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Pitsakis, Konstantinos, and Claudio Giachetti. "Information-based imitation of university commercialization strategies: The role of technology transfer office autonomy, age, and membership into an association." Strategic Organization 18, no. 4 (2019): 573–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127019850098.
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We investigate whether university technology transfer offices, that is, divisions responsible for the commercialization of academic research, imitate their industry peers when designing their commercialization strategy. We borrow from information-based theories of imitation and the literature on academic entrepreneurship to argue that given a technology transfer office’s autonomy to strategize independently from its parent university, information from within and outside the technology transfer office affects its propensity to imitate the commercialization strategy of the “most successful peers,” that is, those with the largest live spinoff portfolio and greatest revenues from spinoffs in the industry. We contend that a technology transfer office’s experience, that is, a function of its age, represents a key internal source of information for the technology transfer office when deciding whether to imitate or not; we also consider the technology transfer office’s embeddedness in a network where the most successful peer is also a member as a key external source of information. From data on 86 British university technology transfer offices and their commercialization strategies between 1993 and 2007 that were drawn from both secondary sources and in-depth interviews with technology transfer office managers, we find that there is a negative relationship between technology transfer offices’ autonomy and their level of imitation of the most successful technology transfer office’s strategy, and that this relationship is moderated by the technology transfer offices’ age and by their membership into an association where the most successful technology transfer office is also a member.
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Xia, Jing, Wei Liu, Sang-Bing Tsai, Guodong Li, Chien-Chi Chu, and Kai Wang. "A System Dynamics Framework for Academic Entrepreneurship." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (2018): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072430.
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Academic entrepreneurship (AE) models have enhanced the ability of scholars to delineate elements and relationships that are consistent with entrepreneurial activities. However, previous research has not focused on the dynamic feedback loops within AE. Prior models have seldom included feedback obtained from interrupted or implemented activities integrated with individual, organizational, and strategic variables. This paper proposes a model of AE from the perspective of system dynamics that seeks to explore key features of this complex process within the boundaries of a spinoff company. To achieve this goal, we developed a framework that includes four main phases: recognition, commitment, credibility, and sustainability. The model examines and analyzes the key role of innovative academic entrepreneurship during each stage. Feedback loops provide the link between strategic assessment and entrepreneurial renewal according to which AE integrates entrepreneurial and strategic efforts. Combining various perspectives from the previous literature, the proposed model can be activated from any point during the process. By introducing a system dynamics context for the model, this research expands upon the thinking of prior AE research. In practical application, our proposed framework provides insights into the feedback loops and other complexities of the AE process that academic entrepreneurs can apply to support the transfer of innovations in science and technology from academia to commercial settings.
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Almeida, Fernando. "SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP INDICATORS." Entrepreneurship 9, no. 2 (2021): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ep.swu.v9i2.1.
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This study aims to explore and synthesize the academic entrepreneurship indicators that can be used by university institutions to understand their degree of development and maturities in supporting entrepreneurship processes. To this end, a systematic review is used to characterize the studies published in the last decade, the researchers who have led this research field, the adopted methodologies, and the structure and dimensions of indicators. The results allowed us to identify a set of 29 indicators distributed by 8 dimensions such as patents, university spinoffs, infrastructures, industry engagement, process creativity, process efficiency, process outcomes, and training. This study is innovative in focusing its analysis on academic entrepreneurship indicators. The knowledge of these indicators is relevant from a conceptual and practical perspective and will help universities to improve their technology transfer processes which will serve as a fundamental element in the implementation of the university's third mission.
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Mariani, Giovanna, Ada Carlesi, and Alfredo Antonino Scarfò. "Academic spinoffs as a value driver for intellectual capital: the case of the University of Pisa." Journal of Intellectual Capital 19, no. 1 (2018): 202–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-03-2017-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss academic spinoffs (ASO) as an expression of the value creation of university technology transfer (TT) investments. More recently, scholars have emphasised intellectual capital’s (IC) importance, also for universities in obtaining competitive advantages and by creating value. Such spinoffs are key to regional development, as a primary aspect of universities’ IC. Design/methodology/approach The authors tested the aim through a sample of the University of Pisa’s spinoffs. The authors measured the value the university’s third mission investment generates on the area by means of entrepreneurship through two different approaches. First, the authors defined a multiplier of the TT investment (university TT multiplier) and then explored the IC components’ contributions to the ASOs’ enterprise value (EV). Findings The results show that the University of Pisa’s TT investments positively impact the local community through the spinoff system, both in economic terms and in IC. In the long term, these investments can enrich scientific humus and entrepreneurial mindsets. Research limitations/implications This is an exploratory study of the University of Pisa’s impacts on the local economy. The results are limited to the context of Pisa and to the TT policy. Another limitation is the subjectivity of the EV estimation. Practical implications The results can have some practical implications. The large portfolio of university stakeholders (policymakers, families, students, companies, financiers, etc.) ask for information, especially on long-term results: in a simple way, the multiplier is able to communicate important feedbacks to support their decision-making process. Social implications With the multiplier, the authors give a tool to measure the social enrichment. Originality/value In the study, the authors propose a new tool to measure the impact of the investment in TT on the local community.
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Prokop, Daniel, Robert Huggins, and Gillian Bristow. "The survival of academic spinoff companies: An empirical study of key determinants." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 37, no. 5 (2019): 502–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242619833540.
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The formation of university spinoff companies has been studied extensively, yet limited attention has been devoted to their survival. Consequently, little is known about spinoff’s later stage developments. Spinoff companies exist in university networks where they access resources through different types of actors. However, it remains unclear on which actors specifically these firms should focus their networking efforts, especially in relation to their success. It is also poorly understood how the regional economic environment affects spinoff survival. This article examines the core determinants of survival of academic spinoff companies. The article analyses a unique sample of 870 UK spinoff companies from 81 universities formed between 2002 and 2013. The results show that spinoff company survival is dependent on three core university network actors: investors, external entrepreneurs and technology transfer offices (TTOs). In addition, spinoff companies born into less industrially diversified regions enjoy greater probability of survival.
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Rubini, Lauretta, Chiara Pollio, Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta, and Elisa Barbieri. "Heterogeneous effects of spinoff foundations on the means of technology transfer: the role of past academic-industry collaborations." Economia Politica 38, no. 1 (2021): 261–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00221-z.
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AbstractFocusing on the Italian population of academic entrepreneurs, we analyze the effect of establishing a spinoff firm on researchers' attitudes towards carrying out other activities in collaboration with firms, namely, co-publishing and co-patenting. We investigate the heterogeneity in this effect in terms of existing collaborations with firms in the pre-spinoff period. Using a counterfactual analysis on subgroups, we verify that academic entrepreneurs with previous publications with firms diminish their co-publishing and increase their co-patenting after founding a spinoff. Conversely, academic entrepreneurs who had no previous publications with firms increase their co-publishing and decrease their co-patenting. We maintain that such results are related to academics' learning processes connected with their previous technology transfer activities. The policy implications are related to technology transfer aims and contradict the idea that promoting spinoffs is an appropriate "one-size-fits-all" initiative.
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Wright, Mike. "Academic entrepreneurship, technology transfer and society: where next?" Journal of Technology Transfer 39, no. 3 (2012): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9286-3.
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Secundo, Giustina, Christle De Beer, Felicia M. Fai, and Cornelius S. L. Schutte. "Increasing university entrepreneurialism: qualitative insights from the technology transfer office." Measuring Business Excellence 23, no. 3 (2019): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-02-2019-0015.
