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Salazar, George, and M. Natalia Russi-Vigoya. "Technology Readiness Level as the Foundation of Human Readiness Level." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 29, no. 4 (June 3, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10648046211020527.
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Communication of the maturity of technology through the program/product life cycles helps enhance risk management from the beginning and support decision-making strategies for research, development, and allocation of resources. Currently, many organizations use the technology readiness level (TRL) as a simple metric to indicate the maturity of the technology. This article will discuss the TRL history, define the TRL levels, show how the TRL relates to the technology life cycle, and how the TRL framework contributes to the human readiness level (HRL) structure. Through the TRL advantages and disadvantages, this article will show how the TRL falls short in numerous areas of engineering, including the integration readiness of system/subsystem components and assessment of the readiness of the technology to operate within the human capabilities and limitations. Yet the article also shows how the TRL serves as the foundation for HRL.
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Straub, Jeremy. "In search of technology readiness level (TRL) 10." Aerospace Science and Technology 46 (October 2015): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.07.007.
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Yasseri, Sirous F., and Hamid Bahai. "Case studies in estimating subsea systems' readiness level." Underwater Technology 37, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ut.37.013.
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Systems readiness level (SRL) is a metric defined for assessing progress in the development of systems. The methodologies to estimate SRLs are built on the technology readiness level (TRL), originally developed by NASA to assess the readiness of new technologies for insertion into a system. TRL was later adopted by governmental institutions and many industries, including the American Petroleum Institute (API). The TRL of each component is mathematically combined with another metric, integration readiness level (IRL), to estimate the overall level of readiness of a system. An averaging procedure is then used to estimate the composite level of systems readiness. The present paper builds on the previous paper by Yasseri (2013) and presents case examples to demonstrate the estimation of SRL using two approaches. The objective of the present paper is to show how the TRL, IRL, and SRL are combined mathematically.<br/> The performance of the methodology is also demonstrated in a parametric study by pushing the states of readiness to their extremes, namely very low and very high readiness. The present paper compares and contrasts the two major system readiness levels estimation methods: one proposed by Sauser et al. (2006) for defence acquisition based on NASA's TRL scale, and another based on API's TRL scale. The differences and similarities are demonstrated using a case study.
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Marlyana, Novi, Alva Edy Tontowi, and Hari Agung Yuniarto. "A Quantitative Analysis of System Readiness Level Plus (SRL+): Development of Readiness Level Measurement." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902067.
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The research explains the development of Readiness Level measurement. The initial concept of Readiness Level is Technology Readiness Level (TRL). TRL is an important metric used by U.S. government agencies such as NASA and the Department of Defense and is designed to quantify the maturity of a new technology and to enable comparisons with alternatives. System technology assessment evolves with the presence of Integration Readiness Level (IRL) and System Readiness Level (SRL). A quantitative combination of levels of readiness can be made and open the potential for expanding the other sizes of readiness levels, such as the Manufacturing Readiness Level (MRL). A measurement tool to measure the development of readiness level by involving MRL is called System Readiness Level Plus (SRL+). This research focuses on quantitative analysis of SRL+ model. It consists of the mathematical properties method and readiness reversal method. Several steps can be conducted to design the SRL+ model. This model was developed from the System Readiness Level metric by Ross, combined with Incidence Matrix Approach by London. The first step is developing the function of the SRL+ model. The second step is conducting computation using a development model that is SRL+. The third step is carrying out validity of SRL+ model. The result indicates that SRL+ model can be mathematically proven.
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Goncharova, N. P., and E. N. Gorlacheva. "Application of technology readiness level assessment model in realization of innovative scientific and technological projects." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2021-2-184-194.
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At present, innovative activity is becoming more and more significant, and is a vital factor of maintaining economic growth of the country. When realizing innovative scientific and technological projects it is possible to make well-grounded managerial decisions basing on the performance indicators within the technology readiness level (TRL) assessment model. The authors study the TRL assessment model and present a set of performance indicators of similar Russian TRL model. On the example of monitoring of suggested performance indicators of the eighth technology readiness level the authors reveal the factor producing the most serious impact on one of the factors (profitability of production) and present an option for solving the problem, and a neuron network has been trained to control the indicator. The results obtained have revealed the possibility of adapting the TRL scale for the needs of high technology businesses which implement technological development programs. The results can be used in realization of innovative scientific and technological projects to reduce the costs at different life cycle stages and to increase the efficiency of the managerial decisions taken.
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Garcia, Andre, Neil Ganey, and Jeff Wilbert. "Human Readiness Assessment: A Multivariate Approach." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601495.
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Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) are a framework, originally created by NASA and later adopted and tailored by the US Department of Defense (Graettinger, Garcia, Siviy, Schenk, Van Syckle, 2002) to track the progress and maturity of a given technology. There are a number of derivative readiness level frameworks that have spun off the original TRL framework such as System Readiness Levels, Software Readiness Levels, Integration Readiness Levels, and Manufacturing Readiness Levels, just to name a few. Most of the time, these frameworks have an associated readiness assessment used to identify or assess the precise readiness level status. Human Readiness Levels (HRLs) are a framework used to identify the level of readiness or maturity of a given technology as it relates to its usability and its refinement to be used by a human(s) (Phillips, 2010). There are a number of HRL frameworks or similar (e.g. Human Factors Readiness Levels), yet little attention has been paid to Human Readiness Assessments (HRAs). The purpose of this paper is to review the literature of Human Readiness Levels and introduce a new multivariate Human Readiness Assessment that emphasizes workload, situation awareness (SA), and usability.
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Santoso, Sugeng, Tjiptogoro Dinarjo Soehari, Yoce Aprianto, Dicky Andrean, and Henny Henny. "Value Creation in Fisheries Supply Chain as A Role Model for Fish Protein Hydrolyzate Cluster Development." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2020.011.03.12.
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To increase the level of competitiveness in the maritime and fisheries industry in Indonesia, the creation of added value products, such as Fish Protein Hydrolyzate (FHP) would be essential to accelerate this mission. This value creation occurs along the fisheries supply chain, including fishermen, shippers, fish processing units, and industry. To assess the innovation maturity, the FHP machine was assessed with the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Innovation Readiness Level (IRL). The TLR was carried out by TRL-Meter and IRL was carried out by IRL-Meter. The data was collected by interviews and questionnaires with related stakeholders. The data assessed that the machine met the requirement for TRL level 9 and IRL Level 3. The recommendation for TRL 9 and IRL 3 has been conducted through a strategic partnership with a related state-owned enterprise. Because the FHP shows product competitiveness, gives value-added, and generates value creation in the fisheries supply chain, it could be a role model for the development of the FHP cluster in another location. However, the involvement of local and central governments still needs to be improved significantly. Furthermore, the government should build a conducive ecosystem for technology-based innovation in the country.
