Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tectona grandis (Teak)'

Taxonomic diversity, biology and ecological aspects of fungal endophytes of Tectona grandis (teak) from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand were investigated. It was found that the endophyte assemblages of mature leaves sampled from natural forest and plantation teak were not significantly different. Members of the Xylariaceae, especially Daldinia eschscholzii, Nemania subannulata, Hypoxylon haematostroma and Xylaria cubensis were frequent isolates. Widely reported endophytic fungi such as Phomopsis, Colletotrichum, Cladosporium and Fusarium were also isolated. There is little evidence to support host specificity for the majority of the isolates. Differences in endophyte assemblages between young and mature leaves were shown to occur with a much lower infection percentage in the young leaves. Species of Phomopsis and Colletotrichum were dominant in the young leaves but members of the Xylariaceae dominated in mature leaves. This pattern was the same for both natural forest and plantation samples. However comparison of taxa isolated from leaf lamina, midrib and veins gave conflicting results. Samples from mature leaves from natural forest trees exhibited little variation with greater variation in taxa recovered being found to occur between sampling years than between position of isolation from the leaf. In plantation leaves, although the results were similar to those from natural forest tree leaves for two of the years sampled, in 1997 the overall recovery rate was highest for the lamina, followed by veins and then the midrib. There was no evidence obtained to link individual taxa with specific regions of the leaf. It is now possible to devise a sampling strategy to obtain suitable diversity of endophytic isolates from teak leaves for industrial screening of these fungi. Techniques were developed to overcome current problems of identification of xylariaceous endophytes in the absence of their teleomorph. Inoculation of suitable woody substrata combined with selective incubation was used to induce teleomorph formation in many of the isolates and this together with chemical profiling enabled identification to species of many of these isolates. Rates of development of specific species were obtained and differences in environmental conditions necessary for development of teleomorphs to maturity were noted for members of different genera. Thus species of Daldinia and Hypoxylon required drier conditions than species of Xylaria and Nemania which only developed under wet shaded conditions. Xylariaceae from the natural forest, plantation, and forest surrounding the plantation were surveyed and a number of the Xylariaceae recovered as endophytes were found to be new to science, new records for Thailand or were recorded as endophytes for the first time.

Reforestation is being considered as a mitigation option to help combat the climate change predicted to result from atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution. Forestry-based carbon storage projects are being introduced in many tropical countries, and assessment of species-specific carbon storage potentials is made difficult by a lack of species-level information. This study focuses on teak (Tectona grandis), to measure many of the characteristics affecting the carbon storage potential both of the trees themselves and of the plantations they are in. Root-to-shoot ratio, above- and belowground biomass, as well as tissue carbon content were measured in 20-year-old teak trees in Panamanian plantations. A regression relating diameter at breast height (DBH) to total tree carbon storage for trees of various sizes was developed. To scale up to the plantation level, this regression was used to estimate the carbon storage of the trees of four plantations. Litter, undergrowth, and soil were studied to estimate carbon storage in these compartments. These estimates were collated to form a global estimate of carbon storage in Panamanian harvest age teak plantations. Various methods of calculation of carbon storage in short-rotation plantations are discussed. This work will allow greater precision in the assessment of carbon storage in individual plantations.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>The characterization of soils in Nzara District of Southern Sudan in comparison to other tropical teak growing countries (Tectona grandis) – in respect of extensions to existing and/or the establishment of new teak plantations – were done by firstly considering the soils of three existing plantations: Yoboa, Mabarizinga and Nagondi, and secondly by considering soils outside and inside the existing teak plantations in respect of land uses. From these soil characterizations, it emerged that considerable positive returns can be expected from teak plantings in the area as an investment, provided that appropriate site management is implemented. Climatic data of the Nzara area compared favorably with the climatic range of areas where teak grows naturally and the world’s dominant producers: mean annual rainfall 1350-1600 mm with a distribution over 6-8 months compares well with that of Myanmar (1250-3750 mm) and Indonesia (1511-2108 mm) both with at least 3 months of dry season. The mean annual temperature of 28-350C compares well with 15-410C and 30-320C of Myanmar and Indonesia respectively. The Yoboa and Mabarizinga sites should be prioritized as they appear slightly more suitable than the Nagondi site. All three sites have a dominant soil texture of Sandy Clay Loam similar to Sandy Loam of most areas of other tropical countries where teak is growing well (such as India, Indonesia and Nigeria). Yoboa and Mabarizinga however distinguish themselves by having the highest soil pHwater values range from 6.4±0.56 and 6.04±0.7 in top soils; 5.91±0.5 and 5.46±0.61 in subsoils at Yoboa and Mabarizinga respectively; the highest soil organic matter content 1.8±0.34% and 1.92±0.43% in topsoil 0.89±0.16% and 1.13±0.19% in subsoils; as well as the highest P content in both available (0.09±0.04% and 0.03±0.04% for topsoils) and total forms (1.19±0.26% and 0.9±0.3% also on topsoils). These values though very low in absolute terms, are not much different from those of other tropical teak-growing countries. Management strategies intended to preserve and improve the present status, particularly the protection of top soil horizons against mainly water erosion, would be able to boost the site productivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marianna Abdala Prata Guimaraes.pdf: 1260415 bytes, checksum: 07877be4cfd376c908247866809ece44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-03<br>The objective was to create a map of zoning edaphoclimatic for teak in Espírito Santo, characterize six teak stands in southern Espírito Santo, and evaluate the genetic variability in progenies of Tectona grandis Lf in the municipality of Alegre, state of Espírito Santo. The work was divided into three chapters. At first, we used the fuzzy logic, in the desktop ArcGIS 9.2/ArcMap®, from time series of accumulated rainfall annual average, air temperature, water deficit accumulated annual and texture of soils. From the IDW and Reclass tool were generated maps of each factor, considering the indexes for teak. By overlaying these maps, we obtained the map of zoning edaphoclimatic. The southern and south central coastal showed aptitude for the cultivation of the species. The western region was classified as suitable restriction, because of the had rocky outcrops, but were masked by the methodology. The mountainous and north regions were classified as able-restricted, due to water factors. In the second chapter, we evaluated six teak stands in the municipalities of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Muqui and Mimoso do Sul. The stands were divided in plots of 9,0 m x 12,0 m, and evaluated 6 plots in each stand, randomly selected, noting the variables: total height, merchantable height, circumference, attack of pests and diseases and the presence of thick branches and twisting on the shaft. The stands of the region are small, and showed low values to characteristics evaluated, despite being located in areas suitable for the cultivation of the species. In the third chapter, it was used as treatment 50 progenies of half-brothers teak, established in a randomized block design, spaced 3,0 m x 2,0 m. The monitoring was conducted at 6 and 12 months after planting, where it was evaluated: i) the diameter of the stem base, ii) total height and iii) survival. The variables were analyzed using the methodology of mixed linear model univariate and multivariate, through of the SELEGEN-REML/BLUP and Genes programs. There was low correlation and low genetic variability for all characters at 6 and 12 months, which can be attributed to genetic basis restricted, to the soil used in the experiment or the age of the plants. The progenies 15, 20, 21 and 41 were higher in Medium-Rank for all traits<br>O objetivo do trabalho foi gerar um mapa de zoneamento edafoclimático para teca no Estado do Espírito Santo, caracterizar seis povoamentos de teca no sul do Espírito Santo, e avaliar a variabilidade genética em progênies de Tectona grandis L.f. no município de Alegre, Estado do Espírito Santo. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro, utilizou-se a lógica Fuzzy, no ambiente de trabalho ArcGis 9.2/ArcMap®, a partir de informações de série história de precipitação acumulada anual, temperatura média do ar, déficit hídrico acumulado anual e textura dos solos. A partir da ferramenta IDW e Reclass geraram-se os mapas de cada fator, considerando os índices para teca. Através da sobreposição desses mapas, obteve-se o mapa de zoneamento edafoclimático. A região sul e o litoral centro-sul apresentaram aptidão ao cultivo da espécie. A região oeste foi classificada como apta com restrição, porém apresentou afloramentos rochosos, que foram mascarados pela metodologia. As regiões norte e serrana foram classificadas como apta com restrição, devido a fatores hídricos. No segundo capítulo, avaliou-se 6 povoamentos de teca nos municípios de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Muqui e Mimoso do Sul. Realizou-se a divisão dos povoamentos em parcelas de 9,0 m x 12,0 m, onde se avaliou 6 parcelas em cada povoamento, sorteadas ao acaso, anotando-se as variáveis: altura total, altura comercial, circunferência, ataque de pragas e doenças e presença de tortuosidades e galhos grossos no fuste. Os povoamentos da região são pequenos, e apresentaram médias baixas para as características avaliadas, mesmo estando localizadas em áreas aptas ao cultivo da espécie. Para o terceiro capítulo, utilizou-se como tratamento 50 progênies de meio-irmãos de teca, estabelecidas sob delineamento em blocos casualizados, no espaçamento 3,0 m x 2,0 m. O monitoramento foi realizado aos 6 e 12 meses após o plantio, onde avaliaram-se: i) diâmetro da base do caule; ii) altura total das plantas; e iii) sobrevivência. As variáveis foram analisadas usando-se a metodologia de modelo linear misto uni e multivariado, com os programas SELEGEN-REML/BLUP e Genes. Verificou-se baixa variabilidade genética e correlação para todos os caracteres aos 6 e 12 meses, que pode ser atribuída à restrita base genética, à localização do experimento ou à idade das plantas. As progênies 15, 20, 21 e 41 foram superiores no Rank-Médio para todos os caracteres avaliados

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>The anatomical and chemical characterization of the bark of mature trees of Tectona grandis from East Timor was made as well as its fractionation and fraction characterization. Teak bark is composed of secondary phloem, a thin layer of periderm cells and a narrow rhytidome. The phloem showed an orderly stratification with tangential bands of fibres in concentric rings alternating with thin bands of axial parenchyma and sieve tube elements. The bark fractured easily into clean particles, yielding low fines with 64.4% of the particles over 2 mm. The mean chemical composition of teak bark was: ash 18.5% (mainly calcium representing 93% of the total), total extractives 12.4% (2.2% non-polar and 10.2% polar compounds), lignin 19.8% and suberin 2.0%. The polysaccharides, corresponding to approximately 47%, are predominantly glucose (60.3% of total neutral monosaccharides) and xylose (20.3%). The content of rhamnose was also comparatively high (5.1%). Extractives were higher in the fines, about 30% more than in the coarse fraction. Lignin content and monosaccharide composition were similar in the different bark fractions. A difference between fractions was found for suberin content which was lower in the fines: 0.6% and 3.5% in the fine and medium fractions, respectively

La durabilité du bois de teck (Tectona grandis) est une propriété pouvant varier selon le génotype et les facteurs environnementaux. Chez le teck, le degré d'implication des extractibles dans la durabilité naturelle est controversé. A partir d'une approche quantitative incluant les aspects biologiques et technologiques conduites sur des échantillons de bois séchés à l'air ambiant, cette thèse s'est attachée à rechercher les déterminants chimiques de nature phénolique de la durabilité naturelle. Nous avons tout d'abord mis en évidence que les formes osidiques stockées dans l'aubier sont transformées en extractibles de nature quinonique. Nous avons ainsi caractérisé deux composés, l'un dans l'aubier le forsythoside B, un trisaccharide de l'acide caféique et l'autre dans le duramen, le 4',5'-dihydroxy-épiisocatalponol qui ont été identifiés pour la première fois dans le bois de teck. Nous avons mis en évidence que le second composé inhibe la croissance de Trametes versicolor indiquant son rôle directe dans la propriété de durabilité naturelle du bois de teck. Ainsi, les composés du métabolisme des naphthoquinones sont les plus impliqués dans la durabilité naturelle du bois de teck à l'égard de Trametes versicolor et de Poria placenta. Les mécanismes de transformation des sucres pourraient indiquer le niveau de durabilité naturelle des espèces. Ces nouvelles données contribueront aussi à l'amélioration de la qualité du bois qui par ailleurs assure la pérennité des arbres<br>Teak (Tectona grandis) wood natural durability is a property which can vary with genotype and environmental factors. The implication of quinonic extractives in the property of natural durability is controversial. Using a quantitative approach including biological and technological conducted on air-dried wood samples, this thesis aimed to search chemical attributes of natural durability. We first demonstrated that osidic forms stored in the sapwood were transformed into quinone derivative. We have characterized two compounds the forsythoside B, a trisaccharide of cafeic acid in the sapwood and in the heartwood, the 4',5'-dihydroxy(epi)isocatalponol that were identified for the first time in teakwood. The latter compound exhibited strong fungicidal activity against Trametes versicolor indicating that its direct implication in decay resistance of teak wood. We have shown that compounds from naphthoquinones metabolism were involved in decay resistance of teak wood against Trametes versicolor and Poria placenta. The mechanisms of sugars transformation may indicate the natural durability level of sustainable species. There these new data will contribute to improve the wood quality that ensures the perennity of trees

O crescente aumento no uso da micropropagação de teca como forma de produção de clones com qualidades genotípicas e fenotípicas selecionadas a partir de árvores de elite, determinou a importância desse método, pois origina plantações com maior qualidade e uniformidade, agregando maior valor ao preço da madeira no mercado. O uso de sementes para a obtenção de mudas é uma técnica menos onerosa, porém resulta em plantas com tamanhos desiguais e não há um padrão na qualidade da madeira, essa técnica depende também da época de produção de sementes e, portanto é restrita a um período do ano. A micropropagação permite a clonagem em larga escala das árvores de elite em tempo e espaço reduzidos, podendo ser realizada em qualquer época do ano, além disso, permite a formação de mudas totalmente livres de pragas e patógenos. Faz-se necessário, maiores estudos com meio de cultura para Tectona grandis, pois os materiais relacionados a esse assunto são escassos. Para que a técnica do cultivo in vitro da teca seja incrementada, objetivou-se nesse experimento, otimizar o crescimento dos explantes de três clones diferentes, testando a eficiência de 6 meios de cultura com diferentes formulações nutricionais e constatar qual deles apresenta a melhor resposta para cada clone. O estudo contou com 6 tratamentos (MS, Básico, M1, M2, M3 e M4), durante oito épocas de avaliação (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias), para três clones de Tectona grandis (61, 62 e 68), com três repetições por tratamento/clone, utilizando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A avaliação do crescimento foi feita por meio do peso de matéria fresca (PMF), matéria seca (PMS) e a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) proporcionado pelos meios. O PMF foi usado para obtenção do PMS e cálculo da TCR. Baseado nos valores do PMS obtidos, para o clone 61, constatou-se a formulação do meio Básico (PMS = 0,38 g), como a mais eficiente. Para o clone 62, o meio mais responsivo foi M4 (PMS = 0,47 g) e no clone 68, destacou-se o meio M3 (PMS = 0,71 g). Quanto a TCR, não foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa para nenhum dos 6 meios de cultura levando-se em conta os três clones.<br>The increasing use of teak micropropagation as a way of producing clones with genotypic and phenotypic qualities selected from elite trees, established the importance of this method, it leads to higher crop quality and consistency, adding more value to the price of wood business. The use of seeds to obtain seedlings has a less cost, but it results in plants with unequal sizes and wood quality without a pattern. This technique also depends on the time of seed production and therefore is restricted to a year period. Micropropagation allows cloning elite trees in large-scale and reduced time and space. It can be performed at any time of year, in addition, allows the formation of plants totally free of pests and pathogens. It is necessary more studies with culture medium for Tectona grandis, because the materials related to this subject are scarce. To increase the technique of teak in vitro cultivation, this experiment aimed to optimize the growth and development of explants from three different clones, testing the effectiveness of six culture media with different nutritional formulations and find which one offers the best answer to each clone. The study included six treatments (MS, Basic, M1, M2, M3 and M4) for eight periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) for three clones of Tectona grandis (61, 62 and 68) with three replicates per treatment/clone, in a randomized experimental design. The growth assessment was performed by the fresh matter weight (FMW), dry matter weight (DMW) and relative growth rate (RGR) provided by the media. The FMW was used to obtain the DMW and to calculate RGR. Based on DMW values obtained for clone 61, was found that the formulation of Basic medium (DMW = 0.38 g) was the most efficient. For clone 62, the most responsive medium was M4 (DMW = 0.47 g) and to clone 68, M3 (DMW = 0.71 g) was the highlighted medium. As the RGR, it was found no statistically significant difference for any of the six culture media taking into account the three clones.

