Journal articles: 'Technological Infrastructures'

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Montoya, Robert D. "A Classification of Digital Emergence: A Critical Approach to the Production of Digital Objects in Special Collections." Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship 1 (January 28, 2016): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v1.24305.

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This paper examines the infrastructure of digital libraries and teases out the subtle ways their formation and construction is a digital extension and representation of the social, political, and institutional circumstances by which they are created. Building off lessons learned from UCLA Library Special Collections as a case study site, this paper proposes a classification of digital emergence that provides more transparency about how digital surrogates come to exist in digital libraries and how we can use this information to better contextualize the importance of these surrogates within academic library services. The discussion then situates digital libraries as medial interfacing infrastructures that are fundamentally non-neutral social apparatuses that disappear in the course of daily use. Marcuse’s notion of technological rationality is incorporated to illustrate the extent to which technological infrastructures influence and reformulate the way we understand the research process using special collections and archives, and how these infrastructures can function as a mechanism for information control. Finally, Bowker and Star’s text, Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences, briefly illustrates how librarians can contextualize the emergence of digital objects, and how this context, and the concomitant technological biases, can be methodologically brought to light using infrastructural inversion.

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Büscher, Christian, Dirk Scheer, and Lisa Nabitz. "Future converging infrastructures." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 29, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.29.2.17.

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The process of converging infrastructures – the integration and coupling of the energy, transport, heating and cooling sectors – challenges technological paradigms and economic structures as well as patterns of individual and collective action. Renewable energy sources (RES), physical and digital networks, and new market opportunities promise more efficient use of energy and reduced emissions. However, every technological solution creates new problems. Therefore, we propose to analyze possible developments by exposing socio-technical problems. This contribution analyses recent studies drawing on sector coupling and assesses the consequences of converging infrastructures.

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Bernards, Nick, and Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn. "Understanding technological change in global finance through infrastructures." Review of International Political Economy 26, no. 5 (June 26, 2019): 773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1625420.

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Kerr, Eric, and Clarissa Ai Ling Lee. "Trolls maintained: baiting technological infrastructures of informational justice." Information, Communication & Society 24, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2019.1623903.

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Petrova, Elena, and Maria Bostenaru Dan. "Preface: Natural hazard impacts on technological systems and infrastructures." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 2627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2627-2020.

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Lawhon, Mary, David Nilsson, Jonathan Silver, Henrik Ernstson, and Shuaib Lwasa. "Thinking through heterogeneous infrastructure configurations." Urban Studies 55, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017720149.

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Studies of infrastructure have demonstrated broad differences between Northern and Southern cities, and deconstructed urban theory derived from experiences of the networked urban regions of the Global North. This includes critiques of the universalisation of the historically–culturally produced normative ideal of universal, uniform infrastructure. In this commentary, we first introduce the notion of ‘heterogeneous infrastructure configurations’ (HICs) which resonates with existing scholarship on Southern urbanism. Second, we argue that thinking through HICs helps us to move beyond technological and performative accounts of actually existing infrastructures to provide an analytical lens through which to compare different configurations. Our approach enables a clearer analysis of infrastructural artefacts not as individual objects but as parts of geographically spread socio-technological configurations: configurations which might involve many different kinds of technologies, relations, capacities and operations, entailing different risks and power relationships. We use examples from ongoing research on sanitation and waste in Kampala, Uganda – a city in which service delivery is characterised by multiplicity, overlap, disruption and inequality – to demonstrate the kinds of research questions that emerge when thinking through the notion of HICs.

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Turskis, Zenonas, Nikolaj Goranin, Assel Nurusheva, and Seilkhan Boranbayev. "A Fuzzy WASPAS-Based Approach to Determine Critical Information Infrastructures of EU Sustainable Development." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020424.

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Critical information infrastructure exists in different sectors of each country. Its loss or sustainability violation will lead to a negative impact on the supply of essential services, as well as on the social or economic well-being of the population. It also may even pose a threat to people’s health and lives. In the modern world, such infrastructure is more vulnerable and unstable than ever, due to rapid technological changes, and the emergence of a new type of threat—information threats. It is necessary to determine which infrastructure are of crucial importance when decision-makers aim to achieve the reliability of essential infrastructure. This article aims to solve the problem of ensuring the sustainable development of EU countries in terms of identifying critical information infrastructures. Integrated multi-criteria decision-making techniques based on fuzzy WASPAS and AHP methods are used to identify essential information infrastructures, which are related to a new type of potential threat to national security. The paper proposes a model for identifying critical information infrastructures, taking into account the sustainable development of countries.

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Costa, Camila. "Developmentalism and Territory: Three Transport Infrastructures in Santa Fe (Argentina, 1957-1971) as Case Studies." Historia y sociedad, no. 40 (January 1, 2021): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/hys.n40.85946.

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This study aims to recognize the elements that make up the notion of technological determinism and the power (in a political sense) of technologies in the transformation of a given area. Three major infrastructure projects are addressed, understood as technological artifacts, built in the 1960s, that consolidated the physiognomy of the corridor of National Route 168 —Santa Fe city, Argentina—. The hypothesis that guides the study assumes that infrastructures and their materiality have influenced the transformation of the territory that contains them, specifically in the Santa Fe-Paraná metropolitan area. The cases addressed —two bridges and a subfluvial tunnel— were analyzed through the recognition of their construction systems, architectural aspects —if any— and production conditions. Concrete as the predominant material turns out to be, not only the condition of possibility to experience the territory, but also, a constituent part of it. It is considered that the context of production of the works —developmental model— and the level of appropriation and assessment achieved, are fundamental aspects to understand the notion of technological determinism in these infrastructures.