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Purpose Successful promotion of academic entrepreneurship is a determining factor in the pursuit of university entrepreneurialism. This paper aims to illustrate how qualitative data on the performance of the technology transfer office (TTO), based on access to intellectual capital (IC) indicators, can be transformed into a metric to provide insights that assist in strategy development for a university moving towards a more entrepreneurial configuration. Design/methodology/approach The TTO performance metric takes the form of a self-assessment of access to IC indicators, which are determinants of effectiveness. This study involves the use of the metric through the completion of an online survey and follow-up interviews, to collect and analyse the data. Findings The performance of 34 TTOs in continental Europe and the UK are measured, and insights into the success of promoting academic entrepreneurship were gained. The qualitative data are studied in detail to illustrate how the university can strategically leverage IC to enhance academic entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications This study recommends that the university align the mission statement and organisational structure of the TTO, to enable access to IC. This, in turn, may result in increased academic entrepreneurship activities, which will drive the university towards increased entrepreneurialism. Practical implications The interpretation of the qualitative data relating to the performance of the TTO, and which factors influence it, aids in understanding the performance of the entrepreneurial university and illustrates, which strategic interventions can be made. Originality/value Understanding the link between IC, academic entrepreneurship (as encapsulated in the performance of the TTO) and the characteristics of the entrepreneurial university is particularly useful for university management decisions.
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Staudt, Joseph. "Academic Entrepreneurship and Inequality: Evidence From Administrative Data." European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (2022): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecie.17.1.839.
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Over the past several decades, universities have increasingly emphasized knowledge and technology transfer. Faculty are key agents facilitating this transfer, engaging in commercial and entrepreneurial activities such as, consulting, student placement, patenting, and the founding of start-ups. This paper documents the prevalence of faculty commercial engagement as well as the extent to which it widens earnings inequality among faculty. In contrast to previous work that uses surveys with low response rates to measure the commercial engagement of university faculty, this paper uses detailed administrative data from universities (UMETRICS) linked to confidential earnings data at the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and U.S. Census Bureau (including the universe of W2 and 1099 tax records) to analyse how often university faculty engage in the types of commercial and entrepreneurial activity that catalyse knowledge/technology transfer.
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Gohir, Tas, and Grier Palmer. "Technology Transfer in HEIs." Industry and Higher Education 19, no. 5 (2005): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005775185895.
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The UK's bioscience research base is one of the country's genuine long-term economic assets. It is critically important for the UK not to repeat past mistakes, when financial exploitation of innovative and groundbreaking bioresearch went overseas. This study reviews commercialization from the Department of Biological Sciences at Warwick University as a microcosm of the current state of technology transfer in academia. Its technology transfer operation is typical of many other such organizations. Warwick University does, however, have the benefit of being in the ‘Ivy League’ of UK universities and is regarded as a beacon of entrepreneurial flair. If the power of academic entrepreneurship is to be fully unleashed anywhere, Warwick is as well placed as any to capitalize on the opportunities. While the purpose of the study has been to consider how Warwick's enormous entrepreneurial prowess can be harnessed for the greater commercialization of its bioscience research, many of the conclusions and recommendations are applicable to other departments and academic institutions worldwide.
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Müller-Wieland, Roda, Antonia Muschner, and Martina Schraudner. "Academic entrepreneurship: phase-specific constraints and needs." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 13, no. 3 (2019): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-01-2019-0006.
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Purpose Academic entrepreneurship is extremely relevant in knowledge and technology transfer (KTT). The purpose of this study is to provide insights into phase-specific constraints and needs impacting scientists’ engagement in entrepreneurial activities at public research institutions. Design/methodology/approach In an exploratory case study, 40 qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with German academic entrepreneurs in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Findings Based on the data analysis, an ideal-typical founding process with phase-specific barriers and needs was identified. Many constraints and associated needs occur in more than one phase, including the lack of knowledge, the demand for exchange formats, the lack of time and financial resources, institutionalized return options, the lack of human resources and the lack of incentives. Research limitations/implications Given its exploratory approach, this study has limitations regarding its generalization; however, the presented findings may induce further research and in-depth analysis on this matter. Practical implications Several recommendations for action are provided for each phase of the founding process to strengthen the (entrepreneurial) transfer in research organizations. Generally, a pioneering indicator of excellence in the science system should be developed to promote transfer next to publications. Originality/value The study contributes to existing literature on determinants of academic entrepreneurship by indicating the phase-specific constraints and needs throughout the founding process and discussing those needs in the theoretical context of current societal and technological mega-trends.
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Civera, Alice, Michele Meoli, and Silvio Vismara. "Engagement of academics in university technology transfer: Opportunity and necessity academic entrepreneurship." European Economic Review 123 (April 2020): 103376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103376.
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Sinell, Anna, Roda Müller-Wieland, and Antonia Muschner. "Gender-Specific Constraints on Academic Entrepreneurship and Engagement in Knowledge and Technology Transfer." Technology Innovation Management Review 8, no. 2 (2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1136.
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Noorlizawati Abd Rahim, Zainai B. Mohamed, and Astuty Amrin. "From Lab to Market: Challenges Faced By Academic Entrepreneur in Technology Transfer Pursuit." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 3 (2021): 1256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.4300.2021.
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The development of academic entrepreneurship is often benchmarked by the rate of patenting, licensing and spin-offs creation. However, these traditional indicators inherently require a long gestation period to materialize, thus creating a challenge to gauge the progress of novice universities. This paper preliminarily assesses the nature of academic entrepreneurship from a developing economy perspective and explore common challenges faced by academic entrepreneurs in bringing research discoveries from lab to market. Survey questionnaires were distributed to academic entrepreneurs of a public university in Malaysia and a series of answers to an open-ended question were analysed through content analysis. Although the results showed the rate of patents, licensing and start-up creations are modest, however, most of the scientists have made significant progress to the pre-commercialization stage by developing prototypes with commercial potential. The content analysis revealed that scientists’ entrepreneurial characteristics and institutional support were among the main factors that affect the commercialization of research discoveries. These findings suggest for the relevant authority to take improvement measures to enhance the efficiency of Technology Transfer Office and for the private funders and government disbursing agencies to provide more transparency in decision criteria and to reduce the period of application process and approval results. Avenues for future research are recommended based on the findings derived from this single case study.
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Lyken-Segosebe, Dawn, Tshegofatso Mogotsi, Sakarea Kenewang, and Bonolo Montshiwa. "Stimulating Academic Entrepreneurship through Technology Business Incubation: Lessons for the Incoming Sponsoring University." International Journal of Higher Education 9, no. 5 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n5p1.
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Universities facilitate academic entrepreneurship or their ‘third mission’ by making available supporting mechanisms such as science and technology parks, incubators, and entrepreneurship programs. Botswana’s STEM University seeks to develop a technology park in which it will commercialize the research and intellectual property developed by its faculty members, students, research centers and the country’s private sector through incubation and other processes. As a business support process, technology business incubation nurtures start-up companies and mitigates the risk of their early failure. In this enabling environment, start-ups can concentrate on technology transfer and later “hatch” or leave the incubator financially viable and self-sustaining. Pursuing academic entrepreneurship and the university-model of technology business incubation present benefits for the country, the local community and the university in terms of economic development, economic diversification, job creation, technology development, viable firms, successful products, and the enhancement of university income and prestige. However, university and faculty culture, and the extent of faculty members’ knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship and social capital may temper this potential. Utilizing a narrative review of the literature, this paper sought to identify critical issues a newly-participating university should be aware of as it seeks to adopt the university-model of business incubation to facilitate its transformation from a primary focus on its traditional research and teaching missions to one also based on the formal commercialization activities characterizing academic entrepreneurship. The paper informs on approaches the university may adopt to encourage academic entrepreneurship among its faculty members.
