Academic literature on the topic 'Technical debt impact'

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Journal articles on the topic "Technical debt impact"

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Conejero, José M., Roberto Rodríguez-Echeverría, Juan Hernández, et al. "Early evaluation of technical debt impact on maintainability." Journal of Systems and Software 142 (August 2018): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.04.035.

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Aversano, Lerina, Martina Iammarino, Mimmo Carapella, Andrea Del Vecchio, and Laura Nardi. "On the Relationship between Self-Admitted Technical Debt Removals and Technical Debt Measures." Algorithms 13, no. 7 (2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13070168.

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The technical debt (TD) in a software project refers to the adoption of an inadequate solution from its design to the source code. When developers admit the presence of technical debt in the source code, through comments or commit messages, it is called self-admitted technical debt (SATD). This aspect of TD has been the subject of numerous research studies, which have investigated its distribution, the impact on software quality, and removal. Therefore, this work focuses on the relationship between SATD and TD values. In particular, the study aims to compare the admitted technical debt with respect to its objective measure. In fact, the trends of TD values during SATD removals have been studied. This was done thanks to the use of an SATD dataset and their related removals in four open source projects. Instead, the SonarQube tool was used to measure TD values. Thanks to this work, it turned out that SATD removals in a few cases correspond to an effective reduction of TD values, while in numerous cases, the classes indicated are removed.
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Barbiero Klein, Deisy Cristina, Rodrigo Hickmann Klein, and Edimara Mezzomo Luciano. "TECHNICAL DEBT EM PROJETOS DE GOVERNO ELETRÔNICO NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL." RACE - Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Economia 15, no. 3 (2016): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/race.v15i3.9758.

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<p><em>Technical Debt</em> (Dívida Técnica) em Tecnologia da informação (TI) é a dívida assumida pela equipe de projetos de desenvolvimento de <em>software</em> ao adotar uma solução de <em>design</em> ou abordagem fácil de implementar, o que é positivo em curto prazo, mas com impacto muito negativo em longo prazo. O objetivo com a pesquisa foi compreender como os profissionais de TI identificam, abordam, caracterizam, compreendem e tratam a Dívida Técnica. O instrumento de pesquisa desenvolvido por Lim, Taksande e Seaman (2012) foi usado para a coleta de dados mediante uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa por meio de entrevistas com profissionais de TI que trabalham em projetos de Governo Eletrônico no Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram identificadas as percepções relacionadas às causas, sintomas e impactos da Dívida Técnica e sua relação com o custo e o tempo de gestão. Os resultados mostram que a Dívida Técnica está presente nos projetos de Governo Eletrônico analisados, principalmente, para priorizar o escopo e a duração, trazendo alguns riscos para a qualidade de sistemas, integridade de dados e disponibilidade de serviços governamentais. Mesmo que os resultados estejam relacionados a um caso particular, eles mostram a importância da redução da Dívida Técnica ao mesmo tempo que orçamento, abrangência e prazo são considerados. Especialmente em projetos de governo eletrônico, a Dívida Técnica pode comprometer alguns serviços aos cidadãos em longo prazo, exigindo esforço extra para reparos.</p><p>Palavras-chave: <em>Technical Debt</em>. Dívida Técnica. e-GOV. Projetos de TI.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Technical debt in Rio Grande do Sul e-government projects</em></strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><em>Abstract</em></p><p> </p><p><em>Technical Debt in IT is the debt incurred by the team of software development projects by adopting a design solution or easy approach to implement, which is positive in the short term, but has very negative impact in the long-term. The goal of this research is understand how IT professionals identify, approach, characterize, understand and treat Technical Debt. The research instrument developed by Lim, Taksande e Seaman (2012) was used for the data collection through qualitative exploratory interviews with IT professionals who work on E-government Projects from the Rio Grande do Sul State Government. Perceptions related to the causes, symptoms and impacts of the Technical Debt and its relationship to the management cost and time were identified. The results show that Technical Debt is present in the e-government projects analysed mainly to prioritize the scope and term, bringing some risks to systems quality, data integrity and, to the availability of government services. Even though the results are related to a particular case, they show the importance of reducing Technical Debt as long as staying on budget, scope and term especially in E-government Projects since Technical Debt can in the long-term compromise some services to citizens, demanding extra effort for repairs. </em></p><p><em>Keywords:</em> <em>Technical Debt</em>. e-GOV. <em>IT projects</em>.</p>
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MacCormack, Alan, and Daniel J. Sturtevant. "Technical debt and system architecture: The impact of coupling on defect-related activity." Journal of Systems and Software 120 (October 2016): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.007.

