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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Technology dependence

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Academic literature on the topic 'Technology dependence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Technology dependence"

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Miller, George P., and Caroline Molina-Ray. "Beyond technology dependence." Journal of Leadership Studies 4, no. 1 (March 2010): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jls.20156.

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Bowles, Jennifer D., Amy J. Jnah, Desi M. Newberry, Carol A. Hubbard, and Tracey Roberston. "Infants With Technology Dependence." Advances in Neonatal Care 16, no. 6 (December 2016): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/anc.0000000000000310.

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Miller, Elaine Tilka. "Transcending Dependence with Technology." Rehabilitation Nursing 32, no. 4 (July 8, 2007): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2048-7940.2007.tb00165.x.

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Alves, Ana Lia. "Multiscreen Technology Consumption and Dependence." Universal Journal of Management 3, no. 12 (December 2015): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2015.031207.

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Yoon, Cheolho, and Byongcheon Choi. "Role of Situational Dependence in the Use of Self-Service Technology." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2020): 4653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114653.

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Although numerous studies have been conducted on the use of self-service technology (SST), little is known about the importance of the situation for individuals’ acceptance of SSTs. This study proposed the situational dependency construct and analyzed the role of the construct in the use of SSTs. To conduct an empirical analysis, a research model combining the situational dependency variable with the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the technology acceptance model variables, which are the most frequently used in studies related to SSTs, was developed. A total of 213 valid data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis through structural equation modeling. The results showed that situational dependence influenced attitude toward using along with perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness and that situational dependence had a strong influence on intention to use. This study provides strategic insight for practitioners to lead acceptance of SSTs.

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Neil, Iain A. "Optical design dependence on technology development." Optical Engineering 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 121706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3631888.

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Mak, Brenda, Robert C. Nickerson, and Janet Sim. "Mobile Technology Dependence and Mobile Technostress." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 15, no. 04 (July 23, 2018): 1850039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877018500396.

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Rapid development in mobile technologies has brought about changes in human behavior and social relationships. The mobile revolution has brought about changes in technology dependence. It has also increased technostress. This research studies the mobile technology dependence construct. A survey was conducted among mobile phone users. Structural equation models were used to analyze the results. Results indicated that connecting to work, location based services, and sense of security, are important factors of the mobile technology dependence construct, and that increased technology dependence leads to increased mobile technostress, and increased discontinuance intentions. Implications of the findings are examined.

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Fan, Liu, Xinmin Liu, Bingcheng Wang, and Li Wang. "Interactivity, engagement, and technology dependence: understanding users’ technology utilisation behaviour." Behaviour & Information Technology 36, no. 2 (September 30, 2016): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2016.1199051.

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Chen, Xuhua. "Semantic Matching Efficiency of Supply and Demand Text on Cross-Border E-Commerce Online Technology Trading Platforms." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (May 15, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9976774.

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With the innovation of global trade business models, more and more foreign trade companies are transforming and developing in the direction of cross-border e-commerce. However, due to the limitation of platform language processing and analysis technology, foreign trade companies encounter many bottlenecks in the process of transformation and upgrading. From the perspective of the semantic matching efficiency of e-commerce platforms, this paper improves the logical and technical problems of cross-border e-commerce in the operation process and uses semantic matching efficiency as the research object to conduct experiments on the QQP dataset. We propose a graph network text semantic analysis model TextSGN based on semantic dependency analysis for the problem that the existing text semantic matching method does not consider the semantic dependency information between words in the text and requires a large amount of training data. The model first analyzes the semantic dependence of the text and performs word embedding and one-hot encoding on the nodes (single words) and edges (dependencies) in the semantic dependence graph. On this basis, in order to quickly mine semantic dependencies, an SGN network block is proposed. The network block defines the way of information transmission from the structural level to update the nodes and edges in the graph, thereby quickly mining semantics dependent information allows the network to converge faster, train classification models on multiple public datasets, and perform classification tests. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of TextSGN model in short text classification reaches 95.2%, which is 3.6% higher than the suboptimal classification method; the accuracy rate is 86.16%, the F 1 value is 88.77%, and the result is better than other methods.

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Spratling, Regena. "Defining Technology Dependence in Children and Adolescents." Western Journal of Nursing Research 37, no. 5 (March 12, 2014): 634–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945914526002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Technology dependence"

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Head, David Allan. "Development or Dependence: Multinational Corporations, Technology Transfer and the Third World." W&M ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625612.

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Tarr, Michael J. (Michael Jay). "Orientation dependence in three-dimensional object recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13994.