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Mõttus, Maksim, and Oliver Lukason. "Academic Assets, Life-Cycle, and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of Estonian Academic Workers." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 2 (2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020113.
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This study aimed to find out how academic assets are interconnected with firm creation by academic staff at different academic life-cycle stages. The applied theoretical setting integrated resource-based and life-cycle explanations of academic entrepreneurship. A longitudinal whole population dataset of Estonian academic workers was applied, with a dependent variable reflecting firm creation, and independent variables representing different academic assets. The logistic regression results indicated the varying importance of different academic assets at different academic career stages, while divergence also exists with respect to academic discipline. The results enable postulating several theoretical propositions, accompanied by practical implications for technology transfer at universities.
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Abd Rahim, Noorlizawati, Zainai Mohamed, Astuty Amrin, and Maslin Masrom. "Impact of Self-Regulated Learning on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition and Academic Entrepreneurship Performance." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 18, no. 04 (2021): 2150016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877021500164.
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The ratio of academic scientists to the labor force in Malaysia has increased. However, the contribution of academic scientists to commercialize research discoveries remains limited. Successful research commercialization or university technology transfer requires entrepreneurial effort that may involve skills beyond the traditional roles of academics. The ability to identify the commercial opportunity of research, i.e. entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, has been proven to be a critical skill for an academic entrepreneur. Earlier findings in this area would have been far more useful if the antecedents of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition were recognized. Although self-regulated learning has been inferred to as informal entrepreneurship education for academic entrepreneurs, there has been a lack of evidence on how it influences their academic entrepreneurship performance. This paper examined the characteristics of academic entrepreneurs and the key success factors, whether academics’ opportunity recognition ability is influenced by their self-regulated learning behavior. A quantitative research design was employed based on a case study of a technological university in Malaysia involving 115 academic entrepreneurs. Structural equation modeling analysis results revealed that academics’ opportunity recognition and social capital are the most important determinants of their academic entrepreneurship performance. The efficiency of the Technology Transfer Office and the ease of securing funding play influential roles too, but to a smaller extent. Most importantly, opportunity recognition is strengthened by self-regulated learning, through frequent deliberate practices in information and knowledge seeking that enable scientists to be more creative and innovative in translating research into marketable products and technology.
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Nowakowska, Aleksandra Ewa. "The engagement of universities in entrepreneurship and innovation infrastructure in Poland." Optimum Economic Studies, no. 2(104) (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.03.
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Purpose – The paper is intended to identify the role and activity of universities in building up business environment infrastructure in Poland. It analyses centres that support innovation processes and entrepreneurship co-established by higher education institutions, such as technology and academic incubators, technology transfer centres, and science and technology parks. Research method – The research methods include: a critical analysis of subject-matter literature, the analysis of the existing data (reports and expert opinions), and three casual interviews with leaders of innovation and entrepreneurship centres in Poland. Results – After a period of dynamic development (which ended in 2012), the number of business support institutions is declining. The trend is observed, in particular, amongst technology parks and incubators. On the other hand, the engagement of universities in the development of technology transfer centres is growing while the population of university start-up incubators remains stable. The number and power of entrepreneurship and innovation support centres are strongly correlated with the economic strength of regions and their position as academic centres. University and business collaboration has been expanding together with the density of regional relationships. Originality / value – The article assesses the state and quality of operation of the academic business environment and its transformation in the last decade.
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Maresova, Petra, Ruzena Stemberkova, and Oluwaseun Fadeyi. "Models, Processes, and Roles of Universities in Technology Transfer Management: A Systematic Review." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9030067.
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Universities play pivotal roles when research findings are to be adopted commercially. Although these roles vary from one country to another, effective patenting and licensing procedures, as well as eventual commercialisation of scholarly inventions, reflect hard work on the part of the University mediating between the researcher and the industry through technology transfer offices (TTOs) in order to ensure that knowledge-developers take motivational and monetary credit for their findings. This paper details some existing models, processes, and roles taken up in some countries where sharing of intellectual property exists, and links it up with aspects of university–industry technology transfer, such as policies surrounding patenting, government investment and marketing, and the process of academic entrepreneurship, among others. 22 articles were found via a systematic review of literature and analysed with respect to four identified areas of focus: internal strategy, investment and market, academic entrepreneurship and policy. Based on models, processes, and roles in reviewed studies, our results indicate that new models for technology transfer mainly stem from the fact that there is no universally accepted model in the literature. Furthermore, management of technology transfer is mostly the responsibility of TTOs in most countries. While university TTOs act as intermediaries to protect the interest of the author/inventor, issues such as poor relationships between universities and industry, as well as funding, remain major challenges in many emerging economies. In contrast, researchers in western economies are mainly challenged by financial motivation and recognition within the academic domains.
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Coelho, Paula, and Márcia Rapini. "Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Professors in Public Universities: Case Study in Brazil." European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (2022): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecie.17.1.430.
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In the literature on academic entrepreneurship, the creation of academic spin-offs is one of the Knowledge and Technology Transfer (KTT) channels most studied. The use of different KTT channels and the creation of spin-offs can be a source of opportunity for the overflow of knowledge and innovation with wealth creation. Although with a broad spectrum, research on academic entrepreneurship still has gaps to be explored in the literature. In Brazil, there is a lack of studies that explain more specifically how the professor at the public university transfers knowledge and technology and undertakes entrepreneurial activities. The main motivations of the doctoral research presented in this article are the lack of studies concerning the trajectory of successful entrepreneurial professors and the exploration of the use of different KTT channels in academic entrepreneurship for wealth creation. The general goal of the research is to identify the strategies used during the innovation trajectory of entrepreneurial professors in Information Technology (IT), who converted knowledge and scientific assets into wealth. To meet this goal, an adapted retrospective roadmapping approach was used to collect data, to map and to analyze the life trajectory of innovation of six professors from three Brazilian Public Universities in the IT area. The results made it possible to understand how professors innovated, became entrepreneurs and transferred knowledge and technology. They mobilized 136 strategies using different channels (e.g., Entrepreneurs Training, Collaborative Research and Development Projects, Technology Residency, Academic Spin-offs Creation, Academic Consulting). The professors' strategies resulted in a value distribution, with considerable wealth (tangible and intangible). The results showed that although there is no pattern in the professors' trajectories of innovation and entrepreneurship, there are several strategies common to the cases. One of them was to train qualified personnel at the university, based on intensive research in knowledge seeking to solve real market problems.
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Singhai, Sandeep, Ritika Singh, Harish Kumar Sardana, and Anuradha Madhukar. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Technology Transfer: A Structural Equation Modeling Based Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105600.
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Technology transfer is one of the facets of academic entrepreneurship and acts as a vital element of the innovation system. It forms a sustainable link between research and business communities. A holistic model for successfully transferring technology in developing countries is an unmet need in the context of technology transfer from public-funded academic research institutions to small and medium enterprises. In this work, we developed a conceptual model and undertook an empirical study for the determinants of successful transfer. A questionnaire was prepared and administered to key stakeholders involved in technology transfer. Overall, 321 respondents participated in the survey with congener demography. The conceptualized input factors, viz. micro-level, meso-level, and macro-level factors, are significantly interrelated. The contribution of input factors towards the successful transfer of technology was extensively analyzed and tested using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The results show that the model is a good fit. The study revealed that communication, innovativeness, knowledge, quality of the product, and motivation were the five most important factors for successfully transferring technology.