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Srinivasan, R. "The Impact of Technical Performance and Debt Maturity on Independent Power Project Viability." Journal of Structured Finance 8, no. 1 (2002): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2002.320271.

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Chava, Sudheer, Shunlan Fang, Praveen Kumar, and Saumya Prabhat. "Debt Covenants and Corporate Governance." Annual Review of Financial Economics 11, no. 1 (2019): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110716-032511.

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We review the recent theoretical and empirical literature on debt covenants with a particular focus on how creditor governance after covenant violations can influence the borrower's corporate policies. From the theoretical literature, we identify the key trade-offs that help explain the observed heterogeneity in covenant types, inclusion, likelihood of violation, and postviolation renegotiation flexibility. Empirically, we first review the literature that deals with ex ante evidence on covenant design and the various factors that influence covenant design; we next review the ex post evidence on the impact of technical covenant violations on the borrower. We then discuss limitations of the existing theoretical and empirical studies and conclude with some directions for future research in this burgeoning area.
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Chotia, Varun. "The impact of fiscal consolidation and economic growth on debt: Evidence from India." Ekonomski anali 64, no. 222 (2019): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1922063c.

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This paper analyses the challenges debt reduction faces as a result of fiscal consolidation and the effect of growth on India?s debt ratio. Simulations are conducted based on India?s current revenue and debt levels and project different cases of fiscal tightening and their effect on changes in debt stock with respect to the change in GDP, i.e., changes in the debt ratio. The estimates for multipliers that are used in the Structural Vector Auto Regression (SVAR) model are obtained empirically by giving shocks to fiscal instruments such as expenditure and taxes. A non-technical approach to the SVAR methodology is used to analyse the dynamics of the studied framework by subjecting it to unexpected shocks. A more measured act of consolidation may be implemented in an attempt to normalise multiplier values in order to create an appropriate environment for reducing government spending. The drawbacks include the limitations of the SVAR methodology such as the orthogonality condition, which makes the entire analysis fairly restrictive. The framework used for the analysis is a modern approach towards understanding macroeconomic trends and variables in the context of the Indian economy and seeks to apply recently developed analytical tools.
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Gadanakis, Yiorgos, Gianluca Stefani, Ginerva Virginia Lombardi, and Marco Tiberti. "The impact of financial leverage on farm technical efficiency during periods of price instability." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 1 (2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2018-0080.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between capital structure and technical efficiency (TE) for Italian cereal farms during the 2008–2014 period. Emphasis is given in the understanding of the relationship between the level of financial leverage for cereal farms and their production performance. Design/methodology/approach The methods employed in this research article are based on non-parametric techniques in order to derive TE estimates for a sample of Italian cereal farms based on available Farm Accountancy Data Network data to explore in depth the relationship amongst the financial exposure of the sector and the capacity to utilise an efficient and effective production technology. Furthermore, subsidies are considered in the model as a non-discretionary variable and therefore, as an input that farmers cannot directly influence within the production function. Hence, the non-discretionary Data Envelopment Analysis model is a more appropriate framework since it is not penalising farms at a lower level of Pillar I payments when benchmarked with farms that receive a higher level of payments. Findings The results show that significant improvements could be achieved for most of the farms in the sample by improving production and management practices. Furthermore, results provide an empirical support of the adjustment theory by showing a negative impact of debt to asset ratio to TE. Originality/value This research article provides a first insight on the evolution of the Italian cereal farms debt-TE relationship in periods where high price instability has been observed.
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Butters, Oliver W., Rebecca C. Wilson, and Paul R. Burton. "Recognizing, reporting and reducing the data curation debt of cohort studies." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 4 (2020): 1067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa087.