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Kresnowati, Made Tri Ari Penia, and Yazid Bindar. "MEMAHAMI PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI DAN PRODUK INDUSTRI PROSES DARI TAHAP RISET KE TAHAP KOMERSIAL: STUDI KASUS PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI FERCAF." Jurnal Sosioteknologi 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/sostek.itbj.2021.20.2.2.
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Technology and products are developed based on innovation, through sequential stages from basic research tocommercialization. The concept of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) defines technology development into nine stages,from idea generation (TRL 1) to the development of technology and products for commercialization (TRL 9). Leaping fromone implementation stage to another in technology development may result in technological valley of death. The processindustry is a group of industries that involve chemical processes in converting raw materials into products via series ofunit processes. Technology development for the process industry can also be defined in stages of technology readinesslevels, by using adapted specific targets for each stage. This paper presents a concept for assessing the development oftechnology for the process industry. A case study on analyzing technology readiness level for the technology developmentfor the Fercaf industry is presented along with factors involved.
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Bhattacharya, Subhamoy, Domenico Lombardi, Sadra Amani, Muhammad Aleem, Ganga Prakhya, Sondipon Adhikari, Abdullahi Aliyu, et al. "Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060589.
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Offshore wind turbines are a complex, dynamically sensitive structure due to their irregular mass and stiffness distribution, and complexity of the loading conditions they need to withstand. There are other challenges in particular locations such as typhoons, hurricanes, earthquakes, sea-bed currents, and tsunami. Because offshore wind turbines have stringent Serviceability Limit State (SLS) requirements and need to be installed in variable and often complex ground conditions, their foundation design is challenging. Foundation design must be robust due to the enormous cost of retrofitting in a challenging environment should any problem occur during the design lifetime. Traditionally, engineers use conventional types of foundation systems, such as shallow gravity-based foundations (GBF), suction caissons, or slender piles or monopiles, based on prior experience with designing such foundations for the oil and gas industry. For offshore wind turbines, however, new types of foundations are being considered for which neither prior experience nor guidelines exist. One of the major challenges is to develop a method to de-risk the life cycle of offshore wind turbines in diverse metocean and geological conditions. The paper, therefore, has the following aims: (a) provide an overview of the complexities and the common SLS performance requirements for offshore wind turbine; (b) discuss the use of physical modelling for verification and validation of innovative design concepts, taking into account all possible angles to de-risk the project; and (c) provide examples of applications in scaled model tests.
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Faidi, S., and A. Olechowski. "IDENTIFYING GAPS IN AUTOMATING THE ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVELS." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.160.
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AbstractCrucial in the design process, Technology Readiness Levels are a common form of technology maturity assessment. Studies suggest that the TRL scale can be subjective and biased. Automating the assessment can reduce human bias. This paper highlights important challenges of automation by presenting data collected on 15 technologies from the nanotechnology sector. Our findings show that, contrary to claims from the literature, patent data exists for low maturity technologies and may be useful for automation. We also found that there exists unexpected trends in data publications at TRL 2, 3 and 4.
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Riordan, James, Francis Flannery, Daniel Toal, Matija Rossi, and Gerard Dooly. "Interdisciplinary Methodology to Extend Technology Readiness Levels in SONAR Simulation from Laboratory Validation to Hydrography Demonstrator." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050159.
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This paper extends underwater SONAR simulation from laboratory prototype to real-world demonstrator. It presents the interdisciplinary methodology to advance the state of the art from level four to level seven on the technology readiness level (TRL) standard scale for measuring the maturity of innovations. While SONAR simulation offers the potential to unlock cost-effective personnel capacity building in hydrography, demonstration of virtualised survey-scale operations is a prerequisite for validation by practitioners. Our research approach uses the TRL framework to identify and map current barriers to the use of simulation to interdisciplinary solutions adapted from multiple domains. To meet the distinct challenges of acceptance tests at each level in the TRL scale, critical knowledge is incorporated from different branches of science, engineering, project management, and pedagogy. The paper reports the simulator development at each escalation of TRL. The contributions to simulator performance and usability at each level of advancement are presented, culminating in the first case study demonstration of SONAR simulation as a real-world hydrographic training platform.
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Granich, V. Yu, A. V. Dutov, V. L. Miroshkin, and K. I. Sypalo. "About the Technology Readiness Level and the application of the TRL Calculator for their assessment." Economics of Science 6, no. 1-2 (March 24, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2020-6-1-2-6-10.
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Sartori, A. V., V. A. Pershukov, N. A. Mosunova, and N. M. Mantsevich. "Application of the methodology of readiness levels for the lean development of digital twins of complex engineering systems." Economics of Science 6, no. 1-2 (March 24, 2020): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2020-6-1-2-62-74.
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Due to the complexity of full-scale object modeling and the need to use advanced computing technologies, the digital twin development process may require significant time, financial and human resources. Therefore, it is important for lean management of digital twin development to classify them by functionality, determine the current technology readiness level (TRL), and monitor its dynamics over short periods of time. A description of the life cycle stages of digital twins virtual models and adapted conditions to achieve technology readiness level are proposed. The use of the formalized TRL metric for detailed project planning by specific results reduces the development time, costs, and improves the quality of the results.
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Kwon, Young-Il, and Jong-Ku Son. "A Case Study on the Promising Product Selection Indicators for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 4, no. 4 (November 22, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4040056.
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This case study used a technology readiness level (TRL), market attractiveness level (MAL), and customer readiness level (CRL) to measure the prospect of promising products. The TRL, MAL, and CRL were measured using Delphi methods. A TRL is composed of basic research as well as experimental, prototype, practical, and commercial stages. A market attractiveness level is made up of global market size, global market growth rate, and government policy suitability. A customer readiness level was measured using consumer preference. The promising products were mainly selected as information communication and software related products. Among the technologies and products announced by domestic and foreign organizations, products suitable for research and development tasks of small and medium-sized enterprises were selected. The results of this case study are expected to be committed for the enhancement of the success rate of commercialization for small and medium-sized enterprises by being dedicated to the R&D planning of small and medium-sized enterprises in the ICT (Information and Communication Technology)/SW (Software)) field and proposing a direction to pursue the business. The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach to measure the prospect of promising products by using three levels: TRL, MAL, and CRL, which are measured using Delphi methods. This approach aims to enhance the success rate of commercialization for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
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Salazar, George, Judi E. See, Holly A. H. Handley, and Richard Craft. "Understanding Human Readiness Levels." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641427.