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Krause, F. L., and Chr Kind. "Strategic Planning of Information Technological Infrastructures for Life Cycle Management." CIRP Annals 47, no. 1 (1998): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)62801-7.

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Warf, Barney. "Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93, no. 1 (March 2003): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.93121.

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Hillier, J. "Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition." Political Geography 22, no. 6 (August 2003): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(02)00051-3.

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Laužikas, Rimvydas, and Ingrida Vosyliūtė. "Kultūros paveldo ir lituanistinių mokslo duomenų skaitmeninimas Lietuvoje: 2011 metų situacija*." Informacijos mokslai 60 (January 1, 2012): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2012.0.1666.

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Straipsnyje susipažindinama su 2011 m. atlikto paveldo ir lituanistinių mokslo duomenų skaitmeninimo situacijos Lietuvoje tyrimo svarbiausiais rezultatais: apžvelgiamos, palyginamos esamos sistemos ir skaitmeninančos institucijos; aptariami skaitmeninimą lemiantys aplinkos veiksniai, ištekliai. Straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiamos svarbiausios esamos problemos, diskutuojami jų sprendimo būdai. Tyrimą atliko Vilniaus universiteto Komunikacijos fakultetas, kartu su UAB „IO Projects“ vykdydamas Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą projektą „Lituanistinių mokslo tyrimų ir paveldo infrastruktūrų tinklo kūrimas: projektavimo fazė“.Reikšminiai žodžiai: paveldas, lituanistiniai mokslo duomenys, skaitmeninimas Lietuvoje.Digitization of cultural heritage and scientific data of Lithuanian studies in Lithuania: the 2011 situationRimvydas Laužikas, Ingrida Vosyliūtė SummaryThe article presents the main data on the situation with the digitization of heritage and Lithuanian studies scientific data in Lithuania in 2011. The study was carried out at the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University when implementing the project Development of the National Network of Infrastructure of Lithuanian Studies Scientific Research and Heritage: the Design Phase financed by the Research Council of Lithuania.The digitization of cultural heritage and Lithuanian studies scientific data has been going on in Lithuania for already more than 15 years. During that time, near 100 different information infrastructures have been developed. Most of scientific data are digitized by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Vilnius University, Vytautas Magnus University and Kaunas University of Technology. From the quantitative point of view, the number of IS controlled by a memory institution is less, but this is determined by a higher concentration and level of strategic management in this sector, which is supervised by the Ministry of Culture.The environmental analysis has shown that the strategic priority given to the scientific research of Lithuanian studies, digitization of their scientific data, heritage data and the legal, political, financial, technological, institutional environment in Lithuania are favourable. There is no factor or reason to be singled out for its strongest influence on the development of infrastructures in Lithuania, because their development is determined by the totality of interrelated factors. When assessing systematically, it was established that the creation and development of the network of Lithuanian studies infrastructure would be most greatly influenced by institutional, technological and function distribution factors; legal and administrative factors would influence them less, while the influence of economic and social factors would be the least.An important source of problems in the digitization of heritage and scientific data of Lithuanian studies in Lithuania is the fact that these sciences, scientific institutions and their infrastructures are supervised by the Ministry of Culture and Science, whereas the memory institutions and information infrastructures of the most important sources (heritage) are in the competence of the Ministry of Culture. Therefore, the creation of specialized information systems and databases in research and memory institutions is almost non-coordinated, and the interoperability of created infrastructures is not ensured.In the existing infrastructures of Lithuanian studies scientific research and heritage, the accumulated digital and digitized content has a great social and cultural significance, but it could be accessed and used much more efficiently upon merging the resources stored in different infrastructures into one single network and upon implementing the strategic management tools in the sphere of digitization of scientific data and creation of research infrastructures.Based on the study results, the following prospects for infrastructure development should be singled out: the further development of the created infrastructures in the technological sense as well as in the sense of contents; creation of inter-institutional infrastructures by optimising the resources and avoiding the duplication of activities; promotion of cooperation and networking by decreasing decentralization and the use of general standards. 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">

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Silva, Cristiano M., Barbara M. Masini, Gianluigi Ferrari, and Ilaria Thibault. "A Survey on Infrastructure-Based Vehicular Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6123868.

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The infrastructure of vehicular networks plays a major role in realizing the full potential of vehicular communications. More and more vehicles are connected to the Internet and to each other, driving new technological transformations in a multidisciplinary way. Researchers in automotive/telecom industries and academia are joining their effort to provide their visions and solutions to increasingly complex transportation systems, also envisioning a myriad of applications to improve the driving experience and the mobility. These trends pose significant challenges to the communication systems: low latency, higher throughput, and increased reliability have to be granted by the wireless access technologies and by a suitable (possibly dedicated) infrastructure. This paper presents an in-depth survey of more than ten years of research on infrastructures, wireless access technologies and techniques, and deployment that make vehicular connectivity available. In addition, we identify the limitations of present technologies and infrastructures and the challenges associated with such infrastructure-based vehicular communications, also highlighting potential solutions.

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Monahan, Torin. "Picturing technological change: the materiality of information infrastructures in public education." Technology, Pedagogy and Education 17, no. 2 (July 2008): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14759390802098581.

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Light, Jennifer S. "Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition (review)." Technology and Culture 43, no. 3 (2002): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2002.0124.