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Siemon, Noel, University of Western Sydney, and School of Management. "Public policy planning and global technology dependence : strategic factors for a national space-related innovation system." THESIS_XXX_MAN_Siemon_N.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/355.

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Australia's space activities since the early sixties have been science-oriented and uncoordinated. As a result, Australia has been unable to develop a long-term sustainable domestic technological capability; with industry being dependent on government funding for its involvement in the nation's space plan. This thesis examines public policy aspects focussing on technology independence that is the building of competencies for the sustainable development of an industry. It compares national technological development by relating Australia's recent space-related successes and failures to those of other nations (especially selected Asian countries and Israel). The overarching research problem addressed within this thesis examined the Australian national space policy and strategy since 1984.It investigated why the Australian Space Industry Development Strategy was not a successful influence on the development of a long-term sustainable national technological base or on the establishment of a viable commercial space-related industry in Australia. The research included the development of a strategic multilevel planning system involving a network innovation model into a nation's space science and technology policy development. The outcomes of the research reported in the thesis are discussed. The level of technological capability and capacity is a direct, inversely related factor to an increase in the degree in technology dependency. Australia needs a change of philosophy by accepting the global challenge through defining and supporting, within a national strategic planning, a national space strategy that incorporates network innovation concepts: a concept that must involve a balanced supply (science) and demand (commercial) characteristics of an innovation network system.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Management)

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Siemon, Noel. "Public policy planning and global technology dependence : strategic factors for a national space-related innovation system /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031217.163703/index.html.

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Chen, Chih-Yung. "Frequency dependence of the conductivity and dielectric constant of single crystal La₂CuO₄₊y̳." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/128802.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1990.
On t.p. "y" is subscript.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-143).
by Chih-Yung Chen.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1990.

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Lamos, Erin Elisabeth. "The Emergence of Bioengineering Departments in the United States: Density Dependence or Strategic Interaction?" Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07092007-132606/.

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Holmberg, Rurik. "Survival of the Unfit : Path Dependence and the Estonian Oil Shale Industry." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköping University, Department of Technology and Social Change, 2008. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2008/arts427s.pdf.

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Robey, William Bud. "Implications for United States’ Military Strategy and Policy ofChina’s Asymmetric Anti-Satellite Capability." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420469689.

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Butler, Stuart. "National prestige and in(ter)dependence : British space research policy, 1959-73." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/national-prestige-and-interdependence-british-space-research-policy-195973(9e35ac4e-8acd-43e0-b9dd-8e87f7def62b).html.

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From 1960-4 the British government embarked on two large-scale space research programmes to develop satellite launchers. After first being cancelled as a military project in 1960, the Blue Streak missile was converted into the first stage of a British-led European collaborative project to build a three stage satellite launcher (through the European Launcher Development Organisation - ELDO). Born out of the Black Knight warhead re-entry testing vehicle, the independent Black Arrow project aimed to launch small satellites for scientific experimentation. With European collaborations, American scientific knowledge, and an Australian testing site, decisions affecting British space research had wide reaching diplomatic as well as domestic consequences. However, by 1973, both of these programmes had been cancelled. By examining the complex formation of British policy on these two space research projects, I will identify the alliances of actors involved focusing on understanding the role of civil servants, and the domestic, economic, and foreign policy priorities which directed their policy-making. This thesis seeks to address two contradictions raised by British policy on space research, and historical analysis of this period. Firstly, if we accept that Britain was not in decline in this period, the how can the history of two projects which is dominated by their cancellation be explained? Secondly, how British governments could reconcile their policy towards ELDO (threatening to withdraw almost yearly from 1966-73) with their stated aim to accede to the European Communities and their repeated rhetoric that the increased potential for scientific and technological collaboration was a key benefit of British accession? In order to address these contradictions I focus on decisions and decision-makers within government. By tracking policy arguments and options to their very beginnings I show throughout this thesis the way in which individuals frame, shape and direct policy. This thesis provides new insights into the foreign and domestic policy priorities of the four governments in this period by tracking the balance of priorities in policy making in two major space research projects. Close examination of ELDO and Black Arrow highlights that their cancellation is not a symbol of British decline, but instead represent active choices by decision-makers to engage in new areas of research. This supports the work of historians challenging the idea that Britain was in decline in this period, and suggests that cancelled projects should be re-examined.

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Iarossi, Juliana. "Path Building in Emerging Entrepreneurial Firms: An Investigation of Networks in the Making." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/bus_admin_diss/8.