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Etzkowitz, Henry. "StartX and the ‘Paradox of Success’: Filling the gap in Stanford’s entrepreneurial culture." Social Science Information 52, no. 4 (2013): 605–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413498833.
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Stanford University’s legendary success in technology transfer, based upon a relatively small group of serial faculty entrepreneurs, masked unrealized potential residing in the underutilized inventions of less entrepreneurially experienced faculty and students. An optimum academic entrepreneurship and technology-transfer regime matches various levels of inventor interest and involvement with appropriate organizational competence and support. The ‘Paradox of Success’ is that great organizational success in licensing, or other activities, may reduce the motivation to further advancement, in the Stanford case, introducing support structures for research commercialization that are commonplace in aspiring entrepreneurial universities. Stanford had largely bought into an ideology of a self-organizing innovation ecosystem in Silicon Valley that implied lack of need for explicit entrepreneurial support structures on campus, such as incubator facilities. This belief inhibited policy intervention until a student-organized accelerator project actualizing underutilized entrepreneurial capacity demonstrated that a step change in promoting entrepreneurship at Stanford was necessary and feasible. Case studies based on archival and interview data show the development of Stanford’s entrepreneurial academic culture and university development strategy.
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Fernandez-Alles, Mariluz, Juan Pablo Diánez-González, Tamara Rodríguez-González, and Mercedes Villanueva-Flores. "TTO characteristics and university entrepreneurship: a cluster analysis." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 10, no. 4 (2019): 861–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-03-2018-0026.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze potentially significant differences in a series of relevant characteristics of universities’ technology transfer offices (TTOs). To this end, TTOs have been classified by the function of their resources assigned to the enhancement of university entrepreneurship. The factors analyzed are the number of academic spin-offs created with the support of TTOs as well as the TTOs’ age, experience, professionalization and relational capital. Design/methodology/approach The authors have performed a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis to identify the groups of TTOs with homogeneous behavior and features. This multivariate technique allows determining whether it is possible to identify some differentiated conglomerates of TTOs. Findings The results of the cluster analysis allow concluding that the number of academic spin-offs created with the support of TTOs, the age and degree of professionalization of these TTOs, the experiences of their employees in matters related to entrepreneurship and their relationships with market actors explain the different levels of commitment of TTOs toward the enhancement of university entrepreneurship. In contrast with the expected results, the relationship between TTOs and academic actors does not seem to explain such differences. Originality/value This research contributes to the identification of the particular design characteristics that TTOs should exhibit to promote the entrepreneurial performance of universities, offering important recommendations to academic institutions regarding the efficient design of TTOs to manage university ambidexterity and to build TTOs’ entrepreneurial identity.
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Łącka, Irena. "The Role of Academic Entrepreneurship and Spin-Off Companies in the Process of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation." Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation 8, no. 1 (2012): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7341/2012814.
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Pigola, Angelica, Priscila Rezende Da Costa, Marcos Rogério Mazzieri, and Isabel Cristina Scafuto. "The transfer of technology from the organizational viewpoint." International Journal of Innovation 10, no. 3 (2022): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/iji.v10i3.22435.
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"Technology transfer has been the vanguard of progress and an inexhaustible fountain for productivity, empowerment, and convenience" (Mings, 1998). Since then, no consensus definition has been presented due to the complexity of the topic that requires time to evolve. (Bengoa et al., 2021). Considering the excellence in business management the process of technology transfer is certainly composed by advantages and disadvantages regardless its great importance on innovation management (Lager Hassan-Beck, 2021).From a broader perspective, research streams and important topics were identified by Bengoa et al. (2021) such as (a) technology transfer in university (academic entrepreneurship, intellectual property, new ventures, technology transfer offices, and university–industry relationship), (b) international technology transfer, (c) intra-firm technology transfer, (d) absorptive capacity, and (e) public innovation policies (Bengoa et al., 2021). Considering the various agents involved in technology transfer (transferors and transferees) and its bidirectional process, the authors highlighted that limited attention has been paid to detecting the difficulties and efforts in an effective university–industry relationship from the perspective of firms (Bengoa et al., 2021).Yet, due to the institutionalization of the technology transfer process in the university context, a wide array of organizational components dedicated to support this process has emerged (Good et al., 2019). Therefore, drawing upon a holistic view, this editorial point out organizational perspectives that support the ecosystem of commercialization of university technological research, hereafter referred to as technology transfer to bring a relevant framework for analyzing the different organizational components that encompass the related challenges.We assume this organizational perspective also considering that a recent literature points to the emergence of new modes for the facilitation of academic entrepreneurship, such as university-based entrepreneurial ecosystems and accelerators (Balven et al., 2018; Schaeffer Matt, 2016; Siegel Wright, 2015) which do rely on an organizational purpose, stablished activities, structure of organization and people to support the process of developing and transferring technologies.Organizational purpose reflects the first perspective of this holistic view meaning the main reason for firms' existence or their conception of the desired ends. From the purpose, firms define the activities, the second perspective, which consist of the different tasks performed to fulfil the purpose. Supporting the performance of these activities, firms design an ownership structure, the third perspective, that formally indicates how activities and tasks are divided between individuals and groups of individuals commonly considered to have a significant impact on technology transfer performance. The fourth perspective, people and organizational culture typically considered to be the shared social knowledge including the values, norms and rules, which in turn can shape individuals behavior (Colquitt et al., 2008; Good et al., 2019; Nadler et al., 1997; Scott, 1992).To cover the different stages of commercialization of technologies and more likely successful outcomes, indeed, technology transfer offices is characterized as an organizational purpose in the literature tend to focus either on licensing technology or forming a firm around a technology (Bozeman et al., 2015; Schaeffer Matt, 2016). While, science parks (Díez-Vial Montoro-Sánchez, 2016), incubators (Bergek Norrman, 2008), and university venture funds (Pierrakis Saridakis, 2019) are purposes more concerned with ensuring that the firm formed around successfully university technologies to build commercial products. Together these organizational purposes are likely to provide a complete coverage of the distinct stages of technology transfer process into an ecosystem.The extent activities in technology transfer led firms at early-stage development (e.g., support for research and intellectual property rights) to later stages (e.g., property management, business support, or network development). However, one activity that appear as a common sense is the substantial extent in internal and external networking with the purpose of supporting the commercialization of technology. According to Good et al. (2019), these boundaries that span network activities may be redundant or complementary and may prevent or foster competitive service providers rather than partners in the effective commercialization of university technology.Regarding the elements of structure, the literature presents overlaps in its components being common in terms of ownership, governance, and physical location. The unity in terms of ownership prevails the university. As standalone structures are quite common, firms prefer to own the others to evolve in technology transfer instead of new emerging structures such as enterprise labs and garages, or offices of engagement (Pauwels et al., 2016; Wright et al., 2017). Further, university' size and location are major differences identified in the literature as structure issues.People and organizational culture elements are important shortcomings in the literature. Some capabilities frequently appear in the research such as capability to understand complex technologies, experience in intellectual property rights, understanding of the academic environment and how technological research is conducted (Jefferson et al., 2017). However, composition of, and evolution in, the teams of technology transfer and their role distribution and identity are critical aspects highlights as absent. Entrepreneurial culture, Intra- and inter-individual micro-processes, the role of leaders in the evolution of the ecosystem to support technology transfer are new avenues for academic research presented by Good et al. (2019).Overall, little is known about the effect of technology transfer from industry’s side and even less from the perspective of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which relatively more adept at absorbing knowledge from external sources, such as universities comparing to large firms (Feldman et al., 2002). Cultural and informational barriers between universities and firms, especially for smaller may be additional impediments for technology transfer (Bengoa et al., 2021; Good et al., 2019) and deserve more attention from researchers.Furthermore, the impact of academic entrepreneurship beyond the activities of licensing, patenting, or creating new ventures, for example, more informal activities and initiatives that may require new structures or management systems to implement them should be part of the new generation of publications (Bengoa et al., 2021). In the future, the challenges associated with information security in society should also impact advances in this research field, since cyber-attacks arise through connectivity with direct implications for technology and knowledge transfer.