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Ignatiadis, Ioannis, Adomas Svirskas, Bob Roberts, and Konstantinos Tarabanis. "Promoting trust in B2B virtual organisations through business and technological infrastructures." International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations 3, no. 4 (2006): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnvo.2006.011868.

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D'AGOSTINO, GREGORIO, ANTONIO DE NICOLA, ANTONIO DI PIETRO, GIORDANO VICOLI, MARIA LUISA VILLANI, and VITTORIO ROSATO. "A DOMAIN SPECIFIC LANGUAGE FOR THE DESCRIPTION AND THE SIMULATION OF SYSTEMS OF INTERACTING SYSTEMS." Advances in Complex Systems 15, supp01 (June 2012): 1250072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500725.

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Systems of technological networks (so-called Critical Infrastructures) might undergo strong perturbations leading to the reduction of their functionalities (crisis scenarios). Under perturbed conditions, infrastructures deliver their specific services in a range from a partial reduction up to a complete loss. Systems of complex technological networks (electrical, telecommunications, roads and railways, oil, gas and water pipelines etc.) are known to display large interdependences (a fault on one system spreads over the others); for this reason, it is relevant to devise simulators and decision support systems able to capture the complexity of such a "system of systems". The paper presents parts of the outcomes of a larger scientific project aiming at realizing a Decision Support System to predict the occurrence of undesired events and their consequences. In particular, we present a conceptual modeling approach consisting of a declarative language and a software implementation for the description and simulation of elements of Crisis Scenarios. The software application is conceived for risk managers, i.e. operators with a deep knowledge of critical infrastructure scenarios, but not necessarily with high-level IT or mathematical skill.

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Hildebrandt, Mireille. "Legal and Technological Normativity." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 12, no. 3 (2008): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne20081232.

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Within science technology and society studies the focus has long been on descriptive microanalyses. Several authors have raised the issue of the normative implications of the findings of research into socio-technical devices and infrastructures, while some claim that material artifacts have moral significance or should even be regarded as moral actors. In this contribution the normative impact of technologies is investigated and compared with the normative impact of legal norms, arguing that a generic concept of normativity is needed that does not depend on the intention of whoever designed either a law or a technology. Furthermore this contribution develops the idea that modern law, which has been mediated by the technologies of the script and the printing press, may need to rearticulate its basic tenets into emerging technologies in order to sustain what has been called the paradox of the 'Rechtsstaat'.

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Aouragh, Miriyam, Seda Gürses, Helen Pritchard, and Femke Snelting. "The extractive infrastructures of contact tracing apps." Journal of Environmental Media 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 9.1–9.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jem_00030_1.

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The COVID-19 pandemic will go down in history as a major crisis, with calls for debt moratoriums that are expected to have gruesome effects in the Global South. Another tale of this crisis that would come to dominate COVID-19 news across the world was a new technological application: the contact tracing apps. In this article, we argue that both accounts ‐ economic implications for the Global South and the ideology of techno-solutionism ‐ are closely related. We map the phenomenon of the tracing app onto past and present wealth accumulations. To understand these exploitative realities, we focus on the implications of contact tracing apps and their relation with extractive technologies as we build on the notion racial capitalism. By presenting themselves in isolation of capitalism and extractivism, contact tracing apps hide raw realities, concealing the supply chains that allow the production of these technologies and the exploitative conditions of labour that make their computational magic manifest itself. As a result of this artificial separation, the technological solutionism of contract tracing apps is ultimately presented as a moral choice between life and death. We regard our work as requiring continuous undoing ‐ a necessary but unfinished formal dismantling of colonial structures through decolonial resistance.

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Cojocaru, Igor, Alfreda Rosca, Andrej Rusu, and Mihail Guzun. "Public Research and Innovation Infrastructure of the Republic of Moldova: Challenges and Opportunities." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331 (July 11, 2018): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.35.

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Currently the science and innovation area of the Republic of Moldova is undergoing an extensive process of transformation aiming to increase the effectiveness, to facilitate the inclusion of national science into the ERA. Taking into account that the European integration is a major priority for the Republic of Moldova, the public research and innovation sector should comply with the best European and international practices. In this regard, the Republic of Moldova developed Research Strategy till 2020 that provides enhancing the quality and efficiency of administrative processes for implementation of the best innovative measures aiming at the development of human, institutional and infrastructure capabilities. In actual conditions, it is important to align with the European practices, in special with the policies promoted by the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), which has a key role in policy-making on research infrastructures in Europe, the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) – a cloud for research data in Europe, background, policy information, events and publications, ERRIS (Engage in the Romanian Research Infrastructures System) - platform for research infrastructures, research & technological services, etc. Nowadays, for science and innovation area of the Republic of Moldova is necessary to build tools for fostering the continuous dialogue between science, Government, society, stimulating the private sector access to research infrastructure, scientific laboratories and results, creating the appropriate conditions for facilitation the process of actual challenges turning into opportunities.

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Speck, Reto, and Petra Links. "The Missing Voice: Archivists and Infrastructures for Humanities Research." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 7, no. 1-2 (October 2013): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2013.0085.

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This article offers a critique of the transfer of a technological-scientific paradigm of research infrastructure to the field of the humanities. This critique is informed by our experience of formulating user requirements for the European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI) project, and especially by a series of interviews we undertook with user-facing archivists working at EHRI partner institutions. We argue that the archival voices we recovered during these interviews articulate a range of concerns that clash with some of the major assumptions which frame current discussions about research infrastructure. In particular, we demonstrate that archival research is currently heavily mediated by archivists. And yet, inter-mediation is a theme that is insufficiently explored in recent theorising about research infrastructure. Contextualising our findings within some recent trends in archival science, we show that an infrastructure such as the EHRI must be build around the complex relationship between scholar, archivist and archive. We conclude by indicating how building infrastructures for humanities research may enable us to fruitfully re-conceptualise and re-energise this relationship by transposing it from the physical world to digital environments.