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The Human Readiness Levels (HRL) scale is a simple nine-level scale developed as an adjunct to complement and supplement the existing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) scale widely used across government agencies and industry. A multi-agency working group consisting of nearly 30 members representing the broader human systems integration (HSI) community throughout the Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Energy (DOE), other federal agencies, industry, and academia was established in August 2019. The working group’s charter was to mature the HRL scale and evaluate its utility, reliability, and validity for implementation in the systems acquisition lifecycle. Toward that end, the working group examined applicability of the HRL scale for a range of scenarios. This panel will discuss outcomes from the working group’s activities regarding HRL scale structure and usage.
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Ahn, Eun-Young, Seong-Yong Kim, and Jae-Wook Lee. "Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) Indicator Development for Geoscience and Mineral Resources R&D." Economic and Environmental Geology 48, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9719/eeg.2015.48.5.421.
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Behdinan, Kamran, and Soumya Ranjan Mishra. "CARDINAL WTRL: TECHNOLOGY MATURITY, SCHEDULE SLIPPAGE AND TREND FORECASTING." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.60.
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AbstractMaturity assessments of technology is a crucial process to identify and acquire compatible technologies for a system’s development. However, being a complex and highly subjective process, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has reported cost overruns and schedule slippages through the years. This study provides a unique Weighted Technology Readiness Level (WTRL) framework which utilizes cardinal factors to ascertain the maturity, schedule and trend of NASA’s 7 Technologies based on their maturity time. The framework utilizes MCDM methods to determine the cardinal complexity of each TRL. It allows the assimilation of other cardinal factors using a simple, open structure to track the overall technology maturity and readiness. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of tailored TRL frameworks to determine the accurate cardinal coefficient of the said technology and the inferences derived otherwise. It eliminates several limitations of previous frameworks and compares against their performance using a verified statistical representation of processed data.
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Fico, Vito Mario, María Ángeles Martín Prats, and Carmelina Ierardi. "High Technology Readiness Level Techniques for Brushless Direct Current Motors Failures Detection: A Systematic Review." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071573.
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Many papers related to this topic can be found in the bibliography; however, just a modest percentage of the introduced techniques are developed to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) sufficiently high to be implementable in industrial applications. This paper is focused precisely on the review of this specific topic. The investigation on the state of the art has been carried out as a systematic review, a very rigorous and reliable standardised scientific methodology, and tries to collect the articles which are closer to a possible implementation. This selection has been carefully done with the definition of a series of rules, drawn to represent the adequate level of readiness of fault detection techniques which the various articles propose.
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Du, Gang, Qing Huang, and Li Sun. "Research of Synergy Product Maturity Based on Maturity Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2813.
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Product Maturity Level (PML) has a great significance as an important tool in impelling the development of professional product research and realizing optimization of supply and product continuous improvement. Through analyzing Product Maturity Cycle, this paper proposes Application Readiness Level (ARL) based on the study of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Manufacturing Readiness Level (MRL). It improves the evaluation model of PML and expands the scope of PML. Meanwhile, this paper regarded synergy products as research object, combining the backwardness advantage of product development and the aspiration of innovation in China, it develops a new PML evaluation model of high technology products. The characteristic factors, influencing factors of PML and its grades dividing had also been deeply studied and systematically analyzed, which offers guidance to product development and marketization in China.
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Sukharev, A. A., and A. O. Vlasenko. "Application of the TRL scale to planning of complex science and technology programs in aviation." Economics of Science 6, no. 1-2 (March 24, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2020-6-1-2-52-61.
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Article describes the approach to selection of technology development directions during planning of complex science and technology programs in aviation. The approach involves identifying (1) product requirements, (2) alternative product concepts to meet the requirements and (3) technology portfolios and their comparison by risks, costs and time required to reach implementation readiness status. The results of testing the approach are presented in respect to the TRL-based ranking of alternative concepts of future general aviation aircraft by relative level of technical risks.
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Kotarski, Andrzej. "A Concept of Suborbital Scientific Mission and Technology Validation." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2019, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0018.
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Abstract Suborbital platforms are one of alternatives for satellites. They offer cheaper access to space to perform broad range of scientific and technology R&D. One of suborbital platforms are sounding rockets, which are suitable for these applications. A concept of scientific mission utilizing the sounding rocket is presented by author in this paper. The novelty of this mission is the operational responsive launch approach, which presents the example of the mission which responds for payload user needs, not payload contest approach, which is often in scientific community competing for payload space in space agency sounding rocket launch campaigns. The main mission goal is to perform astronomical observation of NEO using IR/VIS telescope. The secondary goal is to qualify the instrument for use on astronomical satellite observatory and raise its technology readiness level from TRL 6 to TRL 8. The expected mission output is to gain scientific data on NEO object and perform new IR/VIS optoelectronic instrument technology validation.
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Rowe, Jill, Alicia Morandi, Zhengkai Li, Ann Hayward Walker, John Joeckel, Melinda McPeek, Philippe Blanc, and Anne Basseres. "Oil Spill Response Technologies (OSR) Since Macondo – A Review of Improvements and Novelties." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1698.
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ABSTRACT A surge in oil spill response technology projects occurred in the five years following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH). To assess the alignment of advances with identified research and technology needs and identify improvement points, Total SA conducted a review of oil spill response (OSR) technology projects conducted since 2010. Of specific interest was the extent to which R&D projects advanced the Technology Readiness Level (TRL), the need for additional improvements in, and the degree of stakeholder acceptance of the full range of OSR technologies. The paper describes a broad approach to the review of existing reports on the use and effectiveness of various OSR technologies: natural attenuation, surface and subsea dispersants, in-situ burning, herders, oil sensing and tracking, mechanical containment and recovery, bioremediation, shoreline cleanup, waste management, and spill response planning. Each of these technologies fulfills a role in a systematic approach to oil spill response. An underlying premise to achieve a successful response is the active, appropriate use of all OSR technologies to mitigate a spill event. The key objectives of this work were to review recent literature on OSR technology work since 2010; discuss improvements in oil response technologies since 2010; determine the Technical Readiness Level (TRL) of different technologies; determine stakeholder acceptance level (SAL) for different technologies, and summarize improvement points where further research and development could occur. The key questions addressed in this project included determining how much previous and current research has or will result in improvements to oil spill response, and what domains in our knowledge and equipment would still benefit from additional improvement with future R&D. This paper summarizes one technology covered in the study report, i.e., dispersants. The authors highlight some research activities and improvements in dispersant technology since Macondo, and the TRL and SAL of dispersants. Through this review, some key research activities regarding OSR technology that would benefit from further development are identified.
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Balafoutis, Athanasios T., Frits K. Van Evert, and Spyros Fountas. "Smart Farming Technology Trends: Economic and Environmental Effects, Labor Impact, and Adoption Readiness." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050743.