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Abstract Good data curation is integral to cohort studies, but it is not always done to a level necessary to ensure the longevity of the data a study holds. In this opinion paper, we introduce the concept of data curation debt—the data curation equivalent to the software engineering principle of technical debt. Using the context of UK cohort studies, we define data curation debt—describing examples and their potential impact. We highlight that accruing this debt can make it more difficult to use the data in the future. Additionally, the long-running nature of cohort studies means that interest is accrued on this debt and compounded over time—increasing the impact a debt could have on a study and its stakeholders. Primary causes of data curation debt are discussed across three categories: longevity of hardware, software and data formats; funding; and skills shortages. Based on cross-domain best practice, strategies to reduce the debt and preventive measures are proposed—with importance given to the recognition and transparent reporting of data curation debt. Describing the debt in this way, we encapsulate a multi-faceted issue in simple terms understandable by all cohort study stakeholders. Data curation debt is not only confined to the UK, but is an issue the international community must be aware of and address. This paper aims to stimulate a discussion between cohort studies and their stakeholders on how to address the issue of data curation debt. If data curation debt is left unchecked it could become impossible to use highly valued cohort study data, and ultimately represents an existential risk to studies themselves.
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Špička, Jindřich. "How does public investment support change the capital structure and productivity of small enterprises? An empirical study of the food industry." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 8 (2018): 1045–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0009.

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The impact evaluations of public investments are essential for policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of public resource allocation. European public investment subsidies target small companies to enhance their competitiveness and viability in the market. This article uses the average treatment effect and the difference-in-difference approach to evaluate the impacts of investment support from the Rural Development Programme and the Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovation on structural and economic indicators of small enterprises. This representative case study of 550 supported small companies from the Czech food and beverage industry during 2007-2015 clearly shows that investment subsidies increase the fixed assets, the credit-to-debt ratio and the labour productivity of supported companies versus nonparticipants. However, the discussion with recent studies indicates that this is not always positive for participants since high growth versus nonparticipants could result in crowding-out effects and increasing long-term and short-term debt that negatively impact technical efficiency.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Technical debt impact"

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Hultberg, Carl. "Technical decision-making in startups and its impact on growth and technical debt." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299623.