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Baines, Ning, and Helen Lawton Smith. "Key driving factors for product and service innovations in UK university spin-offs." Industry and Higher Education 33, no. 3 (2019): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422219825579.
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University spin-offs (USOs) are an important firm class since they constitute an economically important sub-group of high-tech start-up firms: they have, consequently, engendered many academic studies. However, what the firms deliver by way of innovation in the form of new products and services has largely been missing from the academic entrepreneurship literature. By adopting a mixed research methodology of in-depth interviews and a survey, this study highlights key factors associated with the success of product and service development by USO firms in the United Kingdom – such as understanding customer needs, networks, clear market analysis, applications of technology, and the vision, mission and value of the company. The findings resonate with various studies in innovation management on the key elements of product and service performance predictors. The article also helps to fill a gap in the academic entrepreneurship literature by providing an understanding beyond the success factors in setting up USOs. The study should therefore raise the awareness of and benefit various actors (e.g. academic entrepreneurs and technology transfer offices) with regard to the provision of the activities and skills required to develop products and services successfully.
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Karmokar, Sangeeta. "Community Capacity Building: The Role of Design in Entrepreneurship." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/231.
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Academic entrepreneurship refers to efforts undertaken by universities to promote commercialization, start-ups, technology transfer and university spin offs. A growing trend among tertiary students is to consider not only traditional ventures and new product initiatives but also expand to include social ventures that serve social needs. This paper builds upon the emerging interest and explores ways to connect academic entrepreneurship to external communities through design methods. We use design as a core component of all activities and observe how these activities foster ethnic entrepreneurship. The knowledge and application of design methods is transferred from product development to entrepreneurial capacity-building in the ethnic community. Ethnic entrepreneurship is a challenging process of identifying opportunities in a new market, and undertaking innovative projects. Small communities and minority groups often feel left out either because they come from a different background and culture, or because they are unfamiliar with approaches, and lack the necessary networks that are required to become entrepreneurs. This paper presents a pilot study in which we have addressed key entrepreneurial needs of a selected community, through a series of capacity-building workshops based on design methods.
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Zhuo, Zelin. "Albert N. Link, Donalds, Siegel, and Mike Wright’s The Chicago Handbook of University Technology Transfer and Academic Entrepreneurship." Higher Education 75, no. 6 (2017): 1125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0181-6.
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Best, Kathinka, Anna Sinell, Marie Lena Heidingsfelder, and Martina Schraudner. "The gender dimension in knowledge and technology transfer – the German case." European Journal of Innovation Management 19, no. 1 (2016): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-07-2015-0052.
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Purpose – Knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) and particularly academic entrepreneurship (Klofsten and Jones-Evans, 2000) are indispensable for economic growth and wealth creation. In many European countries including Germany, substantially fewer women than men participate in KTT. Recently, decision makers from scientific, political, and commercial organisations have increased their attention to the gender dimension (e.g. Moser, 2007; Schiebinger, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate in what ways and to what degree gender is currently integrated in German KTT. Design/methodology/approach – By following an abductive approach (Suddaby, 2006) and building upon existing models (Klofsten and Jones-Evans, 2000; Carlsson et al., 2002; Lundvall, 2010), the authors developed an analytical framework for evaluating the position of the gender dimension in KTT, conducted a comprehensive literature review, and 22 key informant interviews. Findings – The findings indicate that the gender dimension is barely integrated in German KTT, which particularly manifests itself through the fact that there are fewer than 10 per cent women among academic entrepreneurs. Current organisational practices and attitudes of decision makers continue to reinforce traditional gender roles and “typically male” approaches and behaviours (Connell, 2005; Redien-Collot, 2009). Originality/value – The authors were the first to synthesise a variety of sources into one unified framework and to rigorously analyse the gender dimension in German KTT – both quantitatively and qualitatively and on different levels. This framework can help decisions makers, both in- and outside of Germany, re-envision KTT practices, and create new opportunities for its diverse participants.
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Singh, Baljeet, and Kushankur Dey. "A business incubating unit to sustain technology transfer: Vyas’s Dilemma." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, no. 4 (2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2017-0161.
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Learning outcomes: The paper aims to understand the process of transfer of agricultural technology, which comprises incubation of the technology business, valuation, evaluation, licensing and commercialization, to examine various dimensions of the process of technology transfer and the effectiveness of transfer object use criteria, to explore ways of sustaining incubation and commercialization through an autonomous unit responsible for technology transfer, to peruse the role of agribusiness incubators in creating an effective agri-entrepreneurship eco-system and to study the factors that promote or inhibit the sustainability of business incubators in an academic or research institution setting. Case overview/synopsis: An innovative technology for production of liquid bio-fertilizers was developed and nurtured to market levels by Anand Agricultural University (AAU), a State Agricultural University in Gujarat. The technology for production of liquid bio-fertilizers, developed during 2009-2010 to 2013-2014 was licensed to some of the state public and private sector undertakings under the World Bank-financed National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) implemented through Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). For commercializing the technologies from the University, a Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit was set up at AAU along the lines of a technology transfer office, under the aegis of NAIP during later part of 2009. The NAIP funding from World Bank for BPD Units ceased in June 2014 with closure of the project. With funding no more available, Rajababu V. Vyas, a research scientist at the Microbiology and Bio-fertilizer Department of the University and Head of the BPD Unit, had serious concerns about the BPD unit’s sustainability, as well as sustaining the process of technology transfer from the University. Complexity academic level: Anand Agricultural University (AAU), a state-run university in Gujarat, developed and incubated a technology to produce liquid biofertilizer, licensed the technology and marketed its product through a few state-run and private fertilizer firms. The technology was developed between 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 as part of the National Agricultural Innovation Project of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research with funds from the World Bank. A unit to incubate agri-businesses, referred to as Business Planning and Development Unit (BPDU), was set up in late 2009 to expedite the process of technology transfer from AAU to agribusiness firms. Rajababu V. Vyas, a research scientist at the Microbiology and Bio-fertilizer Department of the university, was concerned about the unit’s sustainability, because funding from the World Bank had ceased from June 2014, and wondered how to sustain the transfer of technology from the laboratory to the field in the light of the data available to him. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code Entrepreneurship
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Othman, Hafizul, Rosni Abdullah, and Nasriah Zakaria. "A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Academics Commercialization Decision at Malaysian Research Universities." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 1, no. 1 (2013): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2013.1.1(9).
