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1
Martill, David M. "The early history of pterosaur discovery in Great Britain." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 343, no. 1 (2010): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp343.18.
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NAROVLIANSKIY, Oleksandr. "EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN GREAT BRITAIN." Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education Herald. Series: Philosophy, Pedagogy, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023) (December 29, 2023): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54891/2786-7013-2023-2-17.
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The article is devoted to the organisation of educational excursions in the UK and their role in the educational process of secondary schools. The purpose is to analyze the existing experience of organising school trips and to identify opportunities for using this experience in modern education in Ukraine. The historical origins of educational excursions are identified. The results of surveys and other studies conducted in the UK to determine the attitude of teachers to excursions as an element of the educational process, as well as the problems that arise in their organisation, are highlighted. Current experience of conducting excursions in various subjects - history, geography, natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, computer technology. The article identifies the most popular educational tourism sites in the UK and highlights the methods used to organise school tours (specially designed tours related to the school curriculum, master classes, workshops, etc.) It is noted that special educational and training centers have been set up at certain facilities to conduct training sessions. It is noted that in Britain, excursions to government facilities such as the Parliament, the Royal Palace, the residence of the head of government, and the court have become widespread. It is determined that most museums and other visitor attractions establish preferential conditions for receiving groups of schoolchildren or provide opportunities for free visits. The problems that hinder the development of educational tourism at the present stage of development, in particular, lack of funding, are identified. The role of charitable foundations in the development and support of school excursions and the directions of their activities are highlighted. The experience of involving business structures, in particular Hyundai, in supporting educational tourism is analyzed. The unique experience of parliamentary support for educational tourism through the development of special bills on outdoor education, which are at different stages of consideration by the parliaments of Great Britain, Scotland and Wales, is indicated. The elements of experience that can be used in domestic education are identified.
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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Swanson, Kara W. "“Great Men,” Law, and the Social Construction of Technology." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 03 (2018): 1093–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12313.
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Is Alexander Graham Bell's fame owed to law and lawyers? Two recent histories argue that some popular tales of invention originated with lawyers and judges as part of patent litigation battles (Stathis Arapostathis and Graeme Gooday, Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain[2013]; Christopher Beauchamp, Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America[2015]). Bringing law into the historical project of understanding the social construction of technology, the authors unsettle “great man” narratives of invention. A tale of a recent patent war is a case study in the persistence of such narratives, highlighting the uses of legal storytelling (Ronald K. Fierstein, A Triumph of Genius: Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War[2015]). Together, these works invite consideration of the cultural power possessed by invention origin stories, the role of narratives in law and history, and the judicial performance of truth finding in Anglo-American law.
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Fernandez, Nancy Page, and Arwen P. Mohun. "Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880-1940." Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (June 2000): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567986.
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Glucksmann, Miriam, and Arwen P. Mohun. "Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880-1940." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652242.
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Morus, Iwan Rhys. "Manufacturing nature: science, technology and Victorian consumer culture." British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 4 (December 1996): 403–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400034725.
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The public place of science and technology in Britain underwent a dramatic change during the first half of the nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century, natural philosophy was still on the whole the province of a relatively small group ofaficionados. London possessed only one institution devoted to the pursuit of natural knowledge: the Royal Society. The Royal Society also published what was virtually the only journal dealing exclusively with scientific affairs: thePhilosophical Transactions. By 1851, when the Great Exhibition opened its doors in Hyde Park to an audience of spectators that could be counted in the millions, the pursuit of science as a national need, its relationship to industrial progress were acceptable, if not uncontested facts for many commentators.
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Racine, Karen. "“This England and This Now”: British Cultural and Intellectual Influence in the Spanish American Independence Era." Hispanic American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 423–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2010-002.
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Abstract This essay argues that Great Britain provided the strongest and most relevant contemporary model for the Spanish American independence leaders. Over the course of two eventful decades, 1808 to 1826, over 70 patriot leaders made the long and difficult journey to London to seek political recognition, arms, recruits, and financial backing for their emancipation movements. Countless others remained at home in Spanish America but allied themselves with Britain through their commercial ventures, their ideological affiliation, or their enthusiastic emulation of British institutions, inventions, and practices such as the Lancasterian system of monitorial education, trial by jury, freedom of the press laws, steam engines, and mining technology. This generation of independence leaders carried on a purposeful correspondence with famous British figures such as abolitionist William Wilberforce, prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, scientist Humphrey Davy, and vaccination proponent Edward Jenner. Their conscious choice to draw closer to Great Britain, rather than Napoleonic France or the early republican United States, reveals much about the kind of cultural model the Spanish American independence leaders admired and their vision of the countries they wanted to create.
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Malcolmson, Patricia E. "Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880-1940 (review)." Technology and Culture 42, no. 2 (2001): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2001.0074.