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Farming faces challenges that increase the adverse effects on farms’ economics, labor, and the environment. Smart farming technologies (SFTs) are expected to assist in reverting this situation. In this work, 1064 SFTs were derived from scientific papers, research projects, and industrial products. They were classified by technology readiness level (TRL), typology, and field operation, and they were assessed for their economic, environmental, and labor impact, as well as their adoption readiness from end-users. It was shown that scientific articles dealt with SFTs of lower TRL than research projects. In scientific articles, researchers investigated mostly recording technologies, while, in research projects, they focused primarily on farm management information systems and robotic/automation systems. Scouting technologies were the main SFT type in scientific papers and research projects, but variable rate application technologies were mostly located in commercial products. In scientific papers, there was limited analysis of economic, environmental, and labor impact of the SFTs under investigation, while, in research projects, these impacts were studied thoroughly. Further, in commercial SFTs, the focus was on economic impact and less on labor and environmental issues. With respect to adoption readiness, it was found that all of the factors to facilitate SFT adoption became more positive moving from SFTs in scientific papers to fully functional commercial SFTs, indicating that SFTs reach the market when most of these factors are addressed for the benefit of the farmers. This SFT analysis is expected to inform researchers on adapting their research, as well as help policy-makers adjust their strategy toward digitized agriculture adoption and farmers with the current situation and future trends of SFTs.
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Liu, Guo Cai, Hong Xun Pang, and Xin Feng Xu. "Model and Simulation of the Quality Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 697 (November 2014): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.697.488.
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This paper analyses the quality study based on the whole life cycle actions of the product by transformation of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Project Progress by Fourier ,and designs the quality control system used by PID controller which simulated by Matlab software. Results show that the model is stable and accords with real situation, the outputs of quality control system and PID controller meet monotonically nondecreasing property and deviation convergents.
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Baldo, David, Alessandro Mecocci, Stefano Parrino, Giacomo Peruzzi, and Alessandro Pozzebon. "A Multi-Layer LoRaWAN Infrastructure for Smart Waste Management." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082600.
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Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has rapidly become one of the key enabling technologies for the development of Internet of Things (IoT) architectures. A wide range of different solutions relying on this communication technology can be found in the literature: nevertheless, the most part of these architectures focus on single task systems. Conversely, the aim of this paper is to present the architecture of a LoRaWAN infrastructure gathering under the same network different typologies of services within one of the most significant sub-systems of the Smart City ecosystem (i.e., the Smart Waste Management). The proposed architecture exploits the whole range of different LoRaWAN classes, integrating nodes of growing complexity according to the different functions. The lowest level of this architecture is occupied by smart bins that simply collect data about their status. Moving on to upper levels, smart drop-off containers allow the interaction with users as well as the implementation of asynchronous downlink queries. At the top level, Video Surveillance Units (VSUs) are provided with machine learning capabilities for the detection of the presence of fire nearby bins or drop-off containers, thus fully implementing the Edge Computing paradigm. The proposed network infrastructure and its subsystems have been tested in a laboratory and in the field. This study has enhanced the readiness level of the proposed technology to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 3.
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Klimaszewski, Sławomir. "Model Podejmowania Decyzji w Oparciu o Wartości Służący Ocenie Wariantów Systemu Monitorowania Stanu Technicznego Struktury Statków Powietrznych z Punktu Widzenia Wymagań Użytkownika Wojskowego." Research Works of Air Force Institute of Technology 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2016-0013.
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Streszczenie Niniejszy artykuł opisuje model podejmowania decyzji w oparciu o wartości (ang. Value-Focused Thinking - VFT) opracowany w celu oceny różnych wariantów wdrożenia systemu monitorowania stanu technicznego struktury (ang. Structural Health Monitoring - SHM) wojskowego statku powietrznego. Rozpatruje się cztery warianty wspomnianego systemu (SHM) oparte na: kontroli wzrokowej (aktualne podejście), czujnikach piezoelektrycznych (PZT), czujnikach światłowodowych z siatką Bragga (FBG) i czujnikach próżniowych (Comparative Vacuum Monitoring - CVM). Przedstawiono przykład numeryczny w celu zilustrowania możliwości modelu. Analizy wrażliwości są wykonane dla takich wartości jak koszt, wydajność, dostępność statku powietrznego oraz poziom gotowości technologicznej (Technology Readiness Level - TRL), aby zbadać wpływ tych parametrów na całkowitą wartość informacji z zakresu stanu technicznego struktury dostarczanych przez określony wariant systemu SHM.
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Petrov, A. N., and A. V. Komarov. "Estimaton of technology readiness level of tender proposal in terms of methodology TPRL." Economics of Science 6, no. 1-2 (March 24, 2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2020-6-1-2-88-99.
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The article describes a model for assessing the level of technological readiness of projects submitted to the competition for funding, built using the TPRL methodology. The model can be used along with other tools for evaluating competitive applications to increase the accuracy and objectivity of the expert evaluation of competitive projects. Based on the results obtained using the proposed model, ranked lists of participating projects can be compiled for the subsequent selection of winning projects. The developed model for assessing the level of technology development hasbeen tested for projects of the federal target program «Research and Development in Priority Directions for the Development of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014-2020».
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Daniotti, Sara, and Ilaria Re. "Marine Biotechnology: Challenges and Development Market Trends for the Enhancement of Biotic Resources in Industrial Pharmaceutical and Food Applications. A Statistical Analysis of Scientific Literature and Business Models." Marine Drugs 19, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020061.
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Biotechnology is an essential tool for the sustainable exploitation of marine resources, although the full development of their potential is complicated by a series of cognitive and technological limitations. Thanks to an innovative systematic approach that combines the meta-analysis of 620 articles produced worldwide with 29 high TRL (Technology Readiness Level) European funded projects, the study provides an assessment of the growth prospects of blue biotechnologies, with a focus on pharmaceutical and food applications, and the most promising technologies to overcome the main challenges in the commercialization of marine products. The results show a positive development trend, with publications more than doubled from 2010 (36) to 2019 (70). Biochemical and molecular characterization, with 150 studies, is the most widely used technology. However, the emerging technologies in basic research are omics technologies, pharmacological analysis and bioinformatics, which have doubled the number of publications in the last five years. On the other hand, technologies for optimizing the conditions of cultivation, harvesting and extraction are central to most business models with immediate commercial exploitation (65% of high-TRL selected projects), especially in food and nutraceutical applications. This research offers a starting point for future research to overcome all those obstacles that restrict the marketing of products derived from organisms.
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Wagner, Erika B. "Research Flights on Blue Origin's New Shepard." Gravitational and Space Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2021-0005.
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Abstract Blue Origin's New Shepard launch vehicle made its first flight above the Kármán Line, returning safely to Earth in November 2015. At the time when this paper is being written (February 2021), the system has conducted 14 flights, including 10 with research and education payloads aboard. More than 100 payloads have exercised a wide range of capabilities and interfaces, from small cubesat-form factor student payloads to large custom payloads of nearly 100 kg. Investigations have spanned a wide range of high-altitude and microgravity research objectives, as well as raising technology readiness level (TRL) on diverse hardware. This paper summarizes New Shepard's payload missions to date, and presents standardized and custom accommodations, both in the shirtsleeve cabin and directly exposed to the space environment.