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Objective- – This paper seeks to explore the heterogeneity of academic personal attributes that influence their entrepreneurial decisions and proposes a unique window of understanding the diversity of their personal attributes towards their commercialization approaches Methodology/Technique This research adopts Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) of Straussian approach particularly the constructivist-interpretivist epistemology with extension to multiple case studies. Theoretical sampling is used to select a total of 42 academics of ICT faculties from five Malaysian research universities (RUs). Semi-structured interviews are used to elicit information in relation to their research and commercialization activities. Findings Based on interviewees' transcripts and their Curriculum Vitae (CV), we inductively develop a conceptual framework to explain the phenomenon of how academics choose their commercialization approaches. Novelty - This paper is expected to give a new inside into the existing academic entrepreneurship literature. To the practitioners, it helps them to better understand the heterogeneity of academics and therefore should facilitate them to nurture such commercialization efforts. Type of Paper Empirical Keywords: Academic entrepreneurship; Technology transfer; Commercialization; Malaysian university; Personal attributes.
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Novotny, Ádám. "Academic entrepreneurship in Hungary: Can the Bayh-Dole model of university technology transfer work in an Eastern European context?" Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 16, no. 2 (2008): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pp.so.2008-2.03.
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Iazzolino, Gianpaolo, Domenico Greco, Saverino Verteramo, Andrea Luca Attanasio, Gilda Carravetta, and Teresa Granato. "An integrated methodology for supporting the development and the performance evaluation of academic spin-offs." Measuring Business Excellence 24, no. 1 (2019): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-09-2019-0097.
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Purpose This paper aims to propose an integrated methodology for evaluating academic spin-offs (ASOs) for supporting both the development phase and performance evaluation. The ASOs have peculiar characteristics compared to other start-up companies and the debate on their evaluation is still open. Design/methodology/approach The proposed methodology, adopting a lean approach, faces the typical problems that characterize the growth of an ASO: the excessive attention to the technological aspects with respect to the commercial and managerial ones; and the need for evaluation systems that try to evaluate all risk areas and to highlight any misalignment. The methodology was built also starting from the results of an Erasmus + research project, co-funded by the European Commission, called spin-off lean acceleration. Findings The methodology proposes to monitor the main risk areas (market, technological, implementation, governance and financial). For each of these areas, at first, a framework and a checklist are proposed for supporting the qualitative assessment of the potential of each areas. In the second part, a set of metrics for monitoring the performances and to understand if the spinoff is developing in the right direction is proposed. Moreover, the methodology was applied to the spin-offs at the University of Calabria (Italy), and the paper reports the first results obtained. Originality/value A new canvas model (lean acceleration canvas), more specific and suited to the context of ASOs, was developed and tested. A lean approach has been adopted also for understanding the weakness of traditional methods. The proposed methodology could be used by the technology transfer offices in their institutional activity of supporting ASOs.
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Jafta, Rachel, and Ramazan Uctu. "Exploring Entrepreneurial Activity at Cape Town and Stellenbosch Universities, South Africa." Industry and Higher Education 27, no. 2 (2013): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0143.
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Entrepreneurial activity at universities, especially spin-off formation, has emerged as an important mechanism for accelerating the transfer of technology and knowledge to commercial markets. With some exceptions, such as China, studies on university entrepreneurship have tended to concentrate on the experiences of developed countries. Perhaps because of the lack of a comprehensive database of university spin-offs, studies on experience in South Africa have typically included spin-offs only as part of a broad examination of university–industry partnerships, technology transfer mechanisms or academic entrepreneurship. This study is based on a questionnaire and interview survey of spin-offs at Cape Town and Stellenbosch Universities. The results suggest that the most important reasons cited for spin-off formation are market opportunities and a desire for commercial exploitation of knowledge and experience. As with university spin-off founders elsewhere, funding is regarded as the most significant problem, followed by such factors as recruiting skilled people, lack of facilities, product marketing and time pressure. It is argued that this exploratory study provides lessons and insights that will inform similar, future research on a larger scale.
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Carlesi, Ada, Giovanna Mariani, and Alfredo Antonino Scarfò. "Academic spin-offs for the local economy growth." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 2 (2017): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i2c2p8.
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Some research supports the suggestion that start-ups can represent a driver in job creation, economic growth, innovation and competitiveness. In the Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan and in the Action Plan on Building a Capital Market Union (2015), one of the main actions is promoting entrepreneurship, to support financing innovation for start-ups, to develop a capital market able to stimulate new business and their growth. Policy makers support start-ups and the university promote its 3rd mission, technology transfer, with a policy of new businesses, with academic spin-offs (ASOs). Academic spin-offs can produce direct and indirect benefits on local economies, but these companies encounter many difficulties to develop. The difficulties of access to finance and lack of managerial skills are the main constraints of growth identified in literature. In the paper, we describe the results of an empirical research on spin–offs of the University of Pisa, with the purpose to capture both the benefits generated in the local area and their contribution to relation capital of the university, but also their difficulties in growth. We found that academic spin-offs have produced important effects on local economies, especially with new jobs, but they reveal some criticisms of financial management behavior, which hampers their development. In the conclusion, we debate about the role of the Capital market Union actions by promoting “financing for innovation” for the growth of academic spin-offs.
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Wood, Matthew S. "Does One Size Fit All? The Multiple Organizational Forms Leading to Successful Academic Entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33, no. 4 (2009): 929–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00306.x.
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This paper offers an integrative theory, through the use of transaction cost theory principles, that attempts to match the attributes of university–held innovations with the specific organizational form that best supports the identified attributes in innovation commercialization efforts. Two commonly utilized organizational forms are considered: the spin–off and the technology license agreement. Additionally, innovation transfer is conceptualized as a transaction and each of the organizational forms is considered an alternate governance mechanism for the management of the commercialization transaction. It is further conceptualized that by minimizing transaction costs, through the proper selection of the organizational form, universities may increase the odds of successful revenue generation from their entrepreneurial efforts. The overall goal of the paper is to enhance our understanding of proper organizational form–innovation attribute alignment as a key driver of innovation commercialization success, so that universities and their industry partners can increase their effectiveness in commercialization activities.
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Huang-Saad, Aileen, Nathalie Duval-Couetil, and Jongho Park. "Technology and talent: capturing the role of universities in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 12, no. 2 (2018): 92–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-08-2017-0070.
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Purpose This paper describes the entrepreneurial ecosystems of three public research universities involved in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Midwest I-Corps TM (trademark symbol) Node. It presents a synthesis of programming, functional structure, commonly referenced university metrics and their limitations in measuring impact on commercialization and regional development. Design/methodology/approach Based on current literature, university data and discussions with entrepreneurship leaders at the University of Michigan/Ann Arbor, University of Illinois/Urbana Champaign and Purdue University, this paper provides an overview and analysis of entrepreneurial resources and education initiatives. Findings University contributions to entrepreneurial ecosystems can be described with respect to infrastructure and leadership, technology and talent and culture of innovation. Four main university entities are responsible for driving entrepreneurship initiatives. Identification of these entities, their respective activities and their outcomes allows us to propose a framework for analyzing and measuring university entrepreneurial ecosystem impact. Practical implications The paper describes the variety of university-based entrepreneurial initiatives believed to contribute to university entrepreneurial vibrancy and ultimately regional development. It identifies ecosystem stakeholders and provides a framework for examining their role and impact for continuous development. Originality/value The research complements prior reviews and empirical studies of university-wide entrepreneurial ecosystems by focusing on programming within and across institutions according to four dimensions (academic, research administration, technology transfer and community engagement) with respect to technology and talent development. It describes similarities across institutions and limitations associated with measuring impact. It provides a foundation for future empirical research related to the impact of NSF I-Corps and entrepreneurial programming in academic settings.