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The rapid pace of digitalization has resulted in increased management of software development, and today a majority of startups are reliant on software. How to manage software development projects is a well-researched area and agile methods are widely adopted by companies in all industries and sizes. However, prior to working with agile methods or any other software development methodology, the founders and management of a startup have to make several technical decisions that could potentially affect the whole software development process and the company's success. Furthermore, studies show that only three programming languages are known by more than 50% of developers, suggesting that the potential effects of technical decisions stretch outside the software development process.  By performing a multiple-case study on startups with a mixed-methodology approach, the researcher has analyzed the literature, interviewed several founders and Chief Technology Officers, and quantitatively analyzed hundreds of thousand lines of code, to find how to organize to make better technical decisions in order to enhance growth and generate less technical debt. The results show that the effects of technical decisions stretch outside the software development process, having an apparent effect on a startup's ability to attract and retain talent. Furthermore, the results show that access to talent is an important but not deciding factor in technical decision-making. Additionally, it is found that in the initial stage of a startup, ease of development and speed are important factors in technical decisions as the main objective is to find product-market fit. When product-market fit has been found and the startup matures, the focus shifts and quality and durability are becoming prominent factors. It is found that scooping features only to implement the absolute core functionality is an effective approach to develop quickly and generate less technical debt while maintaining customer satisfaction. Lastly, it is found that programming language affects the number of issues generated per line of code and the time spent on building features. However, as found in the literature, there is no evidence of this being related to the type of programming language.  The findings have both practical and academic implications. In academics, this thesis lays the foundation for further studies and provides new insights into the field of startups in general, and technical decision-making in particular. For practitioners, this thesis provides a basis for discussion and execution of technical decisions in the early stages of a startup.<br>Den snabba digitaliseringen har resulterat i en ökad ledning av mjukvaruutveckling och idag är majoriteten av startups beroende av någon form av mjukvara. Hur man leder mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt är ett välutforskat område och agila metoder är välanvända i företag i alla industrier och storlekar. Innan man arbetar med agila metoder eller någon annan mjukvarutvecklingsmetod så måste grundarna och ledningen ta flera tekniska beslut som potentiellt kan påverka hela mjukvaruutvecklingsprocessen och företagets framgång. Samtidigt finns det studier som visar att endast tre programmeringsspråk hanteras av mer än 50% av utvecklarna, vilket indikerar att de potentiella effekterna av tekniska beslut sträcker sig långt utanför mjukvaruutvecklingsprocessen.  Genom att utföra en flerfallsstudie på startups med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa moment, har forskaren analyserat literaturen, intervjuat flertalet grundare och tekniska chefer, och kvantitativt analyserat hundratusentals rader kod, för att undersöka hur startups kan organisera sig för att ta bättre tekniska beslut som förbättrar tillväxten samt genererar mindre teknisk skuld. Resultaten visar att effekten av tekniska beslut sträcker sig långt utanför mjukvaruutvecklingsprocessen genom att ha en direkt påverkan på startups möjlighet att attrahera och behålla talang. Tillgången till talang visar sig även vara en viktig faktor i teknisk beslutsfattande, däremot är den inte en avgörande faktor. Dessutom visar resultaten att i det initiala stadiet av en startup så är enkelhet och hastighet viktiga faktorer i tekniskt beslutsfattande eftersom fokus ligger på att hitta produkt-marknads-anpassning. När produkt-marknads-anpassning är funnen och startupen mognar, så skiftar dessa faktorerna över till kvalité och hållbarhet. Resultaten visar även att en effektiv metod för att utveckla snabbt och skapa mindre teknisk skuld är att skala ner förfrågningar till dess absolut grundfunktionalitet, samtidigt visade det sig att kundnöjdheten inte minskade. Slutligen visar resultaten att val av programmeringsspråk har en effekt på antalet issues genererade per rad kod och även tiden spenderad för att bygga features. Däremot, precis som i tidigare forskning, finns det inga bevis på att det är relaterat till typen av programmeringsspråk.  Resultaten har både praktiska och akademiska implikationer. I den akademiska världen så lägger detta arbetet en grund för framtida forskning och ger nya insikter i startupfältet generellt, och tekniskt beslutsfattande i startups i synnerhet. För utövare, lägger detta arbetet en bra bas för diskussion och verkställande av tekniska beslut i startups.
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Tonin, Graziela Simone. "Technical debt management in the context of agile methods in software development." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-30072018-142720/.

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The technical debt field covers an critical problem of software engineering, and this is one of the reasons why this field has received significant attention in recent years. The technical debt metaphor helps developers to think about, and to monitor software quality. The metaphor refers to flaws in software (usually caused by shortcuts to save time) that may affect future maintenance and evolution. It was created by Cunningham to improve the quality of software delivery. Many times the technical debt items are unknown, unmonitored and therefore not managed, thus resulting in high maintenance costs throughout the software life-cycle. We conducted an empirical study in an academic environment, during two offerings of a laboratory course on Extreme Programming (XP Lab) at University of São Paulo and in two Brazilian Software Companies (Company A and B). We analyzed thirteen teams, nine in the Academy and four in the Companies environment. The teams had a comprehensive lecture about technical debt and several ways to identify and manage technical debt were presented. We monitored the teams, performed interviews, did close observations and collected feedback. The obtained results show that the awareness of technical debt influences team behavior. Team members report thinking and discussing more on software quality after becoming aware of technical debt in their projects. We identified some impacts on the teams and the projects after having considered technical debt. A conceptual model for technical debt management was created including ways of how identifying, monitoring, categorizing, measuring, prioritizing, and paying off the technical debt. A few approaches and techniques for the technical debt management, identification, monitoring, measure, and payment are also suggested.<br>A metáfora de dívida técnica engloba um importante problema da engenharia de software e essa é uma das razões pelas quais este campo tem recebido uma grande atenção nos últimos anos. Essa metáfora auxilia os desenvolvedores de software a refletirem sobre e a monitorarem a qualidade de software. A metáfora se refere a falhas no software (geralmente causadas por atalhos para economizar tempo) que podem afetar a futura manutenção e evolução do mesmo. A metáfora foi criada por Cunningham com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade das entregas de software. Muitas vezes as dívidas técnicas não são conhecidas, monitoradas e nem geridas, resultando em um alto custo de manutenção ao longo do ciclo de vida do software. Logo, conduziu-se um estudo empírico na academia, durante duas ofertas da disciplina de Programação Extrema (XP Lab) na Universidade de São Paulo e em duas empresas Brasileiras de desenvolvimento de software (Empresa A e B). Foram analisados treze times, sendo nove na academia e quatro nas empresas. Os times tiveram uma apresentação sobre dívida técnica e foram apresentadas algumas sugestões de abordagens para gerir dívida técnica. Monitorou-se os times, foram realizadas entrevistas, observações fechadas e informações foram coletadas. Os resultados mostraram que considerar dívida técnica influenciou o comportamento dos times. Eles reportaram que após considerar dívida técnica passaram a refletir e discutir mais a qualidade do software. Identificou-se alguns impactos nos times e nos projetos depois de considerarem dívida técnica. Um modelo conceitual para gestão de dívida técnica foi criado, incluindo formas, técnicas e abordagens de como identificar, monitorar, categorizar, medir, priorizar e pagar os itens de dívida técnica.
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Books on the topic "Technical debt impact"