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Postolenko, Iryna. "PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN MODERN SCHOOLS IN GREAT BRITAIN." Psychological and Pedagogical Problems of Modern School, no. 2(6) (December 21, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2706-6258.2(6).2021.247507.
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The article considers the practical implementation of educational programs in modern schools in Great Britain. The main methodological approaches to the implementation of the content of educational subjects are studied. The peculiarities of the organization of the pedagogical process during the study of core and basic subjects in British schools are studied in detail, namely, English, mathematics, science, art and design, citizenship, technology and design, geography, history, ICT, modern foreign languages, music, physical education, personal, social, health education, religious education. The pedagogical process in terms of the educational component, organization of extracurricular work with students is also analyzed. It is noted that the involvement of students in extracurricular activities helps to improve their academic performance. Students are mainly involved in the following activities: Dance, Drama, Life-saving, Swimming, Gymnastics, Athletics, Volleyball, Netball, Football, Badminton, Aerobics, Basketball. They also have the opportunity to attend science and mathematics clubs, computer clubs, languages and technology clubs, additional Mathematics groups, participate in the choir and the School Orchestra. Leisure clubs allow students to unite in common interests, engage in music, dance, theater, scouting, sports, games, design, decorative jewelry, and more. In their free time, students visit other schools, industrial enterprises, and farms. Students also have trips to the sea, local churches, art galleries, museums, theaters, etc. In addition, students participate in sports competitions not only among students in the school but also students of other schools in the county.
Keywords: educational programs; educational activity; methodological approaches; key stages of education; British schoolchildren; core subjects; basic subjects; extracurricular activities.
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PICKARD, JOHN. "Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900." Rural History 21, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990136.
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AbstractAfter reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.
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Percy, Ruth, and Arwen P. Mohun. "Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880-1940." Labour / Le Travail 49 (2002): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25149250.
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Cleevely, R. "John W. Salter, Sir William Logan, and Elkanah Billings: A Brief British Involvement in the First Decade of ‘Canadian Organic Remains’ (1859)." Earth Sciences History 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.2.e513u22148617mt0.
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John W. Salter, paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and son-in-law of J. de C. Sowerby, was commissioned by Director William Logan to describe and illustrate Canadian fossils. The fossils were given to Salter in 1851 but publication did not take place until 1859. Decade I of Canadian Organic Remains by Salter was illustrated by steel engravings. This particular technology is virtually forgotten today, but despite difficulties in preparation eventually produced outstanding illustrations. Elkanah Billings, hired by Logan in 1856 as the first Canadian government palaeontologist, journeyed to Great Britain shortly after his appointment and studied with Salter. Billings produced the third Decade, but the first one to be published. Comparison of the Decades to similar publications of the times indicates that they accomplished Logan's goal of making Canadian fossils better known.
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Bliznyuk, M., and O. Debre. "MODERN TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Ukrainian professional education, no. 8 (November 25, 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2519-8254.2020.8.239452.
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The article analyses the state of technology education integration in economically developed foreign countries in accordance with today’s requirements. The world’s leading trends in the context of providing comprehensive, equitable, and quality technology education as one of the leading goals of sustainable development, approved by the United Nations, are considered.
The structure of technology education in Germany and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is described; features of technology education integration in France are considered. The importance of technological literacy and technological competence for the development of modern education, in general, is substantiated.
The experience of such economically developed countries as Germany, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France, and others shows that professional training for work in various fields is carried out today with the help of various educational disciplines. The content of these disciplines is a synthesis of new knowledge about nature, technology, and human activity in all spheres of life. Different terms of technology education are considered as synonyms of one universal goal of labour training by the world scientific and pedagogical community. It is the formation of students’ technological literacy through the development of knowledge and understanding of technology, developing technical skills, and understanding the links between technology and society. The main purpose of primary pupils’ technology education in these countries is the formation of technological literacy and technological competence.
A characteristic trend of the studied countries is that the previously existing labor training in school, based only on the study of materials, tools, and technological processes of materials processing, is considered insufficient and outdated. Thus, the educational process in economically developed countries means primarily students who study changes in technology, and knowledge in this area should be flexible and provide a wide range of applications. Specific emphasis in the curriculum is made on practical activities, which include the following methods: work with means of labour; design product research; excursions and observations; project development; practical assessment; and history of technology development.
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Silow, Eugene, and Alexey Rudykh. "] What is the origin of the national economy’s environmental footprint and is the carbon tax legal?" XXI century. Technosphere Safety 8, no. 4 (December 29, 2023): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2500-1582-2023-4-335-345.
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The study describes the history of the industrial development of modern civilization from the beginning of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries using summarized statistical data on coal and iron ore mining and iron and steel production. References to materials published by countries, independent researchers, international institutions, and companies over the two-hundred-year period of observation are provided. It was established that the most technologically developed countries such as the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Imperial Russia and the USSR, Belgium and Japan produced more iron and steel and consumed more coal. This development has increased the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the carbon tax demand is largely unjustified in many countries.