A teca (Tectona grandis) é uma das principais espécies madeireiras do mundo, com alto valor econômico, muito famosa por sua beleza, resistência e durabilidade. A espécie ocorre naturalmente na Índia, Mianmar, Tailândia, Laos e Indonésia, onde estudos de diversidade têm sido realizados no que tange à conservação de recursos genéticos. Entretanto, existe a necessidade de estudos de diversidade genética de teca no Brasil que poderiam ser utilizados, principalmente, para a proteção de cultivares e para o melhoramento genético. Visto isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de genótipos de teca utilizados nos plantios brasileiros. Para tanto foram testados 10 primers de microssatélites, obtidos na literatura, para a avaliação de 60 genótipos, 33 provenientes de sementes de plantios de teca em Cáceres, 14 correspondentes a clones obtidos em Cáceres e 13 genótipos referentes a clones de procedências fora do Brasil, sendo estas, Honduras, Malásia, Índia, Indonésia, Costa do Marfim e Ilhas Salomão. Os genótipos foram divididos em oito grupos, de acordo com sua procedência, para a análise da diversidade genética. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas pelo método bayesiano no programa STRUCTURE, análises de agrupamento e coordenadas principais. Dos 10 primers testados, nove se mostraram polimórficos, sendo então utilizados para as análises estatísticas. Elevada variabilidade genética para os genótipos de teca foi detectada, sendo o número médio de alelos por loco igual a 5,22. Os genótipos de Cáceres apresentaram 100% de polimorfismo, seguido pelos clones da Índia com 90% de polimorfismo. A heterozigosidade média observada ( o= 0,352) foi menor que a heterozigosidade média esperada ( e =0,443). Coerentemente com outros estudos em teca, a maior parte da variabilidade genética concentrou-se dentro dos grupos (Hs = 0,436). Com as análises do programa STRUCTURE foi possível definir a divisão dos genótipos em três grupos, sendo 73,4% dispostos em um único grupo (vermelho) representado pela maioria dos genótipos de Cáceres, 13,3% alocados no grupo verde compostos por alguns clones da Índia, Ilhas Salomão, um clone da Malásia, um de Honduras e os clones da Costa do Marfim e os 13,3% dos genótipos restantes possuíram uma mistura dos dois grupos (vermelho e verde). A análise de agrupamento, utilizando índice de Jaccard, indicou a separação dos genótipos em seis grupos distintos: grupo I pertencente ao clone da Indonésia, grupo II possuindo dois clones da Índia, grupo III com os genótipos de Cáceres e dois clones de fora (um da Índia e outro da Malásia), grupo IV possuindo os genótipos de Honduras e Malásia, grupo V com clones da Índia e grupo VI pertencente aos clones da Costa do Marfim e das Ilhas Salomão, sendo coerente com a análise de coordenadas principais. Através do agrupamento utilizando distância de Nei, foi possível inferir duas possíveis origens da teca implantada no Brasil: Malásia e Índia. Após a avaliação das divergências genéticas, sugestões são feitas no que tange a utilização de genótipos contrastantes para o uso como parentais em programas de melhoramento genético.<br>Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the main timber species in the world with high economic value, famous for its beauty, strength and durability. The species occurs naturally in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Indonesia, where diversity studies have been conducted with regard to the conservation of genetic resources. However, there is a need for studies of genetic diversity of teak in Brazil that could be used mainly for the protection of plant varieties and for breeding. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of teak genotypes used in Brazilian plantations. We tested 10 microsatellite primers, obtained in the literature, to assess 60 teak genotypes, 33 genotypes from seeds of plantations in Caceres, 14 clones obtained in Caceres and 13 clones originated from Honduras, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast and Solomon Islands. The genotypes were divided in eight groups, in accordance to its origin, for the genetic diversity analysis. Multivariate analysis were conducted using the Bayesian method implemented in the program STRUCTURE, as well as cluster and principal coordinates analysis. Of the 10 primers tested, 9 showed polymorphism, and were then used for statistical analysis. High genetic variability for the teak genotypes was detected, with the average number of alleles per locus equal to 5.22. Caceres genotypes showed 100% polymorphism, followed by the clones from India with 90% polymorphism. The average observed heterozygosity ( o = 0.352) was lower than the average expected heterozygosity ( e = 0.443). Consistent with other studies in teak, most of the genetic variability was concentrated within groups (Hs = 0.436). With the analysis of the STRUCTURE software it was possible to define the division of the genotypes into three groups, 73.4% placed in one group (red) represented the majority of the genotypes of Caceres, and 13.3% allocated in the green group composed of some clones from India, a clone from Solomon Islands, Malaysia and Honduras and the clones of the Ivory Coast. The 13.3% of the remaining genotypes possessed a mixture of the two groups (red and green). Cluster analysis using Jaccard index indicated the separation of the genotypes into six distinct groups: group I belonging to the clone from Indonesia, group II having two clones from India, group III with genotypes from Caceres and two clones from India and Malaysia, group IV having the Honduras and Malaysia genotypes, group V with clones from India and group VI with clones belonging to the Ivory Coast and the Solomon Islands. This result was consistent with the principal coordinate analysis. From the results described above, together with the cluster analysis using Neis distance, it was possible to infer two probable origins of teak implemented in Brazil: India and Malaysia. After assessing the genetic divergences, suggestions were made concerning the use of contrasting genotypes as parents in breeding programs.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-11T22:47:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Viviann Maciel da Silva Alves.pdf: 2007992 bytes, checksum: fb0de83e59ffafb9ee648dca885c8520 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-05-24T16:05:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Viviann Maciel da Silva Alves.pdf: 2007992 bytes, checksum: fb0de83e59ffafb9ee648dca885c8520 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T16:05:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Viviann Maciel da Silva Alves.pdf: 2007992 bytes, checksum: fb0de83e59ffafb9ee648dca885c8520 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31<br>O desbaste é prática silvicultural que visa reduzir a competição entre indivíduos e reestabelecer o crescimento das árvores remanescentes. A idade em que o desbaste é aplicado, o tipo utilizado e a sua intensidade promovem alterações estruturais e melhoram a qualidade do povoamento e o seu volume. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a alteração estrutural e os produtos obtidos de povoamentos de Tectona grandis submetidos ao desbaste seletivo e ao desbaste misto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em dois povoamentos homogêneos e coetâneos de teca, implantados no espaçamento de 3,0 m x 3,0 m, e desbastados aos cinco anos de idade. Foram estabelecidas parcelas permanentes de 15 m x 60 m, sendo 23 em Nossa Senhora do Livramento e 22 em São José dos Quatro Marcos, onde foram medidas as alturas total e comercial e a circunferência à altura do peito e calculados o DAP, a área transversal média, além dos volumes total e comercial e a área basal. As árvores foram qualificadas quanto à forma de fuste, quanto ao estado fitossanitário e determinadas às respectivas causas e intensidade do dano. Para cada parcela, os indivíduos ainda foram qualificados quanto à classe de dominância e determinados os valores das mesmas variáveis para cada classe. Para comparar os produtos e as alterações estruturais de cada um dos desbastes, os valores médios das parcelas foram submetidos ao teste de Student. Com os valores médios das parcelas para as classes de dominância foram confeccionados os perfis horizontal e vertical para representar esquematicamente a alteração estrutural dos povoamentos desbastados. De forma independente, o desenvolvimento de cada povoamento desbastado ao quinto ano foi avaliado e descrito aos sexto e sétimo anos de idade. O tipo de desbaste aplicado interfere na qualidade da floresta remanescente de Teca e nos produtos obtidos com a operação. O desbaste misto remove toras de qualidade superior ás toras do desbaste seletivo. As árvores remanescentes do desbaste misto apresentam maior frequência de indivíduos de qualidade inferior e presença alternada de linhas com maior ou menor adensamento. O desbaste seletivo proporciona aumento da qualidade das árvores remanescentes, com desenvolvimento superior em relação ao desbaste misto, ainda que, no primeiro ano apresente desenvolvimento superior em relação ao seletivo.<br>The thinning is a forestry practice to reduce competition between individuals and restore growth of the remaining trees. The age at which trimming is applied, the type used and structural changes its intensity promote and improve the quality of the stand and tree volume. The objective of this study was to compare the structural change and the products obtained from stands of Tectona grandis subjected to selective thinning and mixed thinning. The study was conducted in two homogeneous and aged teak stands, planted with spacing of 3.0 m x 3.0 m, and chopped to five years of age. Permanent plots of 15m x 60m were established, 23 in Nossa Senhora do Livramento and 22 in São José dos Quatro Marcos, in them were measured total and commercial height and circumference at breast height and calculated the diameter at breast height, cross-sectional area, in addition to total and commercial volumes. The trees were still qualified on how to stem, as the healthy and determined the causes and extent of damage. For each installment, the individuals were still qualified as the dominance of certain class and the values of the same variables for each class. To compare products and structural changes of each of the thinning, the mean values of the plots were submitted to the Student test. With average values of parcels for dominance classes were made the horizontal and vertical profiles to schematically represent the structural change of thinned. The development of each of the thinned fifth grade was evaluated, and described independently to the sixth and seventh years. The type of applied thinning interferes with the quality of the remaining forest teak and products obtained from the operation. The mixed thinning removes top quality logs ace logs of selective thinning. The remaining trees mixed thinning an increased frequency of inferior individuals and alternating presence of lines with varying density. Selective thinning provides increased quality of the remaining trees, with a better performance in relation to mixed thinning, even in the first year to present higher development compared to selective.

