk betrekking het op die ontwikkeling van W&T. Die EKA is die liggaam wat Afrika verteenwoordig by die VN, en beïnvloed daarom die koers van ontwikkelingsbeleid en -programme. Die noodsaak om die kontinent te ontwikkel het ook gelei daartoe dat Afrikalande hulle eie streek- en sub-streekliggame, wat menslike en materiële hulpbronne bymekaar bring, begin stig het. Die ontwikkelingskwessies wat oor die jare in die ontwikkelende wêreld bespreek en aangemoedig is, het egter meer en meer gefokus op nasionale inkomste, handelsvoorwaardes, toegang tot markte en, in die afgelope tyd, strukturele aanpassings en armoede verligtingstrategie programme. Die belangrikste deel van die ontwikkelingsproses - die vernouing van die kennisgaping in W&T - is gevolglik afgeskeep, veral op streek- en substreekvlak. Hierdie navorsingsprojek analiseer dus, op streek- en sub-streekvlak, ontwikkelingsprogramme wat deur die volgende instansies ondersteun word: die Verenigde Nasies se Opvoedkundige, Wetenskaplike en Kulturele Organisasie (UNESCO), die Wêreldbank, die Verenigde Nasies se Ekonomiese Kommissie vir Afrika (EKA), die Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid (OAE), die Ontwikkelingsbank van Afrika, die Suider- Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap en die Ekonomiese Gemeenskap van Wes-Afrikaanse State. Die navorsing gebruik 'n teorie-gedrewe evaluering gebaseer op 'n INEXSK ("INfrastructure, EXperience and Skills, and Knowlege") benadering, om te bepaal in watter mate hierdie multilaterale instellings hulle doelwitte, met betrekking tot die verbetering van die kennisbasis vir ontwikkeling van die Afrika-kontinent, bereik. 'n Historiese oorsig van die wetenskaplike, tegnologiese en institusionele samewerking in Afrika vorm 'n belangrike deel van die navorsingsverslag. Die navorsing dui ook op 'n gebrek aan funksionele organisatoriese raamwerke om op streek en sub-streekvlak streng wetenskaplike en tegnologiese navorsing en ontwikkeling aan te wakker en te bevorder. (Daar is darem 'n paar noemenswaardige uitsonderings van sentra en programme wat deur party van die bilaterale en multilaterale instellings ondersteun word.) Ten spyte van strukturele aanpassings wat oor baie jare plaasgevind het, het die Wêreldbank se lenings vir W&T Afrikalande gemarginaliseer; en die Ontwikkelingsbank van Afrika se ondersteuning vir W&T en streeksprogramme is heeltemal ontoereikend. Daar is 'n geweldige taak wat in die toekoms aangespreek moet word indien die NEPAD inisiatief hoop om suksesvol te wees. Die verslag gebruik die lesse en ervarings van die Europese Unie en die Vereniging van Suid- Asiatiese Lande se streeksamewerkingsprogramme vir wetenskap en tegnologie as rigtingwyser vir toekomstige inisiatiewe. Die verslag beveel 'n transnasionale kennisgebaseerde ontwikkelingsparadigma aan, en maak spesifieke aanbevelings vir streek en sub-streekprogramme en strategieë om die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en transformasie van Afrika te bevorder.

This chapter presents the author’s personal experiences in providing technical assistance to central banks in the areas of central bank and banking laws (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, and Kosovo); central bank organizational structure (Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Kazakhstan, and West Bank and Gaza); designing and introducing new currencies (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Republika Srpska, Slovenia, West Bank and Gaza, and Zimbabwe); non-cash payment systems; and central bank policy instruments to promote and function in private sector money markets (Afghanistan and South Sudan).

These tests were performed at the Technical University of Athens, Department of Water Resources, by Assistant Professor Alexandra Katsiri during November-December 1988. The problem she was asked to investigate was in what ways these waters differed from ordinary drinking water in Athens. (I am extremely grateful to her for this gracious assistance.) The waters were gathered from three separate sites in and near the Asklepieion on the south slope of the Acropolis, Athens (Fig. 18.5). Specifically, they are: A. Sacred Spring in Asklepion B. Archaic shaft immediately west of Asklepion C. Byzantine cistern immediately adjacent to B, to the west Table 19.1 gives a detailed analysis of the water samples. The fact that the figures from the three sources differ significantly indicates that the three places derive their water from different channels within the Acropolis. Thus the belief of the workmen on the site that these are different waters has been verified.

This chapter addresses the differentiated priorities in the West and East as they emerged during the institutionalization of development structures and procedures. In the 1950s, with the Soviet Union and its allies entering the development business, aid became a full-fledged weapon in the Cold War arsenal. Development plans extolled the virtues of modernity and modernity was conceived in the singular: there were several ways to solve the same problem, and experts had differentiated approaches, but they did not diverge drastically. With the entry of the Soviet Union as a potential donor rather than a distant model, development turned competitive. Models were now pitted against one another in a competition about effectiveness and symbolic strength. Technology was not neutral anymore. Machinery and dams were products of a culture, and the choice of technology implied a choice of social organization, labor relations, and structures of production: it was a political choice. Countries had to take sides in the Cold War, because the decision was a final and irreversible one between irreconcilable proposals. The chapter then focuses on the organs charged with coordinating aid: the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Permanent Commission for Technical Assistance of Comecon.

Information technology (IT) work is often distributed geographically through practices such as teleworking. Telework lends itself well to IT workers because they work easily with information technology, which is required for telework, and because many IT jobs consist of knowledge work—the creation and analysis of symbols and ideas—which may be done anywhere and anytime. Advances in information technology make distributed work possible. Globalization and the need for organization flexibility make distributed work necessary (Davis, 1995). Organizations distribute work to take advantage of scarce and inexpensive talent, enhance innovation and product design, and to reduce real estate costs, development time, and labor costs. Workers choose distributed work to balance work and life demands, reduce commuting time, accommodate disabilities, and take advantage of distant opportunities. Telework, a form of distributed work first described by Nilles (1975), has established itself throughout the United States. We discuss telework trends and provide some data describing teleworkers in IT professions in the United States. Four forms of telework are commonly used (see Key Terms; Bailey & Kurland, 2002; Kurland & Bailey, 1999). Most teleworkers use a combination of these forms, although home-based telework is most prevalent (Davis & Polonko, 2001). Each form of telework is practiced for different reasons and produces different work experiences and outcomes (Bailey & Kurland, 2002; Davis & Polonko, 2003; Helling, 2000). A national survey of telework practices in the United States was conducted in 2001 under sponsorship of the International Telework Association and Council (ITAC) and AT&T (Davis & Polonko, 2001). The sample was stratified to represent all U.S. households and was diverse with respect to gender, ethnicity, occupation, organization size, and industry. Results showed that there are approximately twenty-eight million teleworkers in the U.S. Compared to nonteleworkers, teleworkers are significantly more likely to be from the Northeast and West, male (54% of teleworkers), have higher education and income, work in professional/managerial occupations, work in industries such as construction, professional/ scientific/technical services, health care/social assistance, and work in very small and very large organizations. There were no significant differences in telework practice for marital status, race/ethnicity, and age.