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Malkin, S. G. "ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ БРИТАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ НА НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОКРАИНАХ." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 4 (2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-4-66-71.
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Addressing historical cases has not only academic but also political significance, especially if the current agenda is largely determined by the rhetoric and experience of conflicts rooted in history. In this regard, the article focuses on the nature, forms and consequences of British educational policy on the national outskirts in Modern times in the formation of British identity, which supported the practice of national and state building at the ideological level both within the United Kingdom and within the British Empire. Specific historical and contemporary examples demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of educational policy as a humanitarian technology for strengthening the ideological and rhetorical foundations of Great Britain as a multinational and complex public entity. The study focuses on the Scottish case which has the deepest historically roots; its analysis allows a more detailed study of the relationship between the educational strategies of the authorities in the past and their consequences in the present, taking into account the prospects for a second referendum on Scottish independence in the context of Britain’s exit from the European Union.
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Kitowski, Zygmunt. "Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of Polish Naval Academy — eighty-five years of training and scientific research work. Part I: 1931–1955." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6749.
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The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering is an heir to the Faculty of Technology of the School of Naval Cadets established in Toruń in 1931. This article presents the most important events associated with the development of the faculty in its eighty-five years of uninterrupted activity, including the WW II period in Great Britain, when the first in the history of Poland maritime school abroad, was established aboard ORP ‘Gdynia’ in the British sea base of Devenport. The first part of the article concludes in 1955, i.e. the moment the Higher Naval School (undergraduate school) was established. The second part will cover the period of 1955–2016, i.e. the Naval High School and the Naval Academy.
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Hacker, Barton C. "Visualizing Tanks." Vulcan 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 50–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-09010004.
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Abstract Rapidly changing technology transformed not only military affairs in the half century before 1914 but also the printing industry. In particular, images of all kinds became available to the public on an unprecedented scale. This allowed governments to call on artists both to propagandize the war effort and record the world-historical events. In the images they created during the Great War, official war artists did much to shape the public perceptions of such novel technologies as the tank. Especially in the robust war art programs of Britain and France, artists emphasized the blank menace of machines without evidence of human agency. Images of implacable machines rearing over blasted landscapes appeared in salons, books, magazines, newspapers, and in the new medium of film. The images sank home. During the interwar period, military mechanization incorporated tanks into armored forces that projected that same menace and invincibility on a larger scale, the very characteristics that commended tank forces to totalitarian regimes.
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Carlsson, Moa. "Computing views, remodeling environments." Social Studies of Science 52, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063127211048943.
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This article traces the development and expansion of early computer systems for analyzing views at three state-owned agencies in the United States and Great Britain: the US Forest Service, the Central Electricity Generating Board of England and Wales, and the Greater London Authority. Following the technology over four decades, from 1968 to 2012, the article traces assumptions incorporated into initial programs and propagated through to the present. These programs were designed to address questions about visual environments and proximities by numerical calculations alone, without the need for field observations. Each historical episode provides unique insights into the role of abstraction and calculation in the production of landscapes and the built environment, and shows how computer-generated view data became an important currency in planning control, not primarily for aesthetic but for financial and political reasons.
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Senchenko, Mykola. "National bibliography in foreign countries." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2020.8(289).3-11.
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In № 7 Bulletin of the Book Chamber the article "National bibliography today and tomorrow" was published, which focused on the current state and ways of development of the national bibliography (NB). The Book Chamber of Ukraine as a center of the national bibliography deals with the history and prospects of its development in the digital space of scientific knowledge, the formation and publication of chronicles of the current national bibliography. The article focuses on the history of the formation of the national bibliography in different countries, including Great Britain, USA, France, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Yugoslavia and others. It is noted that the current level of development of the National Library in the countries of this region is due to many factors, including the widespread introduction of information technology and computer technology in publishing and library activities, which necessitates the adaptation of bibliographic technologies to information needs. The result of automation of library and bibliographic processes was a computer bibliography based on the use of modern information technologies in bibliographic work. The relevance of her research is due to the fact that today it represents the highest level of development of bibliographic technologies.
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Alm, Martin. "American-European Relations in U. S. World History Textbooks, 1921-2001." American Studies in Scandinavia 44, no. 2 (September 1, 2012): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v44i2.4918.
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This article studies U.S. views of the historical relationship between the U.S. and Europe as conceived during the 20th century. This is examined through U.S. World history text books dating from 1921 to 2001. The textbooks view relations within a general teleological narrative of progress through democracy and technology. Generally, the textbooks stress the significan ce of the English heritage to American society. From the American Revolution onwards, however, the U.S. stands as an example to Europe. Beginning with the two world wars, it also intervenes directly in Europe in order to save democracy. In the Cold War, the U.S. finally acknowledges the lea ding role it has been assigned in the world. Through its democratic ideals, the U.S. historically has a spe cial relationship with Great Britain and, by the 20th century, Western Europe in general. An American identity is established both in conjunction with Western Europe, by emphasizing their common democratic tradition, and in opposition to it, by stressing how the Americans have developed this tradition better than the Europeans, creating a more egalitarian and libertarian society. There is a need for Europe to become more like the U.S., and a Europe that does not follow the American lead is viewed with suspicion.