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第11643号<br>農博第1499号<br>新制||農||909(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H17||N4036(農学部図書室)<br>23286<br>UT51-2005-D392<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 中坪 文明, 教授 武田 博清, 教授 太田 誠一<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Com o objetivo de analisar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides (Hymenoptera:Chalcididae) e de coleobrocas (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) associados à cultura de T. grandis, foram utilizadas 5 armadilhas de Malaise instaladas no interior da floresta plantada. As coletas foram realizadas, semanalmente, de outubro de 2009 a setembro de 2010, em área de reflorestamento situado no município de Cáceres, MT. Foram analisados os índices faunísticos de frequência, constância, abundância e dominância e também diversidade de espécies. Foram coletados 414 parasitoides; pertencentes às famílias Chalcididae e distribuídos em 3 gêneros e 16 espécies e 715 espécies de coleobrocas, pertencentes à família Cerambycidae e distribuídos em 2 subfamílias, 18 tribos, 33 gêneros e 36 espécies. As espécies de parasitoides mais abundantes foram Brachymeria pandora e Ceyxia ventrispinosa. As espécies mais abundantes de coleobrocas foram Neoclytus pusillus, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Coleoxestia atrata, Cosmoplatidius abare, Hexoplon uncinatum e Megacyllene acuta.<br>This research deals with the association of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) with wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a commercial forest of Tectona grandis located in Cáceres, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The insects were collected by using five Malaise traps in different sites of the forest, from October 2009 to September 2010. The following indexes were analyzed: frequency, constancy, abundance, dominance and species diversity. A total of 414 Chalcididae parasitoids and 715 Cerambycidae wood borers were collected. The most abundant parasitoid species were Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa while the most wood borers ones were Neoclytus pusillus, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Coleoxestia atrata, Cosmoplatidius abare, Hexoplon uncinatum and Megacyllene acuta.

Orientador: Sergio Augusto Mello da Silva<br>Resumo: Estudos sobre florestas plantadas para aproveitamento de madeiras em vários setores industriais tem se intensificado no mundo. A utilização dessas madeiras no Brasil, além de garantir a sustentabilidade de espécies nativas, possibilita a produção de derivados de madeiras e o amplo emprego na construção civil. A Seringueira (Hevea brasilienses) e Teca (Tectona grandis) representam duas espécies de reflorestamento cultivadas no Brasil e que serão utilizadas neste trabalho para produção de painéis de partículas homogêneas. A Seringueira é utilizada para produção de borracha natural, entretanto, precisam ser substituídas ao final do ciclo de produção (25 a 30 anos) e, as árvores improdutivas são utilizadas para geração de energia. Com relação à Teca, espécie de origem asiática, sua madeira apresenta excelentes características de resistência e durabilidade e vem sendo empregada na construção civil de modo geral e para a produção de móveis. Vale ressaltar, que tanto a Seringueira quanto a Teca, adaptadas às condições edafológicas das regiões em que são reflorestadas, apresentam rápido crescimento e poderiam ser utilizadas para produção de painéis de partículas. Entretanto, para este trabalho, será considerada a utilização dessas espécies com mais de 20 anos, buscando-se avaliar a possibilidade de aproveitamento dessas para a produção de painéis de partículas aglutinadas com adesivo poliuretano derivado de mamona (PU-Mamona). Os painéis produzidos foram avaliados de acordo com NBR 1... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Studies on planted forests to use wood in various industrial sectors has intensified in the world. The use of these woods in Brazil, in addition to ensuring the sustainability of native species, enables the production of wood derivatives and wide employment in civil construction. The rubber tree (Hevea brasilienses) and Teca (Tectona grandis) represent two species of reforestation cultivated in Brazil and which are used in this work for the production of particleboards. The rubber tree is used for the production of natural rubber, however, it needs to be replaced at the end of the production cycle (25 to 30 years) and, the unproductive trees are used for power generation. Regarding Teca, a species of Asian origin, its wood has excellent resources of resistance and durability and has been used in civil construction in general and for furniture production. It is worth mentioning that both Seringueira and Teca, adapted to the edaphological conditions of the regions where they are reforested, show quick growth and are used for the production of particleboards. However, for this work, the use of these species with more than 20 years will be considered, looking for the possibility of using them for the production of agglutination panels with castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive (PU-Castor). The panels produced were evaluated according to NBR 14810 - 1 and 2: 2013 and international documents to verify their physical and mechanical properties, as well as, using scanning electron mi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2966615 bytes, checksum: 848fbb649e8313e67b186309716c1ab9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-26<br>Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a tree species original from southwest Asia that have adapted well to the Brazilian climatic conditions, especially in the MatoGrosso state. The area planted with teak in Brazil is rising due to its high quality wood and high price at the international market. The productive potential of teak stands can be obtained through modeling and constitutes an input variable to fertilizer recommendation systems based in the nutritional balance (e.g. FERTI-UFV TECA). Recommendations from these systems can be refined by monitoring the nutritional status of the stands based on the leaf nutrient status through NUTRI-UFV TECA. The objectives of this work were: a) parameterize and calibrate 3-PG model for teak stands in the mid-south region of Mato Grosso state; b) evaluate the universality of 3-PG parameterization as function of the forest sites; c) enable 3-PG to estimate teak stands productivity in sites managed by thinning; d) improve FERTI-UFV TECA (Plant submodel) and NUTRI-UFV TECA systems for fertilizer and lime recommendations and nutritional monitoring of teak stands in the Mato Grosso state. This work was carried out in the Santo Antônio do Leverger region MT, in commercial teak stands owned by the Vale do Araguaia Company. The teak stands were sampled at different stages in their cycles (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11 years). Within each sampled stand three trees were cut, measured in terms of DBH and height and separated in its omponents leaves ran hes and trunk . The trees were lassified a ording to their D H as inferior x s mean x s x x s and superior x s and had the on entrations of a g, S, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B determined for each component. In order to parameterize 3-PG, allometric equations were adjusted to describe biomass production as function of DBH. The diametric distribution model (DDM) employed used the Weibull probability density function adjusted y the maximum likelihood method. &#946; e &#947; parameters of this function were adjusted for each plot and age, and then correlated with site characteristics. In order to parameterize FERTI-UFV TECA nutrient status of each component was used to estimate the biological utilization coefficient (BUC). For NUTRI-UFV TECA standard nutrient levels (Kenworthy standards) and dual ratios among nutrients (DRIS standards) were estimated based on leaf analysis from 10 locations in Mato Grosso state, comprising teak stands from 1 up to 11 years. Those standards were separated in 2 classes: I) comprising trees up to 5 years old, and II) trees older than 5 years old, with the reference population been constituted by trees growing above than the average. After the parameterization NUTRI-UFV TECA was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the teak stands in Santo Antônio do Leverger. 3-PG returned good estimates for stem (trunk + branches), DBH, height, leaf biomass, and wood volume. With the coupling of DDM it was possible to distribute stem biomass and basal area by 3-PG in diametric classes. The growing and productivity estimates obtained in this present work differed from those by Behling (2009), indicating that 3-PG parameterizations are not universal for teak. Nutrient concentrations varied as a function of the increase in diameter and this variation was different among the compartments. As BUC is the inverse of nutrient concentration, it also varied as a function of DBH. These BUC values and the potential productivity estimated by 3-PG were used to estimate the nutritional demand. In the NUTRI-UFV TECA system general standards differed statistically from age class stratified standards. The coupling of 3-PG and DDM improved the productivity estimates in thinned stands. However, it should be parameterized and calibrated for each region. The models obtained for the BUC values as a function of the age are useful to improve FERTI-UFV TECA system. The foliar nutrient concentration standards and the dual nutrient ratios obtained in this work are useful to improve NUTRI-UFV TECA system, recommending the use of specific standards for each class of age.