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Seitz, A., A. Hübner, and K. Risse. "The DLR TuLam project: design of a short and medium range transport aircraft with forward swept NLF wing." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 11, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-019-00421-1.
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Abstract In order to further raise the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of laminar technologies in aircraft design the German Aerospace Center DLR conducted an internal project called TuLam (Toughen up Laminar Technology), which lasted from 2014 to 2017. In the course of the project two technology paths were pursued, namely Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) and Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC). Within the frame of the NLF path a short and medium range transport aircraft with forward swept laminar wing was designed. The present paper is focused on the aerodynamic design of the forward swept wing in cruise flight. As a special feature in comparison with previous designs of transonic laminar flow wings a trailing edge flap of 10% chord depth is employed to allow for an adaptation of the laminar bucket to off-design conditions. The resulting wing was assessed on overall aircraft level with respect to its fuel reduction potential, whereby the CSR-01 configuration, essentially a re-design of the Airbus A320-200, was used as a reference.
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Chiesa, Giacomo, Silvia Cesari, Miguel Garcia, Mohammad Issa, and Shuyang Li. "Multisensor IoT Platform for Optimising IAQ Levels in Buildings through a Smart Ventilation System." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205777.
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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) issues have a direct impact on the health and comfort of building occupants. In this paper, an experimental low-cost system has been developed to address IAQ issues by using a distributed internet of things platform to control and monitor the indoor environment in building spaces while adopting a data-driven approach. The system is based on several real-time sensor data to model the indoor air quality and accurately control the ventilation system through algorithms to maintain a comfortable level of IAQ by balancing indoor and outdoor pollutant concentrations using the Indoor Air Quality Index approach. This paper describes hardware and software details of the system as well as the algorithms, models, and control strategies of the proposed solution which can be integrated in detached ventilation systems. Furthermore, a mobile app has been developed to inform, in real time, different-expertise-user profiles showing indoor and outdoor IAQ conditions. The system is implemented in a small prototype box and early-validated with different test cases considering various pollutant concentrations, reaching a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 3–4.
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Chybowski, Leszek, Katarzyna Gawdzińska, and Valeri Souchkov. "Applying the Anticipatory Failure Determination at a Very Early Stage of a System’S Development: Overview and Case Study." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0027.
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Abstract Anticipatory Failure Determination (AFD) is a tool used in the TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) methodology. This article introduces its concept and describes the process of AFD in different versions of the method. The article presents the application of the AFD method at a very early state of a system’s development, i.e. its concept formulation stage, which corresponds to a technology readiness level (TRL) equal to 2. The system under analysis is a set of devices used to reduce displacement ship hull resistance. The system was modelled using functional analysis. An analysis of system resources was then carried out. Possible direct, indirect, and accident-related failures were identified. A multi-criteria analysis of the causes of system failures was conducted from which the top 10 potential failures were selected. Observations were made on the applicability of AFD in respect to systems not yet implemented.
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Thormann, Lisa, Ulf Neuling, and Martin Kaltschmitt. "Opportunities and Challenges of the European Green Deal for the Chemical Industry: An Approach Measuring Innovations in Bioeconomy." Resources 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10090091.
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The Circular Economy Action Plan, as part of the European Green Deal announced by the European Commission, is highly relevant to the chemical industry in relation to the production of sustainable products. Accordingly, the chemical industry faces the question of how far it can promote its own manufacture of sustainable products. Within this context, this article presents an approach on how to measure innovations in bioeconomy. The methodological framework developed provides the chemical industry with an approach to assess the effectiveness of innovative conversion technologies producing biogenic intermediate products (e.g., bulk chemicals). The innovations within the bioeconomy (TRL > 4; TRL—technology readiness level) are compared in terms of technical, economic, and environmental indicators for the current status, for the medium- and long-term as well as for different production sites. The methodological approach developed here is exemplarily applied, assessing the production of intermediate biogenic products via thermo-chemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The results show the successful applicability of the developed assessment approach as well as significant differences in efficiency, costs, and environmental impact, both from the perspective of time and in spatial terms within the European Union. Thus, the methodological approach developed and presented enables the chemical industry to reduce challenges and to take advantage of the opportunities arising from the transition to a climate-neutral and circular economy.
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Ismail, Mubarak, Metkel Yebiyo, and Issa Chaer. "A Review of Recent Advances in Emerging Alternative Heating and Cooling Technologies." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020502.
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The heating and cooling industry underpins everything we do, e.g., manufacturing, commercial and residential applications. Many of these applications invariably use mechanical refrigeration technologies, consequently contributing significantly to the environmental impacts of the refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) industry both through direct and indirect emissions of CO2. To reduce these emissions, research and development worldwide aim to improve the performance of conventional systems and the development of new refrigeration technologies of potentially much lower environmental impacts. As we transition to a low carbon economy, there are sizable environmental and economic benefits from developing and using efficient, innovative, low carbon heating and cooling technologies that reduce energy use and carbon emissions. This paper provides an up-to-date and comprehensive critical review and evaluation of recent advances in emerging alternative heating and cooling technologies that have the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of refrigeration in the RACHP sector. The paper highlights the basic working principle of operation, its main applications, the challenges and opportunities in penetrating the market. The paper also highlights further research and development needed to accelerate the development and adoption of these alternative refrigeration technologies by the sector. Most of the technologies reviewed have a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 3–4, except electrocaloric technology which is less ready compared to its counterparts with a TRL of 1–2 at this stage. Furthermore, most technologies have capacities ranging between a few kilowatts to a maximum of 7 kW with a coefficient of performance COP between 1 and 10 reported in the literature.
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Dange, Pooja, Soumya Pandit, Dipak Jadhav, Poojhaa Shanmugam, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Sanjay Kumar, Manu Kumar, Yung-Hun Yang, and Shashi Kant Bhatia. "Recent Developments in Microbial Electrolysis Cell-Based Biohydrogen Production Utilizing Wastewater as a Feedstock." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168796.