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Kotov, Alexander. "Development of Critical Infrastructures in Germany: Out of the Shadow." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran1202196102.

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The coronavirus epidemic has redefined the importance of critical infrastructure for economic development. In Germany, formally, the Strategy for the Protection of Critical Infrastruc1 EU grants €38 million for the protection of critical infrastructure against cyber threats there has been in effect since 2009, but it was 2020 that became a turning point. The article analyzes the reflection of the concept of critical infrastructure in various sectoral strategies of Germany. The paper demonstrates that the Coronavirus has become a catalyst for the folding of new regulations in the information and communication industry. It is emphasized that ensuring the protection of critical investments opens up opportunities for the further development of digital infrastructure. The author concludes that the development of critical infrastructures and the achievement of technological sovereignty in key areas will be one of the priorities of Germany`s economic policy. Most likely, an active proposal of new initiatives by Germany and stimulation of further cooperation of European states with each other in

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van Putten, Anton F. P., and Prosper Nispel. "Micro-Electronics and Technological Knowledge Transfer." Industry and Higher Education 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229200600410.

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Modern society has become totally dependent on products and systems based on micro-electronics. To help Europe to become more competitive with Japan and the USA, an overwhelming number of micro-electronics (ME) and technological knowledge transfer programmes are offered to the market. First, an overview of existing infrastructures which have knowledge transfer programmes is presented. A brief review of national and international transfer programmes is given and it is asked whether this is the best way to proceed and to spend valuable resources. It is suggested that there is a continuing need for knowledge transfer and grouping programmes together into larger (inter)national institutes.

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Trías, A. "Applying the Principle of Technological Neutrality to State Aid for Network Infrastructures." European State Aid Law Quarterly 16, no. 2 (2017): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2017/2/7.

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Karagiannis, Fotis, Dimitra Keramida, Yannis Ioannidis, Erwin Laure, Dejan Vitlacil, and Faith Short. "Technological and Organisational Aspects of Global Research Data Infrastructures Towards Year 2020." Data Science Journal 12 (2013): GRDI1—GRDI5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.grdi-001.

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Mallick, Hrushikesh. "Role of technological infrastructures in exports: evidence from a cross-country analysis." International Review of Applied Economics 28, no. 5 (May 16, 2014): 669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2014.907244.

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Demertzis, Konstantinos, Konstantinos Tsiknas, Dimitrios Taketzis, Dimitrios N. Skoutas, Charalabos Skianis, Lazaros Iliadis, and Kyriakos E. Zoiros. "Communication Network Standards for Smart Grid Infrastructures." Network 1, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/network1020009.

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Upgrading the existing energy infrastructure to a smart grid necessarily goes through the provision of integrated technological solutions that ensure the interoperability of business processes and reduce the risk of devaluation of systems already in use. Considering the heterogeneity of the current infrastructures, and in order to keep pace with the dynamics of their operating environment, we should aim to the reduction of their architectural complexity and the addition of new and more efficient technologies and procedures. Furthermore, the integrated management of the overall ecosystem requires a collaborative integration strategy which should ensure the end-to-end interconnection under specific quality standards together with the establishment of strict security policies. In this respect, every design detail can be critical to the success or failure of a costly and ambitious project, such as that of smart energy networks. This work presents and classifies the communication network standards that have been established for smart grids and should be taken into account in the process of planning and implementing new infrastructures.

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Eisenberg, Daniel A., Jeryang Park, and Thomas P. Seager. "Sociotechnical Network Analysis for Power Grid Resilience in South Korea." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3597010.

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International efforts to improve power grid resilience mostly focus on technological solutions to reduce the probability of losses by designing hardened, automated, redundant, and smart systems. However, how well a system recovers from failures depends on policies and protocols for human and organizational coordination that must be considered alongside technological analyses. In this work, we develop a sociotechnical network analysis that considers technological and human systems together to support improved blackout response. We construct corresponding infrastructure and social network models for the Korean power grid and analyze them with betweenness to identify critical infrastructures and emergency management organizations. Power grid network analysis reveals important power companies and emergency management headquarters for responding to infrastructure losses, where social network analysis reveals how information-sharing and decision-making authority shifts among these organizations. We find that separate analyses provide relevant yet incomplete recommendations for improving blackout management protocols. In contrast, combined results recommend explicit ways to improve response by connecting key owner, operator, and emergency management organizations with the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy. Findings demonstrate that both technological and social analyses provide important information for power grid resilience, and their combination is necessary to avoid unintended consequences for future blackout events.

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KUMARESAN, NAGESWARAN, and KUMIKO MIYAZAKI. ""INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES AS SPILLOVER INFRASTRUCTURES" — UNDERSTANDING THE HIDDEN DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE DISTRIBUTION IN AN INNOVATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Innovation Management 06, no. 01 (March 2002): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919602000513.

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Although knowledge spillover is considered as an important characteristic in a nations' technology infrastructure building process, studies on the necessary mechanisms to incorporate and induce them into the advanced technology infrastructure building process is still in its early stage. This paper discusses the role of integrated technologies and their knowledge carrying capacity to function as a spillover infrastructure. Knowledge carrying capacity of technologies identifies the ability of those technologies to function as a spillover infrastructure. Taking the case of robotics in Japan, this paper argues the important role of integrated technologies in creating a medium for knowledge distribution in an innovation system by providing comprehensive empirical evidences. We conclude that as intangible factors become important for building technological infrastructures, identifying the characteristics of integrated technologies in national systems will become an important strategic and policy issue.