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Cochran, Thomas C. "The Culture of Technology: An Alternative View of the Industrial Revolution in the United States." Science in Context 8, no. 2 (1995): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700002040.
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The ArgumentThe purpose of this essay is revisionist on two counts: first, that the American colonies and early United States republic kept pace with Great Britain in reaching a relatively advanced stage of industrialization by the early nineteenth century and second, that the Middle Atlantic States shared equally with New England the innovative role in creating America's industrial revolution. In both cases the industrial leaders achieved their preeminence by different routes. By concentrating on the importance of the sources of machine power as the defining characteristic of industrialism, scholars have overlooked alternative paths to industrial change. In Britain steam power and the textile industry were the foundations of an industrial revolution. But in American colonies the use of water power and the growth of industries such as woodworking and building led to an equally revolutionary change in the production of machine-made products. Benign geography in colonial America provided abundant wood and water power and an excellent transportation system based on navigable rivers and a hospitable coastline. But the crucial factors were cultural: the compelling urge to do things with less human work, the open reception to new immigration, a younger and more venturesome population, a favorable legal and fiscal environment for enterpreneurs. In the American context the tendency of scholars to emphasize the leadership of New England was largely a result of the greater local availability of manufacturing records. But recent research has demonstrated that Philadelphia, the largest port of entry in the eighteenth century, was quite naturally a center of innovation in construction materials, woodworking machinery and shipbuilding to meet the needs of the expanding agricultural hinterland and the coastal trade. In sum, the values of an expanding, youthful, skilled population replenished by fresh and venturesome sources from abroad helped shape cultural values that were particularly favorable in the geographic environment of North America for alternative paths of rapid industrial growth.
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Levine, Susan. "Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880-1940. By Arwen P. Mohun (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999) 352 pp. $48.00." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32, no. 2 (October 2001): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219501750442774.
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Szydło, Zbigniew A. "Michael Faraday the educator - an essay to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Faraday’s Death." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 22, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2017): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2017-0002.
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AbstractMichael Faraday (1791-1867) is renowned for his outstanding contribution to science and technology during the first half of the nineteenth century. However, he is less well known for his contribution to education. In the present paper, an outline of Faraday’s own education is presented, and how this experience inspired him to pass on his knowledge to others. This was mainly achieved through his popular science lectures - Chemical History of a Candle, delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, in London on 19 occasions between 1825 and 1860, and through his popular textbook for students:Chemical Manipulation(London, 1828). The author examines Faraday’s methodology of teaching chemistry by analysing a fragment of one of his lectures, and also by summarizing the content ofChemical Manipulation, and commenting on some excerpts from it. Using Faraday’s approach to chemistry education as a model, the author challenges today’s chemistry teaching programme for schools, and makes a suggestion for its improvement.
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Girardelli, Paolo. "Power or Leisure? Remarks on the Architecture of the European Summer Embassies on the Bosphorus Shore." New Perspectives on Turkey 50 (2014): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006579.
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AbstractThis study is part of a larger project on theLandscapes of the Eastern Question, contextualizing the architecture of diplomacy in İstanbul as a symbolic and material refraction of changing power balances and representational strategies. In Beyoğlu, where most of the main diplomatic residences were located, the embassies were originally Ottoman woodenkonakstructures, but, in time, the increasing influence of Russia, Great Britain and France fostered their monumentalization and the adoption of European academic classicism. By contrast, the summer embassies on the European shore of the Bosphorus remained largely local in terms of technology, image, materials, and spatial layout until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The paper argues that, for many diplomats, a stately winter residence representing national identity, along with a summer house in the spirit of the local traditions, would be used as a communicative and performative resource in the drama of European-Ottoman relations. It also evaluates foreign settlement on the northern shore of the Bosphorus as conforming to a strategy of surveillance and control in keeping with the strategic relevance and contested status of the straits.
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Alekseev, Victor R. "Confusing Invader: Acanthocyclops americanus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) and Its Biological, Anthropogenic and Climate-Dependent Mechanisms of Rapid Distribution in Eurasia." Water 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101423.