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Carbon constraints, as well as the growing hazard of greenhouse gas emissions, have accelerated research into all possible renewable energy and fuel sources. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), a novel technology able to convert soluble organic matter into energy such as hydrogen gas, represent the most recent breakthrough. While research into energy recovery from wastewater using microbial electrolysis cells is fascinating and a carbon-neutral technology that is still mostly limited to lab-scale applications, much more work on improving the function of microbial electrolysis cells would be required to expand their use in many of these applications. The present limiting issues for effective scaling up of the manufacturing process include the high manufacturing costs of microbial electrolysis cells, their high internal resistance and methanogenesis, and membrane/cathode biofouling. This paper examines the evolution of microbial electrolysis cell technology in terms of hydrogen yield, operational aspects that impact total hydrogen output in optimization studies, and important information on the efficiency of the processes. Moreover, life-cycle assessment of MEC technology in comparison to other technologies has been discussed. According to the results, MEC is at technology readiness level (TRL) 5, which means that it is ready for industrial development, and, according to the techno-economics, it may be commercialized soon due to its carbon-neutral qualities.
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Osigwe, Emmanuel O., Arnold Gad-Briggs, and Theoklis Nikolaidis. "Feasibility of a Helium Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine for UAV Propulsion." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010028.
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When selecting a design for an unmanned aerial vehicle, the choice of the propulsion system is vital in terms of mission requirements, sustainability, usability, noise, controllability, reliability and technology readiness level (TRL). This study analyses the various propulsion systems used in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), paying particular focus on the closed-cycle propulsion systems. The study also investigates the feasibility of using helium closed-cycle gas turbines for UAV propulsion, highlighting the merits and demerits of helium closed-cycle gas turbines. Some of the advantages mentioned include high payload, low noise and high altitude mission ability; while the major drawbacks include a heat sink, nuclear hazard radiation and the shield weight. A preliminary assessment of the cycle showed that a pressure ratio of 4, turbine entry temperature (TET) of 800 °C and mass flow of 50 kg/s could be used to achieve a lightweight helium closed-cycle gas turbine design for UAV mission considering component design constraints.
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Devani, Diviya, Stephen Maddox, Ryan Renshaw, Nigel Cox, Helen Sweeney, Trevor Cross, Michael Holynski, et al. "Gravity sensing: cold atom trap onboard a 6U CubeSat." CEAS Space Journal 12, no. 4 (August 4, 2020): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12567-020-00326-4.
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Abstract “Cold atoms” can be used as ultra-sensitive sensors for measuring accelerations and are capable of mapping changes in the strength of gravity across the surface of the Earth. They could offer significant benefits to existing space based gravity sensing capabilities. Gravity sensors in space are already used for many Earth observation applications including monitoring polar ice mass, ocean currents and sea level. Cold atom sensors could enable higher resolution measurements which would allow monitoring of smaller water sources and discovery of new underground natural resources which are currently undetectable. The adoption of cold atom technology is constrained by low technology readiness level (TRL). Teledyne e2v and its partners are addressing this maturity gap through project Cold Atom Space PAyload (CASPA) which is an Innovate UK and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded project, involving the University of Birmingham as science lead, XCAM, Clyde Space, Covesion, Gooch & Housego, and the University of Southampton. Through the CASPA project the consortium have built and vibration tested a 6U (approximate dimensions: 100 × 200 × 300 mm) cube Satellite (CubeSat) that is capable of laser cooling atoms down to 100’s of micro kelvin, as a pre-cursor to gravity sensors for future Earth observation missions.
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Staack, Ingo. "Establishment of the Swedish Aeronautical Research Center (SARC)." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-07-2018-0201.
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Purpose This paper aims to present the newly founded Swedish Aeronautical Research Center (SARC), based on the triple helix theory, to foster the seamless Swedish aerospace research interplay between academia, research organizations and industry. Design/methodology/approach The paper is a technical paper, mainly relating and explaining sources and concepts for research planning and organization. Used concepts are the triple helix approach (for socioeconomic effects), the role of academia and industry interplay for education and the technology readiness level (TRL) concept for strategic research planning. Focusing on the establishment of a graduate school, lessons learned from previous national research schools are also presented. Findings The paper gives an overview of and explains the interplay between politics, social welfare and industrial R&D needs, with the academic viewpoint of aeronautical research and education. Shortcomings in both the use of TRL for research program planning and the Swedish competence cluster system are identified and remedies suggested. The main findings are suggestions for future actions to be conducted by SARC in the fields of research and education. Practical implications The paper includes implications for the seamless interplay between academia, research organizations and industry. Originality/value So far, no publication about the newly founded SARC has been made yet. It is unique in the way that it makes substantial use of national technical documents so that this information becomes available for non-Swedish speakers. Additionally, the perhaps-unique system of industrial competence clusters is presented.
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Irfan, Faishal, Romie Oktovianus Bura, and Heri Yansyah. "DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC OF SIMULATOR TECHNOLOGY 4.5 GENERATION FIGHTER AIRCRAFT FOR SUPPORTING NATIONAL DEFENSE SYSTEM." Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v6i3.834.
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<div><p class="Els-history-head">The fighter aircraft project is one of the defense and security equipment (alpalhankam or alat peralatan pertahanan dan keamanan) priority programs contained in the defense industry roadmap. Indonesia and South Korea undertook a joint development program in developing 4.5 generation fighter aircraft. However, Indonesia experiences several obstacles in the development of fighter aircraft, one of which is the ability of disparity and mastery of fighter technology. One of the critical components used as one of the development programs is simulator technology development. Mastery of simulator technology can improve the ability of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from technology development fighter aircraft and can cause multiplier effects in other fields. Therefore we need a development strategy that is appropriate for the development of simulator technology. This study aims to analyze and define the benchmark level of performance or from the critical components which will then be used as a reference for the development strategy of the 4.5 generation fighter simulator for joint development projects. The method used in this study is a mixed-method with an approach system engineering uses quality function deployment tools and Critical Technology Element (CTE) technology assessment to identify which CTE then used as a reference strategy for the development of fighter simulator technology. The results of the study show that there are several CTE values along with simulator technology performance scores, among others mission 92.5%, data 83.56%, motion 52.51%, and strategic options that can be used in the technological development of fighter simulator generation 4.5 such as strategic joint development, self-development, and local content/offset.</p></div><div> </div>
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Herrero-Gonzalez, Marta, and Raquel Ibañez. "Chemical and Energy Recovery Alternatives in SWRO Desalination through Electro-Membrane Technologies." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 8100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178100.
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Electro-membrane technologies are versatile processes that could contribute towards more sustainable seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination in both freshwater production and brine management, facilitating the recovery of materials and energy and driving the introduction of the circular economy paradigm in the desalination industry. Besides the potential possibilities, the implementation of electro-membrane technologies remains a challenge. The aim of this work is to present and evaluate different alternatives for harvesting renewable energy and the recovery of chemicals on an SWRO facility by means of electro-membrane technology. Acid and base self-supply by means of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes is considered, together with salinity gradient energy harvesting by means of reverse electrodialysis and pH gradient energy by means of reverse electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. The potential benefits of the proposed alternatives rely on environmental impact reduction is three-fold: (a) water bodies protection, as direct brine discharge is avoided, (b) improvements in the climate change indicator, as the recovery of renewable energy reduces the indirect emissions related to energy production, and (c) reduction of raw material consumption, as the main chemicals used in the facility are produced in-situ. Moreover, further development towards an increase in their technology readiness level (TRL) and cost reduction are the main challenges to face.