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Vaughn, Sarah E. "Caribbean Technological Thought and Climate Adaptation." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 24, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8604526.

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This essay offers a critical perspective on the role technology plays in the Caribbean formation of climate adaptation. It locates this critical perspective in “the embodiment of technology,” a concept in the writings of the late political economist Norman Girvan that helped him describe how Caribbean states acquire technology and related infrastructures despite at times not having resources to maintain them. The embodiment of technology is still important today for mapping the possibilities of climate adaptation—that is, if technology transfer is a historically embodied process, then climate adaptation is a measure of how people recognize the political failures and the potentials of technology over time. The essay suggests that attention to Girvan’s writings is central to critical Caribbean scholarship on climate change for two reasons: his writings reflect the forms of intergenerational responsibility that shape climate adaptation, and they examine the shifting meaning of technology to regional identity.

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Angelucci, Filippo. "Toward Resilient, Inclusive and Vital Technological Infrastructures for the Energies of the Landscape." Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy 5, no. 4 (January 2, 2017): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2016.05.04.4.

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Chong, Su Li, and Roselind Wan. "Technological infrastructure and human culture: Appropriating innovative teaching methods to 21st century classrooms." SHS Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185305001.

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Often, it is assumed that the introduction of technological infrastructures into the 21st century classroom will provide the catalyst to appropriating innovative methods befitting modern educational frameworks. One of these appropriations is the introduction of technology like wireless connectivity, interactive smartboards and mobile devices in the shift from applying teacher-centredness to student-centredness in the classroom. However, this shift is often discussed in terms of technological infrastructure, to the exclusion of examining the cultural change that occurs as a result. This paper discusses findings from a study which set out to examine the effectiveness of electronic marginalia (e-marginalia) in a university classroom for Academic Writing, with e-marginalia being regarded as a technological infrastructure. Drawing from principles of Action Research, this study adopted a constructivist perspective which framed its research design. In the course of 14 weeks, 2 groups of 25 Engineering and Technology undergraduates respectively, underwent draft-writing through the use of Microsoft® track-change function and e-mail communication with two lecturers. This method of classroom and online engagement tested the extent to which infrastructure and human culture could align in a writing course. Data was also drawn from students and lecturers’ feedback with regards to their 14-week experience of learning and teaching through new methods. Findings from this study show that when human culture and behaviour is considered, technological infrastructure can be capitalised through the cultural appropriation of human-relationship-sustenance and technological-content-identification. These findings answer the question of teacher-relevance in the Education 4.0 framework. Thus, not only are teachers still very relevant to current pedagogies, it is their sociocultural sensitivities that are tested and confronted. As such, in accommodating new ways of teaching and learning that must chime with Education 4.0, this paper advocates for new forms of openness in 21st century education.

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McKinney, Cait, and Dylan Mulvin. "Bugs: Rethinking the History of Computing." Communication, Culture and Critique 12, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 476–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcz039.

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Abstract This paper argues that scholars of computing, networks, and infrastructures must reckon with the inseparability of “viral” discourses in the 1990s. This co-assembled history documents the reliance on viral analogies and explanations honed in the HIV/AIDS crisis and its massive loss of life, widespread institutional neglect, and comprehensive technological failures. As the 1990s marked a period of intense domestication of computing technologies in the global North, we document how public figures, computer experts, activists, academics, and artists used the intertwined discourses surrounding HIV and new computer technologies to explicate the risks of vulnerability in complex, networked systems. The efficacy of HIV as an analogy is visible in the circulation of viral concepts, fears surrounding interdependence, and emergent descriptions of precarity in the face of a widespread “infrastructure crisis.” Through an analysis of this decade, we show how HIV/AIDS discourses indelibly marked the domestication of computing, computer networks, and nested, digitized infrastructures.

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Serebryakova, N. S., and A. V. Petrikov. "The principles of design and the organization of functioning of innovative infrastructures in the conditions of the Industry 4.0." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-384-387.

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The number of the innovative centers in a total amount of technological infrastructure in the world increases. One of trends of development of global economy is growth of speed of changes, including entry into the market of new types of products and services. The key trigger of these changes are "blasting" innovations which are characteristic of the fourth technological revolution which is taking place now. The program of support of clusters which is implemented since 2013 by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation receives the logical continuation, including in the innovative scientific and technological centers. In article the review of uncontested global trends of scientific and technological and innovative development in the conditions of the Fourth industrial revolution and the Industry 4.0 on the basis of which the principles of design and the organization of functioning of innovative infrastructures are created is carried out. The research of the systems of strategic management of breakthrough technological development, best in the class, is conducted. It is shown that for realization of breakthrough technological development it is necessary to create basic technological packages and technological packages of the second order on the basis of basic research packages. In a research the approach of intellectual and strategic scanning ("Strategic Intelligence") which is the significant instrument of management, concentrated on the solution of specific questions by scanning of a business environment is applied, marking out at the same time risks, threats and opportunities. The growing practical application of such approach is caused by need to solve unique research problems in new subject domains on which there is no saved-up knowledge base. A number of the methods which are originally used for the solution of separate planned and expected tasks unites thus in the uniform complete concept. Results of a research can be used as a theoretical basis for carrying out transformation of the innovative environment in the industries, regions, industrial complexes.