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Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892), first described in Wisconsin (USA), was discovered shortly thereafter in Great Britain and then widely distributed in the Palearctic. Its current range includes Europe, North Africa, western and central Siberia with the largest number of findings along the migration tracks of aquatic birds. Until recently, the northern border was the 60th parallel, but in the last decade it has expanded further into the Arctic. The most rapid expansion of its range in Europe happened in the middle of the last century, which was partially hidden from scientists due to a taxonomic mistake caused by the merging of its name with the native Palearctic form Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863). This problem was solved only recently with the help of molecular genetic tools, allowing a return to the study of biological, anthropogenic and possible climate-dependent mechanisms of the successful rapid invasion of A. americanus into the Palearctic. This paper, along with a detailed description of the life cycle parameters, adaptive behavior of nauplii and population dynamics in Acanthocyclops americanus compared to those in two other native Acanthocyclops species (Acanthocyclops vernalis and A. robustus), provides a possible history of the biological invasion of A. americanus in the Palearctic. Special attention is paid to the climate-dependent mechanism of the expansion of its range into the north and far east of Asia. The introduction of the A.americanus into small lakes in Great Britain resulted in the dominance of this species in the summer plankton. In many high-trophic reservoirs in Belgium, France and Spain, as well as in newly built reservoirs in Europe, this species has become the only representative of crustacean zooplankton in the warm season. This has led to a significant transformation of the trophic webs of these reservoirs. The rapid dispersal of the invasive species, which was demonstrated by A. americanus in the last century, can make it difficult, and in some cases even impossible to study the historical reasons for the formation of the fauna of other invertebrates associated with such events including the movement of continents and the evolution of the Tethys Sea.
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Burke, James. "The New Model Army and the problems of siege warfare, 1648–51." Irish Historical Studies 27, no. 105 (May 1990): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400010282.
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The destruction of the Royalist field armies at Naseby and Langport in 1645 did not end the English Civil War. Althought the king had suffered irreversible military defeats, Parliament was unable to govern effectively while politically important towns and fortresses remained in enemy hands. To ensure political stability Parliament’s army was forced to besiege and reduce a large number of strongholds in England, Ireland and Scotland, a task that was not finally completed until the surrender of Galway in 1652. In particular the war in Ireland was to test the army’s siege-making capacity more severely than any previous campaign. To complete the political conquest of Britain and Ireland the army and its generals were compelled increasingly to practise an aspect of warfare that had been traditionally neglected by English soldiers. In contrast, siege warfare was an area in which their continental counterparts had excelled.In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, European wars produced few set-piece battles. Conflicts were more frequently resolved by the assault and defence of fortified cities and towns. Consequently the art of siege warfare evolved rapidly. England’s political and military insularity during this period detached the country from advances in siege technology that had transformed the conduct of European warfare. No major siege had been undertaken by an English army since Henry VIII had invested Boulogne in 1544, and as there had been no siege of English towns or fortresses since medieval times, there had been little innovation in defensive fortifications. What improvements did occur were sporadic and unco-ordinated. In the sixteenth century a great fortress was built at Berwick-on-Tweed to counter Scottish infiltration and a number of coastal towns in the south-east were refortified against the threat of Spanish invasion. However, by the outbreak of civil war in 1642, even these were obsolete by contemporary continental standards.
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Shibkova, M. O., and A. S. Guliuki. "Conceptual Foundations of Italian Foreign Policy in the Greater Mediterranean Region." Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 111, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2023-111-4-94-112.
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The article is devoted to determining the role of the Greater (or, in its Italian version — Expanded) Mediterranean in Italian contemporary foreign policy doctrine. In the theoretical part of the study, a comprehensive analysis of the concept of the “Greater Mediterranean” is presented via consistently examining its interpretations, such as macro-region, regional security complex, space-time (place of development) and subsystem of international relations (international political region). The practical part opens with an excursion into the history of the penetration of this concept into Italian political thought, showing that it has undergone a significant evolution. The first attempts to consider the Mediterranean beyond its geographical boundaries were associated with the confrontation with Great Britain and searching for theoretical justifications for the “defensive imperialism” of Mussolini’s regime. During the Cold War an expanded Mediterranean was seen as a territory that Italy's national security directly depended on. The development of the geopolitical concept of the Expanded Mediterranean in its current form falls on the 1980s. Initially, the corresponding notion was used only within the expert community, but in the second decade of the 21st century it became entrenched in the country's military-strategic documents, more and more often replacing the wording “European-Mediterranean region”. These documents interpret the Expanded Mediterranean as a priority zone of national strategic interests, a geopolitical space where Italy should play a leading role in the fight against challenges and threats, as well as in establishing cooperation with regional players. However, such positioning of Rome is fraught with the difficulties of both economic and political nature, including those related to its membership in the EU and NATO.
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Rasmussen, Chris. "Creating a Local Notable: Brigadier General Anthony Walton White of New Brunswick." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v10i1.350.