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Arena, Maurizio, Francesco Amoroso, Rosario Pecora, and Salvatore Ameduri. "Electro-Actuation System Strategy for a Morphing Flap." Aerospace 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6010001.
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Within the framework of the Clean Sky-JTI (Joint Technology Initiative) project, the design and technological demonstration of a novel wing flap architecture were addressed. Research activities were carried out to substantiate the feasibility of morphing concepts enabling flap camber variation in compliance with the demanding safety requirements applicable to the next generation green regional aircraft. The driving motivation for the investigation on such a technology was found in the opportunity to replace a conventional double slotted flap with a single slotted camber-morphing flap assuring similar high lift performances—in terms of maximum attainable lift coefficient and stall angle—while lowering emitted noise and system complexity. The actuation and control logics aimed at preserving prescribed geometries of the device under variable load conditions are numerically and experimentally investigated with reference to an ‘iron-bird’ demonstrator. The actuation concept is based on load-bearing actuators acting on morphing ribs, directly and individually. The adopted un-shafted distributed electromechanical system arrangement uses brushless actuators, each rated for the torque of a single adaptive rib of the morphing structure. An encoder-based distributed sensor system generates the information for appropriate control-loop and, at the same time, monitors possible failures in the actuation mechanism. Further activities were then discussed in order to increase the TRL (Technology Readiness Level) of the validated architecture.
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Hubbard, Sarah, and Bryan Hubbard. "A Method for Selecting Strategic Deployment Opportunities for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Transportation Agencies." Drones 4, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4030029.
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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are increasingly used for a variety of applications by state Departments of Transportation (DOT) and local transportation agencies due to technology advancements, lower costs, and regulatory changes that have simplified operations. There are numerous applications (e.g., bridge inspection, traffic management, incident response, construction and roadway mapping) and agencies find it challenging to prioritize which applications are most appropriate. Important factors to consider when prioritizing UAS applications include: (1) benefits, (2) ease of adoption, (3) stakeholder acceptance, and (4) technical feasibility. These factors can be evaluated utilizing various techniques such as the technology acceptance model, benefit analysis, and technology readiness level (TRL). This paper presents the methodology and results for the prioritization of UAS applications’ quality function deployment (QFD), which reflects both qualitative and quantitative components. The proposed framework can be used in the future as technologies mature, and the prioritization can be revised on a regular basis to identify future strategic implementation opportunities. Numerous transportation agencies have begun to use UAS, some have developed UAS operating policies and manuals, but there has been no documentation to support identification of the UAS applications that are most appropriate for deployment. This paper fills that gap and documents a method for identification of UAS applications for strategic deployment and illustrates the method with a case study.
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Seitz, Arne, Anaïs Luisa Habermann, Fabian Peter, Florian Troeltsch, Alejandro Castillo Pardo, Biagio Della Corte, Martijn van Sluis, et al. "Proof of Concept Study for Fuselage Boundary Layer Ingesting Propulsion." Aerospace 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010016.
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Key results from the EU H2020 project CENTRELINE are presented. The research activities undertaken to demonstrate the proof of concept (technology readiness level—TRL 3) for the so-called propulsive fuselage concept (PFC) for fuselage wake-filling propulsion integration are discussed. The technology application case in the wide-body market segment is motivated. The developed performance bookkeeping scheme for fuselage boundary layer ingestion (BLI) propulsion integration is reviewed. The results of the 2D aerodynamic shape optimization for the bare PFC configuration are presented. Key findings from the high-fidelity aero-numerical simulation and aerodynamic validation testing, i.e., the overall aircraft wind tunnel and the BLI fan rig test campaigns, are discussed. The design results for the architectural concept, systems integration and electric machinery pre-design for the fuselage fan turbo-electric power train are summarized. The design and performance implications on the main power plants are analyzed. Conceptual design solutions for the mechanical and aero-structural integration of the BLI propulsive device are introduced. Key heuristics deduced for PFC conceptual aircraft design are presented. Assessments of fuel burn, NOx emissions, and noise are presented for the PFC aircraft and benchmarked against advanced conventional technology for an entry-into-service in 2035. The PFC design mission fuel benefit based on 2D optimized PFC aero-shaping is 4.7%.
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Murugan, Muthuvel, Michael Walock, Anindya Ghoshal, Robert Knapp, and Roger Caesley. "Embedded Temperature Sensor Evaluations for Turbomachinery Component Health Monitoring." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040852.
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Current rotorcraft gas turbine engines typically use titanium alloys and steel for the compressor section and single-crystal nickel superalloys for the hot-section turbine stator vanes and rotor blades. However, these material selections are rapidly changing due to increased requirements of power-density and efficiency. Future U.S. Army gas turbine engines will be using ceramic matrix composites for many high temperature engine components due to their low density and improved durability in high temperature environments. The gas turbine industry is also actively developing adaptive concept technologies for production and assembly of modular gas turbine engine components with integrated sensing. In order to actively monitor engine components for extended seamless operation and improved reliability, it is essential to have intelligent embedded sensing to monitor the health of critical components in engines. Under this U.S. Army Foreign Technology Assessment Support (FTAS) program funded research project, embedded fiber-optic temperature sensors from U.K.-based company, Epsilon Optics Ltd (Fordingbridge, UK)., were experimentally evaluated to measure temperature responses on typical turbomachinery component material coupons. The temperature responses from this foreign technology sensor were assessed using a thermomechanical fatigue tester with a built-in furnace to conduct thermal cycling durability experiments. The experimental results obtained from the durability performance of this embedded fiber Bragg sensor are reported in this paper. This sensor technology, upon maturation to higher TRL (technology readiness level), can greatly reduce the lifecycle cost of future U.S. Army gas turbine engines.
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Falke, Annemarie, and Michael Höck. "Ex-ante Life Cycle Assessment of Bioleaching in Indium Recovery from LCD-Waste." MRS Advances 4, no. 35 (2019): 1949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.218.
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ABSTRACTIn light of growing demand and pollution versus a finite amount of resources, electronic waste recycling is a way towards material circularity. New recycling technologies not only face technical difficulties but also need to overcome challenges of feasibility in both economic and environmental aspects. An assessment regarding environmental impacts and economic factors at the early development stages of such technologies is necessary to ensure a successful establishment. A batch lab-scale process using bioleaching to win indium from electronic waste was drafted using recent research in the field. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to determine the environmental impacts in four different categories at the lowest Technology Readiness Level (TRL). The findings were then compared to two existing chemical leaching processes to put them in perspective. Results show that the electricity consumption is the major contribution to environmental impacts. The assumed bioleaching process has a higher environmental impact than the two chemical processes due to its high duration and resulting high electricity consumption. However, the research has also proven, that an LCA during the conceptual phase has a high uncertainty due to lack of data and knowledge about the process.