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Störmer, E., and B. Truffer. "Strategic decision making in infrastructure sectors : participatory foresight and strategic planning for sustainable sanitation." Geographica Helvetica 64, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-64-73-2009.

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Abstract. Infrastructure sectors in general, and urban water management in particular, have developed over the past couple of decades within the confines of a rather narrow and stable socio-technical regime. Nowadays, these infrastructures are increasingly confronted with uncertain context conditions, a broadened spectrum of technological alternatives and an increasing heterogeneity of value positions. As a consequence, the longterm sustainability of these sectors has been questioned by many commentators. Of particular importance is the way strategic decisions are made. Current approaches tend to block important opportunities for sustainable transformation. It is argued here that a more reflexive, discursive and participative approach to strategic planning is needed. The paper introduces «Regional Infrastructure Foresight» (RIF) as a method which combines foresight on regional framework conditions with a stakeholder assessment of a broad range of system options. The paper presents the methodology in some detail and discusses the main lessons learned through three empirical applications in the Swiss sanitation sector. Based on these experiences, it is argued that strategic decision making in infrastructures is of high relevance for regional policy and therefore warrants more attention in future research in economic and political geography.

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Shenhav, Yehouda A. "Dependency and Compliance in Academic Research Infrastructures." Sociological Perspectives 29, no. 1 (January 1986): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1388941.

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The article explores the process by which academic research settings become influenced by external funders upon whom they depend for vital resources. The emerging resource relations between university research and external funders give rise to an academic infrastructure that deviates from the traditional model of autonomy and freedom of science, and increasingly comes to resemble the context of nonacademic research settings. Based on data collected in Israel, it was found that externally funded academic research shows a low degree of autonomy, a high degree of structural formalization, and low influence of the scientific literature on problem-choice processes. External control affects the nature of the research product as well. Whereas the rate of published papers (articles) declines, the rate of unpublished papers (technical reports) increases with external funds. These observations suggest that the distinction between academic and nonacademic research settings is inappropriate for explaining the variance among different research infrastructures. Rather, the nature of the dependency situation accounts for their specific characteristics. The results have implications for the study of stratification in science and the growth of scientific and technological knowledge.

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GIULIANI, Luisa, Alexandra REVEZ, Jörgen SPARF, Suranga JAYASENA, and Michael Havbro FABER. "SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2016): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2016.1185477.

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Large scale projects tasked with designing infrastructures and urban networks resilient to disasters face a common challenge, i.e. the need to address concomitant technological issues and social problems. What is more, conflicting technologies and the diverse philosophical underpinnings of distinct academic disciplines pose difficulties in the collaboration among experts of different fields. These difficulties and possible ways to tackle them have been highlighted by a questionnaire developed in the framework of an EU project named ANDRDD (Academic Network for Disaster Resilience to optimize Educational development). More specifically, the project investigated the level of interdisciplinary work in current research and educational projects within the field of disaster resilience. findings illustrate the number and types of disciplines involved in disaster resilience projects and suggest that a higher degree of integration between different disciplines in tertiary education could promote a transdisciplinary approach to disaster resilience, resulting in design efficiency and innovation.

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Simoncini, Luca. "Technological and Educational Challenges of Resilient Computing." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaras.2010071703.

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The adjective resilient has been used in dependable computing essentially as a synonym of fault-tolerant, thus ignoring the unexpected aspect of the phenomena the systems may have to face. These phenomena are very relevant when moving to systems like the future large, networked, evolving systems constituting complex information infrastructures that are the emergence of the ubiquitous systems that will support Ambient Intelligence. From an educational point of view, very few Universities offer a comprehensive track that is able to prepare students able to cope with the challenges posed by the design of ubiquitous systems. To fill both gaps, a European Network of Excellence, ReSIST – Resilience for Survivability in IST was run from January 2006 to March 2009 (see http://www.resist-noe.org/). In this article the technological challenges, the related educational issues and a proposed MSc curriculum in Resilient Computing that arise from the results of ReSIST are presented and discussed.

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Al-Hussein, Abdullah, and Achintya Haldar. "Complexities in Assessing Structural Health of Civil Infrastructures." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2623805.

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The complexity in the health assessment of civil infrastructures, as it evolves over a long period of time, is briefly discussed. A simple problem can become very complex based on the current needs, sophistication required, and the technological advancements. To meet the current needs of locating defect spots and their severity accurately and efficiently, infrastructures are represented by finite elements. To increase the implementation potential, the stiffness parameters of all the elements are identified and tracked using only few noise-contaminated dynamic responses measured at small part of the infrastructure. To extract the required information, Kalman filter concept is integrated with other numerical schemes. An unscented Kalman filter (UKF) concept is developed for highly nonlinear dynamic systems. It is denoted as 3D UKF-UI-WGI. The basic UKF concept is improved in several ways. Instead of using one long duration time-history in one global iteration, very short duration time-histories and multiple global iterations with weight factors are used to locate the defect spot more accurately and efficiently. The capabilities of the procedure are demonstrated with the help of two informative examples. The proposed procedure is much superior to the extended Kalman filter-based procedures developed by the team earlier.

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JØRGENSEN, FINN ARNE. "Green Citizenship at the Recycling Junction: Consumers and Infrastructures for the Recycling of Packaging in Twentieth-Century Norway." Contemporary European History 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000258.