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Underpinning economic growth is the emergence of entrepreneurial ventures with the potential to grow that boost job creation and provide new sources of products for mature companies. The critical role associated with new firms, underscores the importance of understanding how entrepreneurship unfolds. Network-based research, while leading the way to rich empirical studies provides a limited understanding of how entrepreneurial networks are built and their impact on the emergence of a new venture. Employing a multiple case study design and a perspective based on organizational path building, three young technology ventures were investigated in terms of the formation of networks around five key entrepreneurial activities defined by entrepreneurs. Rich insight into new venture emergence is presented in terms of the reciprocal relationship between specific activities enacted by entrepreneurs and the networks that form to execute those activities revealing the path building mechanisms that evolve to drive network development. The findings of this research not only contribute to theories of new venture emergence, but also offer an interesting opportunity for future research into factors that may influence the outcome of entrepreneurial ventures and provide practical insight for organizations seeking to sustain or develop an entrepreneurial path.

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Books on the topic "Technology dependence"

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S, Arthur Owen, ed. Commercialization of technology and dependence in the Caribbean. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1985.

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Technology transfer, dependence, and self-reliant development in the third world: The pharmaceutical and machine tool industries in India. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1998.

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Office, General Accounting. Industrial base: Assessing the risk of DOD's foreign dependence : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Defense Technology, Acquisition, and Industrial Base, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Industrial base: Assessing the risk of DOD's foreign dependence : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Defense Technology, Acquisition, and Industrial Base, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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J, Power Elaine, Fox Harriette, and United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., eds. Technology-dependent children: Hospital vs. home care. London: Science Information Resource Center, 1988.

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Managing technology dependent operations: An executive's toolbox. Chicago, Ill: Manufacturing Productivity Center, 2004.

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Wagner, Judith L. Technology-dependent children: Hospital v. home care. Washington, DC: Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, 1987.

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Kirk, Susan. Supporting parents caring for a technology-dependent child. [Manchester]: National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, 1999.

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United States. Health Care Financing Administration. Task Force on Technology-Dependent Children. Fostering home and community-based care for technology-dependent children: Report of the Task Force on Technology-Dependent Children. [Washington, DC]: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration, 1988.

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iDisorder: Understanding our dependency on technology and overcoming our addiction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Technology dependence"

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S. C. Fernandes, António. "Technology Dependence Taxonomy." In The Contribution of Technology to Added Value, 55–62. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5001-5_5.

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d’Inverno, Mark, and Michael Luck. "Evaluating Social Dependence Networks." In Springer Series on Agent Technology, 153–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04607-4_8.

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d’Inverno, Mark, and Michael Luck. "Evaluating Social Dependence Networks." In Springer Series on Agent Technology, 167–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10702-7_9.

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Sheats, James R., and John S. Hargreaves. "Intensity Dependence in Polymer Photochemistry." In Polymers for High Technology, 224–36. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0346.ch019.

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Upadhya, Devesh, and Cynthia Peacock. "Technology Dependence of the Nervous System." In Care of Adults with Chronic Childhood Conditions, 327–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43827-6_21.

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Sahu, Madhusmita, and Durga Prasad Mohapatra. "Slicing XML Documents Using Dependence Graph." In Distributed Computing and Internet Technology, 444–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36071-8_35.

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Carter, Brian, and Laura Miller-Smith. "The Lure of Technology: Considerations in Newborns with Technology-Dependence." In Ethical Dilemmas for Critically Ill Babies, 81–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7360-7_10.

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Li, Tong-Jun, Ying-Xue Wu, and Xiaoping Yang. "Dependence and Algebraic Structure of Formal Contexts." In Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, 51–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24425-4_9.

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Terlecki, Pawel, and Krzysztof Walczak. "Attribute Set Dependence in Apriori-Like Reduct Computation." In Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, 268–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11795131_39.

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Sun, Yutao, and Seamus Grimes. "China’s dependence on foreign technology in the GVC." In China and Global Value Chains, 53–87. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge frontiers of business management ; 18: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315267418-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Technology dependence"

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Murray, Mark. "Technology Dependence Beyond Control Systems." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0366.