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Fico, Vito Mario, Antonio Leopoldo Rodríguez Vázquez, María Ángeles Martín Prats, and Franco Bernelli-Zazzera. "Failure Detection by Signal Similarity Measurement of Brushless DC Motors." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071364.
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In recent years, Brushless DC (BLDC) motors have been gaining popularity as a solution for providing mechanical power, starting from low cost mobility solutions like the electric bikes, to high performance and high reliability aeronautical Electro-Mechanical Actuator (EMA). In this framework, the availability of fault detection tools suited to these types of machines appears necessary. There is already a vast literature on this topic, but only a small percentage of the proposed techniques have been developed to a sufficiently high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) to be implementable in industrial applications. The investigation on the state of the art carried out during the first phase of the present work, tried to collect the techniques which are closest to possible implementation. To fill a gap identified in the current techniques, a partial demagnetisation detection method is proposed in this paper. This technique takes advantage of the asymmetries generated in the current by the missing magnetic flux to detect the failure. Simulations and laboratory experiments have been carried out to validate the idea, showing the potential and the easy implementation of the method. The results have been examined in detail and satisfactory conclusions have been drawn.
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Paulsen, Ebbe Bagge, and Peter Enevoldsen. "A Multidisciplinary Review of Recycling Methods for End-of-Life Wind Turbine Blades." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144247.
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Wind energy has seen an increase of almost 500 GW of installed wind power over the past decade. Renewable energy technologies have, over the years, been striving to develop in relation to capacity and size and, simultaneously, though with less focus on, the consequences and challenges that arise when the products achieve end-of-life (EoL). The lack of knowledge and possibilities for the recycling of fiber composites and, thus, the handling of EoL wind turbine blades (WTBs) has created great environmental frustrations. At present, the frustrations surrounding the handling are based on the fact that the most commonly used disposal method is via landfills. No recycling or energy/material recovery is achieved here, making it the least advantageous solution seen from the European Waste Commission’s perspective. The purpose of this research was thus to investigate the current recycling methods and to categorize them based on the waste materials. The opportunities were compared based on processing capacity, price, environment and technology readiness level (TRL), which concluded that recycling through co-processing in the cement industry is the only economical option at present that, at the same time, has the capabilities to handle large amounts of waste materials.
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Menchinelli, Alessandro, Francesca Ingiosi, Ludovico Pamphili, Paolo Marzioli, Riccardo Patriarca, Francesco Costantino, and Fabrizio Piergentili. "A Reliability Engineering Approach for Managing Risks in CubeSats." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040121.
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Besides large-scale space missions, the spread of CubeSats for a variety of applications is increasingly requiring the development of systematic approaches for risk management. Being these applications are based on components with low TRL (Technology Readiness Level) or with limited performance data, it is required to define approaches which ensure a systematic perspective. This paper aims to present a reliability engineering approach based on FMECA (Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) to manage CubeSat reliability data and prioritize criticalities early in the design phase. The approach firstly proposes an alpha-numeric coding system to support the identification and labeling of failure modes for typical CubeSats’ items. Subsequently, each FMECA coefficient (i.e., Severity, Occurrence, Detectability) has been linked to the CubeSat’s structural properties, reducing subjectivity by means of techno-centric proxy indicators. The approach has been validated in the design phases of a 6-Units university CubeSat for the observation of M-Dwarf stars and binary systems. The performed analysis supported the design process and allowed to identify the major criticalities of the CubeSat design, as demonstrated in the extended case study included in the paper. The formalized method could be applied to design procedures for nano-satellites, as well as being expanded for research and development in a variety of space missions.
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Carro, Andrés, Ricardo Chacartegui, Carlos Tejada, Georgios Gravanis, Muhammad Eusha, Voutetakis Spyridon, Papadopoulou Simira, and Carlos Ortiz. "FMEA and Risks Assessment for Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems Based on Carbonates." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 6013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196013.
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Thermochemical energy storage systems from carbonates, mainly those based on calcium carbonate, have been gaining momentum in the last few years. However, despite the considerable interest in the process, the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) is still low. Therefore, facing the progressive development of the technology at different scales is essential to carry out a comprehensive risk assessment and a Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (FMEA) process to guarantee the safety and operation of the technology systems. In this study, the methodology was applied to a first-of-its-kind prototype, and it is a valuable tool for assessing safe design and operation and potential scaling up. The present work describes the methodology for carrying out these analyses to construct a kW-scale prototype of an energy storage system based on calcium carbonate. The main potential risks occur during the testing and operation stages (>50% of identified risks), being derived mainly from potential overheating in the reactors, failures in the control of the solar shape at the receiver, and potential failures of the control system. Through the assessment of Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs), it was identified that the issues requiring more attention are related to hot fluid path to avoid loss of heat transfer and potential damages (personal and on the facilities), mainly due to their probability to occur (>8 on a scale of 10). The results derived from the FMEA analysis show the need for specific control measures in reactors, especially in the calciner, with high operation temperatures (1000 °C) and potential effects of overheating and corrosion.
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Weigel, Perez, Martin Schüller, André Gratias, Mathias Lipowski, Theo ter Meer, and Michiel Bardet. "Design of a synthetic jet actuator for flow separation control." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 11, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-020-00479-2.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper describes the development of a piezo-electric synthetic jet actuator (SJA) of the AFLoNext project. Active flow—loads and noise control on next generation wing (AFLoNext) is a project within European Union’s 7th Framework Program. One of the main project goals is the application of active flow control (AFC) techniques, such as SJAs and pulsed jet actuators (PJAs) in two different application scenarios to evaluate the potential benefit for retrofit of current aircraft and also for future aircraft designs. This paper is focusing on the SJAs. For large-scale wind tunnel testing, an actuator panel with 84 SJAs including the drive electronics system was designed and pre-tested in a laboratory environment. The performance exceeds 100 m/s with outlet nozzles of 2.5 mm diameter and a span wise clearance of 10 mm. A second actuator design was prepared for the application on the outer wing region and was investigated in a harsh environmental test campaign. Two span wise rows of five actuators were integrated in a panel with 10 × 0.5 mm2 slotted outlet nozzles. With this design also velocities exceeding 100 m/s were measured. The actuators withstand different harsh environmental conditions including extreme temperature, rain, mechanical vibration and shock. With the results of the project, a technology readiness level (TRL) evaluation will conclude the maturity of the technology. Depending on the final test and evaluation results, achievement of TRL4 is expected.