<br>A teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) é originária do sudoeste asiático, sendo cultivada no Mato Grosso com sucesso, visando à obtenção de madeira para serraria de ótima qualidade e de elevado valor no mercado internacional. O potencial produtivo de povoamentos de teca pode ser obtido por meio de modelagem baseada em processos e constitui-se em variável de entrada para sistema de recomendação de adubação baseado em balanço nutricional como, por exemplo, o FERTI-UFV TECA. As recomendações assim obtidas podem ser refinadas mediante o monitoramento do estado nutricional com base em análise de tecido foliar pelo uso do NUTRI-UFV TECA. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) parametrizar e calibrar o modelo 3-PG para povoamentos de teca na região Centro-Sul do Mato Grosso; b) Avaliar o grau de universalidade das parametrizações do 3-PG em função do sítio florestal; c) Habilitar o 3-PG para estimar a produtividade, em povoamento de teca, manejados com desbaste; d) Aprimorar os sistemas FERTI-UFV TECA (submodelo Planta) e NUTRI-UFV TECA para a recomendação de fertilização e o monitoramento nutricional dessa cultura no Estado de Mato Grosso. Para tanto, o trabalho foi conduzido na região de Sto. Antônio do Leverger MT, em plantios seminais pertencentes a empresa Companhia do Vale do Araguaia. Para povoamentos de cada idade avaliada (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 11 anos) foram abatidas três árvores, classificadas, de acordo com DAP, em árvore inferior (árvore menor que a média menos uma unidade do desvio padrão), árvore média, e árvore superior (maior que a media mais uma unidade do desvio padrão). Essas árvores foram mensuradas quanto ao dap e altura, e separadas em seus componentes (folhas, galhos e tronco). Foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu e B nos componentes das árvores pelos métodos rotineiros e a área foliar específica. Para a parametrização do 3-PG, foram ajustadas equações alométricas para descrever a produção de biomassa em função do dap. O modelo de distribuição diamétrica (MDD) empregado utilizou a função densidade de probabilidade de Weibull ajustada pelo método da máxima verossimilhança. Os parâmetros &#946; e &#947; desta função foram ajustados para cada parcela em cada idade, e correlacionados com características do povoamento. Para a parametrização do FERTI-UFV TECA os teores dos nutrientes nos componentes da parte aérea foram utilizados para calcular as respectivas eficiências nutricionais (CUB), e para o NUTRI-UFV TECA foram obtidos as normas de teores (normas Kenworthy) e relações duais entre os teores (normas DRIS) com base nos resultados de análises foliares de teca em 10 municípios do Estado do Mato Grosso abrangendo, em conjunto, plantios de 1 a 11 anos. As normas obtidas foram estratificadas em classe I = árvores de até cinco anos e classe II = árvores com mais de cinco anos, sendo a população de referência, para cada classe, constituída das árvores que apresentaram crescimento maior que a média. O sistema NUTRI-UFV TECA após parametrizado foi utilizado para avaliar o estado nutricional de povoamentos em Sto. Antônio do Leverger. O 3-PG proporcionou boas estimativas para biomassa de stem (tronco + galhos), dap, altura, biomassa de folha e volume de lenho. Com o ajuste dos MDD, foi possível distribuir a biomassa de stem e a área basal estimada pelo 3-PG nas diferentes classes diamétricas e a partir daí foi simulado desbaste pela remoção de árvores das menores classes diamétricas. As estimativas de crescimento e produção obtidas neste trabalho diferem das estimativas obtidas pela parametrização desenvolvida por Behling, 2009, indicando a não universalidade das parametrizações do 3-PG para teca. Os teores de nutrientes variaram em função do crescimento em diâmetro, e essa variação foi dependente do compartimento da planta. Logo os valores de CUB, que é o inverso do teor, também variaram em função do dap. A produtividade potencial obtida com o modelo 3-PG, e os valores de CUB foram utilizados para estimar a demanda nutricional. No sistema NUTRI-UFV TECA as normas gerais diferiram estatisticamente das normas estratificadas por classe de idade. O modelo 3-PG adicionado do MDD proporcionou melhores estimativas de produtividade em povoamentos manejos com desbastes, devendo, contudo, ser parametrizado e calibrado para cada região de plantio da cultura. Os modelos obtidos para os valores de CUB em função da idade são úteis para aprimorar o sistema FERTI-UFV TECA. As normas de teores e relações entre teores foliares geradas neste trabalho são úteis ao aprimoramento do sistema NUTRI-UFV TECA, recomendando-se o uso de normas específicas por classe de idade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The Tectona grandis Linn F. was introduced in Mato Grosso in the end of the sixties and new planting is made each year in the State with the aim of replacing native woods of noble use. Beyond the expectation of great future gains the teak plantations are, most of the time, made in the mosaic system. This system is certainly the greatest advantage of this wood species, which is conquering more space each year in the Mato Grosso economical set. For this project, information about teak was acquired from the cities of Santo Antonio do Leverger and Brasnorte. In this places, the plantations are the propriety of Brasteca e Berneck companies, respectively. These plantations were young - less than 11 years old. And the possibility of short crop allows the discussion of the importance of processing wood in small dimensions. Since there was no production planning of Tectona grandis in Mato Grosso, which would allow rapid wood stock determination, the need to study the structuring of production for this species arose. This project also aimed at establishing: the study of hypsometric relationship; the study of the site and the determination of the site index; the study of diameter, height, base area and volume growth by year and by hectare; the development of the artificial form factor; the making of volume tables, form factor tables and yield tables for regional use. The results achieved in this work were the followings: to model the growth, the Chapman-Richard s equation described efficiently the dominate height variable evolution within the time span analyzed. The model h = 1,390 − 0,063 ⋅ d + 0,448 ⋅ ln 2 d , was selected to explain the relationship between height and diameter. The volume was modeled with the equation log(v) = −4,141 + 1,781 ⋅ log(d ) + 0,974 ⋅ log(h). The following equation was that showed the best adjustment for artificial form factor ( ) ⎟⎠ ⎞ ⎜⎝ ⎛ ⋅ ⋅ + ⎟ ⎟⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎛ ⋅ − ⎟ ⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛= + ⋅d h ddddln f 0,774 0,697 ln 0,647 ln 0,199 ln 1 20,120,51,3 Finally, six curves of site index, between 10 and 20, was needed to describe the variation of the dominate height growth over the age in the index-age of 10 years. As a conclusion it was verified a greater growth of teak in the state of Mato Grosso in comparison with other countries. This demonstrates the importance of teak not only for the state of Mato Grosso but for the whole country.<br>A Tectona grandis Linn F. foi introduzida em Mato Grosso no final da década de sessenta e, a cada ano, novos plantios são realizados no estado com o intuito de substituir as madeiras nativas de uso nobre. Os plantios de teca são realizados, na sua maioria, em sistemas de mosaico, sendo este o maior ganho dessa espécie madeireira que, a cada ano, vem conquistando mais espaço no cenário econômico do estado de Mato Grosso. Para este estudo, foram realizados levantamentos em plantios de teca nos municípios de Santo Antônio do Leverger e Brasnorte, em propriedade das Empresas Brasteca e Berneck, respectivamente. Pode-se considerar os plantios estudados jovens, possuindo não mais que 11 anos de idade, com a possibilidade de rotações curtas que permitem a discussão da importância de se processar madeira com dimensão pequena. Tendo em vista a inexistência de tabelas de produção da Tectona grandis para o Mato Grosso que possibilitasse determinações rápidas do estoque de madeira e o planejamento da produção, originou-se a necessidade de estudar o crescimento e a produção para a espécie. Este estudo também teve por objetivo determinar: relação hipsométrica; estudo do sítio e determinação do índice de sítio; estudo do crescimento em diâmetro, altura, área basal e volume por hectare e idade; confecção de tabelas de volume, fator de forma artificial, produção para uso regional e comparar crescimento e produção com os de outros locais. Como resultados obtidos neste trabalho têm-se que: a equação de Chapman Richard s, testada para modelar o crescimento, descreveu de forma adequada e eficiente a evolução da variável altura dominante dentro do intervalo de idade analisado; para descrever a variação do crescimento da altura dominante sobre a idade, foram necessárias seis curvas de índice de sítio de 10 a 20, na idadeíndice de 10 anos; o modelo h = 1,390 − 0,063 ⋅ d + 0,448 ⋅ ln 2 d , foi o selecionado para explicar a relação entre altura e diâmetro; para estimar o volume, o modelo selecionado foi log(v) = −4,141 + 1,781 ⋅ log(d)+ 0,974 ⋅ log(h); para fator de forma artificial, ( ) ⎟⎠ ⎞⎜⎝⎛⋅⋅ + ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜ ⎜⎝⎛⋅ − ⎟ ⎟⎠⎞⎜ ⎜⎝⎛= + ⋅d h ddddln f 0,774 0,697 ln 0,647 ln0,199 ln 1 20,120,51,3, foi a equação que apresentou melhor ajuste; Neste estudo foi verificado maior crescimento da teca em Mato Grosso quando comparado a outros países. Isso demonstra a importância dessa espécie não só para o estado, mas também para o país.