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Operations has grown beyond relying only on SCADA infrastructure — can you operate without your non-scada infrastructure? As the operator of the world’s longest and most complex liquids pipeline, Enbridge Pipelines Inc. relies heavily on automated systems to control, monitor, maintain our pipeline system. As the scope of automation continues to expand beyond the SCADA control system, so to does the dependence on ancillary computer applications such as pipeline scheduling, electronic ticketing, nominations and oil accounting. Uninterrupted operation of the pipeline system now depends on an increasingly complex electronic infrastructure and new levels of reliability are required from this infrastructure. This paper will describe the inherent risks as we continue to increase the automation of pipelining functions such as scheduling, oil accounting and electronic ticketing. We will discuss the type of technological threats (system failure, design flaws, security) and the strategies adopted by Enbridge for mitigating each of them. Further to the risks, this paper will explore the infrastructure components where exceptional risk mitigation is required, and the measures that Enbridge has taken to minimize the risks associated with those components. Specific areas to be analysed include; wide and local area networks, power and environmental systems, system clustering, hot and cold standby systems, network segment isolation and system backup solutions. Attention will also be paid to the increasing dependence on shared infrastructure services such as the Internet and telecommunications. For each of these technology areas, we will discuss the level of adoption within Enbridge, and the value proposition for these decisions. We will attempt to answer the questions; Why go that far? Why not go further? Finally, we will discuss the technology infrastructure requirements for business resumption. We will discuss system and site redundancy alternatives employed by Enbridge, the challenges involved in establishing business resumption plans, and how they are used by Enbridge to minimize the operational risk to our pipeline.

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Verner, J. M., G. Tate, B. Jackson, and R. G. Hayward. "Technology dependence in function point analysis." In the 11th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74587.74639.

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Neil, Iain A. "Optical design dependence on technology development." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Pantazis Z. Mouroulis, R. Barry Johnson, and Virendra N. Mahajan. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.829853.

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Shanker, Aamod, Martin Sczyrba, Brid Connolly, Laura Waller, and Andy Neureuther. "Absorber topography dependence of phase edge effects." In SPIE Photomask Technology, edited by Naoya Hayashi and Bryan S. Kasprowicz. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2197861.

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Pizzuto, Angela, Pernille Klarskov, and Daniel M. Mittleman. "Bias Dependence of Laser Terahertz Emission Nanoscopy." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2018.jm1a.3.

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Sostero, Giovanni, Anna Bianco, Marco Zangrando, and Daniele Cocco. "Temperature-dependence perturbations on LTP measurements." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Andreas K. Freund, Albert T. Macrander, Tetsuya Ishikawa, and James L. Wood. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.450981.

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Zhan, Hui, Jason A. Deibel, Jonathan Laib, Chanjuan Sun, Junichiro Kono, Daniel M. Mittleman, and Hiro Munekata. "Temperature dependence of terahertz emission from InMnAs." In Optical Terahertz Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otst.2007.wa5.

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Hafez, H. A., I. Al-Naib, K. Oguri, Y. Sekine, A. Ibrahim, M. M. Dignam, R. Morandotti, et al. "Temperature Dependence of Terahertz Transmission through Photoexcited Graphene." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2014.jth2a.111.

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Deng, Yunpei, Zhinan Zeng, Pavel Komm, Yinghui Zheng, Wolfram Helml, Xinhua Xie, Zoltan Filus, et al. "Polarization Dependence of Laser Induced inner-shell excitations." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2021.jth3a.25.

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Wu, Kan, and Ning Zhao. "Dependence among Single queues in series." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit.2016.7474953.

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Reports on the topic "Technology dependence"

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Solovyanenko, Nina I. Legal features of innovative (digital) entrepreneurship in the agricultural and food sector. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0131-5226-2021-70008.

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Modern agricultural production and food trade are involved in the process of digital transformation, which is a cardinal factor of sustainable development and is carried out on the basis of IT platforms, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the dependence of these sectors of the economy on information and communication technology infrastructure and services. At the same time, the slow updating of legislation, which lags behind the constantly improving digital technologies, not only hinders their implementation, but also is a source of a number of social and legal problems. A modern regulatory framework based on digital strategies should strengthen "smart agriculture". In Russia, the legal mechanism of digital transformation and development of the national platform "Digital Agriculture" should be supported by updated basic legislation.

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Muelaner, Jody Emlyn. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021004.

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With the current state of automotive electrification, predicting which electrification pathway is likely to be the most economical over a 10- to 30-year outlook is wrought with uncertainty. The development of a range of technologies should continue, including statically charged battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and EVs designed for a combination of plug-in and electric road system (ERS) supply. The most significant uncertainties are for the costs related to hydrogen supply, electrical supply, and battery life. This greatly is dependent on electrolyzers, fuel-cell costs, life spans and efficiencies, distribution and storage, and the price of renewable electricity. Green hydrogen will also be required as an industrial feedstock for difficult-to-decarbonize areas such as aviation and steel production, and for seasonal energy buffering in the grid. For ERSs, it is critical to understand how battery life will be affected by frequent cycling and the extent to which battery technology from hybrid vehicles can be applied. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways dives into the most critical issues the mobility industry is facing.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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