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Srinivasan, R. The impact of technical performance and debt structuring on independent power project viability. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Former Soviet Union: U.S. rule of law assistance has had limited impact : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Former Soviet Union: U.S. rule of law assistance has had limited impact : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Former Soviet Union: U.S. rule of law assistance has had limited impact : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Former Soviet Union: U.S. rule of law assistance has had limited impact : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Former Soviet Union: U.S. rule of law assistance has had limited impact : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Former Soviet Union: U.S. rule of law assistance has had limited impact : report to congressional requesters. GAO, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Foreign assistance: U.S. funds to two Micronesian nations had little impact on economic development : report to Congressional requesters. The Office, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Drug control: Interdiction efforts in Central America have had little impact on the flow of drugs : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Transportation, and Agriculture, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. The Office, 1994.

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Foreign assistance: Impact of funding restrictions on USAID's voluntary family planning program : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Technical debt impact"

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Skourletopoulos, Georgios, Rami Bahsoon, Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis, and George Mastorakis. "The Technical Debt in Cloud Software Engineering." In Resource Management of Mobile Cloud Computing Networks and Environments. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8225-2.ch002.

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Predicting and quantifying promptly the Technical Debt has turned into an issue of significant importance over recent years. In the cloud marketplace, where cloud services can be leased, the difficulty to identify the Technical Debt effectively can have a significant impact. In this chapter, the probability of introducing the Technical Debt due to budget and cloud service selection decisions is investigated. A cost estimation approach for implementing Software as a Service (SaaS) in the cloud is examined, indicating three scenarios for predicting the incurrence of Technical Debt in the future. The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is used in order to estimate the cost of the implementation and define a range of secureness by adopting a tolerance value for prediction. Furthermore, a Technical Debt quantification approach is researched for leasing a cloud Software as a Service (SaaS) in order to provide insights about the most appropriate cloud service to be selected.
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Ergin, Emre. "The Impact of Crises." In Technology and Financial Crisis. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3006-2.ch018.

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Stock markets are the barometers of an economy. They are very sensitive to the news and can measure economic pressures to forecast economy. They react momentarily to crises that might be triggered by such events as a currency crisis, a debt crisis, a political crisis, or an accounting fraud crisis. According to technical analysts, drastic decreases in stock prices recover from their crash value rapidly since these decreases are realized with low traded values. The overreaction hypothesis affirms that extreme price movements are subsequently adjusted by opposite direction. This chapter analyses these assertions by measuring the impacts of the crises on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) over the last decade. The duration of the crises and weekly negative abnormal percentage returns in the period of 01.01.2000-31.12.2011 are analyzed using a regression model. In this period, from a total of 621 weeks, 277 weeks have negative returns, 93 of which are identified as negative abnormal returns. The results are statistically significant, and suggest that the duration of the crises is related to the magnitude of negative returns. On the other hand, research shows that the duration of the crisis and traded value are positively correlated. This study offers empirical observations that would be useful for technical analysts and stock investors.
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Agénor, Pierre-Richard. "Research Perspectives." In Public Capital, Growth and Welfare. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691155807.003.0008.