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I. Chukhray, Nataliya, and Oleksandra Mrykhina. "Theoretical and methodological basis for technology transfer from universities to the business environment." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (2018): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.38.
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The modern concept of open innovation highlights the role of technology transfer from universities to the business environment. An increase in technology transfer efficiency is one of the tasks assigned to Ukrainian universities by the state. The nature of technology transfers in the world and the role of universities in this process call for revising traditional approaches to its production in Ukraine. This stipulated the substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles of technology transfer from universities to the business environment, which should serve as a fundamental platform for further economic, technological and other actions in the innovation development of Ukraine. For this purpose, the modern theoretical and applied components of technology transfer from universities to the business environment are researched; the theoretical and methodological principles of technology transfer are determined and the conceptual approach to understanding technology transfer from universities to the business environment is proved. To achieve the tasks at hand, the background and trends in technology transfer from universities to the business environment have been researched; the role of universities in modern technology transfers is analyzed; the peculiarities and potential of the scientific area of Ukraine are considered; the influence of university technology transfer centers on the universities’ academic entrepreneurship has been studied; the nature of knowledge transformation during the technology transfer is substantiated; the influence of technology transfer on the university subsystems is considered; the effects of technology transfer are investigated; models of interaction in the system “University – Governmental Authority – Business” are studied; and modern approaches to the technology transfer from universities to the business environment are researched. Given the research conducted, theoretical and methodological principles for technology transfer were formed, which conceptualize the technology transfer from universities to the business environment.
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MEUSBURGER, MAGDALENA, and ALEXANDER JOSEF ANTONITES. "ASSESSING ANTECEDENTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES OF ACADEMICS AT SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES." International Journal of Innovation Management 20, no. 06 (2016): 1650058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919616500584.
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The knowledge economy is driven by entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial university takes on the role of an important catalyst for regional economic and social development. Academics represent key agents of knowledge and technology transfer from university to society. Previous research suggests that academics’ successful engagement in entrepreneurial activities can positively contribute to the development of local society and economy. However, evidence on the antecedents of academic engagement and commercialisation is scarce. This study examines whether aspects related to academics’ human, physical and organisational capital resources influence their engagement in consulting, sponsored research, licensing/assignment of intellectual property (IP) and spin-off creation with industry, government and civil society. The analysis is based on a new and unique data set of 398 individual academic researchers affiliated to South African universities who were awarded a quality rating by South Africa’s National Research Foundation (NRF) and covers the full spectrum of academic disciplines. Data analysis employed generalised linear models (GLMs) and demonstrated that the availability of human, physical and organisational resources relate to the four entrepreneurial activities in different ways. The findings support the concept that individual factors are more significant than institutional factors in determining entrepreneurial activities. A key finding is that academics’ engagement in entrepreneurial activities is primarily influenced by their prior entrepreneurial experiences. The study provides scholars investigating academic entrepreneurship, policy makers and university administrators with the key resource drivers of entrepreneurial activities and may assist them in establishing the appropriate role of institutions and organisations in promoting entrepreneurial activities of academics.
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Kenney, M. "The Chicago Handbook of University Technology Transfer and Academic EntrepreneurshipThe Chicago Handbook of University Technology Transfer and Academic Entrepreneurship, edited by LinkAlbert N., SiegelDonald S., and WrightMike. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015. 280 pages, hard cover." Academy of Management Learning & Education 16, no. 1 (2017): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amle.2017.0054.
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Rashid, Wirya Najm, Kamariah Ismail, and Chaudhry Shoaib Akhtar. "Investigating the Moderating Role of Technology Transfer Office on Academic’s Entrepreneurial Orientation and Research Commercialisation Relationship." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 2, no. 1 (2014): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2014.2.1(9).
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Objective – The purpose of the present study is to investigate the moderating role of technology transfer office on the relationship between academic’s entrepreneurial orientation and commercialisation. Methodology/Technique – Using survey approach, the study tests the formulated hypotheses. Respondents belonging to five Malaysian research universities were selected based on random sampling technique. A sample of 223 questionnaires was found usable for final analysis. Data gathered was subjected to factor analysis for validating the developed instrument. Further, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. Assumptions of regression were satisfied before applying the regression. To test the moderator, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Findings – The results highlight that technology transfer office has a significant moderating role on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and commercialisation. Similarly, when technology transfer office is taken as a moderator between dimensions of the entrepreneurial orientation and commercialisation, it is found that there is statistically significant influence on the relationships. Novelty – Technology transfer office has been investigated extensively for its role towards university commercialisation. However, this role has been tested as an independent variable. This is the first study that takes a different perspective on technology transfer office as a moderator. Further, the study not only checks the moderating influence of technology transfer office on the main construct of entrepreneurial orientation but also investigates its influence on each of the five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and commercialisation relationship. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Technology Transfer Office; Entrepreneurial Orientation; Commercialisation; Research University; Academic Researcher; Malaysia. JEL Classification: L26, L31.
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Etzkowitz, Henry. "Entrepreneurial university icon: Stanford and Silicon Valley as innovation and natural ecosystem." Industry and Higher Education 36, no. 4 (2022): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09504222221109504.
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The author explicates the cultural DNA and take-off trajectory of an exemplary entrepreneurial university and its emerging focus on sustainability. Entrepreneurial initiatives, emanating from the engineering school in the late 19th century, spread to the physical sciences in the 1930s and to the biological sciences and medicine by the 1970s. A concerted and compressed academic development strategy sought researchers with related interests across disciplines, assuming that teaching could be diversified from these critical cores. A multi-pronged financial strategy included attracting federal research funds, leasing university land, technology transfer income and endowment from gifts and equity in university-originated firms in varying past and future proportions. Bottom-up initiatives proliferated, filling technology transfer and start-up support gaps in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Recently, some innovation initiatives have been shuttered as the Administration has tacked towards addressing climate change though a microscopic initiative. Given an institutionalized and legitimated culture and infrastructure of entrepreneurship and innovation, these dual institutional logics operate in tandem symbiosis, mutually fructifying each other.
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Dawidko, Piotr. "Biotechnologiczne spółki spin-off Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego jako mechanizm transferu technologii." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 20 (January 1, 2012): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.20.6.
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Spin-off companies constitute an interesting subject of research for economic geographers. The significance of local knowledge networks, tacit knowledge flows and strong links with local social and economic environment are their most important features. Academic spin-offs, created by employees of higher education and R&D establishments, form a specific subgroup among these firms. Spin- -off companies are acknowledged as a most important technology transfer mechanism in the highly innovative modern biotechnology sector. This paper deals with the creation and functioning of the Jagiellonian University’s biotech spin- -off companies in the contemporary business environment of Poland. Most of these companies are in an initial phase of development, facing many problems with financing and bureaucracy. The most important barriers to popularization of spin-off activity among researchers are: lack of financing, complicated IP law system, lack of business knowledge among scientists and general focus only on scientific activity among research personnel. The role of Jagiellonian University’s technology transfer and entrepreneurship support agencies (i.e. the Jagiellonian Centre of Innovation and the Life Science Technology Park and Cluster) is also discussed.
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Meng, Donghui, Xianjun Li, and Ke Rong. "Industry-to-university knowledge transfer in ecosystem-based academic entrepreneurship: Case study of automotive dynamics & control group in Tsinghua University." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 141 (April 2019): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.005.
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Calderón, María Guadalupe, and Pilar Perez. "Academic patents and entrepreneurial intention. To what extent are other knowledge transfer mechanisms affected in a Mexican university?" Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 6, no. 2 (2021): 126–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2021.2.j094.