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To the extent he is remembered today, Brigadier General Anthony Walton White is hailed as one of New Brunswick, New Jersey’s, most illustrious residents and a reminder of the city’s significance during the American Revolution. This account of White’s career reveals that he was far from successful in the military or in business. Born to wealth on an estate along the Raritan River, White relied on family ties and political connections to gain appointments in the military and government throughout his life. He forswore allegiance to Great Britain in 1775 and sought a position on Gen. George Washington’s staff. Washington interviewed White but was unimpressed and declined to appoint him to his staff. White became a cavalry officer and served throughout the Revolutionary War, but his military record was hardly unblemished, and he faced several inquiries into his conduct and courts-martial proceedings. In the 1790s he served in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion and in 1798 was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the quasi-war against France. George Washington reckoned him one of the least capable and most insufferable officers in the US Army. White fared no better in civilian life or business. After the revolution, he lost his sizeable inheritance in a series of bad investments. He also squandered the wealth inherited by his young bride, a girl he met during his service in South Carolina. White filed for bankruptcy in 1802 and died the following year. White was not a villain, but neither was he a hero. His life, like history generally, offers a complicated and cautionary tale.
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Dublin, Thomas. "Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880–1940. ByArwen P. Mohun. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 352 pp. Illustrations. Hardcover, $48.00. ISBN 0-801-86002-4." Business History Review 74, no. 2 (2000): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116701.
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Besseghini, Deborah. "The Weapons of Revolution: Global Merchants and the Arms Trade in South America (1808-1824)." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34043.
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This article investigates the role that the arms trade connected to Hispanic American Independence Wars played in the transformations at the origins of 19th century globalization. It looks specifically at how arms supplies to governments encouraged the early post-mercantilist development of South American commerce, and some of the domino effects of such development. This turning point in economic history is analyzed through the biographical trajectories of merchants who were well positioned between geopolitics and trade, and who had “imperial” functions without being formally involved in imperialist projects. Business and political correspondence, notarial documents, and customs registers from archives in Europe and the Americas reveal the workings of networks and business affairs of global merchants whose companies were major arms importers in Buenos Aires during the years leading to Chile’s liberation. The threads of John McNeile’s (an important but neglected figure) and David DeForest’s networks hook onto the principal economic and political laboratories of the countries from whence most arms were imported: Great Britain and the United States. They reached Chile and Peru from Buenos Aires and remained crucial to the liberation campaigns, encouraging further commercial expansion along the American Pacific coast and toward Asia, and pioneering financial adventures. Relations between commercial houses active in Hispanic America and Asia reveal British and US transpacific networks and ties between Hispanic American and Asian commerce and economies. The article thus shows how, by bringing together fragmented and scattered sources from both sides of the Atlantic, the significance of the arms trade in South America as a driving force of globalization emerges.
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Berg, Maxine. "Useful knowledge, ‘industrial enlightenment’, and the place of India." Journal of Global History 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022813000077.
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AbstractResearch is now turning to the missing place of technology and ‘useful knowledge’ in the debate on the ‘great divergence’ between East and West. Parallel research in the history of science has sought the global dimensions of European knowledge. Joel Mokyr's recentThe Enlightened Economy(2009) argued the place of an exceptional ‘industrial enlightenment’ in Europe in explaining industrialization there, but neglected the wide geographic framework of European investigation of the arts and manufactures. This article presents two case studies of European industrial travellers who accessed and described Indian crafts and industries at the time of Britain's industrial revolution and Europe's Enlightenment discourse on crafts and manufactures. The efforts of Anton Hove and Benjamin Heyne to ‘codify’ the ‘tacit’ knowledge of a part of the world distant from Europe were hindered by the English East India Company and the British state. Their accounts, only published much later, provide insight into European perceptions of India's ‘useful knowledge’.
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Čuk, Ivan. "EDITORIAL." Science of Gymnastics Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.11.2.137-138.
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Dear friends,
The European Union has changed its approach toward scientific publications and we have to respect the new guidelines. The most important guideline is that all scientific articles have to be openly accessible. While our journal already has open access to articles, we will try to number articles by digital object identifier (DOI) by the end of the year. It will be slightly more work, but generally we will still be able to publish three issues per year.
At the end of May new journal evaluations have been published in SCOPUS. Unfortunately, our citation has been placed slightly lower than last year, but our SNIP indicator has risen and thus our journal is now in the second quarter of journals. An excellent result!
In this issue, we have again ten articles by authors from Brazil, Portugal, Canada, Greece, Denmark (for the first time), Bulgaria (for the first time), Great Britain, Japan, Croatia, Germany, the USA, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There is a variety of research fields and it is good to see that there is a lot of productive international cooperation among researchers. Among articles on gymnastics disciplines, most are dealing with the man and the women artistic gymnastics; we are proud that for the first time we have an article from TEAMGYM, a discipline that is gaining momentum in Europe.
Anton Gajdoš prepared another article related to the history of gymnastics, refreshing our information on Albert Azarjan, an excellent Armenian (ex Soviet Union) gymnast.
Please be welcome to Freiburg to 13th International Gymnastics Congress.