Le système racinaire, lien essentiel entre la plante et le sol quoi qu'essentiellement invisible, reste encore aujourd'hui peu étudié dans son ensemble. Les plantes étant ancrées au sol via leur système racinaire, leurs facultés d'adaptation et de survie sont donc très dépendantes de leurs capacités à savoir tirer profit de l'espace qui les entoure, notamment par l'intermédiaire de leur système racinaire. Certains arbres font néanmoins partie des plus grands et plus anciens êtres vivants de la planète, preuve s'il en est de leur capacité d'adaptation au milieu dans lequel ils poussent et aux changements environnementaux pouvant survenir dans le temps. Dans le cas des plantations, les contraintes anthropiques imposées se heurtent parfois aux limites de cette formidable capacité d'adaptation. Les travaux développés dans la première partie de cette thèse font l'objet de deux articles publiés et se concentrent sur une revue bibliographique des connaissances sur l'enracinement profond. Le rôle vital du système racinaire pour la plante est ainsi mis en avant ainsi que ses fonctions dans le continuum sol-plante-atmosphère. Son rôle essentiel, souvent sous-estimé dans le stockage du carbone, est également abordé. Les différentes techniques permettant d'accéder aux systèmes racinaires in situ sont passées en revue et nous présentons la technique du puits d'accès que nous avons utilisé pour observer les racines jusqu'à 5 mètres de profondeur. Nous avons également développé nos propres outils de prise de vue par l'intermédiaire de scanner à plat ainsi qu'un outil d'analyse d'images ( IJ_Rizo) aujourd'hui disponible en ligne.Dans la deuxième partie du mémoire, nous nous consacrons à l'étude du système racinaire de l'hévéa adulte (Hevea brasiliensis) dans le nord-est de la Thaïlande. Premier producteur mondial de caoutchouc naturel, la Thaïlande a fortement développé ses plantations d'hévéas allant jusqu'à étendre son exploitation au-delà de sa zone climatique naturelle, dans des zones à fortes contraintes hydriques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié la saisonnalité et la dynamique des racines fines pendant trois ans ainsi que leur contribution au cycle du carbone. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence la continuité de la dynamique racinaire indépendamment des périodes de défoliation mais en lien avec la saisonnalité de la pluviométrie. Nous avons également pu caractériser la faible différenciation de la dynamique racinaire de 0 à 4,5 mètres de profondeur dans un tel contexte. La troisième partie de la thèse concerne l'étude du teck (tectona grandis), espèce endémique d'Asie du Sud-Est, et notamment du Laos dans la région de Luang Prabang. Le développement de sa culture sous forme de plantations mono-spécifiques se poursuit depuis les années 80. En appliquant la technique d'exclusion de pluie pendant 2 ans sur des arbres d'une plantation d'une vingtaine d'années, nous avons observé l'influence du régime de précipitations sur l'enracinement. Un arrêt pratiquement total de croissance des racines en surface et en profondeur a ainsi été mis en évidence. Nous concluons, dans le cas d'espèces à une forte dépendance à la ressource en eau de surface, à un impact direct sur l'état physiologique et une stagnation de la croissance des troncs. Certains individus ont démontré une capacité d'adaptation en modifiant leur cycle de foliation / défoliation accompagné d'une reprise de la croissance des troncs lors de la deuxième année du régime de sécheresse imposé. Nous avons également démontré l'importance de l'enracinement fin pour le stockage du carbone qui, dans ce contexte, représente plus de 45 % du carbone total, soit environ le double des données publiées dans la littérature.Les données obtenues pour les espèces étudiées dans ce mémoire pourront être utilisées pour la modélisation de scenarios simulant le changement climatique et le changement d'usage des terres<br>The root system is essential but essentially invisible. Plants are anchored to the soil through their root system; their adaptation and survival abilities are highly dependent on their ability to learn to take advantage of the space that surrounds them. Certain trees are nevertheless some of the largest and oldest living species on the planet- evidence of their ability to adapt to changes in their environment. Within managed anthropogenic constraints, particular species are vulnerable. It is clear that a wide range of parameters are likely to influence the root system and its operation, which offers many entry points to improve our understanding of a root's capacity for expansion, its dynamics, its role within the plant itself and within the soil plant atmosphere continuum. Available data on the extent and dynamics of plant roots includes several thousand references. However, the vast majority of these observations were made within the first meter of the soil profile. Data acquisition for the fine and/or deep roots is currently limited by constraints of time and financial resources. To overcome this lack of information, while trying to assess root dynamics under different environmental conditions, many models have been developed. However, it is still difficult to describe the complexity of root development in the community and to integrate its "plasticity".To understand such a complex environment, we must work toward establishing a definition of objectives and the tools necessary to develop and implement them. The work developed in the first part of this thesis is the subject of two articles and focuses on a literature review about deep roots. The vital role of the root system for the plant is well highlighted, as is its impact as a link within the atmosphere. We discuss the role of deep roots in carbon storage, which is critical and often underestimated. The different techniques for accessing the root systems in situ are also considered, and we present our access technique for observing the roots down to depths of five meters. We have also developed tools for shooting through a flatbed scanner and image analysis ( IJ_Rizo ) now available online.In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the study of root systems of adult rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis L. RRIM 600) in the northeast of Thailand. Thailand has greatly expanded its acreage to extend its operations beyond its natural climate zone, into areas of high water stress. In this context, we studied the seasonality and dynamics of fine roots for three years and their contribution to the carbon cycle. We were able to highlight the continuity of root dynamics during independent periods of defoliation, yet link these to the seasonality of rainfall. We were also able to characterize the low differentiation of root dynamics at 0 to 4.5 m of depth in this context.The third part of the thesis concerns the study of teak particular to the region of Luang Prabang, Laos. By applying the rain exclusion technique for 2 years on a plantation of twenty-year-old trees, we observed the influence of precipitation patterns. During the period of water stress, an almost total cessation of root growth, at the surface and significant depths, has been highlighted. We conclude that in the case of species with a high dependence on water resources there is a direct impact on the physiological state and stagnated trunk growth. Some individuals have demonstrated an ability to adapt by changing their foliation/defoliation cycle, accompanied by a resumption of trunk growth during the second year of imposed drought. We also demonstrated the importance of rooting as a means of carbon storage, which in this context represents more than 45% of total carbon- roughly double the amount published in other literature .The data obtained for the species studied in this paper can be used for modelling scenarios simulating climate change and changing land use