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This research aims to expand the explanations about the debate on academic entrepreneurship and other knowledge transfer mechanisms, to respond to what extent entrepreneurial intention affects the diffusion and dissemination of knowledge in a Mexican university. The lack of indicators of commercial activity, leads us to propose the analysis of a pre-commercial stage of technology that we call entrepreneurial intention. After the literature review, we present a database of academic inventors in patents granted to the university, identifying patenting with an entrepreneurial intention, following Lomas (1993) knowledge transfer taxonomy. Data about publications and received citations by academic inventors is also considered for knowledge diffusion; as well as the supervision of end-of-degree projects in undergraduate and graduate studies; before and after the patent was granted, for knowledge dissemination. Using a binomial model, we estimated two data sets, one for the period 1984-2000 and the second for 2001-2020. Our findings reveal, an average increase of 60% in the number of patents obtained. We also found that the characteristics of the research group are significant in both models, but in the 2001-2020 period it is more important to integrate foreign inventors than patenting with firms, the dissemination of knowledge is more significant and has greater importance in the model. To respond to what extent entrepreneurial intention affects the diffusion and dissemination of knowledge, greater attention should be paid to the diffusion of knowledge since in both models the variable that represents publications after patenting is not significant. The explanation about the dissemination of knowledge improves substantially from one period to another.
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Fritzsche, Holger, Elaha Mahbub, Axel Boese, and Michael Friebe. "State-of-the-Art: Biodesign based Innovation Ecosystems in Europe." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (2021): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2059.
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Abstract Today's healthcare challenges with unmet clinical needs, high regulation and certification standards, and increasing costs demand faster innovation and technical translation. To address this challenge, Stanford released a fellowship called Biodesign, where need-based healthcare innovation is taught with the approach identify, invent and implement. Since then, different European institutions have adopted the Biodesign innovation approach and organized within the Biomedical Engineering- Innovation, Design, and Entrepreneurship Alliance (BMEidea EU). The generation of successful healthcare innovation isn't only based on participating in an Innovation teaching program. It is much more a matter of having the right innovation ecosystem with an open creative mindset, experts, the respective stakeholders, and access to essential resources within reach (close to clinic). Through a qualitative survey, seven Biodesign based teaching programs in the EU were examined. The study from an academic perspective contains information covering Resources, Activities, Academic Performance, and Transfer Performance. The demand for new healthcare innovations, and especially innovation training programs that address challenges, developed collaboratively with the respective stakeholders, is increasing. Additionally, there is a growing expectation that innovation needs to reach the market quickly and be implemented accordingly. A Healthcare Innovation Ecosystem, where different entities function as a productive unit with a shared vision and committed to application-driven research and technology transfer, will increase innovation's success and adaptation.
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Hadăr, Alexandra, and Anca Alexandra Purcărea. "A new set of performance indicators for improving the capitalization process of Intellectual Property." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (2017): 994–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0104.
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Abstract Performance indicators of technology transfer/knowledge activity, of intellectual property capitalization in a technical university as well as those referring to the monitoring of academic entrepreneurship are closely correlated, in terms of objectives and strategies adopted at European level, in the context of the third mission undertaken by universities of the XXI century. So far, a systematic research on the development about the capitalization process of intellectual propertytechnical universities in Romania was not conducted. In this context, the analysis and adoption of a new set of indicators for monitoring and evaluating institutional performance, appropriate to an optimization model applicable in academic environment, is required to support the growth of its competitiveness. The present analysis involved the achievement of a research in two stages, one quantitative and the other qualitative, defining, in a rational manner, the set of indicators for monitoring and evaluating the institutional performance. Analysis began with a quantitative research, where the number of indicators, originally envisaged, was limited. Following this research there were retained only the indicators having a weight of over 50%. For a better formulation of the problem investigated and for some conceptual clarification it was achieved a qualitative research, conducted through a focus group, two authors scrolling two such research. Following qualitative research, carried out in order to classify indicators for monitoring and evaluation the performance analysis of technology transfer / knowledge within a public research organizations, i.e. a technical university, we decided the importance ranking of the first three indicators: a) the number of direct contracts with the socio - economic environment; b) the number of contracts and research projects financed through competitive mechanisms, in collaboration with partners from outside the academic environment and c) the revenue generated from the commercialization of knowledge from higher education institutions (revenue from licenses, income from royalties etc.).
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Leydesdorff, Loet, Henry Etzkowitz, and Duncan Kushnir. "Globalization and growth of US university patenting (2009–2014)." Industry and Higher Education 30, no. 4 (2016): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422216660253.
Full textAbstract:
Following a pause, with a relatively flat rate, from 1998 to 2008, the long-term trend of university patenting rising as a share of all patenting has resumed, driven by the internationalization of academic entrepreneurship and the persistence of US university technology transfer. The authors disaggregate this recent growth in university patenting at the US Patent and Trademark Organization (USPTO) in terms of nations and patent classes. Foreign patenting in the United States almost doubled during the period 2009–2014, mainly due to patenting by universities in Taiwan, Korea, China and Japan. These nations compete with the United States in terms of patent portfolios, whereas most European countries – with the exception of the United Kingdom – have more specific portfolios, mainly in biomedical fields. In the case of China, Tsinghua University holds 63% of the university patents in USPTO; followed by King Fahd University with 55.2% of the national portfolio.
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Amry, Dwitya, Ali Ahmad, and Dawei Lu. "Factors Enabling Student Start-ups to Commercialise Scientific Research for Demonstrating Social Impact." European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (2022): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecie.17.1.835.
Full textAbstract:
This research highlights contributions of student actors’ research commercialisation efforts within the academic entrepreneurship (AE) landscape. Our review of the AE literature shows that the potential inherent in campus-based student enterprise activity has not been fully acknowledged within the AE literature. We argue that student start-ups are a viable means for demonstrating the social impact of scientific research. In this research, the aim is to map the student-led enterprise emergence and development mechanism as a vehicle for facilitating university technology transfer. Through a longitudinal case study design, the focal student enterprise’s enacted process to commercialize university generated scientific research is investigated. It is shown how new technology stemming from university research was able to enhance the livelihoods of local fish farmers through the agency of student entrepreneurs. Light is shed on the enabling factors and wider university level arrangements that triggered and subsequently facilitated the case entrepreneurial endeavour. We find that an interplay of both micro- and meso-level factors enabled the case enterprise to achieve both commercial success and demonstrate social impact.
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Becsky-Nagy, Patrícia. "Growth and venture capital investment potential for university spin-offs in Hungary." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 7, no. 4-5 (2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2013/4-5/4.
Full textAbstract:
Venture backed spin-offs represent a low proportion of companies, even of innovative companies. The research question was, whether these companies have an important role in innovation and economic growth. I present the most important indicators of innovation in connection with entrepreneurship, the measures of start-ups, mainly the high-tech ones. I describe the position of venture capital industry nowadays, detailing the classical venture capital investments, targeting high-growth potential small firms, even university spin-offs. The study presents the results of a survey made as a counterpart of an academic research team, examining spin-offs, entrepreneurs and technology transfer in the most important Hungarian universities. I found that the most important obstacles of venture capital investments in high-tech spin-offs are the information gap between demand and supply side, the lack of entrepreneurs’ willingness to give up freedom in decision making, despite of low managerial skills. The low quality of financial environment is also an obstacle of the segment.
 JEL Codes: G24, M13