Just to remind you, if you quote the Journal, its abbreviation on the Web of Knowledge is SCI GYMN J.
I wish you pleasant reading and a lot of inspiration for new research projects and articles,
Ivan Čuk
Editor-in-Chief
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Stepanov, Ievgenii N., and Abel Abraham Faith. "ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGISMS OF WATER TRANSPORT DISCOURSE IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPARISON." Мова, no. 39 (September 5, 2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4558.2023.39.284914.
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The purpose of this research is to identify phraseological units of water transport discourse in English and Russian and to compare the sociolinguistic component of these groups of language units. The object of study is phraseological units that have lexemes in their composition, which are the names of water transport infrastructure (sea and river), as well as their parts, details, equipment, functions, people involved in the operation of water transport. The subject of the research is the common and different reasons for the emergence of English and Russian water transport idioms and the peculiarities of their use in English- and Russian-speaking societies. In the process of performing the work, general research methods of analysis and synthesis, elements of the quantitative method, procedures of sociolinguistic, linguocultural and comparative methods as methods of separate paradigms of linguistics, non-paradigmatic descriptive method were applied. In addition, linguistic methods of semantic, phraseological, and etymological analysis were applied. The result of the work is the identification of a number of water transport idioms that entered English and Russian phraseology at different times and in different ways, an attempt to typologize them and the definition of sociolinguistic features of the compared groups of English and Russian idioms. The main conclusions are that among the phraseological units of the water transport discourse, 7 groups are distinguished based on the assignment of key components to different lexical-semantic groups; the correlation of equivalent (28%), background (48%) and non-equivalent (14%) pairs of English and Russian phraseological units of water transport discourse was calculated; 11% of phraseological units of one language do not have phraseological equivalents in another language. A certain group of English idioms that originated in water transport have Russian counterparts that originated in other discourses. The main reason for the asymmetric state lies in the much longer history of the English fleet than the Russian one, in the much greater employment of the population of Great Britain and other English-speaking countries in water transport, as well as the long period of time when the English language, according to the decision of the IMO, has a communicative monopoly in international shipping.
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García de la Quintana, Alfonso. "La medicina en los tiempos de Oliver Twist: análisis de la obra de Dickens = Medicine in the times of Oliver Twist: analysis of the work of Dickens." REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE COMUNICACIÓN EN SALUD 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/recs.2018.4496.
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Resumen: Introducción: La literatura Universal es una fuente de datos para conocer las enfermedades a través de la historia. Objetivo: Fomentar que los lectores exploren las enfermedades y mejoren su salud por medio de la literatura. Metodología: El texto seleccionado es Oliver Twist por ser el más conocido de charles Dickens en su versión inglesa y española. Se analizan todos los textos relacionados con la salud y se escogen los más representativos, así como los que más se repiten. También se hace una comparación con la situación en España en aquellos años. Resultados: El nivel de desarrollo de Gran Bretaña era mucho mayor que el de España. La tecnología había llegado al campo, a las minas y a la ciudad. Las epidemias, el sistema sanitario, los accidentes laborales no tenían muchas similitudes debido al atraso que sufría España. Conclusión: La literatura sirve para concienciar a la opinión pública de la importancia de la salud. Se debe fomentar la literatura como instrumento de prevención de enfermedades, incluso hay escritores que describen enfermedades sin saberlo.Palabras clave: Educación para la salud; literatura; Dickens; medicina.Abstract: Introduction: Universal literature is a source of data to know diseases through history. Aims: Encourage readers to explore diseases and improve their health through literature. Methodology: The selected text is Oliver Twist for being the best known of Charles Dickens in his English and Spanish version. All the texts related to health are analyzed and the most representative ones are chosen, as well as those that are most repeated. A comparison is also made with the situation in Spain in those years. Results: The level of development of Great Britain was much higher than that of Spain. Technology had reached the countryside, the mines and the city. The epidemics, the health system, work accidents did not have many similarities due to the backwardness suffered by Spain. Conclusion: Literature serves to raise public awareness of the importance of health. Literature should be encouraged as an instrument for the prevention of diseases, even writers who describe diseases without knowing it.Keywords: Health education; literature; Dickens; medicine.
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Honigsbaum, Mark. "10 What can we learn from the nervous sequelae of past pandemics?" Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 93, no. 12 (November 14, 2022): e3.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-bnpa.10.