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The previous chapters documented and formally analyzed a variety of channels, both old and new, through which public capital may affect growth. Various extensions, mostly technical in nature, were outlined at the end of some chapters. This chapter sets out a broader research agenda on the links among public capital, growth, and human welfare. It considers the following areas: heterogeneous infrastructure assets, the political economy of government spending allocation, excludable public goods, interactions between government debt and public capital accumulation in the presence of fiscal rules, spatial and regional dimensions of public capital, infrastructure and trade, public–private partnerships, the impact of public capital on income distribution, negative externalities associated with public capital, and empirical tests of the impact of public capital on growth.
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Conference papers on the topic "Technical debt impact"

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Capilla, Rafael, Tommi Mikkonen, Carlos Carrillo, Francesca Arcelli Fontana, Ilaria Pigazzini, and Valentina Lenarduzzi. "Impact of Opportunistic Reuse Practices to Technical Debt." In 2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techdebt52882.2021.00011.

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Lerina, Aversano, and Laura Nardi. "Investigating on the Impact of Software Clones on Technical Debt." In 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techdebt.2019.00029.

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Hossein Abad, Zahra Shakeri, Reza Karimpour, Jason Ho, et al. "Understanding the impact of technical debt in coding and testing." In ICSE '16: 38th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2897022.2897023.

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Wehaibi, Sultan, Emad Shihab, and Latifa Guerrouj. "Examining the Impact of Self-Admitted Technical Debt on Software Quality." In 2016 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saner.2016.72.

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Bi, Fandi, Birgit Vogel-Heuser, and Litong Xu. "Frequency and Impact of Technical Debt Characteristics in Companies Producing Mechatronic Products." In 2021 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techdebt52882.2021.00012.

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Fontana, Francesca Arcelli, Vincenzo Ferme, and Stefano Spinelli. "Investigating the impact of code smells debt on quality code evaluation." In 2012 Third International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtd.2012.6225993.

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Besker, Terese, Antonio Martini, and Jan Bosch. "Impact of Architectural Technical Debt on Daily Software Development Work — A Survey of Software Practitioners." In 2017 43rd Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seaa.2017.16.

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Power, Ken. "Understanding the impact of technical debt on the capacity and velocity of teams and organizations: Viewing team and organization capacity as a portfolio of real options." In 2013 4th International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtd.2013.6608675.

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9

Beltrão, Alessandro Caetano, Fábio De Almeida Farzat, and Guilherme Horta Travassos. "Technical Debt: A Clean Architecture Implementation." In XI Congresso Brasileiro de Software: Teoria e Prática. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbsoft_estendido.2020.14620.

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Technical Debt (TD) and Technical Debt Management (TDM) are terms that are receiving increasing attention from practitioners and researchers. They reflect a concern on how shortcuts taken during the software development process can incur negative impacts on software maintainability and how practitioners may use tools and techniques to mitigate the effects of the debt over time. A widely used tool to manage TD on an implementation level is SonarQube with the SQALE method, as it allows developers and managers to track debt over time. However, even SonarQube has its weaknesses since it only provides a set of architecture agnostic rules for TD, and the implementation of new rules can prove to be a challenging job. In this paper, we discuss how, during a real industrial project on a Brazilian software house, we developed a set of rules based on the Clean Architecture model, created a plug-in for SonarQube, and integrated it into our development cycle. At last, the preliminary results show that using a rigorous set of rules allows keeping track of TD on an implementation level.
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Freire, Savio, Nicolli Rios, Boris Perez, et al. "How Experience Impacts Practitioners' Perception of Causes and Effects of Technical Debt." In 2021 IEEE/ACM 13th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chase52884.2021.00011.

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Reports on the topic "Technical debt impact"

1

Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan Jose Ospina-Tejeiro, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, et al. Monetary Policy Report - April de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2021.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.
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2

Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.

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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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