A utilização de produtos provenientes de fontes renováveis e livres de substâncias tóxicas é tendência global, prova disso é o constante aumento da demanda por produtos à base de madeira. Segundo o Forest Products Statistics (2015), a produção mundial de painéis de madeira reconstituída, em 2014, foi de 388 milhões de m³, um aumento de 5,5% em comparação com o ano anterior e um aumento de 34% quando comparado com 2010. No entanto, o setor industrial de painéis de madeira há décadas enfrenta um grande desafio com relação às emissões tóxicas vindas dos adesivos convencionais. Diante destes problemas, a proposta do presente trabalho foi testar a viabilidade da produção de painéis aglomerados e painéis OSB, com significativa redução da emissão de formaldeído, a partir de resíduos de madeira de Pinus sp. e Tectona grandis (Teca). Neste sentido, buscou-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento científico sobre a utilização do polímero natural polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e do resíduo de tinta à base de resina epóxi como adesivos alternativos. Os painéis foram fabricados variando-se os parâmetros de produção para obtenção de melhores condições de processo, sendo estes: densidade baixa, média e alta; teor de adesivo de 20, 30 e 40%; adição de partículas de Teca nas proporções de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) e ANSI A208.1 (2009). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (densidade, percentual de adesivo e fração de Teca), além das interações entre tais fatores nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Os resultados apontaram para excelentes propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis aglomerados de média e alta densidade, tendo resíduo de tinta, principalmente, nas proporções de 30 e 40%. Na maioria dos casos as propriedades de tais painéis foram superiores aos requisitos estipulados pela norma brasileira e pelas internacionais. Assim, ficou confirmada a viabilidade de produção dos aglomerados com pelo menos um dos insumos estudados bem como seu potencial de emprego para as finalidades compatíveis com produtos desta natureza.<br>The use of products from renewable sources and free of toxic substances is a global trend, the proof is the steady increase in demand for wood-based products. According to the Forest Products Statistics (2015), world production of reconstituted wood panels in 2014 was 388 million cubic meters, an increase of 5.5% compared to the previous year and an increase of 34% compared to 2010. However, the industrial sector of wood panels for decades faces a major challenge with regard to toxic emissions coming from conventional adhesives. Faced with these problems, the purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of production of panels and OSB panels, with significant reduction of formaldehyde emissions from wood waste Pinus sp. and teak (Teak). In this sense, we sought to contribute to the increase of scientific knowledge on the use of natural polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and residual ink resin-based epoxy as alternative adhesives. The panels were manufactured by varying the production parameters to obtain the best processing conditions, namely: low density, medium and high; resin content of 20, 30 and 40%; adding particles of Teak in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated based on the standards NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009). Held analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the influence of individual factors (density, adhesive percentage and fraction Teak), and the interactions among these factors in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels. The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties of the panels average clusters and high density, and ink residue, mainly in the proportions of 30 and 40%. In most cases the properties of these boards were superior to the requirements set by the Brazilian and international standards. Thus, it was confirmed production of agglomerates with at least one viability of inputs studied as well as their potential for employment for purposes compatible with products of this nature.

Submitted by LEILA CRISTIANE DELMADI (leila.delmadi@unemat.br) on 2018-02-16T19:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL_Leila Cristiane Delmadi 08_02_18.pdf: 4391349 bytes, checksum: e4b70ce78d01a2f04c5de286b9ee9c47 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-02-19T11:36:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 delmadi_lc_dr_botfca.pdf: 4391349 bytes, checksum: e4b70ce78d01a2f04c5de286b9ee9c47 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T11:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 delmadi_lc_dr_botfca.pdf: 4391349 bytes, checksum: e4b70ce78d01a2f04c5de286b9ee9c47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02<br>A espécie florestal Tectona grandis (Teca) é nativa do sudeste asiático, possui grande porte, rápido crescimento, produtora de madeira nobre e valorizada por sua beleza, resistência e durabilidade. No Brasil, surgiu como uma alternativa substituta a outras espécies, como o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) e a cerejeira (Torresea acreana). A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a condição fitossanitária da teca em frutos e, testar a resistência de três diferentes clones à doenças fúngicas. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) avaliar frutos de teca de 3 procedências (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT e Botucatu/SP) quanto a presença de patógenos; ii) testar a resistência de 3 clones (S0, S1 e S3) de T. grandis aos patógenos: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum e Ceratocystis fimbriata em condições controladas; iii) elaborar uma escala diagramática com folhas adultas de T. grandis, para avaliação da ferrugem causada pelo fungo O. tectonae; iv) testar a resistência de 3 clones de teca (S0, S1 e S3) à doenças fúngicas em plantio de campo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Patologia Florestal - FCA/UNESP-Botucatu e também na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em São Manoel/SP. Como resultados para o teste com frutos, obteve-se: Procedência Alta Floresta/MT, 13,33% de Aspergillus sp.; 3,33% de Colletotrichum sp. e Alternaria sp.; 1,66% de Septoria sp. e Penicillium sp.. Para os frutos procedentes de Cáceres/MT, 61,66% para o patógeno Fusarium sp., 8,33% com Penicillium sp., 1,66% com Arthrosporium sp. e Cunninghamella sp. Quanto a procedência Botucatu/SP, 21,66% com Aspergillus sp., 23,33% com Alternaria sp., 8,33% com Fusarium sp., 10% com Penicillium sp., 5% para Nigrospora sp. e 3,33% com Ovularia e Humicola. O experimento em condições controladas, com o fungo Olivea tectonae foi realizado com a pulverização de uma suspensão de esporos em concentração de 2,42 x 105 urediniósporos/mL-1. Observou-se que o período latente foi de 5 dias e, na análise de severidade o clone S0 apresentou um número de 59,4 pústulas/3cm², S1 com 86,6 e S3 com 88,1 pústulas/3cm². A inoculação dos fungos Fusarium oxysporum e Ceratocystis fimbriata foi feita com a introdução de um disco de cultura micelial em uma abertura feita no caule da planta a 10 cm do colo. Com a inoculação do F. oxysporum os resultados médios das lesões encontradas no caule, foram: S0 com 8,25 cm, S1 com 8,77 cm e S3 com 11,25 cm de lesão. Já com a inoculação do C. fimbriata as médias das lesões se deram, conforme segue: S0 com 13,2 cm, S1 com 15,3 cm e S3 com 14,8 cm de lesão. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias nos clones testados. Para a elaboração da escala diagramática, foram determinados 7 níveis de severidade em função da distribuição da amostra para as folhas adultas (N0 = 0%; N1 = 2,5%; N2 = 5%; N3 = 10%; N4 = 20%; N5 = 40% e N6 = 80%). Com a adoção da escala proposta, a totalidade dos avaliadores apresentou melhor precisão, com R² = 0,93 em comparação ao resultado obtido sem o uso da escala (R² = 0,88). O plantio em campo se deu com a introdução de 4.274 mudas de teca, divididas em 3 clones distintos (S0, S1 e S3). Foram identificadas as doenças fúngicas com ocorrência natural, ferrugem e cancro, causadas respectivamente, pelos fungos: O. tectonae e Neofusiccocum parvum. Não houve diferença estatística entre os clones para nenhum dos patógenos avaliados. Conclui-se com isso, que nas condições em que foi instalado o experimento, os clones testados não apresentaram resistência horizontal as doenças acima descritas.<br>The forest species Tectona grandis (Teak) is native to Southeast Asia, has large, rapidly growing producer of noble wood and valued for its beauty, strength and durability. In Brazil, it emerged as a replacement alternative to other species, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Cherry tree (Torresea acreana).The present research had as objective to investigate the phytosanitary condition of teak fruits and to test the resistance of three different clones to fungal diseases. The specific objectives were: i) to evaluate teak fruits from 3 provenances (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT and Botucatu/SP) in the presence of pathogens; ii) to test the resistance of 3 clones (S0, S1 and S3) of T. grandis to pathogens: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata under controlled conditions; iii) to elaborate a diagrammatic scale with adult leaves of T. grandis, to evaluate the rust caused by the fungus O. tectonae; iv) to test the resistance of 3 teak clones (S0, S1 and S3) to fungal diseases in field planting. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Pathology - FCA/UNESP/Botucatu and also at the experimental farm of UNESP in São Manoel/SP. As results for the fruit test, we obtained: Provenance Alta Floresta/MT, 13.33% of Aspergillus sp.; 3.33% of Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp.; 1.66% of Septoria sp. and Penicillium sp.. For fruits from Cáceres/MT, 61.66% for the pathogen Fusarium sp., 8.33% with Penicillium sp., 1.66% with Arthrosporium sp. and Cunninghamella sp. As for Botucatu/SP, 21.66% with Aspergillus sp., 23.33% with Alternaria sp., 8.33% with Fusarium sp., 10% with Penicillium sp., 5% for Nigrospora sp. and 3.33% with Ovularia and Humicola. The control under controlled conditions with fungus Olivea tectonae was carried out by spraying a suspension of spores in a concentration of 2,42 x 105 uredynopores/ml-1. It was observed that the latent period was 5 days and in the severity analysis clone S0 presented a number of 59,4 pustules/3cm², S1 with 86,6 and S3 with 88.1 pustules/3cm². The inoculation of fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata was made with the introduction of a mycelial culture disc into an opening made in the plant stem at 10 cm from the colon. With the inoculation of F. oxysporum the average results of the lesions found in the stem were: S0 with 8,25 cm, S1 with 8,77 cm and S3 with 11,25 cm of lesion. With the inoculation of C. fimbriata, the mean of the lesions were as follows: S0 with 13,2 cm, S1 with 15,3 cm and S3 with 14,8 cm of lesion. There was no statistical difference between the clones tested. For the elaboration of the diagrammatic scale, 7 levels of severity were determined as a function of the sample distribution for the adult leaves (N0 = 0%, N1 = 2,5%, N2 = 5%, N3 = 10%, N4 = 20%, N5 = 40% and N6 = 80%). With the adoption of the proposed scale, all the evaluators presented better accuracy, with R² = 0,93 compared to the result obtained without the use of the scale (R² = 0,88). Field planting occurred with the introduction of 4.274 teak seedlings, divided into 3 distinct clones (S0, S1 and S3). Fungal diseases with natural occurrence, rust and cancer, caused respectively by fungi: O. tectonae and Neofusiccocum parvum. There was no statistical difference between the clones for any of the evaluated pathogens. It was concluded that, under the conditions in which the experiment was installed, the clones tested did not show horizontal resistance to the diseases described above.

Le teck (tectona grandis l. F. ) est un arbre dominant des forets tropicales semi-décidues de l'Asie du sud-est. La qualité de son bois justifie depuis longtemps sa plantation hors de son aire naturelle. Des mesures biométriques réalisées sur de jeunes plants élevés en serre et appartenant à 9 provenances (sept de l'Asie du sud-est et deux introduites en Afrique) montrent une meilleure croissance de la provenance de cote d'ivoire et une nette différenciation de deux provenances indiennes et d'une indonésienne par rapport aux autres. L'analyse sur 14 systèmes enzymatiques (18 locus polymorphes) des mêmes provenances met en évidence une variabilité entre provenances (fst=0,12): les populations indiennes forment un groupe homogène qui se distingue nettement de toutes les autres provenances étudiées (africaines, indonésiennes et thaïlandaises). Les populations montrent toutes un déficit en hétérozygotie (fis=0,18) malgré une forte allogamie (taux d'allofécondation multilocus de 10 descendances d'une provenance indienne: tm=0,98). Seul, la présence de certains allèles du locus gotb a présente des corrélations significatives avec plusieurs caractères biométriques. L'aptitude du teck à la multiplication vegetative (bouturage herbacé, micropropagation in vitro, culture d'apex et induction de bourgeonnement adventif à partir des cals) varie selon les provenances et les individus. La micropropagation a permis la multiplication et l'acclimatation en serre de 83 clones des 147 ortets utilisés. Les taux de multiplication, variables selon les clones, n'ont pas produit de changements dans la structure génétique de la population polyclonale obtenue par rapport à celle de l'ensemble des ortets utilisés. La croissance des clones a révélé une hétérogénéité des clones qui peut être due en partie au mode de multiplication. Des analyses biochimiques réalisées chez trois clones ont montre des écarts entre les valeurs observées chez les ortets et les ramets. Les profils enzymatiques des ramets ont présenté ainsi de nombreuses différences (18%) par rapport à ceux des ortets correspondants, ces différences s'atténuent avec le temps

D'origine asiatique, le Teck (Tectona grandis L. F. ) dont le bois est très apprécié sur le marché mondial est devenu la première espèce commercialisable du Togo. Afin de contribuer à une meilleure valorisation des bois de plantation, cette étude est consacrée à la qualité du Teck dans les cinq zones écologiques du Togo. Elle s'intéresse particulièrement à la formation du bois de coeur, aux propriétés physiques et mécaniques, à la variabilité de la durabilité naturelle et de la couleur. Sur un échantillon de 80 arbres, le pourcentage de bois de cœur formé a été analysé en fonction de l'âge et du diamètre des troncs. Une comparaison de ce pourcentage de bois de coeur montre qu'à un âge d'exploitabilité égale, les plantations dans les zones écologiques 3, 4, et 5 sont les plus productives. L'étude de la variation radiale de la densité à 12% d'humidité et du module d'élasticité longitudinal en fonction de l'âge cambial a permis de se fixer la limite "bois juvénile-bois adulte" chez le Teck en plantation au Togo autour de 20-25 ans. Par rapport à ces deux propriétés, les performances des Tecks de plantation ne sont pas inférieures à celles des Tecks de forêts naturelles. La durabilité naturelle qui représente la propriété la plus déterminante de la qualité du Teck a été évaluée vis-à-vis de quatre champignons dont deux de zones tropicales et deux de zones tempérées. Les essais réalisés sur un échantillon d'environ 1200 éprouvettes montrent que le Teck du Togo est très résistant : plus de 90% des échantillons sont classés très durables à durables. La durabilité naturelle vis-à-vis des termites montre que les Tecks de plantation présentent une plus grande variabilité par rapport à ceux de forêt naturelle.

Dans les systèmes agroforestiers simples à deux strates, la distribution de la lumière sous les couronnes des arbres est un facteur clé pour le développement de la culture associée. Cette distribution évolue en fonction des saisons et de la dynamique de croissance de la strate arborée. La lumière disponible pour la culture dépend de la quantité de lumière interceptée par les couronnes des arbres et par conséquent de l'architecture des espèces utilisées. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer le rôle de l'architecture de deux espèces, Acacia mangium Willd. et Tectona grandis L., dans (i) les modalités de l'interception de la lumière par les couronnes et par les feuilles et (ii) les variations intra- et interspécifiques de la distribution du rayonnement sous les couronnes de ces arbres selon leur âge. A partir de l'analyse dynamique des processus de croissance et de ramification de ces deux espèces, un échantillonnage des organes foliaires a permis de déterminer leur répartition, leur géométrie et leurs caractéristiques morphologique, anatomique, optique et biochimique dans les couronnes. Par la simulation de la croissance, de ces deux espèces, paramétrée via des lois mathématiques de croissance et de ramification, des reconstructions 3D d'arbres ont été réalisées en vue de simuler le bilan radiatif de sous-parcelles agroforestières. Les résultats montrent de fortes variations inter- et intraspécifiques de la distribution des organes foliaires et leurs caractéristiques au sein de la couronne et de la distribution du rayonnement sous les couronnes. Les stratégies adoptées par ces deux espèces pour optimiser l'interception lumineuse sont discutées