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AbstractThis article investigates the making of the Norwegian recycling consumer-citizen by discussing recycling as both a cultural activity – an expression of environmentalist sentiment, an everyday habit and a social expectation – and a technological infrastructure consisting of disposal stations, legal frameworks, transportation systems and the recycling technologies themselves. Using a concept of ‘recycling junctions’ as a means of understanding historical recycling processes, the article focuses on beverage packaging to argue that effective recycling in the modern green state depends on a combination of technologically mediated convenience and green consumer-citizenship, involving a wide range of actors.

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Sperling, Daniel. "The rise and fall of infrastructures: dynamics of evolution and technological change in transport." Utilities Policy 1, no. 5 (October 1991): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-1787(91)90018-z.

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Kotsev, Alexander, Marco Minghini, Robert Tomas, Vlado Cetl, and Michael Lutz. "From Spatial Data Infrastructures to Data Spaces—A Technological Perspective on the Evolution of European SDIs." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030176.

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The availability of timely, accessible and well documented data plays a central role in the process of digital transformation in our societies and businesses. Considering this, the European Commission has established an ambitious agenda that aims to leverage on the favourable technological and political context and build a society that is empowered by data-driven innovation. Within this context, geospatial data remains critically important for many businesses and public services. The process of establishing Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) in response to the legal provisions of the European Union INSPIRE Directive has a long history. While INSPIRE focuses mainly on ’unlocking’ data from the public sector, there is need to address emerging technological trends, and consider the role of other actors such as the private sector and citizen science initiatives. The objective of this paper, given those bounding conditions is twofold. Firstly, we position SDI-related developments in Europe within the broader context of the current political and technological scenery. In doing so, we pay particular attention to relevant technological developments and emerging trends that we see as enablers for the evolution of European SDIs. Secondly, we propose a high level concept of a pan-European (geo)data space with a 10-year horizon in mind. We do this by considering today’s technology while trying to adopt an evolutionary approach with developments that are incremental to contemporary SDIs.

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Alexandru, Adriana, Victor Vevera, and Ella Magdalena Ciupercă. "National Security and Critical Infrastructure Protection." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0001.

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Abstract The link between national security and the protection of critical infrastructure is vital to the progress of any society and its proper social functioning. The term critical infrastructure was developed by the United States in the 1990s and it has evolved in time; nowadays, most of the current definitions include the security dimension in their content. Along with its many benefits, the technological advancement has brought with it the diversification of threats that could lead to the malfunctioning of critical infrastructures. The new weapons of the 21st century and the new asymmetric threats constitute real dangers to the good functioning of every critical infrastructure. Once they may be interrupted, the normal functioning of the whole society would be endangered because of the domino effects it causes. In this article we will look at how the link between critical infrastructure and national security is reflected in national regulations and crisis scenarios, highlighting the main strengths and the existing legislative gaps along with discussing their applicability.

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Toro López, Maritza, and Pieter Van den Broeck. "Analysing (In)Justice in the Interplay of Urbanisation and Transport: The Case of Agrarian Extractivism in the Region of Urabá in Colombia." Quaestiones Geographicae 40, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0011.

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Abstract Infrastructural design, transport and mobility policies are strong instruments for interpreting historical urban and regional transformation processes. The paper addresses the intercausalities between both of them. To do so, it briefly sketches debates on the causalities of transport infrastructure and urbanisation and the theory of technological politics, drawing attention to the relationship between transport infrastructure and politics, and how infrastructures and their techno-political frames include means of power and authority. From there, the paper moves to the debate on the relationship between social justice and transport, showing how transport systems embody social processes and social (in)injustice. The history of agrarian extractivism in the region of Urabá in Colombia serves as a case study. The paper shows how existing transport networks of the region of Urabá have supported the expansion of agrarian extractivist industries and more specifically the production of transport (in)justice. It explores the development of the infrastructural network, transport systems and urbanisation of this region from the early 1900s onwards. Results show how the actual agrarian extractivist industries of the region are causing huge challenges related to the overlapping of transport scales, congestion and risks of accidents in urban areas, and how actual transport dynamics in the region are affecting urban development, generating a high segregation characterised by uneven distributions of public services and transport infrastructures. The paper reveals that the existing transport developments in the region of Urabá have no support for local development and are mainly thought for the efficiency of agrarian extractivist industries over local economic development. Agrarian extractivism has been a consistent factor in the economic, political and social spheres, and since colonial times the appropriation of natural resources and the dispossession of territories has been omnipresent. This paper explores the historical role of transport in agrarian extractivism, the long-term impact of the prolongation of old mechanisms, and the interrelations of the latter with current urbanisation and development. It concludes that infrastructural developments in this region have supported agrarian extractivist industries, first in colonial times, but also more recently, showing the deep embeddedness of the relation between mobility and urbanity in the (agrarian extractivist) development history of this region.

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Khakbaz, Peyman Pournasr. "Recognition of Structural Obstacles of Technologic Entrepreneurship in Science & Technology Parks." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 4, no. 4 (April 15, 2012): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v4i4.319.

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Nowadays, a large ratio of nation's educated population suffers from unemployment problem. Since the available capacity of employment in governmental jobs is limited, hence the entrepreneurship can be a solution for resolving this problem or at least reducing it. The entrepreneurship centers in universities can play an important role in developing and promoting the entrepreneurship. The aim of current research is to investigate the structural obstacles of technologic entrepreneurship in Tehran University's science & technology Park. The research methodology is descriptive & survey and is of applied type. The research statistical society is the technological entrepreneurs of Tehran University's science & technology centers. Data gathering was carried out using researcher's questionnaire with a stability of Î±=0.92. Data analysis was performed in two descriptive and inferential levels using software SPSS 16. The research results revealed that the entrance of unskilled individuals into technologic topics, the lack of skilled labor force required by technologic entrepreneurship and the lack of sufficient infrastructures for technologic businesses are among the structural obstacles of technologic entrepreneurship. The obtained results are in line with researches of Phan and Der-Foo (2004). Regarding the obtained results, one can promote the technological entrepreneurship through planning and adoption of applied strategies for resolving the recognized obstacles.