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Dr Mark Honigsbaum, medical historian and senior lecturer, City University of London. A regular contributor to The Observer & The Lancet, the author of five books including The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria, and Hubris (New York and London: Norton; Hurst, 2019), The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria (Farrar Straus Giroux, 2002), and Living With Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 (Macmillan, 2009), which was longlisted for the Royal Society science book of the year in 2009. A specialist in the history of pandemics and infectious disease, his academic work combines insights from the medical and environmental humanities and the philosophy and sociology of science. His current research focuses on the phenomenon of ‘vaccine hesitancy’. Through case studies of recent vaccine controversies he seeks to understand the role that the media and partial or incomplete scientific knowledge of vaccines plays in suspicion of this valuable medical technology. He is also developing a project interrogating the phenomenon of pandemic remembrance and the tension between narrative framings of Covid-19 as a ‘crisis’ and collective experiences of grief and loss enabled by connective digital technologies.AbstractPandemics of respiratory disease have long been associated with peculiar fatigue states and an array of neurological conditions. However, in the absence of compelling biological evidence, in practice it has proved difficult to differentiate these post-viral syndromes from wider epidemiological signals and medical syndromes.Focussing on the ‘Russian influenza’ pandemic of the 1890s, this talk examines the way in which Victorian nerve doctors sought to make sense of the peculiar nervous sequelae that trailed the pandemic. These sequels included nerve exhaustion, psychosis, insomnia and fatigue and, as with Long Covid, provoked disquisitions and disputes inThe Lancetand other medical journals.Unlike Long Covid, however, men were more likely to fall prey to these syndromes than women. The result was that rather than stigmatizing male sufferers as malingerers, Victorian neurologists provided a functional diagnosis, the ‘psychoses of influenza’. Drawing on notions of ‘overwork’ and ‘overworry’ and theories of entropy, the psychoses closely resembled neurasthenia and, I argue, provided a similarly acceptable label for a spectrum of somatic and psychosomatic disorders.
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Trevor-Roper, Hugh. "Pietro Giannone and Great Britain." Historical Journal 39, no. 3 (September 1996): 657–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024481.
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ABSTRACTPietro Giannone was a revolutionary thinker who sought in the early decades of the eighteenth century to free Italy from the inveterate, legally entrenched feudal power of the church and then to free Christianity itself from the stifling and corrupting embrace of the political church. This essay tells the improbable story of how his writings were taken up and disseminated in Britain by the non-juring bishop and antiquary Richard Rawlinson, the learned but morally unsound Scottish journalist Archibald Bower, and an odd crew of Jacobites. It is shown that the translations of Giannone got into some very influential hands and represent part of an undervalued Jacobite contribution to the origins of the Scottish Enlightenment and to the thought of Edward Gibbon.
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Richards, Stephen. "The SS Great Britain (review)." Technology and Culture 49, no. 1 (2007): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2008.0017.
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Stewart Weaver. "Great Britain and the World." Reviews in American History 37, no. 3 (2009): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.0.0112.
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Fisher, Patty. "History of School Meals in Great Britain." Nutrition and Health 4, no. 4 (January 1987): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608700400402.
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This paper describes the early origins of the school meals service, their rapid growth in the second world war, their post war development and their recent retrenchment. The factors contributing to their early success and the problems to be overcome are discussed.
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Mitton, D., and R. Ackroyd. "History of photodynamic therapy in Great Britain." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2, no. 4 (December 2005): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00111-0.
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Lowry, Bullitt, and J. M. Bourne. "Britain and the Great War, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 55, no. 1 (January 1991): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986146.
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Goldstein, Erik. "Great Britain and Greater Greece 1917–1920." Historical Journal 32, no. 2 (June 1989): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012188.
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The First World War saw the collapse of the old order in the Eastern Mediterranean with the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, an event which threatened to create a dangerous power vacuum. Great Britain for the pastcentury had attempted to prevent just such a crisis by supporting the maintenance of the territorial integrity of the Ottoman state. Britain had a number of crucial strategic concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean, in particular the Suez Canal and the Straits. The former was the more critical interest and Britain was determined to keep this essential link to its Indian empire firmly under its own control. As to the Straits Britain, which was concerned about over-extending its strategic capabilities, was content to see this critical waterway dominated by a friendly state. The question inevitably arose therefore as to what would replace the Ottoman empire. One alternative was Greece, a possibility which became increasingly attractive with the emergence of the supposedly pro-British Eleftherios Venizelos as the Greek leader in early 1917.
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Pichkov, O. B. "HISTORY OF POVERTY REDUCTION INITIATIVES IN GREAT BRITAIN." RUDN Journal of Economics 25, no. 2 (2017): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2017-25-2-199-208.
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Mares, Detlev. "Too Many Nazis? Contemporary History in Great Britain." Soudobé dějiny 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51134/sod.2007.004.
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Wallace, Ian. "GDR Studies in Great Britain." East Central Europe 14, no. 1 (1987): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633087x00025.
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Kiernan, Kathleen E. "Transitions in Young Adulthood in Great Britain." Population Studies 45, no. 1 (March 1991): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145916.
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Cronin, James E., and Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28, no. 1 (1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206176.
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Buick, A. "The Socialist Party of Great Britain Centenary." History Workshop Journal 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi029.
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Costu, Mehmet Davut. "Little Turkey in Great Britain." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 1 (September 23, 2018): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1507434.
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