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Annamdas, Venu Gopal Madhav, Suresh Bhalla, and Chee Kiong Soh. "Applications of structural health monitoring technology in Asia." Structural Health Monitoring 16, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 324–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921716653278.

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Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world with over 45 million square kilometers of land mass and 4.5 billion people. Asia is characterized by numerous densely populated cities. Structural health monitoring is a non-issue for the underdeveloped countries where basic amenities of survival are more important. However, structural health monitoring is crucial for the developing countries, especially those with densely populated cities like Singapore, Mumbai, and Hong Kong, where any infrastructural failure could be devastating to their society and economy. Structural health monitoring of mechanical and aerospace structures is mostly similar worldwide, but of civil infrastructures could vary due to socio-economic, cultural, geographical, and governmental reasons across countries, and even across states within the same country. This article, which is an enhancement to the keynote paper of the International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM 2015, Stanford University, USA), presents some of the better known structural health monitoring studies of key civil infrastructures in a few Asian countries. In addition, the authors’ research and applications of structural health monitoring technology carried out at the Nanyang Technological University for civil infrastructures in Singapore are presented. At the end, the authors also discuss recent work on energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducers as an alternative to wired structural health monitoring for automated and self-powered structural health monitoring.

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Krüger, Anne K. "Quantification 2.0? Bibliometric Infrastructures in Academic Evaluation." Politics and Governance 8, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i2.2575.

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Due to developments recently termed as ‘audit,’ ‘evaluation,’ or ‘metric society,’ universities have become subject to ratings and rankings and researchers are evaluated according to standardized quantitative indicators such as their publication output and their personal citation scores. Yet, this development is not only based on the rise of new public management and ideas on ‘the return on public or private investment.’ It has also profited from ongoing technological developments. Due to a massive increase in digital publishing corresponding with the growing availability of related data bibliometric infrastructures for evaluating science are continuously becoming more differentiated and elaborate. They allow for new ways of using bibliometric data through various easily applicable tools. Furthermore, they also produce new quantities of data due to new possibilities in following the digital traces of scientific publications. In this article, I discuss this development as quantification 2.0. The rise of digital infrastructures for publishing, indexing, and managing scientific publications has not only made bibliometric data become a valuable source for performance assessment. It has triggered an unprecedented growth in bibliometric data production turning freely accessible data about scientific work into edited databases and producing competition for its users. The production of bibliometric data has thus become decoupled from their application. Bibliometric data have turned into a self-serving end while their providers are constantly seeking for new tools to make use of them.

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Ottinger, Gwen. "Crowdsourcing Undone Science." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (September 28, 2017): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.124.

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Could crowdsourcing be a way to get undone science done? Could grassroots groups enlist volunteers to help make sense of large amounts of otherwise unanalyzed data—an approach that has been gaining popularity among natural scientists? This paper assesses the viability of this technique for creating new knowledge about the local effects of petrochemicals, by examining three recent experiments in crowdsourcing led by non-profits and grassroots groups. These case studies suggest that undertaking a crowdsourcing project requires significant resources, including technological infrastructures that smaller or more informal groups may find it difficult to provide. They also indicate that crowdsourcing will be most successful when the questions of grassroots groups line up fairly well with existing scientific frameworks. The paper concludes that further experimentation in crowdsourcing is warranted, at least in cases where adequate resources and interpretive frameworks are available, and that further investment in technological infrastructures for data analysis is needed.

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Ozunu, A., F. Senzaconi, C. Botezan, L. Ştefǎnescu, E. Nour, and C. Balcu. "Investigations on natural hazards which trigger technological disasters in Romania." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2011): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1319-2011.

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Abstract. Romania faces the challenges of a developing country preparing to cope with disasters, be they natural or technological. The paper entails comprehensive research on technological accidents triggered by natural hazards (so-called Natech accidents). The research is based on a survey conducted by the competent authorities on the Seveso II Directive in 2009. This survey enabled the identification of Natech hazards and their correlation with the vulnerability of local communities and infrastructures. The Natech hazards were analyzed also in terms of their inclusion in the emergency planning process, starting from the current legislation. The results indicate that the number of incidents (including Natech events) has significantly decreased subsequent to the appropriate implementation of emergency plans and safety reports.

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Phongpheng, Preecha. "INTERNET AS A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL POSITION IN EDUCATION." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 3(16) (June 25, 2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.3(16).2019.76-81.

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Internet has become an everyday tool of people and organizations and, at the same time, indispensable to the proper functioning of business. With the growing increase in network infrastructures and mass popularization of the high-speed network, a breakthrough has emerged related to the use of the Internet, making it a global platform to allow intelligent machines and objects to communicate autonomously. This possibility allows content and services to be around people, always available, facilitating communication and opening the way for new applications; enabling new forms of work, interaction and entertainment; developing a new standard of living and work. This new standard is made possible by advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to a new concept defined as Internet of Things - IoT. This paper presents and discusses the main features that characterize the Internet of Things, its origin, theoretical visions and fields of application, exploring the possibilities of fomenting a discussion about the application of IoT.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Technological Infrastructures'

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